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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90 @ 3701

Last change on this file since 3701 was 3685, checked in by knoop, 6 years ago
Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 75.6 KB

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1	!> @file surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!
19	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
20	!
21	! Current revisions:
22	! ------------------
23	!
24	!
25	! Former revisions:
26	! -----------------
27	! $Id: surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90 3685 2019-01-21 01:02:11Z knoop $
28	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
29	!
30	! 3668 2019-01-14 12:49:24Z maronga
31	! Removed methods "circular" and "lookup"
32	!
33	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
34	! OpenACC port for SPEC
35	!
36	! 3597 2018-12-04 08:40:18Z maronga
37	! Added routine for calculating near surface air potential temperature (moved
38	! from urban_surface_mod)
39	!
40	! 3547 2018-11-21 13:21:24Z suehring
41	! variables documented
42	!
43	! 3361 2018-10-16 20:39:37Z knoop
44	! Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
45	!
46	! 3271 2018-09-24 08:20:34Z suehring
47	! Comment revised
48	!
49	! 3157 2018-07-19 21:08:49Z maronga
50	! Added local free convection velocity scale w_lfc in calculation of uvw_abs.
51	! This can be switche on/off by the user via the flag namelist parameter
52	! use_free_convection_scaling
53	!
54	! 3152 2018-07-19 13:26:52Z suehring
55	! q_surface is now part of surface structure
56	!
57	! 3149 2018-07-19 05:48:09Z maronga
58	! Correct accidental last commit
59	!
60	! 3148 2018-07-19 05:45:25Z maronga
61	! Major bugfix in calculation of Obukhov length
62	!
63	! 3146 2018-07-18 22:36:19Z maronga
64	! move phi_m from turbulence_closure_mod
65	!
66	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
67	! Error message revised
68	!
69	! 2766 2018-01-22 17:17:47Z kanani
70	! Removed preprocessor directive __chem
71	!
72	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
73	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
74	!
75	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
76	! - Change in file header (GPL part)
77	! - Implementation of chemistry module (FK)
78	! - Added calculation of pt1 and qv1 for all surface types. Added calculation of
79	! pt_surface for default-type surfaces (BM)
80	! - Add flag to disable computation of qsws in case of urban surface (MS)
81	!
82	! 2547 2017-10-16 12:41:56Z schwenkel
83	! extended by cloud_droplets option
84	!
85	! 2321 2017-07-24 15:57:07Z schwenkel
86	! Bugfix: Correct index in lookup table for Obukhov length
87	!
88	! 2299 2017-06-29 10:14:38Z suehring
89	! Adjusted for allow separate spinups of LSM and atmosphere code
90	!
91	! 2292 2017-06-20 09:51:42Z schwenkel
92	! Implementation of new microphysic scheme: cloud_scheme = 'morrison'
93	! includes two more prognostic equations for cloud drop concentration (nc)
94	! and cloud water content (qc).
95	!
96	! 2281 2017-06-13 11:34:50Z suehring
97	! Clean-up unnecessary index access to surface type
98	!
99	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
100	!
101	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
102	! Adjustments to new surface concept
103	! OpenMP bugfix
104	!
105	! 2118 2017-01-17 16:38:49Z raasch
106	! OpenACC directives and related code removed
107	!
108	! 2091 2016-12-21 16:38:18Z suehring
109	! Bugfix in calculation of vsws ( incorrect linear interpolation of us )
110	!
111	! 2076 2016-12-02 13:54:20Z raasch
112	! further openmp bugfix for lookup method
113	!
114	! 2073 2016-11-30 14:34:05Z raasch
115	! openmp bugfix for lookup method
116	!
117	! 2037 2016-10-26 11:15:40Z knoop
118	! Anelastic approximation implemented
119	!
120	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
121	! Flag urban_surface is now defined in module control_parameters.
122	!
123	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
124	! Account for urban surface model in computation of vertical kinematic heatflux
125	!
126	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
127	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
128	!
129	! 1992 2016-08-12 15:14:59Z suehring
130	! Minor bug, declaration of look-up index as INTEGER
131	!
132	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
133	! Treat humidity and passive scalar separately
134	!
135	! 1929 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
136	! Bugfix: avoid segmentation fault in case one grid point is horizontally
137	! completely surrounded by topography
138	!
139	! 1920 2016-05-30 10:50:15Z suehring
140	! Avoid segmentation fault (see change in 1915) by different initialization of
141	! us instead of adding a very small number in the denominator
142	!
143	! 1915 2016-05-27 11:05:02Z suehring
144	! Bugfix: avoid segmentation fault in case of most_method = 'circular' at first
145	! timestep
146	!
147	! 1850 2016-04-08 13:29:27Z maronga
148	! Module renamed
149	!
150	!
151	! 1822 2016-04-07 07:49:42Z hoffmann
152	! icloud_scheme replaced by microphysics_*
153	!
154	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
155	! Added parameter z0q which replaces z0h in the similarity functions for
156	! humidity.
157	! Syntax layout improved.
158	!
159	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
160	! Minor fixes.
161	!
162	! 1749 2016-02-09 12:19:56Z raasch
163	! further OpenACC adjustments
164	!
165	! 1747 2016-02-08 12:25:53Z raasch
166	! adjustments for OpenACC usage
167	!
168	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
169	! Bugfix: division by zero could occur when calculating rib at low wind speeds
170	! Bugfix: calculation of uv_total for neutral = .T., initial value for ol for
171	! neutral = .T.
172	!
173	! 1705 2015-11-02 14:28:56Z maronga
174	! Typo removed
175	!
176	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
177	! FORTRAN and OpenMP errors removed
178	!
179	! 1696 2015-10-27 10:03:34Z maronga
180	! Modularized and completely re-written version of prandtl_fluxes.f90. In the
181	! course of the re-writing two additional methods have been implemented. See
182	! updated description.
183	!
184	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
185	! Removed land surface model part. The surface fluxes are now always calculated
186	! within prandtl_fluxes, based on the given surface temperature/humidity (which
187	! is either provided by the land surface model, by large scale forcing data, or
188	! directly prescribed by the user.
189	!
190	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
191	! Adapted for land surface model
192	!
193	! 1494 2014-11-21 17:14:03Z maronga
194	! Bugfixes: qs is now calculated before calculation of Rif. calculation of
195	! buoyancy flux in Rif corrected (added missing humidity term), allow use of
196	! topography for coupled runs (not tested)
197	!
198	! 1361 2014-04-16 15:17:48Z hoffmann
199	! Bugfix: calculation of turbulent fluxes of rain water content (qrsws) and rain
200	! drop concentration (nrsws) added
201	!
202	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
203	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
204	!
205	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
206	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
207	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
208	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
209	! old module precision_kind is removed,
210	! revision history before 2012 removed,
211	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
212	! all variable declaration statements
213	!
214	! 1276 2014-01-15 13:40:41Z heinze
215	! Use LSF_DATA also in case of Dirichlet bottom boundary condition for scalars
216	!
217	! 1257 2013-11-08 15:18:40Z raasch
218	! openACC "kernels do" replaced by "kernels loop", "loop independent" added
219	!
220	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
221	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
222	!
223	! 1015 2012-09-27 09:23:24Z raasch
224	! OpenACC statements added
225	!
226	! 978 2012-08-09 08:28:32Z fricke
227	! roughness length for scalar quantities z0h added
228	!
229	! Revision 1.1 1998/01/23 10:06:06 raasch
230	! Initial revision
231	!
232	!
233	! Description:
234	! ------------
235	!> Diagnostic computation of vertical fluxes in the constant flux layer from the
236	!> values of the variables at grid point k=1 based on Newton iteration
237	!>
238	!> @todo (re)move large_scale_forcing actions
239	!> @todo check/optimize OpenMP directives
240	!> @todo simplify if conditions (which flux need to be computed in which case)
241	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
242	MODULE surface_layer_fluxes_mod
243
244	USE arrays_3d, &
245	ONLY: e, kh, nc, nr, pt, q, ql, qc, qr, s, u, v, vpt, w, zu, zw, &
246	drho_air_zw, rho_air_zw, d_exner
247
248	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
249	ONLY: g, kappa, lv_d_cp, pi, rd_d_rv
250
251	USE chem_modules, &
252	ONLY: constant_csflux, nvar
253
254	USE cpulog
255
256	USE control_parameters, &
257	ONLY: air_chemistry, cloud_droplets, &
258	constant_heatflux, constant_scalarflux, &
259	constant_waterflux, coupling_mode, do_output_at_2m, humidity, &
260	ibc_e_b, ibc_pt_b, indoor_model, initializing_actions, &
261	intermediate_timestep_count, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
262	land_surface, large_scale_forcing, lsf_surf, message_string, &
263	neutral, passive_scalar, pt_surface, q_surface, &
264	run_coupled, surface_pressure, simulated_time, terminate_run, &
265	time_since_reference_point, urban_surface, &
266	use_free_convection_scaling, zeta_max, zeta_min
267
268	USE grid_variables, &
269	ONLY: dx, dy
270
271	USE indices, &
272	ONLY: nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, nzb
273
274	USE kinds
275
276	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
277	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_morrison, microphysics_seifert
278
279	USE pegrid
280
281	USE land_surface_model_mod, &
282	ONLY: aero_resist_kray, skip_time_do_lsm
283
284	USE surface_mod, &
285	ONLY : surf_def_h, surf_def_v, surf_lsm_h, surf_lsm_v, surf_type, &
286	surf_usm_h, surf_usm_v
287
288
289	IMPLICIT NONE
290
291	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop index x direction
292	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop index y direction
293	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index z direction
294	INTEGER(iwp) :: l !< loop index for surf type
295	INTEGER(iwp) :: li_bnd = 7500 !< Lookup table index of the last time step
296
297	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: num_steps = 15000 !< number of steps in the lookup table
298
299	LOGICAL :: coupled_run !< Flag for coupled atmosphere-ocean runs
300	LOGICAL :: downward = .FALSE.!< Flag indicating downward-facing horizontal surface
301	LOGICAL :: mom_uv = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of usvs and vsus at vertical surfaces
302	LOGICAL :: mom_w = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of wsus and wsvs at vertical surfaces
303	LOGICAL :: mom_tke = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces used for TKE production
304	LOGICAL :: surf_vertical !< Flag indicating vertical surfaces
305
306	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:num_steps-1) :: rib_tab, & !< Lookup table bulk Richardson number
307	ol_tab !< Lookup table values of L
308
309	REAL(wp) :: e_s, & !< Saturation water vapor pressure
310	ol_max = 1.0E6_wp, & !< Maximum Obukhov length
311	rib_max, & !< Maximum Richardson number in lookup table
312	rib_min, & !< Minimum Richardson number in lookup table
313	z_mo !< Height of the constant flux layer where MOST is assumed
314
315	TYPE(surf_type), POINTER :: surf !< surf-type array, used to generalize subroutines
316
317
318	SAVE
319
320	PRIVATE
321
322	PUBLIC init_surface_layer_fluxes, phi_m, surface_layer_fluxes
323
324	INTERFACE init_surface_layer_fluxes
325	MODULE PROCEDURE init_surface_layer_fluxes
326	END INTERFACE init_surface_layer_fluxes
327
328	INTERFACE phi_m
329	MODULE PROCEDURE phi_m
330	END INTERFACE phi_m
331
332	INTERFACE surface_layer_fluxes
333	MODULE PROCEDURE surface_layer_fluxes
334	END INTERFACE surface_layer_fluxes
335
336
337	CONTAINS
338
339
340	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
341	! Description:
342	! ------------
343	!> Main routine to compute the surface fluxes
344	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
345	SUBROUTINE surface_layer_fluxes
346
347	IMPLICIT NONE
348
349	surf_vertical = .FALSE. !< flag indicating vertically orientated surface elements
350	downward = .FALSE. !< flag indicating downward-facing surface elements
351	!
352	!-- Derive potential temperature and specific humidity at first grid level
353	!-- from the fields pt and q
354	!
355	!-- First call for horizontal default-type surfaces (l=0 - upward facing,
356	!-- l=1 - downward facing)
357	DO l = 0, 1
358	IF ( surf_def_h(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
359	surf => surf_def_h(l)
360	CALL calc_pt_q
361	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) THEN
362	CALL calc_pt_surface
363	IF ( humidity ) THEN
364	CALL calc_q_surface
365	CALL calc_vpt_surface
366	ENDIF
367	ENDIF
368	ENDIF
369	ENDDO
370	!
371	!-- Call for natural-type horizontal surfaces
372	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
373	surf => surf_lsm_h
374	CALL calc_pt_q
375	ENDIF
376
377	!
378	!-- Call for urban-type horizontal surfaces
379	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
380	surf => surf_usm_h
381	CALL calc_pt_q
382	ENDIF
383
384	!
385	!-- Call for natural-type vertical surfaces
386	DO l = 0, 3
387	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
388	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
389	CALL calc_pt_q
390	ENDIF
391
392	!-- Call for urban-type vertical surfaces
393	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
394	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
395	CALL calc_pt_q
396	ENDIF
397	ENDDO
398
399	!
400	!-- First, calculate the new Obukhov length, then new friction velocity,
401	!-- followed by the new scaling parameters (th, q, etc.), and the new
402	!-- surface fluxes if required. Note, each routine is called for different surface types.
403	!-- First call for default-type horizontal surfaces, for natural- and
404	!-- urban-type surfaces. Note, at this place only upward-facing horizontal
405	!-- surfaces are treated.
406
407	!
408	!-- Default-type upward-facing horizontal surfaces
409	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
410	surf => surf_def_h(0)
411	CALL calc_uvw_abs
412	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
413	CALL calc_us
414	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
415	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
416	IF ( do_output_at_2m ) THEN
417	CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '2m' )
418	ENDIF
419	ENDIF
420	!
421	!-- Natural-type horizontal surfaces
422	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
423	surf => surf_lsm_h
424	CALL calc_uvw_abs
425	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
426	CALL calc_us
427	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
428	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
429	IF ( do_output_at_2m ) THEN
430	CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '2m' )
431	ENDIF
432	ENDIF
433	!
434	!-- Urban-type horizontal surfaces
435	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
436	surf => surf_usm_h
437	CALL calc_uvw_abs
438	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
439	CALL calc_us
440	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
441	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
442	IF ( do_output_at_2m ) THEN
443	CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '2m' )
444	ENDIF
445	IF ( indoor_model ) THEN
446	CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '10cm' )
447	ENDIF
448	ENDIF
449
450	!
451	!-- Treat downward-facing horizontal surfaces. Note, so far, these are
452	!-- always default type. Stratification is not considered
453	!-- in this case, hence, no further distinction between different
454	!-- most_method is required.
455	IF ( surf_def_h(1)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
456	downward = .TRUE.
457	surf => surf_def_h(1)
458	CALL calc_uvw_abs
459	CALL calc_us
460	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
461	downward = .FALSE.
462	ENDIF
463	!
464	!-- Calculate surfaces fluxes at vertical surfaces for momentum
465	!-- and subgrid-scale TKE.
466	!-- No stability is considered. Therefore, scaling parameters and Obukhov-
467	!-- length do not need to be calculated and no distinction in 'circular',
468	!-- 'Newton' or 'lookup' is necessary so far.
469	!-- Note, this will change if stability is once considered.
470	surf_vertical = .TRUE.
471	!
472	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes at north- and south-facing
473	!-- surfaces(usvs).
474	!-- For default-type surfaces
475	mom_uv = .TRUE.
476	DO l = 0, 1
477	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
478	surf => surf_def_v(l)
479	!
480	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
481	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
482	!
483	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
484	CALL calc_us
485	!
486	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
487	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
488	ENDIF
489	ENDDO
490	!
491	!-- For natural-type surfaces. Please note, even though stability is not
492	!-- considered for the calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces,
493	!-- scaling parameters and Obukov length are calculated nevertheless in this
494	!-- case. This is due to the requirement of ts in parameterization of heat
495	!-- flux in land-surface model in case of aero_resist_kray is not true.
496	IF ( .NOT. aero_resist_kray ) THEN
497	DO l = 0, 1
498	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
499	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
500	!
501	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
502	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
503	!
504	!-- Compute Obukhov length
505	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
506	!
507	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
508	CALL calc_us
509	!
510	!-- Compute scaling parameters
511	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
512	!
513	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
514	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
515	ENDIF
516	ENDDO
517	!
518	!-- No ts is required, so scaling parameters and Obukhov length do not need
519	!-- to be computed.
520	ELSE
521	DO l = 0, 1
522	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
523	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
524	!
525	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
526	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
527	!
528	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
529	CALL calc_us
530	!
531	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
532	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
533	ENDIF
534	ENDDO
535	ENDIF
536	!
537	!-- For urban-type surfaces
538	DO l = 0, 1
539	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
540	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
541	!
542	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
543	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
544	!
545	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
546	CALL calc_us
547	!
548	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
549	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
550	ENDIF
551	ENDDO
552	!
553	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes at east- and west-facing
554	!-- surfaces (vsus).
555	!-- For default-type surfaces
556	DO l = 2, 3
557	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
558	surf => surf_def_v(l)
559	!
560	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
561	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
562	!
563	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
564	CALL calc_us
565	!
566	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
567	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
568	ENDIF
569	ENDDO
570	!
571	!-- For natural-type surfaces. Please note, even though stability is not
572	!-- considered for the calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces,
573	!-- scaling parameters and Obukov length are calculated nevertheless in this
574	!-- case. This is due to the requirement of ts in parameterization of heat
575	!-- flux in land-surface model in case of aero_resist_kray is not true.
576	IF ( .NOT. aero_resist_kray ) THEN
577	DO l = 2, 3
578	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
579	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
580	!
581	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
582	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
583	!
584	!-- Compute Obukhov length
585	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
586	!
587	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
588	CALL calc_us
589	!
590	!-- Compute scaling parameters
591	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
592	!
593	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
594	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
595	ENDIF
596	ENDDO
597	ELSE
598	DO l = 2, 3
599	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
600	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
601	!
602	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
603	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
604	!
605	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
606	CALL calc_us
607	!
608	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
609	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
610	ENDIF
611	ENDDO
612	ENDIF
613	!
614	!-- For urban-type surfaces
615	DO l = 2, 3
616	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
617	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
618	!
619	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
620	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
621	!
622	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
623	CALL calc_us
624	!
625	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
626	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
627	ENDIF
628	ENDDO
629	mom_uv = .FALSE.
630	!
631	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes of w (wsus and wsvs) at vertial
632	!-- surfaces.
633	mom_w = .TRUE.
634	!
635	!-- Default-type surfaces
636	DO l = 0, 3
637	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
638	surf => surf_def_v(l)
639	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
640	CALL calc_us
641	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
642	ENDIF
643	ENDDO
644	!
645	!-- Natural-type surfaces
646	DO l = 0, 3
647	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
648	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
649	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
650	CALL calc_us
651	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
652	ENDIF
653	ENDDO
654	!
655	!-- Urban-type surfaces
656	DO l = 0, 3
657	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
658	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
659	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
660	CALL calc_us
661	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
662	ENDIF
663	ENDDO
664	mom_w = .FALSE.
665	!
666	!-- Calculate momentum fluxes usvs, vsus, wsus and wsvs at vertical
667	!-- surfaces for TKE production. Note, here, momentum fluxes are defined
668	!-- at grid center and are not staggered as before.
669	mom_tke = .TRUE.
670	!
671	!-- Default-type surfaces
672	DO l = 0, 3
673	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
674	surf => surf_def_v(l)
675	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
676	CALL calc_us
677	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
678	ENDIF
679	ENDDO
680	!
681	!-- Natural-type surfaces
682	DO l = 0, 3
683	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
684	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
685	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
686	CALL calc_us
687	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
688	ENDIF
689	ENDDO
690	!
691	!-- Urban-type surfaces
692	DO l = 0, 3
693	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
694	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
695	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
696	CALL calc_us
697	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
698	ENDIF
699	ENDDO
700	mom_tke = .FALSE.
701
702
703	END SUBROUTINE surface_layer_fluxes
704
705
706	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
707	! Description:
708	! ------------
709	!> Initializing actions for the surface layer routine. Basically, this involves
710	!> the preparation of a lookup table for the the bulk Richardson number vs
711	!> Obukhov length L when using the lookup table method.
712	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
713	SUBROUTINE init_surface_layer_fluxes
714
715	IMPLICIT NONE
716
717	INTEGER(iwp) :: li, & !< Index for loop to create lookup table
718	num_steps_n !< Number of non-stretched zeta steps
719
720	LOGICAL :: terminate_run_l = .FALSE. !< Flag to terminate run (global)
721
722	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: zeta_stretch = -10.0_wp !< Start of stretching in the free convection limit
723
724	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: zeta_tmp
725
726
727	REAL(wp) :: zeta_step, & !< Increment of zeta
728	regr = 1.01_wp, & !< Stretching factor of zeta_step in the free convection limit
729	regr_old = 1.0E9_wp, & !< Stretching factor of last iteration step
730	z0h_min = 0.0_wp, & !< Minimum value of z0h to create table
731	z0_min = 0.0_wp !< Minimum value of z0 to create table
732
733
734	CALL location_message( 'initializing surface layer', .FALSE. )
735
736
737	!
738	!-- In case of runs with neutral statification, set Obukhov length to a
739	!-- large value
740	IF ( neutral ) THEN
741	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) surf_def_h(0)%ol = 1.0E10_wp
742	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) surf_lsm_h%ol = 1.0E10_wp
743	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) surf_usm_h%ol = 1.0E10_wp
744	ENDIF
745
746	CALL location_message( 'finished', .TRUE. )
747
748	END SUBROUTINE init_surface_layer_fluxes
749
750
751	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
752	! Description:
753	! ------------
754	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
755	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
756	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
757	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs
758
759	IMPLICIT NONE
760
761	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
762	INTEGER(iwp) :: ibit !< flag to mask computation of relative velocity in case of downward-facing surfaces
763	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
764	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
765	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
766
767	REAL(wp) :: w_lfc !< local free convection velocity scale
768	!
769	!-- ibit is 1 for upward-facing surfaces, zero for downward-facing surfaces.
770	ibit = MERGE( 1, 0, .NOT. downward )
771
772	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k, w_lfc) &
773	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, u, v)
774	DO m = 1, surf%ns
775
776	i = surf%i(m)
777	j = surf%j(m)
778	k = surf%k(m)
779
780	!
781	!-- Calculate free convection velocity scale w_lfc is
782	!-- use_free_convection_scaling = .T.. This will maintain a horizontal
783	!-- velocity even for very weak wind convective conditions. SIGN is used
784	!-- to set w_lfc to zero under stable conditions.
785	IF ( use_free_convection_scaling ) THEN
786	w_lfc = ABS(g / surf%pt1(m) * surf%z_mo(m) * surf%shf(m))
787	w_lfc = ( 0.5_wp * ( w_lfc + SIGN(w_lfc,surf%shf(m)) ) )**(0.33333_wp)
788	ELSE
789	w_lfc = 0.0_wp
790	ENDIF
791
792	!
793	!-- Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity.
794	!-- (relative to the surface in case the lower surface is the ocean).
795	!-- Please note, in new surface modelling concept the index values changed,
796	!-- i.e. the reference grid point is not the surface-grid point itself but
797	!-- the first grid point outside of the topography.
798	!-- Note, in case of coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations relative velocity
799	!-- with respect to the ocean surface is used, hence, (k-1,j,i) values
800	!-- are used to calculate the absolute velocity.
801	!-- However, this do not apply for downward-facing walls. To mask this,
802	!-- use ibit, which checks for upward/downward-facing surfaces.
803	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( &
804	( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) &
805	- ( u(k-1,j,i) + u(k-1,j,i+1) &
806	) * ibit &
807	) &
808	)**2 + &
809	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) &
810	- ( v(k-1,j,i) + v(k-1,j+1,i) &
811	) * ibit &
812	) &
813	)2 + w_lfc2 &
814	)
815
816
817
818	ENDDO
819
820	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs
821
822
823	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
824	! Description:
825	! ------------
826	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
827	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
828	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
829	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
830
831	IMPLICIT NONE
832
833	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
834	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
835	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
836	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
837
838	REAL(wp) :: u_i !< u-component on xu-grid
839	REAL(wp) :: w_i !< w-component on xu-grid
840
841
842	DO m = 1, surf%ns
843	i = surf%i(m)
844	j = surf%j(m)
845	k = surf%k(m)
846	!
847	!-- Compute the absolute value of the surface parallel velocity on u-grid.
848	u_i = u(k,j,i)
849	w_i = 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + w(k-1,j,i) + &
850	w(k,j,i-1) + w(k,j,i) )
851
852	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + w_i2 )
853
854	ENDDO
855
856	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
857
858	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
859	! Description:
860	! ------------
861	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
862	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
863	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
864	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
865
866	IMPLICIT NONE
867
868	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
869	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
870	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
871	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
872
873	REAL(wp) :: v_i !< v-component on yv-grid
874	REAL(wp) :: w_i !< w-component on yv-grid
875
876
877	DO m = 1, surf%ns
878	i = surf%i(m)
879	j = surf%j(m)
880	k = surf%k(m)
881
882	v_i = u(k,j,i)
883	w_i = 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + w(k-1,j,i) + &
884	w(k,j-1,i) + w(k,j,i) )
885
886	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( v_i2 + w_i2 )
887
888	ENDDO
889
890	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
891
892	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
893	! Description:
894	! ------------
895	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
896	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
897	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
898	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
899
900	IMPLICIT NONE
901
902	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
903	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
904	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
905	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
906
907	REAL(wp) :: u_i !< u-component on x-zw-grid
908	REAL(wp) :: v_i !< v-component on y-zw-grid
909	REAL(wp) :: w_i !< w-component on zw-grid
910	!
911	!-- North- (l=0) and south-facing (l=1) surfaces
912	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
913	DO m = 1, surf%ns
914	i = surf%i(m)
915	j = surf%j(m)
916	k = surf%k(m)
917
918	u_i = 0.25_wp * ( u(k+1,j,i+1) + u(k+1,j,i) + &
919	u(k,j,i+1) + u(k,j,i) )
920	v_i = 0.0_wp
921	w_i = w(k,j,i)
922
923	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
924	ENDDO
925	!
926	!-- East- (l=2) and west-facing (l=3) surfaces
927	ELSE
928	DO m = 1, surf%ns
929	i = surf%i(m)
930	j = surf%j(m)
931	k = surf%k(m)
932
933	u_i = 0.0_wp
934	v_i = 0.25_wp * ( v(k+1,j+1,i) + v(k+1,j,i) + &
935	v(k,j+1,i) + v(k,j,i) )
936	w_i = w(k,j,i)
937
938	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
939	ENDDO
940	ENDIF
941
942	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
943
944	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
945	! Description:
946	! ------------
947	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
948	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
949	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
950	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
951
952	IMPLICIT NONE
953
954	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
955	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
956	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
957	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
958
959	REAL(wp) :: u_i !< u-component on scalar grid
960	REAL(wp) :: v_i !< v-component on scalar grid
961	REAL(wp) :: w_i !< w-component on scalar grid
962
963	!
964	!-- North- (l=0) and south-facing (l=1) walls
965	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
966	DO m = 1, surf%ns
967	i = surf%i(m)
968	j = surf%j(m)
969	k = surf%k(m)
970
971	u_i = 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) )
972	v_i = 0.0_wp
973	w_i = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
974
975	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
976	ENDDO
977	!
978	!-- East- (l=2) and west-facing (l=3) walls
979	ELSE
980	DO m = 1, surf%ns
981	i = surf%i(m)
982	j = surf%j(m)
983	k = surf%k(m)
984
985	u_i = 0.0_wp
986	v_i = 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) )
987	w_i = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
988
989	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
990	ENDDO
991	ENDIF
992
993	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
994
995
996	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
997	! Description:
998	! ------------
999	!> Calculate the Obukhov length (L) and Richardson flux number (z/L)
1000	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1001	SUBROUTINE calc_ol
1002
1003	IMPLICIT NONE
1004
1005	INTEGER(iwp) :: iter !< Newton iteration step
1006	INTEGER(iwp) :: li !< look index
1007	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal wall elements
1008
1009	REAL(wp) :: f, & !< Function for Newton iteration: f = Ri - [...]/[...]^2 = 0
1010	f_d_ol, & !< Derivative of f
1011	ol_l, & !< Lower bound of L for Newton iteration
1012	ol_m, & !< Previous value of L for Newton iteration
1013	ol_old, & !< Previous time step value of L
1014	ol_u !< Upper bound of L for Newton iteration
1015
1016	!
1017	!-- Evaluate bulk Richardson number (calculation depends on
1018	!-- definition based on setting of boundary conditions
1019	IF ( ibc_pt_b /= 1 ) THEN
1020	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1021	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
1022	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1023
1024	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1025
1026	surf%rib(m) = g * z_mo &
1027	* ( surf%vpt1(m) - surf%vpt_surface(m) ) &
1028	/ ( surf%uvw_abs(m)*2 surf%vpt1(m) &
1029	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
1030	ENDDO
1031	ELSE
1032	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
1033	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1034
1035	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1036
1037	surf%rib(m) = g * z_mo &
1038	* ( surf%pt1(m) - surf%pt_surface(m) ) &
1039	/ ( surf%uvw_abs(m)*2 surf%pt1(m) + 1.0E-20_wp )
1040	ENDDO
1041	ENDIF
1042	ELSE
1043	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1044	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( k, z_mo )
1045	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1046
1047	k = surf%k(m)
1048
1049	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1050
1051	surf%rib(m) = - g * z_mo * ( ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp &
1052	* surf%qv1(m) ) * surf%shf(m) + 0.61_wp &
1053	* surf%pt1(m) * surf%qsws(m) ) * &
1054	drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
1055	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*3 surf%vpt1(m) * kappa**2 &
1056	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
1057	ENDDO
1058	ELSE
1059	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( k, z_mo )
1060	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(k, z_mo) &
1061	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, drho_air_zw)
1062	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1063
1064	k = surf%k(m)
1065
1066	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1067
1068	surf%rib(m) = - g * z_mo * surf%shf(m) * &
1069	drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
1070	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*3 surf%pt1(m) * kappa**2 &
1071	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
1072	ENDDO
1073	ENDIF
1074	ENDIF
1075
1076	!
1077	!-- Calculate the Obukhov length using Newton iteration
1078	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, z_mo) &
1079	!$ACC PRIVATE(ol_old, ol_m, ol_l, ol_u, f, f_d_ol) &
1080	!$ACC PRESENT(surf)
1081	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1082
1083	i = surf%i(m)
1084	j = surf%j(m)
1085
1086	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1087
1088	!
1089	!-- Store current value in case the Newton iteration fails
1090	ol_old = surf%ol(m)
1091
1092	!
1093	!-- Ensure that the bulk Richardson number and the Obukhov
1094	!-- length have the same sign
1095	IF ( surf%rib(m) * surf%ol(m) < 0.0_wp .OR. &
1096	ABS( surf%ol(m) ) == ol_max ) THEN
1097	IF ( surf%rib(m) > 1.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = 0.01_wp
1098	IF ( surf%rib(m) < 0.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = -0.01_wp
1099	ENDIF
1100	!
1101	!-- Iteration to find Obukhov length
1102	iter = 0
1103	DO
1104	iter = iter + 1
1105	!
1106	!-- In case of divergence, use the value of the previous time step
1107	IF ( iter > 1000 ) THEN
1108	surf%ol(m) = ol_old
1109	EXIT
1110	ENDIF
1111
1112	ol_m = surf%ol(m)
1113	ol_l = ol_m - 0.001_wp * ol_m
1114	ol_u = ol_m + 0.001_wp * ol_m
1115
1116
1117	IF ( ibc_pt_b /= 1 ) THEN
1118	!
1119	!-- Calculate f = Ri - [...]/[...]^2 = 0
1120	f = surf%rib(m) - ( z_mo / ol_m ) * ( &
1121	LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
1122	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_m ) &
1123	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / &
1124	ol_m ) &
1125	) &
1126	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1127	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_m ) &
1128	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_m ) &
1129	)**2
1130
1131	!
1132	!-- Calculate df/dL
1133	f_d_ol = ( - ( z_mo / ol_u ) * ( LOG( z_mo / &
1134	surf%z0h(m) ) &
1135	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_u ) &
1136	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / ol_u ) &
1137	) &
1138	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1139	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_u ) &
1140	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_u ) &
1141	)**2 &
1142	+ ( z_mo / ol_l ) * ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
1143	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_l ) &
1144	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / ol_l ) &
1145	) &
1146	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1147	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_l ) &
1148	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_l ) &
1149	)**2 &
1150	) / ( ol_u - ol_l )
1151	ELSE
1152	!
1153	!-- Calculate f = Ri - 1 /[...]^3 = 0
1154	f = surf%rib(m) - ( z_mo / ol_m ) / &
1155	( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1156	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_m ) &
1157	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_m ) &
1158	)**3
1159
1160	!
1161	!-- Calculate df/dL
1162	f_d_ol = ( - ( z_mo / ol_u ) / ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1163	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_u ) &
1164	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_u ) &
1165	)**3 &
1166	+ ( z_mo / ol_l ) / ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1167	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_l ) &
1168	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_l ) &
1169	)**3 &
1170	) / ( ol_u - ol_l )
1171	ENDIF
1172	!
1173	!-- Calculate new L
1174	surf%ol(m) = ol_m - f / f_d_ol
1175
1176	!
1177	!-- Ensure that the bulk Richardson number and the Obukhov
1178	!-- length have the same sign and ensure convergence.
1179	IF ( surf%ol(m) * ol_m < 0.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = ol_m * 0.5_wp
1180	!
1181	!-- If unrealistic value occurs, set L to the maximum
1182	!-- value that is allowed
1183	IF ( ABS( surf%ol(m) ) > ol_max ) THEN
1184	surf%ol(m) = ol_max
1185	EXIT
1186	ENDIF
1187	!
1188	!-- Check for convergence
1189	IF ( ABS( ( surf%ol(m) - ol_m ) / surf%ol(m) ) < 1.0E-4_wp ) THEN
1190	EXIT
1191	ELSE
1192	CYCLE
1193	ENDIF
1194
1195	ENDDO
1196	ENDDO
1197
1198	END SUBROUTINE calc_ol
1199
1200	!
1201	!-- Calculate friction velocity u*
1202	SUBROUTINE calc_us
1203
1204	IMPLICIT NONE
1205
1206	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
1207
1208	!
1209	!-- Compute u* at horizontal surfaces at the scalars' grid points
1210	IF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1211	!
1212	!-- Compute u* at upward-facing surfaces
1213	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
1214	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
1215	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(z_mo) &
1216	!$ACC PRESENT(surf)
1217	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1218
1219	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1220	!
1221	!-- Compute u* at the scalars' grid points
1222	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / &
1223	( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1224	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1225	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
1226
1227	ENDDO
1228	!
1229	!-- Compute u* at downward-facing surfaces. This case, do not consider
1230	!-- any stability.
1231	ELSE
1232	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
1233	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(z_mo) &
1234	!$ACC PRESENT(surf)
1235	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1236
1237	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1238	!
1239	!-- Compute u* at the scalars' grid points
1240	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
1241
1242	ENDDO
1243	ENDIF
1244	!
1245	!-- Compute u* at vertical surfaces at the u/v/v grid, respectively.
1246	!-- No stability is considered in this case.
1247	ELSE
1248	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
1249	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(z_mo) &
1250	!$ACC PRESENT(surf)
1251	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1252	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1253
1254	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
1255	ENDDO
1256	ENDIF
1257
1258	END SUBROUTINE calc_us
1259
1260	!
1261	!-- Calculate potential temperature, specific humidity, and virtual potential
1262	!-- temperature at first grid level
1263	SUBROUTINE calc_pt_q
1264
1265	IMPLICIT NONE
1266
1267	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
1268
1269	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1270	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k) &
1271	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, pt)
1272	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1273
1274	i = surf%i(m)
1275	j = surf%j(m)
1276	k = surf%k(m)
1277
1278	#ifndef _OPENACC
1279	IF ( bulk_cloud_model ) THEN
1280	surf%pt1(m) = pt(k,j,i) + lv_d_cp * d_exner(k) * ql(k,j,i)
1281	surf%qv1(m) = q(k,j,i) - ql(k,j,i)
1282	ELSEIF( cloud_droplets ) THEN
1283	surf%pt1(m) = pt(k,j,i) + lv_d_cp * d_exner(k) * ql(k,j,i)
1284	surf%qv1(m) = q(k,j,i)
1285	ELSE
1286	#endif
1287	surf%pt1(m) = pt(k,j,i)
1288	#ifndef _OPENACC
1289	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1290	surf%qv1(m) = q(k,j,i)
1291	ELSE
1292	#endif
1293	surf%qv1(m) = 0.0_wp
1294	#ifndef _OPENACC
1295	ENDIF
1296	ENDIF
1297
1298	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1299	surf%vpt1(m) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
1300	ENDIF
1301	#endif
1302
1303	ENDDO
1304
1305	END SUBROUTINE calc_pt_q
1306
1307
1308	!
1309	!-- Set potential temperature at surface grid level.
1310	!-- ( only for upward-facing surfs )
1311	SUBROUTINE calc_pt_surface
1312
1313	IMPLICIT NONE
1314
1315	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_off !< index offset between surface and atmosphere grid point (-1 for upward-, +1 for downward-facing walls)
1316	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
1317
1318	k_off = surf%koff
1319	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1320	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k) &
1321	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, pt)
1322	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1323
1324	i = surf%i(m)
1325	j = surf%j(m)
1326	k = surf%k(m)
1327
1328	surf%pt_surface(m) = pt(k+k_off,j,i)
1329
1330	ENDDO
1331
1332	END SUBROUTINE calc_pt_surface
1333
1334	!
1335	!-- Set mixing ratio at surface grid level. ( Only for upward-facing surfs. )
1336	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1337
1338	IMPLICIT NONE
1339
1340	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_off !< index offset between surface and atmosphere grid point (-1 for upward-, +1 for downward-facing walls)
1341	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
1342
1343	k_off = surf%koff
1344	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1345	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1346
1347	i = surf%i(m)
1348	j = surf%j(m)
1349	k = surf%k(m)
1350
1351	surf%q_surface(m) = q(k+k_off,j,i)
1352
1353	ENDDO
1354
1355	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1356
1357	!
1358	!-- Set virtual potential temperature at surface grid level.
1359	!-- ( only for upward-facing surfs )
1360	SUBROUTINE calc_vpt_surface
1361
1362	IMPLICIT NONE
1363
1364	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_off !< index offset between surface and atmosphere grid point (-1 for upward-, +1 for downward-facing walls)
1365	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
1366
1367	k_off = surf%koff
1368	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1369	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1370
1371	i = surf%i(m)
1372	j = surf%j(m)
1373	k = surf%k(m)
1374
1375	surf%vpt_surface(m) = vpt(k+k_off,j,i)
1376
1377	ENDDO
1378
1379	END SUBROUTINE calc_vpt_surface
1380
1381	!
1382	!-- Calculate the other MOST scaling parameters theta, q, (qc, qr, nc, nr)
1383	SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_parameters
1384
1385	IMPLICIT NONE
1386
1387
1388	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
1389	INTEGER(iwp) :: lsp !< running index for chemical species
1390	!
1391	!-- Compute theta* at horizontal surfaces
1392	IF ( constant_heatflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1393	!
1394	!-- For a given heat flux in the surface layer:
1395
1396	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1397	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k) &
1398	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, drho_air_zw)
1399	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1400
1401	i = surf%i(m)
1402	j = surf%j(m)
1403	k = surf%k(m)
1404
1405	surf%ts(m) = -surf%shf(m) * drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
1406	( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
1407
1408	!
1409	!-- ts must be limited, because otherwise overflow may occur in case
1410	!-- of us=0 when computing ol further below
1411	IF ( surf%ts(m) < -1.05E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = -1.0E5_wp
1412	IF ( surf%ts(m) > 1.0E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = 1.0E5_wp
1413
1414	ENDDO
1415
1416	ELSEIF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1417	!
1418	!-- For a given surface temperature:
1419	IF ( large_scale_forcing .AND. lsf_surf ) THEN
1420
1421	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1422	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1423	i = surf%i(m)
1424	j = surf%j(m)
1425	k = surf%k(m)
1426
1427	pt(k-1,j,i) = pt_surface
1428	ENDDO
1429	ENDIF
1430
1431	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
1432	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1433
1434	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1435
1436	surf%ts(m) = kappa * ( surf%pt1(m) - surf%pt_surface(m) ) &
1437	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
1438	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1439	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
1440
1441	ENDDO
1442
1443	ENDIF
1444	!
1445	!-- Compute theta* at vertical surfaces. This is only required in case of
1446	!-- land-surface model, in order to compute aerodynamical resistance.
1447	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
1448	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1449	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1450
1451	i = surf%i(m)
1452	j = surf%j(m)
1453	surf%ts(m) = -surf%shf(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
1454	!
1455	!-- ts must be limited, because otherwise overflow may occur in case
1456	!-- of us=0 when computing ol further below
1457	IF ( surf%ts(m) < -1.05E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = -1.0E5_wp
1458	IF ( surf%ts(m) > 1.0E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = 1.0E5_wp
1459
1460	ENDDO
1461	ENDIF
1462
1463	!
1464	!-- If required compute q* at horizontal surfaces
1465	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1466	IF ( constant_waterflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1467	!
1468	!-- For a given water flux in the surface layer
1469	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1470	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1471
1472	i = surf%i(m)
1473	j = surf%j(m)
1474	k = surf%k(m)
1475	surf%qs(m) = -surf%qsws(m) * drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
1476	( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
1477
1478	ENDDO
1479
1480	ELSEIF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1481	coupled_run = ( coupling_mode == 'atmosphere_to_ocean' .AND. &
1482	run_coupled )
1483
1484	IF ( large_scale_forcing .AND. lsf_surf ) THEN
1485	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1486	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1487
1488	i = surf%i(m)
1489	j = surf%j(m)
1490	k = surf%k(m)
1491	q(k-1,j,i) = q_surface
1492
1493	ENDDO
1494	ENDIF
1495
1496	!
1497	!-- Assume saturation for atmosphere coupled to ocean (but not
1498	!-- in case of precursor runs)
1499	IF ( coupled_run ) THEN
1500	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, e_s )
1501	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1502	i = surf%i(m)
1503	j = surf%j(m)
1504	k = surf%k(m)
1505	e_s = 6.1_wp * &
1506	EXP( 0.07_wp * ( MIN(pt(k-1,j,i),pt(k,j,i)) &
1507	- 273.15_wp ) )
1508	q(k-1,j,i) = rd_d_rv * e_s / ( surface_pressure - e_s )
1509	ENDDO
1510	ENDIF
1511
1512	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .OR. cloud_droplets ) THEN
1513	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1514	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1515
1516	i = surf%i(m)
1517	j = surf%j(m)
1518	k = surf%k(m)
1519
1520	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1521
1522	surf%qs(m) = kappa * ( surf%qv1(m) - surf%q_surface(m) ) &
1523	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
1524	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1525	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / &
1526	surf%ol(m) ) )
1527	ENDDO
1528	ELSE
1529	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1530	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1531
1532	i = surf%i(m)
1533	j = surf%j(m)
1534	k = surf%k(m)
1535
1536	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1537
1538	surf%qs(m) = kappa * ( q(k,j,i) - q(k-1,j,i) ) &
1539	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
1540	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1541	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / &
1542	surf%ol(m) ) )
1543	ENDDO
1544	ENDIF
1545	ENDIF
1546	!
1547	!-- Compute q* at vertical surfaces
1548	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
1549	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1550	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1551
1552	i = surf%i(m)
1553	j = surf%j(m)
1554	surf%qs(m) = -surf%qsws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
1555
1556	ENDDO
1557	ENDIF
1558	ENDIF
1559
1560	!
1561	!-- If required compute s*
1562	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
1563	!
1564	!-- At horizontal surfaces
1565	IF ( constant_scalarflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1566	!
1567	!-- For a given scalar flux in the surface layer
1568	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1569	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1570	i = surf%i(m)
1571	j = surf%j(m)
1572	surf%ss(m) = -surf%ssws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
1573	ENDDO
1574	ENDIF
1575	!
1576	!-- At vertical surfaces
1577	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
1578	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1579	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1580	i = surf%i(m)
1581	j = surf%j(m)
1582	surf%ss(m) = -surf%ssws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
1583	ENDDO
1584	ENDIF
1585	ENDIF
1586
1587	!
1588	!-- If required compute cs* (chemical species)
1589	IF ( air_chemistry ) THEN
1590	!
1591	!-- At horizontal surfaces
1592	DO lsp = 1, nvar
1593	IF ( constant_csflux(lsp) .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1594	!-- For a given chemical species' flux in the surface layer
1595	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1596	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1597	i = surf%i(m)
1598	j = surf%j(m)
1599	surf%css(lsp,m) = -surf%cssws(lsp,m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
1600	ENDDO
1601	ENDIF
1602	ENDDO
1603	!
1604	!-- At vertical surfaces
1605	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
1606	DO lsp = 1, nvar
1607	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1608	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1609	i = surf%i(m)
1610	j = surf%j(m)
1611	surf%css(lsp,m) = -surf%cssws(lsp,m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
1612	ENDDO
1613	ENDDO
1614	ENDIF
1615	ENDIF
1616
1617	!
1618	!-- If required compute qc* and nc*
1619	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_morrison .AND. &
1620	.NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1621	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1622	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1623
1624	i = surf%i(m)
1625	j = surf%j(m)
1626	k = surf%k(m)
1627
1628	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1629
1630	surf%qcs(m) = kappa * ( qc(k,j,i) - qc(k-1,j,i) ) &
1631	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
1632	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1633	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
1634
1635	surf%ncs(m) = kappa * ( nc(k,j,i) - nc(k-1,j,i) ) &
1636	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
1637	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1638	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
1639	ENDDO
1640
1641	ENDIF
1642
1643	!
1644	!-- If required compute qr* and nr*
1645	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert .AND. &
1646	.NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1647	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1648	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1649
1650	i = surf%i(m)
1651	j = surf%j(m)
1652	k = surf%k(m)
1653
1654	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1655
1656	surf%qrs(m) = kappa * ( qr(k,j,i) - qr(k-1,j,i) ) &
1657	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
1658	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1659	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
1660
1661	surf%nrs(m) = kappa * ( nr(k,j,i) - nr(k-1,j,i) ) &
1662	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
1663	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1664	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
1665	ENDDO
1666
1667	ENDIF
1668
1669	END SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_parameters
1670
1671
1672
1673	!
1674	!-- Calculate surface fluxes usws, vsws, shf, qsws, (qcsws, qrsws, ncsws, nrsws)
1675	SUBROUTINE calc_surface_fluxes
1676
1677	IMPLICIT NONE
1678
1679	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
1680	INTEGER(iwp) :: lsp !< running index for chemical species
1681
1682	REAL(wp) :: dum !< dummy to precalculate logarithm
1683	REAL(wp) :: flag_u !< flag indicating u-grid, used for calculation of horizontal momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
1684	REAL(wp) :: flag_v !< flag indicating v-grid, used for calculation of horizontal momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
1685	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_i !< u-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
1686	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_i !< v-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
1687	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_i !< w-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
1688
1689	!
1690	!-- Calcuate surface fluxes at horizontal walls
1691	IF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
1692	!
1693	!-- Compute u'w' for the total model domain at upward-facing surfaces.
1694	!-- First compute the corresponding component of u* and square it.
1695	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
1696	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1697	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k, z_mo) &
1698	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, u, rho_air_zw)
1699	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1700
1701	i = surf%i(m)
1702	j = surf%j(m)
1703	k = surf%k(m)
1704
1705	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1706
1707	surf%usws(m) = kappa * ( u(k,j,i) - u(k-1,j,i) ) &
1708	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1709	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1710	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
1711	!
1712	!-- Please note, the computation of usws is not fully accurate. Actually
1713	!-- a further interpolation of us onto the u-grid, where usws is defined,
1714	!-- is required. However, this is not done as this would require several
1715	!-- data transfers between 2D-grid and the surf-type.
1716	!-- The impact of the missing interpolation is negligible as several
1717	!-- tests had shown.
1718	!-- Same also for ol.
1719	surf%usws(m) = -surf%usws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
1720
1721	ENDDO
1722	!
1723	!-- At downward-facing surfaces
1724	ELSE
1725	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1726	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1727
1728	i = surf%i(m)
1729	j = surf%j(m)
1730	k = surf%k(m)
1731
1732	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1733
1734	surf%usws(m) = kappa * u(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
1735	surf%usws(m) = surf%usws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k)
1736
1737	ENDDO
1738	ENDIF
1739
1740	!
1741	!-- Compute v'w' for the total model domain.
1742	!-- First compute the corresponding component of u* and square it.
1743	!-- Upward-facing surfaces
1744	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
1745	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1746	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k, z_mo) &
1747	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, v, rho_air_zw)
1748	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1749	i = surf%i(m)
1750	j = surf%j(m)
1751	k = surf%k(m)
1752
1753	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1754
1755	surf%vsws(m) = kappa * ( v(k,j,i) - v(k-1,j,i) ) &
1756	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
1757	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
1758	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
1759	!
1760	!-- Please note, the computation of vsws is not fully accurate. Actually
1761	!-- a further interpolation of us onto the v-grid, where vsws is defined,
1762	!-- is required. However, this is not done as this would require several
1763	!-- data transfers between 2D-grid and the surf-type.
1764	!-- The impact of the missing interpolation is negligible as several
1765	!-- tests had shown.
1766	!-- Same also for ol.
1767	surf%vsws(m) = -surf%vsws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
1768	ENDDO
1769	!
1770	!-- Downward-facing surfaces
1771	ELSE
1772	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1773	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1774	i = surf%i(m)
1775	j = surf%j(m)
1776	k = surf%k(m)
1777
1778	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1779
1780	surf%vsws(m) = kappa * v(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
1781	surf%vsws(m) = surf%vsws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k)
1782	ENDDO
1783	ENDIF
1784	!
1785	!-- Compute the vertical kinematic heat flux
1786	IF ( .NOT. constant_heatflux .AND. ( ( time_since_reference_point&
1787	<= skip_time_do_lsm .AND. simulated_time > 0.0_wp ) .OR. &
1788	.NOT. land_surface ) .AND. .NOT. urban_surface .AND. &
1789	.NOT. downward ) THEN
1790	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1791	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1792	i = surf%i(m)
1793	j = surf%j(m)
1794	k = surf%k(m)
1795	surf%shf(m) = -surf%ts(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
1796	ENDDO
1797	ENDIF
1798	!
1799	!-- Compute the vertical water flux
1800	IF ( .NOT. constant_waterflux .AND. humidity .AND. &
1801	( ( time_since_reference_point <= skip_time_do_lsm .AND. &
1802	simulated_time > 0.0_wp ) .OR. .NOT. land_surface ) .AND. &
1803	.NOT. urban_surface .AND. .NOT. downward ) THEN
1804	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1805	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1806	i = surf%i(m)
1807	j = surf%j(m)
1808	k = surf%k(m)
1809	surf%qsws(m) = -surf%qs(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
1810	ENDDO
1811	ENDIF
1812	!
1813	!-- Compute the vertical scalar flux
1814	IF ( .NOT. constant_scalarflux .AND. passive_scalar .AND. &
1815	.NOT. downward ) THEN
1816	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1817	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1818
1819	i = surf%i(m)
1820	j = surf%j(m)
1821	surf%ssws(m) = -surf%ss(m) * surf%us(m)
1822
1823	ENDDO
1824	ENDIF
1825	!
1826	!-- Compute the vertical chemical species' flux
1827	DO lsp = 1, nvar
1828	IF ( .NOT. constant_csflux(lsp) .AND. air_chemistry .AND. &
1829	.NOT. downward ) THEN
1830	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1831	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1832	i = surf%i(m)
1833	j = surf%j(m)
1834	surf%cssws(lsp,m) = -surf%css(lsp,m) * surf%us(m)
1835	ENDDO
1836	ENDIF
1837	ENDDO
1838
1839	!
1840	!-- Compute (turbulent) fluxes of cloud water content and cloud drop conc.
1841	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_morrison .AND. &
1842	.NOT. downward) THEN
1843	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1844	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1845
1846	i = surf%i(m)
1847	j = surf%j(m)
1848
1849	surf%qcsws(m) = -surf%qcs(m) * surf%us(m)
1850	surf%ncsws(m) = -surf%ncs(m) * surf%us(m)
1851	ENDDO
1852	ENDIF
1853	!
1854	!-- Compute (turbulent) fluxes of rain water content and rain drop conc.
1855	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert .AND. &
1856	.NOT. downward) THEN
1857	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
1858	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1859
1860	i = surf%i(m)
1861	j = surf%j(m)
1862
1863	surf%qrsws(m) = -surf%qrs(m) * surf%us(m)
1864	surf%nrsws(m) = -surf%nrs(m) * surf%us(m)
1865	ENDDO
1866	ENDIF
1867
1868	!
1869	!-- Bottom boundary condition for the TKE.
1870	IF ( ibc_e_b == 2 ) THEN
1871	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1872	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1873
1874	i = surf%i(m)
1875	j = surf%j(m)
1876	k = surf%k(m)
1877
1878	e(k,j,i) = ( surf%us(m) / 0.1_wp )**2
1879	!
1880	!-- As a test: cm = 0.4
1881	! e(k,j,i) = ( us(j,i) / 0.4_wp )**2
1882	e(k-1,j,i) = e(k,j,i)
1883
1884	ENDDO
1885	ENDIF
1886	!
1887	!-- Calcuate surface fluxes at vertical surfaces. No stability is considered.
1888	ELSE
1889	!
1890	!-- Compute usvs l={0,1} and vsus l={2,3}
1891	IF ( mom_uv ) THEN
1892	!
1893	!-- Generalize computation by introducing flags. At north- and south-
1894	!-- facing surfaces u-component is used, at east- and west-facing
1895	!-- surfaces v-component is used.
1896	flag_u = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, l == 0 .OR. l == 1 )
1897	flag_v = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, l == 2 .OR. l == 3 )
1898	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1899	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1900	i = surf%i(m)
1901	j = surf%j(m)
1902	k = surf%k(m)
1903
1904	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1905
1906	surf%mom_flux_uv(m) = kappa * &
1907	( flag_u * u(k,j,i) + flag_v * v(k,j,i) ) / &
1908	LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
1909
1910	surf%mom_flux_uv(m) = &
1911	- surf%mom_flux_uv(m) * surf%us(m)
1912	ENDDO
1913	ENDIF
1914	!
1915	!-- Compute wsus l={0,1} and wsvs l={2,3}
1916	IF ( mom_w ) THEN
1917	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
1918	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1919	i = surf%i(m)
1920	j = surf%j(m)
1921	k = surf%k(m)
1922
1923	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1924
1925	surf%mom_flux_w(m) = kappa * w(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
1926
1927	surf%mom_flux_w(m) = &
1928	- surf%mom_flux_w(m) * surf%us(m)
1929	ENDDO
1930	ENDIF
1931	!
1932	!-- Compute momentum fluxes used for subgrid-scale TKE production at
1933	!-- vertical surfaces. In constrast to the calculated momentum fluxes at
1934	!-- vertical surfaces before, which are defined on the u/v/w-grid,
1935	!-- respectively), the TKE fluxes are defined at the scalar grid.
1936	!--
1937	IF ( mom_tke ) THEN
1938	!
1939	!-- Precalculate velocity components at scalar grid point.
1940	ALLOCATE( u_i(1:surf%ns) )
1941	ALLOCATE( v_i(1:surf%ns) )
1942	ALLOCATE( w_i(1:surf%ns) )
1943
1944	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
1945	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1946	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1947	i = surf%i(m)
1948	j = surf%j(m)
1949	k = surf%k(m)
1950
1951	u_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) )
1952	v_i(m) = 0.0_wp
1953	w_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
1954	ENDDO
1955	ELSE
1956	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
1957	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1958	i = surf%i(m)
1959	j = surf%j(m)
1960	k = surf%k(m)
1961
1962	u_i(m) = 0.0_wp
1963	v_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) )
1964	w_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
1965	ENDDO
1966	ENDIF
1967
1968	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, dum, z_mo )
1969	DO m = 1, surf%ns
1970	i = surf%i(m)
1971	j = surf%j(m)
1972
1973	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
1974
1975	dum = kappa / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
1976	!
1977	!-- usvs (l=0,1) and vsus (l=2,3)
1978	surf%mom_flux_tke(0,m) = dum * ( u_i(m) + v_i(m) )
1979	!
1980	!-- wsvs (l=0,1) and wsus (l=2,3)
1981	surf%mom_flux_tke(1,m) = dum * w_i(m)
1982
1983	surf%mom_flux_tke(0:1,m) = &
1984	- surf%mom_flux_tke(0:1,m) * surf%us(m)
1985	ENDDO
1986	!
1987	!-- Deallocate temporary arrays
1988	DEALLOCATE( u_i )
1989	DEALLOCATE( v_i )
1990	DEALLOCATE( w_i )
1991	ENDIF
1992	ENDIF
1993
1994	END SUBROUTINE calc_surface_fluxes
1995
1996
1997	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1998	! Description:
1999	! ------------
2000	!> Calculates temperature near surface (10 cm) for indoor model or 2 m
2001	!> temperature for output
2002	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2003	SUBROUTINE calc_pt_near_surface ( z_char )
2004
2005	IMPLICIT NONE
2006
2007	CHARACTER (LEN = *), INTENT(IN) :: z_char !< string identifier to identify z level
2008	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k, l, m !< running indices
2009
2010
2011	SELECT CASE ( z_char)
2012
2013
2014	CASE ( '10cm' )
2015
2016	DO m = 1, surf%ns
2017
2018	i = surf%i(m)
2019	j = surf%j(m)
2020	k = surf%k(m)
2021
2022	surf%pt_10cm(m) = surf%pt_surface(m) + surf%ts(m) / kappa &
2023	* ( log( 0.1_wp / surf%z0h(m) ) &
2024	- psi_h( 0.1_wp / surf%ol(m) ) &
2025	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
2026
2027	ENDDO
2028
2029
2030	CASE ( '2m' )
2031
2032	DO m = 1, surf%ns
2033
2034	i = surf%i(m)
2035	j = surf%j(m)
2036	k = surf%k(m)
2037
2038	surf%pt_2m(m) = surf%pt_surface(m) + surf%ts(m) / kappa &
2039	* ( log( 2.0_wp / surf%z0h(m) ) &
2040	- psi_h( 2.0_wp / surf%ol(m) ) &
2041	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
2042
2043	ENDDO
2044
2045
2046	END SELECT
2047
2048	END SUBROUTINE calc_pt_near_surface
2049
2050
2051	!
2052	!-- Integrated stability function for momentum
2053	FUNCTION psi_m( zeta )
2054	!$ACC ROUTINE SEQ
2055
2056	USE kinds
2057
2058	IMPLICIT NONE
2059
2060	REAL(wp) :: psi_m !< Integrated similarity function result
2061	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
2062	REAL(wp) :: x !< dummy variable
2063
2064	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 1.0_wp !< constant
2065	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: b = 0.66666666666_wp !< constant
2066	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
2067	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: d = 0.35_wp !< constant
2068	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c_d_d = c / d !< constant
2069	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: bc_d_d = b * c / d !< constant
2070
2071
2072	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
2073	x = SQRT( SQRT( 1.0_wp - 16.0_wp * zeta ) )
2074	psi_m = pi * 0.5_wp - 2.0_wp * ATAN( x ) + LOG( ( 1.0_wp + x )**2 &
2075	* ( 1.0_wp + x*2 ) 0.125_wp )
2076	ELSE
2077
2078	psi_m = - b * ( zeta - c_d_d ) * EXP( -d * zeta ) - a * zeta &
2079	- bc_d_d
2080	!
2081	!-- Old version for stable conditions (only valid for z/L < 0.5)
2082	!-- psi_m = - 5.0_wp * zeta
2083
2084	ENDIF
2085
2086	END FUNCTION psi_m
2087
2088
2089	!
2090	!-- Integrated stability function for heat and moisture
2091	FUNCTION psi_h( zeta )
2092	!$ACC ROUTINE SEQ
2093
2094	USE kinds
2095
2096	IMPLICIT NONE
2097
2098	REAL(wp) :: psi_h !< Integrated similarity function result
2099	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
2100	REAL(wp) :: x !< dummy variable
2101
2102	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 1.0_wp !< constant
2103	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: b = 0.66666666666_wp !< constant
2104	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
2105	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: d = 0.35_wp !< constant
2106	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c_d_d = c / d !< constant
2107	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: bc_d_d = b * c / d !< constant
2108
2109
2110	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
2111	x = SQRT( 1.0_wp - 16.0_wp * zeta )
2112	psi_h = 2.0_wp * LOG( (1.0_wp + x ) / 2.0_wp )
2113	ELSE
2114	psi_h = - b * ( zeta - c_d_d ) * EXP( -d * zeta ) - (1.0_wp &
2115	+ 0.66666666666_wp * a * zeta )**1.5_wp - bc_d_d &
2116	+ 1.0_wp
2117	!
2118	!-- Old version for stable conditions (only valid for z/L < 0.5)
2119	!-- psi_h = - 5.0_wp * zeta
2120	ENDIF
2121
2122	END FUNCTION psi_h
2123
2124
2125	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2126	! Description:
2127	! ------------
2128	!> Calculates stability function for momentum
2129	!>
2130	!> @author Hauke Wurps
2131	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2132	FUNCTION phi_m( zeta )
2133	!$ACC ROUTINE SEQ
2134
2135	IMPLICIT NONE
2136
2137	REAL(wp) :: phi_m !< Value of the function
2138	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
2139
2140	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 16.0_wp !< constant
2141	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
2142
2143	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
2144	phi_m = 1.0_wp / SQRT( SQRT( 1.0_wp - a * zeta ) )
2145	ELSE
2146	phi_m = 1.0_wp + c * zeta
2147	ENDIF
2148
2149	END FUNCTION phi_m
2150
2151	END MODULE surface_layer_fluxes_mod

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