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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90 @ 3834

Last change on this file since 3834 was 3834, checked in by forkel, 6 years ago
removed forgotten ,nvar from USE chem_modules
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 75.0 KB

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[1850]	1	!> @file surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90
[2000]	2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2696]	3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
[1691]	4	!
[2000]	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
	6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
	7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
	8	! version.
[1691]	9	!
	10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	13	!
	14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	16	!
[3655]	17	! Copyright 1997-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[1691]	18	!
[2000]	19	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2696]	20	!
[1691]	21	! Current revisions:
[1747]	22	! ------------------
[1758]	23	!
[3745]	24	!
[1692]	25	! Former revisions:
	26	! -----------------
	27	! $Id: surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90 3834 2019-03-28 15:40:15Z forkel $
[3833]	28	! added USE chem_gasphase_mod
	29	!
	30	! 3787 2019-03-07 08:43:54Z raasch
[3787]	31	! unused variables removed
	32	!
	33	! 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z suehring
[3745]	34	! Bugfix, missing calculation of 10cm temperature at vertical building walls,
	35	! required for indoor model
	36	!
	37	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
[3685]	38	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
	39	!
	40	! 3668 2019-01-14 12:49:24Z maronga
[3668]	41	! Removed methods "circular" and "lookup"
	42	!
	43	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
[3634]	44	! OpenACC port for SPEC
	45	!
	46	! 3597 2018-12-04 08:40:18Z maronga
[3597]	47	! Added routine for calculating near surface air potential temperature (moved
	48	! from urban_surface_mod)
	49	!
	50	! 3547 2018-11-21 13:21:24Z suehring
[3547]	51	! variables documented
	52	!
	53	! 3361 2018-10-16 20:39:37Z knoop
[3274]	54	! Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
	55	!
	56	! 3271 2018-09-24 08:20:34Z suehring
[3271]	57	! Comment revised
	58	!
	59	! 3157 2018-07-19 21:08:49Z maronga
[3157]	60	! Added local free convection velocity scale w_lfc in calculation of uvw_abs.
	61	! This can be switche on/off by the user via the flag namelist parameter
	62	! use_free_convection_scaling
	63	!
	64	! 3152 2018-07-19 13:26:52Z suehring
[3152]	65	! q_surface is now part of surface structure
	66	!
	67	! 3149 2018-07-19 05:48:09Z maronga
[3149]	68	! Correct accidental last commit
	69	!
	70	! 3148 2018-07-19 05:45:25Z maronga
[3147]	71	! Major bugfix in calculation of Obukhov length
	72	!
	73	! 3146 2018-07-18 22:36:19Z maronga
[3130]	74	! move phi_m from turbulence_closure_mod
	75	!
	76	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
[3045]	77	! Error message revised
	78	!
	79	! 2766 2018-01-22 17:17:47Z kanani
[2766]	80	! Removed preprocessor directive __chem
	81	!
	82	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
[2716]	83	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
	84	!
	85	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
	86	! - Change in file header (GPL part)
[2696]	87	! - Implementation of chemistry module (FK)
	88	! - Added calculation of pt1 and qv1 for all surface types. Added calculation of
	89	! pt_surface for default-type surfaces (BM)
	90	! - Add flag to disable computation of qsws in case of urban surface (MS)
	91	!
	92	! 2547 2017-10-16 12:41:56Z schwenkel
[2547]	93	! extended by cloud_droplets option
	94	!
	95	! 2321 2017-07-24 15:57:07Z schwenkel
[2321]	96	! Bugfix: Correct index in lookup table for Obukhov length
	97	!
	98	! 2299 2017-06-29 10:14:38Z suehring
[2299]	99	! Adjusted for allow separate spinups of LSM and atmosphere code
	100	!
	101	! 2292 2017-06-20 09:51:42Z schwenkel
[2292]	102	! Implementation of new microphysic scheme: cloud_scheme = 'morrison'
	103	! includes two more prognostic equations for cloud drop concentration (nc)
	104	! and cloud water content (qc).
	105	!
	106	! 2281 2017-06-13 11:34:50Z suehring
[2281]	107	! Clean-up unnecessary index access to surface type
	108	!
	109	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
[1692]	110	!
[2233]	111	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
	112	! Adjustments to new surface concept
	113	! OpenMP bugfix
	114	!
[2119]	115	! 2118 2017-01-17 16:38:49Z raasch
	116	! OpenACC directives and related code removed
	117	!
[2092]	118	! 2091 2016-12-21 16:38:18Z suehring
	119	! Bugfix in calculation of vsws ( incorrect linear interpolation of us )
	120	!
[2077]	121	! 2076 2016-12-02 13:54:20Z raasch
	122	! further openmp bugfix for lookup method
	123	!
[2074]	124	! 2073 2016-11-30 14:34:05Z raasch
	125	! openmp bugfix for lookup method
	126	!
[2038]	127	! 2037 2016-10-26 11:15:40Z knoop
	128	! Anelastic approximation implemented
	129	!
[2012]	130	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
	131	! Flag urban_surface is now defined in module control_parameters.
	132	!
[2008]	133	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
	134	! Account for urban surface model in computation of vertical kinematic heatflux
	135	!
[2001]	136	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
	137	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
	138	!
[1993]	139	! 1992 2016-08-12 15:14:59Z suehring
	140	! Minor bug, declaration of look-up index as INTEGER
	141	!
[1961]	142	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
	143	! Treat humidity and passive scalar separately
	144	!
[1930]	145	! 1929 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
	146	! Bugfix: avoid segmentation fault in case one grid point is horizontally
	147	! completely surrounded by topography
	148	!
[1921]	149	! 1920 2016-05-30 10:50:15Z suehring
	150	! Avoid segmentation fault (see change in 1915) by different initialization of
	151	! us instead of adding a very small number in the denominator
	152	!
[1916]	153	! 1915 2016-05-27 11:05:02Z suehring
	154	! Bugfix: avoid segmentation fault in case of most_method = 'circular' at first
	155	! timestep
	156	!
[1851]	157	! 1850 2016-04-08 13:29:27Z maronga
	158	! Module renamed
	159	!
	160	!
[1823]	161	! 1822 2016-04-07 07:49:42Z hoffmann
	162	! icloud_scheme replaced by microphysics_*
	163	!
[1789]	164	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
	165	! Added parameter z0q which replaces z0h in the similarity functions for
	166	! humidity.
	167	! Syntax layout improved.
	168	!
[1758]	169	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
	170	! Minor fixes.
	171	!
[1750]	172	! 1749 2016-02-09 12:19:56Z raasch
	173	! further OpenACC adjustments
	174	!
[1748]	175	! 1747 2016-02-08 12:25:53Z raasch
	176	! adjustments for OpenACC usage
	177	!
[1710]	178	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
	179	! Bugfix: division by zero could occur when calculating rib at low wind speeds
	180	! Bugfix: calculation of uv_total for neutral = .T., initial value for ol for
	181	! neutral = .T.
	182	!
[1706]	183	! 1705 2015-11-02 14:28:56Z maronga
	184	! Typo removed
	185	!
[1698]	186	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
	187	! FORTRAN and OpenMP errors removed
	188	!
[1697]	189	! 1696 2015-10-27 10:03:34Z maronga
[1691]	190	! Modularized and completely re-written version of prandtl_fluxes.f90. In the
	191	! course of the re-writing two additional methods have been implemented. See
	192	! updated description.
	193	!
	194	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
	195	! Removed land surface model part. The surface fluxes are now always calculated
	196	! within prandtl_fluxes, based on the given surface temperature/humidity (which
	197	! is either provided by the land surface model, by large scale forcing data, or
	198	! directly prescribed by the user.
	199	!
	200	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
	201	! Adapted for land surface model
	202	!
	203	! 1494 2014-11-21 17:14:03Z maronga
	204	! Bugfixes: qs is now calculated before calculation of Rif. calculation of
	205	! buoyancy flux in Rif corrected (added missing humidity term), allow use of
	206	! topography for coupled runs (not tested)
	207	!
	208	! 1361 2014-04-16 15:17:48Z hoffmann
	209	! Bugfix: calculation of turbulent fluxes of rain water content (qrsws) and rain
	210	! drop concentration (nrsws) added
	211	!
	212	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
	213	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
	214	!
	215	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
	216	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
	217	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
	218	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
	219	! old module precision_kind is removed,
	220	! revision history before 2012 removed,
	221	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
	222	! all variable declaration statements
	223	!
	224	! 1276 2014-01-15 13:40:41Z heinze
	225	! Use LSF_DATA also in case of Dirichlet bottom boundary condition for scalars
	226	!
	227	! 1257 2013-11-08 15:18:40Z raasch
	228	! openACC "kernels do" replaced by "kernels loop", "loop independent" added
	229	!
	230	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
	231	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
	232	!
	233	! 1015 2012-09-27 09:23:24Z raasch
	234	! OpenACC statements added
	235	!
	236	! 978 2012-08-09 08:28:32Z fricke
	237	! roughness length for scalar quantities z0h added
	238	!
	239	! Revision 1.1 1998/01/23 10:06:06 raasch
	240	! Initial revision
	241	!
	242	!
	243	! Description:
	244	! ------------
	245	!> Diagnostic computation of vertical fluxes in the constant flux layer from the
[3668]	246	!> values of the variables at grid point k=1 based on Newton iteration
[1691]	247	!>
	248	!> @todo (re)move large_scale_forcing actions
[2118]	249	!> @todo check/optimize OpenMP directives
[2696]	250	!> @todo simplify if conditions (which flux need to be computed in which case)
[1691]	251	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	252	MODULE surface_layer_fluxes_mod
	253
	254	USE arrays_3d, &
[2292]	255	ONLY: e, kh, nc, nr, pt, q, ql, qc, qr, s, u, v, vpt, w, zu, zw, &
[3274]	256	drho_air_zw, rho_air_zw, d_exner
[1691]	257
[3274]	258	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
[3361]	259	ONLY: g, kappa, lv_d_cp, pi, rd_d_rv
[3274]	260
[3833]	261	USE chem_gasphase_mod, &
	262	ONLY: nvar
	263
[2696]	264	USE chem_modules, &
[3834]	265	ONLY: constant_csflux
[2696]	266
[1691]	267	USE cpulog
	268
	269	USE control_parameters, &
[3274]	270	ONLY: air_chemistry, cloud_droplets, &
	271	constant_heatflux, constant_scalarflux, &
[3597]	272	constant_waterflux, coupling_mode, do_output_at_2m, humidity, &
	273	ibc_e_b, ibc_pt_b, indoor_model, initializing_actions, &
[2232]	274	intermediate_timestep_count, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
[3274]	275	land_surface, large_scale_forcing, lsf_surf, message_string, &
[3668]	276	neutral, passive_scalar, pt_surface, q_surface, &
[2292]	277	run_coupled, surface_pressure, simulated_time, terminate_run, &
[3157]	278	time_since_reference_point, urban_surface, &
	279	use_free_convection_scaling, zeta_max, zeta_min
[1691]	280
[2232]	281	USE grid_variables, &
	282	ONLY: dx, dy
	283
[1691]	284	USE indices, &
[2232]	285	ONLY: nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, nzb
[1691]	286
	287	USE kinds
	288
[3274]	289	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
	290	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_morrison, microphysics_seifert
	291
[1691]	292	USE pegrid
	293
	294	USE land_surface_model_mod, &
[2232]	295	ONLY: aero_resist_kray, skip_time_do_lsm
[2011]	296
[2232]	297	USE surface_mod, &
	298	ONLY : surf_def_h, surf_def_v, surf_lsm_h, surf_lsm_v, surf_type, &
	299	surf_usm_h, surf_usm_v
[2007]	300
[1691]	301
	302	IMPLICIT NONE
	303
[1992]	304	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop index x direction
	305	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop index y direction
	306	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index z direction
[2232]	307	INTEGER(iwp) :: l !< loop index for surf type
[1691]	308
[2232]	309	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: num_steps = 15000 !< number of steps in the lookup table
[1691]	310
[2232]	311	LOGICAL :: coupled_run !< Flag for coupled atmosphere-ocean runs
	312	LOGICAL :: downward = .FALSE.!< Flag indicating downward-facing horizontal surface
	313	LOGICAL :: mom_uv = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of usvs and vsus at vertical surfaces
	314	LOGICAL :: mom_w = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of wsus and wsvs at vertical surfaces
	315	LOGICAL :: mom_tke = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces used for TKE production
	316	LOGICAL :: surf_vertical !< Flag indicating vertical surfaces
[1691]	317
	318	REAL(wp) :: e_s, & !< Saturation water vapor pressure
	319	ol_max = 1.0E6_wp, & !< Maximum Obukhov length
	320	z_mo !< Height of the constant flux layer where MOST is assumed
	321
[2232]	322	TYPE(surf_type), POINTER :: surf !< surf-type array, used to generalize subroutines
[1691]	323
[2232]	324
[1691]	325	SAVE
	326
	327	PRIVATE
	328
[3130]	329	PUBLIC init_surface_layer_fluxes, phi_m, surface_layer_fluxes
[1691]	330
	331	INTERFACE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	332	MODULE PROCEDURE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	333	END INTERFACE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	334
[3130]	335	INTERFACE phi_m
	336	MODULE PROCEDURE phi_m
	337	END INTERFACE phi_m
	338
[1691]	339	INTERFACE surface_layer_fluxes
	340	MODULE PROCEDURE surface_layer_fluxes
	341	END INTERFACE surface_layer_fluxes
	342
	343
	344	CONTAINS
	345
	346
	347	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	348	! Description:
	349	! ------------
	350	!> Main routine to compute the surface fluxes
	351	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	352	SUBROUTINE surface_layer_fluxes
	353
	354	IMPLICIT NONE
	355
[3547]	356	surf_vertical = .FALSE. !< flag indicating vertically orientated surface elements
	357	downward = .FALSE. !< flag indicating downward-facing surface elements
[1691]	358	!
[2696]	359	!-- Derive potential temperature and specific humidity at first grid level
	360	!-- from the fields pt and q
[2232]	361	!
[2696]	362	!-- First call for horizontal default-type surfaces (l=0 - upward facing,
	363	!-- l=1 - downward facing)
	364	DO l = 0, 1
	365	IF ( surf_def_h(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	366	surf => surf_def_h(l)
	367	CALL calc_pt_q
[3146]	368	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) THEN
	369	CALL calc_pt_surface
	370	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[3152]	371	CALL calc_q_surface
[3146]	372	CALL calc_vpt_surface
	373	ENDIF
	374	ENDIF
[2696]	375	ENDIF
	376	ENDDO
[2232]	377	!
[2696]	378	!-- Call for natural-type horizontal surfaces
	379	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	380	surf => surf_lsm_h
	381	CALL calc_pt_q
	382	ENDIF
	383
	384	!
	385	!-- Call for urban-type horizontal surfaces
	386	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	387	surf => surf_usm_h
	388	CALL calc_pt_q
	389	ENDIF
	390
	391	!
	392	!-- Call for natural-type vertical surfaces
	393	DO l = 0, 3
	394	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	395	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
[2232]	396	CALL calc_pt_q
	397	ENDIF
[2696]	398
[3146]	399	!-- Call for urban-type vertical surfaces
[2696]	400	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	401	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
[2232]	402	CALL calc_pt_q
	403	ENDIF
[2696]	404	ENDDO
[1691]	405
	406	!
	407	!-- First, calculate the new Obukhov length, then new friction velocity,
	408	!-- followed by the new scaling parameters (th, q, etc.), and the new
[3668]	409	!-- surface fluxes if required. Note, each routine is called for different surface types.
[2232]	410	!-- First call for default-type horizontal surfaces, for natural- and
	411	!-- urban-type surfaces. Note, at this place only upward-facing horizontal
[3668]	412	!-- surfaces are treated.
	413
[2232]	414	!
[3668]	415	!-- Default-type upward-facing horizontal surfaces
	416	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	417	surf => surf_def_h(0)
	418	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	419	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	420	CALL calc_us
	421	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	422	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	423	IF ( do_output_at_2m ) THEN
	424	CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '2m' )
[1691]	425	ENDIF
[3668]	426	ENDIF
[1691]	427	!
[3668]	428	!-- Natural-type horizontal surfaces
	429	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	430	surf => surf_lsm_h
	431	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	432	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	433	CALL calc_us
	434	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	435	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	436	IF ( do_output_at_2m ) THEN
	437	CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '2m' )
[2232]	438	ENDIF
[3668]	439	ENDIF
[2232]	440	!
[3668]	441	!-- Urban-type horizontal surfaces
	442	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	443	surf => surf_usm_h
	444	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	445	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	446	CALL calc_us
	447	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	448	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	449	IF ( do_output_at_2m ) THEN
	450	CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '2m' )
[2232]	451	ENDIF
[3744]	452	!
	453	!-- Calculate 10cm temperature, required in indoor model
	454	IF ( indoor_model ) CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '10cm' )
[3668]	455	ENDIF
[1691]	456
[2232]	457	!
	458	!-- Treat downward-facing horizontal surfaces. Note, so far, these are
	459	!-- always default type. Stratification is not considered
	460	!-- in this case, hence, no further distinction between different
	461	!-- most_method is required.
	462	IF ( surf_def_h(1)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	463	downward = .TRUE.
	464	surf => surf_def_h(1)
	465	CALL calc_uvw_abs
[1691]	466	CALL calc_us
	467	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[2232]	468	downward = .FALSE.
[1691]	469	ENDIF
[2232]	470	!
	471	!-- Calculate surfaces fluxes at vertical surfaces for momentum
	472	!-- and subgrid-scale TKE.
	473	!-- No stability is considered. Therefore, scaling parameters and Obukhov-
	474	!-- length do not need to be calculated and no distinction in 'circular',
	475	!-- 'Newton' or 'lookup' is necessary so far.
	476	!-- Note, this will change if stability is once considered.
	477	surf_vertical = .TRUE.
	478	!
	479	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes at north- and south-facing
	480	!-- surfaces(usvs).
	481	!-- For default-type surfaces
	482	mom_uv = .TRUE.
	483	DO l = 0, 1
	484	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	485	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	486	!
	487	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	488	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	489	!
	490	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	491	CALL calc_us
	492	!
	493	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	494	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	495	ENDIF
	496	ENDDO
	497	!
	498	!-- For natural-type surfaces. Please note, even though stability is not
	499	!-- considered for the calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces,
	500	!-- scaling parameters and Obukov length are calculated nevertheless in this
	501	!-- case. This is due to the requirement of ts in parameterization of heat
	502	!-- flux in land-surface model in case of aero_resist_kray is not true.
	503	IF ( .NOT. aero_resist_kray ) THEN
[3668]	504	DO l = 0, 1
	505	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	506	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
[2232]	507	!
[3668]	508	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	509	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
[2232]	510	!
[3668]	511	!-- Compute Obukhov length
	512	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
[2232]	513	!
[3668]	514	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	515	CALL calc_us
[2232]	516	!
[3668]	517	!-- Compute scaling parameters
	518	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
[2232]	519	!
[3668]	520	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	521	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	522	ENDIF
	523	ENDDO
[2232]	524	!
	525	!-- No ts is required, so scaling parameters and Obukhov length do not need
	526	!-- to be computed.
	527	ELSE
	528	DO l = 0, 1
	529	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	530	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	531	!
	532	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	533	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	534	!
	535	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	536	CALL calc_us
	537	!
	538	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	539	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	540	ENDIF
	541	ENDDO
	542	ENDIF
	543	!
	544	!-- For urban-type surfaces
	545	DO l = 0, 1
	546	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	547	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	548	!
	549	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	550	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	551	!
	552	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	553	CALL calc_us
	554	!
	555	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	556	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[3744]	557	!
	558	!-- Calculate 10cm temperature, required in indoor model
	559	IF ( indoor_model ) CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '10cm' )
[2232]	560	ENDIF
	561	ENDDO
	562	!
	563	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes at east- and west-facing
	564	!-- surfaces (vsus).
	565	!-- For default-type surfaces
	566	DO l = 2, 3
	567	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	568	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	569	!
	570	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	571	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	572	!
	573	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	574	CALL calc_us
	575	!
	576	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	577	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[3744]	578
[2232]	579	ENDIF
	580	ENDDO
	581	!
	582	!-- For natural-type surfaces. Please note, even though stability is not
	583	!-- considered for the calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces,
	584	!-- scaling parameters and Obukov length are calculated nevertheless in this
	585	!-- case. This is due to the requirement of ts in parameterization of heat
	586	!-- flux in land-surface model in case of aero_resist_kray is not true.
	587	IF ( .NOT. aero_resist_kray ) THEN
[3668]	588	DO l = 2, 3
	589	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	590	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
[2232]	591	!
[3668]	592	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	593	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
[2232]	594	!
[3668]	595	!-- Compute Obukhov length
	596	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
[2232]	597	!
[3668]	598	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	599	CALL calc_us
[2232]	600	!
[3668]	601	!-- Compute scaling parameters
	602	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
[2232]	603	!
[3668]	604	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	605	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	606	ENDIF
	607	ENDDO
[2232]	608	ELSE
	609	DO l = 2, 3
	610	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	611	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	612	!
	613	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	614	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	615	!
	616	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	617	CALL calc_us
	618	!
	619	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	620	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	621	ENDIF
	622	ENDDO
	623	ENDIF
	624	!
	625	!-- For urban-type surfaces
	626	DO l = 2, 3
	627	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	628	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	629	!
	630	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	631	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	632	!
	633	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	634	CALL calc_us
	635	!
	636	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	637	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[3744]	638	!
	639	!-- Calculate 10cm temperature, required in indoor model
	640	IF ( indoor_model ) CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '10cm' )
[2232]	641	ENDIF
	642	ENDDO
	643	mom_uv = .FALSE.
	644	!
	645	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes of w (wsus and wsvs) at vertial
	646	!-- surfaces.
	647	mom_w = .TRUE.
	648	!
	649	!-- Default-type surfaces
	650	DO l = 0, 3
	651	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	652	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	653	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	654	CALL calc_us
	655	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	656	ENDIF
	657	ENDDO
	658	!
	659	!-- Natural-type surfaces
	660	DO l = 0, 3
	661	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	662	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	663	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	664	CALL calc_us
	665	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	666	ENDIF
	667	ENDDO
	668	!
	669	!-- Urban-type surfaces
	670	DO l = 0, 3
	671	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	672	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	673	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	674	CALL calc_us
	675	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	676	ENDIF
	677	ENDDO
	678	mom_w = .FALSE.
	679	!
	680	!-- Calculate momentum fluxes usvs, vsus, wsus and wsvs at vertical
	681	!-- surfaces for TKE production. Note, here, momentum fluxes are defined
	682	!-- at grid center and are not staggered as before.
	683	mom_tke = .TRUE.
	684	!
	685	!-- Default-type surfaces
	686	DO l = 0, 3
	687	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	688	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	689	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	690	CALL calc_us
	691	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	692	ENDIF
	693	ENDDO
	694	!
	695	!-- Natural-type surfaces
	696	DO l = 0, 3
	697	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	698	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	699	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	700	CALL calc_us
	701	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	702	ENDIF
	703	ENDDO
	704	!
	705	!-- Urban-type surfaces
	706	DO l = 0, 3
	707	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	708	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	709	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	710	CALL calc_us
	711	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	712	ENDIF
	713	ENDDO
	714	mom_tke = .FALSE.
	715
[1691]	716
	717	END SUBROUTINE surface_layer_fluxes
	718
	719
	720	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	721	! Description:
	722	! ------------
	723	!> Initializing actions for the surface layer routine. Basically, this involves
	724	!> the preparation of a lookup table for the the bulk Richardson number vs
	725	!> Obukhov length L when using the lookup table method.
	726	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	727	SUBROUTINE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	728
	729	IMPLICIT NONE
	730
	731
[3685]	732	CALL location_message( 'initializing surface layer', .FALSE. )
[1709]	733
	734	!
	735	!-- In case of runs with neutral statification, set Obukhov length to a
	736	!-- large value
[2232]	737	IF ( neutral ) THEN
	738	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) surf_def_h(0)%ol = 1.0E10_wp
	739	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) surf_lsm_h%ol = 1.0E10_wp
	740	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) surf_usm_h%ol = 1.0E10_wp
	741	ENDIF
[1709]	742
[3685]	743	CALL location_message( 'finished', .TRUE. )
	744
[1691]	745	END SUBROUTINE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	746
	747
	748	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	749	! Description:
	750	! ------------
[1709]	751	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
[2232]	752	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
[1691]	753	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2232]	754	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs
[3157]	755
[1691]	756	IMPLICIT NONE
	757
[2232]	758	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	759	INTEGER(iwp) :: ibit !< flag to mask computation of relative velocity in case of downward-facing surfaces
	760	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	761	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	762	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
[1691]	763
[3157]	764	REAL(wp) :: w_lfc !< local free convection velocity scale
[2232]	765	!
	766	!-- ibit is 1 for upward-facing surfaces, zero for downward-facing surfaces.
	767	ibit = MERGE( 1, 0, .NOT. downward )
[1691]	768
[3634]	769	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k, w_lfc) &
	770	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, u, v)
[2232]	771	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	772
[2232]	773	i = surf%i(m)
	774	j = surf%j(m)
	775	k = surf%k(m)
[3157]	776
[1691]	777	!
[3157]	778	!-- Calculate free convection velocity scale w_lfc is
	779	!-- use_free_convection_scaling = .T.. This will maintain a horizontal
	780	!-- velocity even for very weak wind convective conditions. SIGN is used
	781	!-- to set w_lfc to zero under stable conditions.
	782	IF ( use_free_convection_scaling ) THEN
	783	w_lfc = ABS(g / surf%pt1(m) * surf%z_mo(m) * surf%shf(m))
	784	w_lfc = ( 0.5_wp * ( w_lfc + SIGN(w_lfc,surf%shf(m)) ) )**(0.33333_wp)
	785	ELSE
	786	w_lfc = 0.0_wp
	787	ENDIF
	788
	789	!
[2232]	790	!-- Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity.
	791	!-- (relative to the surface in case the lower surface is the ocean).
	792	!-- Please note, in new surface modelling concept the index values changed,
	793	!-- i.e. the reference grid point is not the surface-grid point itself but
	794	!-- the first grid point outside of the topography.
	795	!-- Note, in case of coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations relative velocity
	796	!-- with respect to the ocean surface is used, hence, (k-1,j,i) values
	797	!-- are used to calculate the absolute velocity.
	798	!-- However, this do not apply for downward-facing walls. To mask this,
	799	!-- use ibit, which checks for upward/downward-facing surfaces.
	800	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( &
	801	( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) &
	802	- ( u(k-1,j,i) + u(k-1,j,i+1) &
	803	) * ibit &
	804	) &
	805	)**2 + &
	806	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) &
	807	- ( v(k-1,j,i) + v(k-1,j+1,i) &
	808	) * ibit &
	809	) &
[3157]	810	)2 + w_lfc2 &
[2232]	811	)
	812
[3148]	813
	814
[1691]	815	ENDDO
	816
[2232]	817	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs
	818
	819
	820	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	821	! Description:
	822	! ------------
	823	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	824	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	825	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	826	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	827
	828	IMPLICIT NONE
	829
[3547]	830	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	831	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	832	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	833	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
[2232]	834
[3547]	835	REAL(wp) :: u_i !< u-component on xu-grid
	836	REAL(wp) :: w_i !< w-component on xu-grid
[2232]	837
	838
	839	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	840	i = surf%i(m)
	841	j = surf%j(m)
	842	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	843	!
[2232]	844	!-- Compute the absolute value of the surface parallel velocity on u-grid.
	845	u_i = u(k,j,i)
	846	w_i = 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + w(k-1,j,i) + &
	847	w(k,j,i-1) + w(k,j,i) )
[1691]	848
[2232]	849	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + w_i2 )
[1709]	850
[2232]	851	ENDDO
[1709]	852
[2232]	853	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	854
[1709]	855	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	856	! Description:
	857	! ------------
[2232]	858	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	859	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	860	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	861	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	862
	863	IMPLICIT NONE
	864
[3547]	865	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	866	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	867	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	868	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
[2232]	869
[3547]	870	REAL(wp) :: v_i !< v-component on yv-grid
	871	REAL(wp) :: w_i !< w-component on yv-grid
[2232]	872
	873
	874	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	875	i = surf%i(m)
	876	j = surf%j(m)
	877	k = surf%k(m)
	878
	879	v_i = u(k,j,i)
	880	w_i = 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + w(k-1,j,i) + &
	881	w(k,j-1,i) + w(k,j,i) )
	882
	883	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( v_i2 + w_i2 )
	884
	885	ENDDO
	886
	887	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	888
	889	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	890	! Description:
	891	! ------------
	892	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	893	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	894	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	895	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	896
	897	IMPLICIT NONE
	898
[3547]	899	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	900	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	901	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	902	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
[2232]	903
[3547]	904	REAL(wp) :: u_i !< u-component on x-zw-grid
	905	REAL(wp) :: v_i !< v-component on y-zw-grid
	906	REAL(wp) :: w_i !< w-component on zw-grid
[2232]	907	!
	908	!-- North- (l=0) and south-facing (l=1) surfaces
	909	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
	910	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	911	i = surf%i(m)
	912	j = surf%j(m)
	913	k = surf%k(m)
	914
	915	u_i = 0.25_wp * ( u(k+1,j,i+1) + u(k+1,j,i) + &
	916	u(k,j,i+1) + u(k,j,i) )
	917	v_i = 0.0_wp
	918	w_i = w(k,j,i)
	919
	920	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	921	ENDDO
	922	!
	923	!-- East- (l=2) and west-facing (l=3) surfaces
	924	ELSE
	925	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	926	i = surf%i(m)
	927	j = surf%j(m)
	928	k = surf%k(m)
	929
	930	u_i = 0.0_wp
	931	v_i = 0.25_wp * ( v(k+1,j+1,i) + v(k+1,j,i) + &
	932	v(k,j+1,i) + v(k,j,i) )
	933	w_i = w(k,j,i)
	934
	935	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	936	ENDDO
	937	ENDIF
	938
	939	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	940
	941	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	942	! Description:
	943	! ------------
	944	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	945	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	946	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	947	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	948
	949	IMPLICIT NONE
	950
[3547]	951	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	952	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	953	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	954	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
[2232]	955
[3547]	956	REAL(wp) :: u_i !< u-component on scalar grid
	957	REAL(wp) :: v_i !< v-component on scalar grid
	958	REAL(wp) :: w_i !< w-component on scalar grid
[2232]	959
	960	!
	961	!-- North- (l=0) and south-facing (l=1) walls
	962	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
	963	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	964	i = surf%i(m)
	965	j = surf%j(m)
	966	k = surf%k(m)
	967
	968	u_i = 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) )
	969	v_i = 0.0_wp
	970	w_i = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	971
	972	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	973	ENDDO
	974	!
	975	!-- East- (l=2) and west-facing (l=3) walls
	976	ELSE
	977	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	978	i = surf%i(m)
	979	j = surf%j(m)
	980	k = surf%k(m)
	981
	982	u_i = 0.0_wp
	983	v_i = 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) )
	984	w_i = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	985
	986	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	987	ENDDO
	988	ENDIF
	989
	990	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	991
	992
	993	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	994	! Description:
	995	! ------------
[1709]	996	!> Calculate the Obukhov length (L) and Richardson flux number (z/L)
	997	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	998	SUBROUTINE calc_ol
	999
	1000	IMPLICIT NONE
	1001
[2232]	1002	INTEGER(iwp) :: iter !< Newton iteration step
	1003	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal wall elements
[1709]	1004
	1005	REAL(wp) :: f, & !< Function for Newton iteration: f = Ri - [...]/[...]^2 = 0
	1006	f_d_ol, & !< Derivative of f
	1007	ol_l, & !< Lower bound of L for Newton iteration
	1008	ol_m, & !< Previous value of L for Newton iteration
	1009	ol_old, & !< Previous time step value of L
	1010	ol_u !< Upper bound of L for Newton iteration
	1011
[2232]	1012	!
[3668]	1013	!-- Evaluate bulk Richardson number (calculation depends on
	1014	!-- definition based on setting of boundary conditions
	1015	IF ( ibc_pt_b /= 1 ) THEN
	1016	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1017	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
	1018	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1019
[3668]	1020	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[2232]	1021
[3668]	1022	surf%rib(m) = g * z_mo &
	1023	* ( surf%vpt1(m) - surf%vpt_surface(m) ) &
	1024	/ ( surf%uvw_abs(m)*2 surf%vpt1(m) &
	1025	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
	1026	ENDDO
	1027	ELSE
	1028	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
	1029	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[2232]	1030
[3668]	1031	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[2232]	1032
[3668]	1033	surf%rib(m) = g * z_mo &
	1034	* ( surf%pt1(m) - surf%pt_surface(m) ) &
	1035	/ ( surf%uvw_abs(m)*2 surf%pt1(m) + 1.0E-20_wp )
	1036	ENDDO
	1037	ENDIF
	1038	ELSE
	1039	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1040	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( k, z_mo )
	1041	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[2232]	1042
[3668]	1043	k = surf%k(m)
[2232]	1044
[3668]	1045	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[2232]	1046
[3668]	1047	surf%rib(m) = - g * z_mo * ( ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp &
[3146]	1048	* surf%qv1(m) ) * surf%shf(m) + 0.61_wp &
	1049	* surf%pt1(m) * surf%qsws(m) ) * &
[2232]	1050	drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
[3146]	1051	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*3 surf%vpt1(m) * kappa**2 &
[1709]	1052	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
[3668]	1053	ENDDO
	1054	ELSE
	1055	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( k, z_mo )
	1056	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(k, z_mo) &
	1057	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, drho_air_zw)
	1058	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1059
[3668]	1060	k = surf%k(m)
[2232]	1061
[3668]	1062	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[2232]	1063
[3668]	1064	surf%rib(m) = - g * z_mo * surf%shf(m) * &
	1065	drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1066	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*3 surf%pt1(m) * kappa**2 &
	1067	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
	1068	ENDDO
[2232]	1069	ENDIF
[1691]	1070	ENDIF
	1071
	1072	!
[3668]	1073	!-- Calculate the Obukhov length using Newton iteration
	1074	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, z_mo) &
	1075	!$ACC PRIVATE(ol_old, ol_m, ol_l, ol_u, f, f_d_ol) &
	1076	!$ACC PRESENT(surf)
	1077	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1078
[3668]	1079	i = surf%i(m)
	1080	j = surf%j(m)
[1691]	1081
[3668]	1082	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1083
	1084	!
[3668]	1085	!-- Store current value in case the Newton iteration fails
	1086	ol_old = surf%ol(m)
[1691]	1087
	1088	!
[3668]	1089	!-- Ensure that the bulk Richardson number and the Obukhov
	1090	!-- length have the same sign
	1091	IF ( surf%rib(m) * surf%ol(m) < 0.0_wp .OR. &
	1092	ABS( surf%ol(m) ) == ol_max ) THEN
	1093	IF ( surf%rib(m) > 1.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = 0.01_wp
	1094	IF ( surf%rib(m) < 0.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = -0.01_wp
	1095	ENDIF
[1691]	1096	!
[3668]	1097	!-- Iteration to find Obukhov length
	1098	iter = 0
	1099	DO
	1100	iter = iter + 1
[1691]	1101	!
[3668]	1102	!-- In case of divergence, use the value of the previous time step
	1103	IF ( iter > 1000 ) THEN
	1104	surf%ol(m) = ol_old
	1105	EXIT
	1106	ENDIF
[1691]	1107
[3668]	1108	ol_m = surf%ol(m)
	1109	ol_l = ol_m - 0.001_wp * ol_m
	1110	ol_u = ol_m + 0.001_wp * ol_m
[1691]	1111
	1112
[3668]	1113	IF ( ibc_pt_b /= 1 ) THEN
[1691]	1114	!
[3668]	1115	!-- Calculate f = Ri - [...]/[...]^2 = 0
	1116	f = surf%rib(m) - ( z_mo / ol_m ) * ( &
	1117	LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1118	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_m ) &
	1119	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / &
	1120	ol_m ) &
	1121	) &
	1122	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1123	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_m ) &
	1124	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_m ) &
[2232]	1125	)**2
[1691]	1126
	1127	!
[3668]	1128	!-- Calculate df/dL
	1129	f_d_ol = ( - ( z_mo / ol_u ) * ( LOG( z_mo / &
	1130	surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1131	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_u ) &
	1132	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / ol_u ) &
	1133	) &
	1134	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1135	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_u ) &
	1136	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_u ) &
	1137	)**2 &
	1138	+ ( z_mo / ol_l ) * ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1139	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_l ) &
	1140	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / ol_l ) &
	1141	) &
	1142	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1143	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_l ) &
	1144	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_l ) &
	1145	)**2 &
	1146	) / ( ol_u - ol_l )
	1147	ELSE
[1691]	1148	!
[3668]	1149	!-- Calculate f = Ri - 1 /[...]^3 = 0
	1150	f = surf%rib(m) - ( z_mo / ol_m ) / &
	1151	( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1152	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_m ) &
	1153	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_m ) &
	1154	)**3
[1691]	1155
	1156	!
[3668]	1157	!-- Calculate df/dL
	1158	f_d_ol = ( - ( z_mo / ol_u ) / ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1159	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_u ) &
	1160	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_u ) &
	1161	)**3 &
[2232]	1162	+ ( z_mo / ol_l ) / ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
[3668]	1163	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_l ) &
	1164	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_l ) &
	1165	)**3 &
	1166	) / ( ol_u - ol_l )
	1167	ENDIF
[1691]	1168	!
[3668]	1169	!-- Calculate new L
	1170	surf%ol(m) = ol_m - f / f_d_ol
[1691]	1171
	1172	!
[3668]	1173	!-- Ensure that the bulk Richardson number and the Obukhov
	1174	!-- length have the same sign and ensure convergence.
	1175	IF ( surf%ol(m) * ol_m < 0.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = ol_m * 0.5_wp
[1691]	1176	!
[3668]	1177	!-- If unrealistic value occurs, set L to the maximum
	1178	!-- value that is allowed
	1179	IF ( ABS( surf%ol(m) ) > ol_max ) THEN
	1180	surf%ol(m) = ol_max
	1181	EXIT
	1182	ENDIF
[1691]	1183	!
[3668]	1184	!-- Check for convergence
	1185	IF ( ABS( ( surf%ol(m) - ol_m ) / surf%ol(m) ) < 1.0E-4_wp ) THEN
	1186	EXIT
[2232]	1187	ELSE
[3668]	1188	CYCLE
[2232]	1189	ENDIF
[1691]	1190
	1191	ENDDO
[3668]	1192	ENDDO
[1691]	1193
	1194	END SUBROUTINE calc_ol
	1195
	1196	!
	1197	!-- Calculate friction velocity u*
	1198	SUBROUTINE calc_us
	1199
	1200	IMPLICIT NONE
	1201
[2232]	1202	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
[1691]	1203
[2232]	1204	!
	1205	!-- Compute u* at horizontal surfaces at the scalars' grid points
	1206	IF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1207	!
	1208	!-- Compute u* at upward-facing surfaces
	1209	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
[2281]	1210	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
[3634]	1211	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(z_mo) &
	1212	!$ACC PRESENT(surf)
[2232]	1213	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1214
[2232]	1215	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1216	!
[2232]	1217	!-- Compute u* at the scalars' grid points
	1218	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / &
	1219	( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1220	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1221	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1222
	1223	ENDDO
	1224	!
	1225	!-- Compute u* at downward-facing surfaces. This case, do not consider
	1226	!-- any stability.
	1227	ELSE
[2281]	1228	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
[3634]	1229	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(z_mo) &
	1230	!$ACC PRESENT(surf)
[2232]	1231	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1232
	1233	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1234	!
	1235	!-- Compute u* at the scalars' grid points
	1236	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1237
	1238	ENDDO
	1239	ENDIF
	1240	!
	1241	!-- Compute u* at vertical surfaces at the u/v/v grid, respectively.
	1242	!-- No stability is considered in this case.
	1243	ELSE
	1244	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
[3634]	1245	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(z_mo) &
	1246	!$ACC PRESENT(surf)
[2232]	1247	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1248	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1249
	1250	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
[1691]	1251	ENDDO
[2232]	1252	ENDIF
[1691]	1253
	1254	END SUBROUTINE calc_us
	1255
	1256	!
[3146]	1257	!-- Calculate potential temperature, specific humidity, and virtual potential
	1258	!-- temperature at first grid level
[1691]	1259	SUBROUTINE calc_pt_q
	1260
	1261	IMPLICIT NONE
	1262
[2232]	1263	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
	1264
	1265	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
[3634]	1266	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k) &
	1267	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, pt)
[2232]	1268	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1269
	1270	i = surf%i(m)
	1271	j = surf%j(m)
	1272	k = surf%k(m)
	1273
[3634]	1274	#ifndef _OPENACC
[3274]	1275	IF ( bulk_cloud_model ) THEN
	1276	surf%pt1(m) = pt(k,j,i) + lv_d_cp * d_exner(k) * ql(k,j,i)
[2547]	1277	surf%qv1(m) = q(k,j,i) - ql(k,j,i)
	1278	ELSEIF( cloud_droplets ) THEN
[3274]	1279	surf%pt1(m) = pt(k,j,i) + lv_d_cp * d_exner(k) * ql(k,j,i)
[2547]	1280	surf%qv1(m) = q(k,j,i)
[2696]	1281	ELSE
[3634]	1282	#endif
[2696]	1283	surf%pt1(m) = pt(k,j,i)
[3634]	1284	#ifndef _OPENACC
[2696]	1285	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1286	surf%qv1(m) = q(k,j,i)
	1287	ELSE
[3634]	1288	#endif
[2696]	1289	surf%qv1(m) = 0.0_wp
[3634]	1290	#ifndef _OPENACC
[2696]	1291	ENDIF
[2547]	1292	ENDIF
[2232]	1293
[3146]	1294	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1295	surf%vpt1(m) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
	1296	ENDIF
[3634]	1297	#endif
[3146]	1298
[1691]	1299	ENDDO
	1300
	1301	END SUBROUTINE calc_pt_q
	1302
[2696]	1303
[1691]	1304	!
[3152]	1305	!-- Set potential temperature at surface grid level.
[2696]	1306	!-- ( only for upward-facing surfs )
	1307	SUBROUTINE calc_pt_surface
	1308
	1309	IMPLICIT NONE
	1310
[3146]	1311	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_off !< index offset between surface and atmosphere grid point (-1 for upward-, +1 for downward-facing walls)
[2696]	1312	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
	1313
[3146]	1314	k_off = surf%koff
[2696]	1315	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
[3634]	1316	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k) &
	1317	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, pt)
[2696]	1318	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1319
	1320	i = surf%i(m)
	1321	j = surf%j(m)
	1322	k = surf%k(m)
	1323
[3146]	1324	surf%pt_surface(m) = pt(k+k_off,j,i)
[2696]	1325
	1326	ENDDO
	1327
	1328	END SUBROUTINE calc_pt_surface
	1329
	1330	!
[3152]	1331	!-- Set mixing ratio at surface grid level. ( Only for upward-facing surfs. )
	1332	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
	1333
	1334	IMPLICIT NONE
	1335
	1336	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_off !< index offset between surface and atmosphere grid point (-1 for upward-, +1 for downward-facing walls)
	1337	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
	1338
	1339	k_off = surf%koff
	1340	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1341	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1342
	1343	i = surf%i(m)
	1344	j = surf%j(m)
	1345	k = surf%k(m)
	1346
	1347	surf%q_surface(m) = q(k+k_off,j,i)
	1348
	1349	ENDDO
	1350
	1351	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
	1352
	1353	!
	1354	!-- Set virtual potential temperature at surface grid level.
[3146]	1355	!-- ( only for upward-facing surfs )
	1356	SUBROUTINE calc_vpt_surface
	1357
	1358	IMPLICIT NONE
	1359
	1360	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_off !< index offset between surface and atmosphere grid point (-1 for upward-, +1 for downward-facing walls)
	1361	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
	1362
	1363	k_off = surf%koff
	1364	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1365	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1366
	1367	i = surf%i(m)
	1368	j = surf%j(m)
	1369	k = surf%k(m)
	1370
	1371	surf%vpt_surface(m) = vpt(k+k_off,j,i)
	1372
	1373	ENDDO
	1374
	1375	END SUBROUTINE calc_vpt_surface
	1376
	1377	!
[2292]	1378	!-- Calculate the other MOST scaling parameters theta, q, (qc, qr, nc, nr)
[1691]	1379	SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_parameters
	1380
	1381	IMPLICIT NONE
	1382
[2232]	1383
	1384	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
[2696]	1385	INTEGER(iwp) :: lsp !< running index for chemical species
[1691]	1386	!
[2232]	1387	!-- Compute theta* at horizontal surfaces
	1388	IF ( constant_heatflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1691]	1389	!
	1390	!-- For a given heat flux in the surface layer:
[2232]	1391
	1392	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
[3634]	1393	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k) &
	1394	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, drho_air_zw)
[2232]	1395	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1396
	1397	i = surf%i(m)
	1398	j = surf%j(m)
	1399	k = surf%k(m)
	1400
	1401	surf%ts(m) = -surf%shf(m) * drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1402	( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1403
[1691]	1404	!
[2232]	1405	!-- ts must be limited, because otherwise overflow may occur in case
	1406	!-- of us=0 when computing ol further below
	1407	IF ( surf%ts(m) < -1.05E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = -1.0E5_wp
	1408	IF ( surf%ts(m) > 1.0E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = 1.0E5_wp
	1409
[1691]	1410	ENDDO
	1411
[2232]	1412	ELSEIF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1691]	1413	!
	1414	!-- For a given surface temperature:
[1788]	1415	IF ( large_scale_forcing .AND. lsf_surf ) THEN
[2232]	1416
	1417	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1418	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1419	i = surf%i(m)
	1420	j = surf%j(m)
	1421	k = surf%k(m)
	1422
	1423	pt(k-1,j,i) = pt_surface
[1691]	1424	ENDDO
	1425	ENDIF
	1426
[2696]	1427	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
	1428	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1429
[2696]	1430	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1431
[2696]	1432	surf%ts(m) = kappa * ( surf%pt1(m) - surf%pt_surface(m) ) &
	1433	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1434	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1435	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1436
[2696]	1437	ENDDO
[2232]	1438
	1439	ENDIF
	1440	!
	1441	!-- Compute theta* at vertical surfaces. This is only required in case of
	1442	!-- land-surface model, in order to compute aerodynamical resistance.
	1443	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
[2281]	1444	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1445	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1446
	1447	i = surf%i(m)
	1448	j = surf%j(m)
	1449	surf%ts(m) = -surf%shf(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1450	!
	1451	!-- ts must be limited, because otherwise overflow may occur in case
	1452	!-- of us=0 when computing ol further below
	1453	IF ( surf%ts(m) < -1.05E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = -1.0E5_wp
	1454	IF ( surf%ts(m) > 1.0E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = 1.0E5_wp
	1455
[1691]	1456	ENDDO
	1457	ENDIF
	1458
	1459	!
[2232]	1460	!-- If required compute q* at horizontal surfaces
[1960]	1461	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[2232]	1462	IF ( constant_waterflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1691]	1463	!
[1788]	1464	!-- For a given water flux in the surface layer
[2232]	1465	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1466	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1467
	1468	i = surf%i(m)
	1469	j = surf%j(m)
	1470	k = surf%k(m)
	1471	surf%qs(m) = -surf%qsws(m) * drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1472	( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1473
[1691]	1474	ENDDO
	1475
[2232]	1476	ELSEIF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1788]	1477	coupled_run = ( coupling_mode == 'atmosphere_to_ocean' .AND. &
[1691]	1478	run_coupled )
	1479
[1788]	1480	IF ( large_scale_forcing .AND. lsf_surf ) THEN
[2232]	1481	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1482	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1483
	1484	i = surf%i(m)
	1485	j = surf%j(m)
	1486	k = surf%k(m)
	1487	q(k-1,j,i) = q_surface
	1488
[1691]	1489	ENDDO
	1490	ENDIF
	1491
	1492	!
[2232]	1493	!-- Assume saturation for atmosphere coupled to ocean (but not
	1494	!-- in case of precursor runs)
	1495	IF ( coupled_run ) THEN
	1496	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, e_s )
	1497	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1498	i = surf%i(m)
	1499	j = surf%j(m)
	1500	k = surf%k(m)
	1501	e_s = 6.1_wp * &
	1502	EXP( 0.07_wp * ( MIN(pt(k-1,j,i),pt(k,j,i)) &
[1691]	1503	- 273.15_wp ) )
[3361]	1504	q(k-1,j,i) = rd_d_rv * e_s / ( surface_pressure - e_s )
[2232]	1505	ENDDO
	1506	ENDIF
[1691]	1507
[3274]	1508	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .OR. cloud_droplets ) THEN
[2232]	1509	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1510	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1511
[2232]	1512	i = surf%i(m)
	1513	j = surf%j(m)
	1514	k = surf%k(m)
	1515
	1516	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1517
[3152]	1518	surf%qs(m) = kappa * ( surf%qv1(m) - surf%q_surface(m) ) &
[2232]	1519	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1520	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1521	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / &
	1522	surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1523	ENDDO
[2232]	1524	ELSE
	1525	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1526	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1527
	1528	i = surf%i(m)
	1529	j = surf%j(m)
	1530	k = surf%k(m)
	1531
	1532	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1533
	1534	surf%qs(m) = kappa * ( q(k,j,i) - q(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1535	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1536	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1537	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / &
	1538	surf%ol(m) ) )
	1539	ENDDO
	1540	ENDIF
	1541	ENDIF
	1542	!
	1543	!-- Compute q* at vertical surfaces
	1544	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
[2281]	1545	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1546	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1547
	1548	i = surf%i(m)
	1549	j = surf%j(m)
	1550	surf%qs(m) = -surf%qsws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1551
[1691]	1552	ENDDO
	1553	ENDIF
	1554	ENDIF
[1960]	1555
	1556	!
	1557	!-- If required compute s*
	1558	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
	1559	!
[2232]	1560	!-- At horizontal surfaces
	1561	IF ( constant_scalarflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1562	!
	1563	!-- For a given scalar flux in the surface layer
[2281]	1564	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1565	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1566	i = surf%i(m)
	1567	j = surf%j(m)
	1568	surf%ss(m) = -surf%ssws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
[1960]	1569	ENDDO
	1570	ENDIF
[2232]	1571	!
	1572	!-- At vertical surfaces
	1573	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
[2281]	1574	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1575	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1576	i = surf%i(m)
	1577	j = surf%j(m)
	1578	surf%ss(m) = -surf%ssws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1579	ENDDO
	1580	ENDIF
[1960]	1581	ENDIF
[1691]	1582
[2292]	1583	!
[2696]	1584	!-- If required compute cs* (chemical species)
	1585	IF ( air_chemistry ) THEN
	1586	!
	1587	!-- At horizontal surfaces
	1588	DO lsp = 1, nvar
	1589	IF ( constant_csflux(lsp) .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1590	!-- For a given chemical species' flux in the surface layer
	1591	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
	1592	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1593	i = surf%i(m)
	1594	j = surf%j(m)
	1595	surf%css(lsp,m) = -surf%cssws(lsp,m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1596	ENDDO
	1597	ENDIF
	1598	ENDDO
	1599	!
	1600	!-- At vertical surfaces
	1601	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
	1602	DO lsp = 1, nvar
	1603	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
	1604	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1605	i = surf%i(m)
	1606	j = surf%j(m)
	1607	surf%css(lsp,m) = -surf%cssws(lsp,m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1608	ENDDO
	1609	ENDDO
	1610	ENDIF
	1611	ENDIF
	1612
	1613	!
[2292]	1614	!-- If required compute qc* and nc*
[3274]	1615	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_morrison .AND. &
[2292]	1616	.NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1617	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1618	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1619
[2292]	1620	i = surf%i(m)
	1621	j = surf%j(m)
	1622	k = surf%k(m)
	1623
	1624	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1625
	1626	surf%qcs(m) = kappa * ( qc(k,j,i) - qc(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1627	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1628	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1629	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1630
	1631	surf%ncs(m) = kappa * ( nc(k,j,i) - nc(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1632	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1633	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1634	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1635	ENDDO
	1636
	1637	ENDIF
	1638
[1691]	1639	!
	1640	!-- If required compute qr* and nr*
[3274]	1641	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert .AND. &
[2232]	1642	.NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1643	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1644	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1645
[2232]	1646	i = surf%i(m)
	1647	j = surf%j(m)
	1648	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1649
[2232]	1650	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1651
[2232]	1652	surf%qrs(m) = kappa * ( qr(k,j,i) - qr(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1653	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1654	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1655	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1656
[2232]	1657	surf%nrs(m) = kappa * ( nr(k,j,i) - nr(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1658	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1659	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1660	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1661	ENDDO
	1662
	1663	ENDIF
	1664
	1665	END SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_parameters
	1666
	1667
	1668
	1669	!
[2292]	1670	!-- Calculate surface fluxes usws, vsws, shf, qsws, (qcsws, qrsws, ncsws, nrsws)
[1691]	1671	SUBROUTINE calc_surface_fluxes
	1672
	1673	IMPLICIT NONE
	1674
[2696]	1675	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
	1676	INTEGER(iwp) :: lsp !< running index for chemical species
[1691]	1677
[2232]	1678	REAL(wp) :: dum !< dummy to precalculate logarithm
	1679	REAL(wp) :: flag_u !< flag indicating u-grid, used for calculation of horizontal momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1680	REAL(wp) :: flag_v !< flag indicating v-grid, used for calculation of horizontal momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1681	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_i !< u-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1682	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_i !< v-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1683	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_i !< w-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
[1691]	1684
	1685	!
[2232]	1686	!-- Calcuate surface fluxes at horizontal walls
	1687	IF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1688	!
	1689	!-- Compute u'w' for the total model domain at upward-facing surfaces.
	1690	!-- First compute the corresponding component of u* and square it.
	1691	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
	1692	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
[3634]	1693	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k, z_mo) &
	1694	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, u, rho_air_zw)
[2232]	1695	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1696
	1697	i = surf%i(m)
	1698	j = surf%j(m)
	1699	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1700
[2232]	1701	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1702
[2232]	1703	surf%usws(m) = kappa * ( u(k,j,i) - u(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1704	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1705	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1706	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1707	!
	1708	!-- Please note, the computation of usws is not fully accurate. Actually
	1709	!-- a further interpolation of us onto the u-grid, where usws is defined,
	1710	!-- is required. However, this is not done as this would require several
	1711	!-- data transfers between 2D-grid and the surf-type.
	1712	!-- The impact of the missing interpolation is negligible as several
	1713	!-- tests had shown.
	1714	!-- Same also for ol.
	1715	surf%usws(m) = -surf%usws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
[1691]	1716
[2232]	1717	ENDDO
[1691]	1718	!
[2232]	1719	!-- At downward-facing surfaces
	1720	ELSE
	1721	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1722	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1723
	1724	i = surf%i(m)
	1725	j = surf%j(m)
	1726	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1727
[2232]	1728	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1729
	1730	surf%usws(m) = kappa * u(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1731	surf%usws(m) = surf%usws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k)
[1691]	1732
[2232]	1733	ENDDO
	1734	ENDIF
[1691]	1735
[2232]	1736	!
	1737	!-- Compute v'w' for the total model domain.
	1738	!-- First compute the corresponding component of u* and square it.
	1739	!-- Upward-facing surfaces
	1740	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
	1741	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
[3634]	1742	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k, z_mo) &
	1743	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, v, rho_air_zw)
[2232]	1744	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1745	i = surf%i(m)
	1746	j = surf%j(m)
	1747	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1748
[2232]	1749	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1750
[2232]	1751	surf%vsws(m) = kappa * ( v(k,j,i) - v(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1752	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1753	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1754	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1755	!
[2232]	1756	!-- Please note, the computation of vsws is not fully accurate. Actually
	1757	!-- a further interpolation of us onto the v-grid, where vsws is defined,
	1758	!-- is required. However, this is not done as this would require several
	1759	!-- data transfers between 2D-grid and the surf-type.
	1760	!-- The impact of the missing interpolation is negligible as several
	1761	!-- tests had shown.
	1762	!-- Same also for ol.
	1763	surf%vsws(m) = -surf%vsws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
	1764	ENDDO
	1765	!
	1766	!-- Downward-facing surfaces
	1767	ELSE
	1768	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1769	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1770	i = surf%i(m)
	1771	j = surf%j(m)
	1772	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1773
[2232]	1774	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1775
	1776	surf%vsws(m) = kappa * v(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1777	surf%vsws(m) = surf%vsws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k)
	1778	ENDDO
	1779	ENDIF
[1691]	1780	!
[2232]	1781	!-- Compute the vertical kinematic heat flux
[2299]	1782	IF ( .NOT. constant_heatflux .AND. ( ( time_since_reference_point&
	1783	<= skip_time_do_lsm .AND. simulated_time > 0.0_wp ) .OR. &
[2696]	1784	.NOT. land_surface ) .AND. .NOT. urban_surface .AND. &
[2299]	1785	.NOT. downward ) THEN
[2232]	1786	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1787	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1788	i = surf%i(m)
	1789	j = surf%j(m)
	1790	k = surf%k(m)
	1791	surf%shf(m) = -surf%ts(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
[1691]	1792	ENDDO
[2232]	1793	ENDIF
	1794	!
	1795	!-- Compute the vertical water flux
	1796	IF ( .NOT. constant_waterflux .AND. humidity .AND. &
[2299]	1797	( ( time_since_reference_point <= skip_time_do_lsm .AND. &
[2696]	1798	simulated_time > 0.0_wp ) .OR. .NOT. land_surface ) .AND. &
	1799	.NOT. urban_surface .AND. .NOT. downward ) THEN
[2232]	1800	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1801	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1802	i = surf%i(m)
	1803	j = surf%j(m)
	1804	k = surf%k(m)
	1805	surf%qsws(m) = -surf%qs(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
	1806	ENDDO
	1807	ENDIF
	1808	!
	1809	!-- Compute the vertical scalar flux
	1810	IF ( .NOT. constant_scalarflux .AND. passive_scalar .AND. &
	1811	.NOT. downward ) THEN
[2281]	1812	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1813	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1814
[2232]	1815	i = surf%i(m)
	1816	j = surf%j(m)
	1817	surf%ssws(m) = -surf%ss(m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	1818
[2232]	1819	ENDDO
[2292]	1820	ENDIF
[1691]	1821	!
[2696]	1822	!-- Compute the vertical chemical species' flux
	1823	DO lsp = 1, nvar
	1824	IF ( .NOT. constant_csflux(lsp) .AND. air_chemistry .AND. &
	1825	.NOT. downward ) THEN
	1826	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
	1827	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1828	i = surf%i(m)
	1829	j = surf%j(m)
	1830	surf%cssws(lsp,m) = -surf%css(lsp,m) * surf%us(m)
	1831	ENDDO
	1832	ENDIF
	1833	ENDDO
	1834
	1835	!
[2292]	1836	!-- Compute (turbulent) fluxes of cloud water content and cloud drop conc.
[3274]	1837	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_morrison .AND. &
[2292]	1838	.NOT. downward) THEN
	1839	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
	1840	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1841
	1842	i = surf%i(m)
	1843	j = surf%j(m)
	1844
	1845	surf%qcsws(m) = -surf%qcs(m) * surf%us(m)
	1846	surf%ncsws(m) = -surf%ncs(m) * surf%us(m)
	1847	ENDDO
	1848	ENDIF
	1849	!
[2232]	1850	!-- Compute (turbulent) fluxes of rain water content and rain drop conc.
[3274]	1851	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert .AND. &
[2232]	1852	.NOT. downward) THEN
[2281]	1853	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1854	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1855
	1856	i = surf%i(m)
	1857	j = surf%j(m)
	1858
	1859	surf%qrsws(m) = -surf%qrs(m) * surf%us(m)
	1860	surf%nrsws(m) = -surf%nrs(m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	1861	ENDDO
[2232]	1862	ENDIF
[1691]	1863
[1960]	1864	!
[2232]	1865	!-- Bottom boundary condition for the TKE.
	1866	IF ( ibc_e_b == 2 ) THEN
	1867	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1868	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1869
	1870	i = surf%i(m)
	1871	j = surf%j(m)
	1872	k = surf%k(m)
	1873
	1874	e(k,j,i) = ( surf%us(m) / 0.1_wp )**2
	1875	!
	1876	!-- As a test: cm = 0.4
	1877	! e(k,j,i) = ( us(j,i) / 0.4_wp )**2
	1878	e(k-1,j,i) = e(k,j,i)
	1879
[1960]	1880	ENDDO
[2232]	1881	ENDIF
	1882	!
	1883	!-- Calcuate surface fluxes at vertical surfaces. No stability is considered.
	1884	ELSE
	1885	!
	1886	!-- Compute usvs l={0,1} and vsus l={2,3}
	1887	IF ( mom_uv ) THEN
	1888	!
	1889	!-- Generalize computation by introducing flags. At north- and south-
	1890	!-- facing surfaces u-component is used, at east- and west-facing
	1891	!-- surfaces v-component is used.
	1892	flag_u = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, l == 0 .OR. l == 1 )
	1893	flag_v = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, l == 2 .OR. l == 3 )
	1894	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1895	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1896	i = surf%i(m)
	1897	j = surf%j(m)
	1898	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1899
[2232]	1900	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1960]	1901
[2232]	1902	surf%mom_flux_uv(m) = kappa * &
	1903	( flag_u * u(k,j,i) + flag_v * v(k,j,i) ) / &
	1904	LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1905
	1906	surf%mom_flux_uv(m) = &
	1907	- surf%mom_flux_uv(m) * surf%us(m)
	1908	ENDDO
	1909	ENDIF
[1691]	1910	!
[2232]	1911	!-- Compute wsus l={0,1} and wsvs l={2,3}
	1912	IF ( mom_w ) THEN
	1913	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1914	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1915	i = surf%i(m)
	1916	j = surf%j(m)
	1917	k = surf%k(m)
	1918
	1919	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1920
	1921	surf%mom_flux_w(m) = kappa * w(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1922
	1923	surf%mom_flux_w(m) = &
	1924	- surf%mom_flux_w(m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	1925	ENDDO
[2232]	1926	ENDIF
	1927	!
	1928	!-- Compute momentum fluxes used for subgrid-scale TKE production at
	1929	!-- vertical surfaces. In constrast to the calculated momentum fluxes at
	1930	!-- vertical surfaces before, which are defined on the u/v/w-grid,
	1931	!-- respectively), the TKE fluxes are defined at the scalar grid.
	1932	!--
	1933	IF ( mom_tke ) THEN
	1934	!
	1935	!-- Precalculate velocity components at scalar grid point.
	1936	ALLOCATE( u_i(1:surf%ns) )
	1937	ALLOCATE( v_i(1:surf%ns) )
	1938	ALLOCATE( w_i(1:surf%ns) )
[1691]	1939
[2232]	1940	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
	1941	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1942	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1943	i = surf%i(m)
	1944	j = surf%j(m)
	1945	k = surf%k(m)
	1946
	1947	u_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) )
	1948	v_i(m) = 0.0_wp
	1949	w_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	1950	ENDDO
	1951	ELSE
	1952	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1953	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1954	i = surf%i(m)
	1955	j = surf%j(m)
	1956	k = surf%k(m)
	1957
	1958	u_i(m) = 0.0_wp
	1959	v_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) )
	1960	w_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	1961	ENDDO
	1962	ENDIF
	1963
[2281]	1964	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, dum, z_mo )
[2232]	1965	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1966	i = surf%i(m)
	1967	j = surf%j(m)
	1968
	1969	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1970
	1971	dum = kappa / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
[1691]	1972	!
[2232]	1973	!-- usvs (l=0,1) and vsus (l=2,3)
	1974	surf%mom_flux_tke(0,m) = dum * ( u_i(m) + v_i(m) )
[1691]	1975	!
[2232]	1976	!-- wsvs (l=0,1) and wsus (l=2,3)
	1977	surf%mom_flux_tke(1,m) = dum * w_i(m)
	1978
	1979	surf%mom_flux_tke(0:1,m) = &
	1980	- surf%mom_flux_tke(0:1,m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	1981	ENDDO
[2232]	1982	!
	1983	!-- Deallocate temporary arrays
	1984	DEALLOCATE( u_i )
	1985	DEALLOCATE( v_i )
	1986	DEALLOCATE( w_i )
	1987	ENDIF
[1691]	1988	ENDIF
	1989
	1990	END SUBROUTINE calc_surface_fluxes
	1991
[3597]	1992
	1993	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1994	! Description:
	1995	! ------------
	1996	!> Calculates temperature near surface (10 cm) for indoor model or 2 m
	1997	!> temperature for output
	1998	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1999	SUBROUTINE calc_pt_near_surface ( z_char )
[1691]	2000
[3597]	2001	IMPLICIT NONE
	2002
[3787]	2003	CHARACTER (LEN = *), INTENT(IN) :: z_char !< string identifier to identify z level
	2004	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k, m !< running indices
[3597]	2005
	2006
	2007	SELECT CASE ( z_char)
	2008
	2009
	2010	CASE ( '10cm' )
	2011
	2012	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2013
	2014	i = surf%i(m)
	2015	j = surf%j(m)
	2016	k = surf%k(m)
	2017
[3744]	2018	surf%pt_10cm(m) = surf%pt_surface(m) + surf%ts(m) / kappa &
	2019	* ( LOG( 0.1_wp / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	2020	- psi_h( 0.1_wp / surf%ol(m) ) &
[3597]	2021	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[3744]	2022
[3597]	2023	ENDDO
	2024
	2025
	2026	CASE ( '2m' )
	2027
	2028	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2029
	2030	i = surf%i(m)
	2031	j = surf%j(m)
	2032	k = surf%k(m)
	2033
[3744]	2034	surf%pt_2m(m) = surf%pt_surface(m) + surf%ts(m) / kappa &
	2035	* ( LOG( 2.0_wp / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	2036	- psi_h( 2.0_wp / surf%ol(m) ) &
[3597]	2037	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	2038
	2039	ENDDO
	2040
	2041
	2042	END SELECT
	2043
	2044	END SUBROUTINE calc_pt_near_surface
	2045
	2046
[1691]	2047	!
	2048	!-- Integrated stability function for momentum
	2049	FUNCTION psi_m( zeta )
[3634]	2050	!$ACC ROUTINE SEQ
[1691]	2051
	2052	USE kinds
	2053
	2054	IMPLICIT NONE
	2055
	2056	REAL(wp) :: psi_m !< Integrated similarity function result
	2057	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
	2058	REAL(wp) :: x !< dummy variable
	2059
	2060	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 1.0_wp !< constant
	2061	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: b = 0.66666666666_wp !< constant
	2062	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
	2063	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: d = 0.35_wp !< constant
	2064	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c_d_d = c / d !< constant
	2065	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: bc_d_d = b * c / d !< constant
	2066
	2067
	2068	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1788]	2069	x = SQRT( SQRT( 1.0_wp - 16.0_wp * zeta ) )
[1691]	2070	psi_m = pi * 0.5_wp - 2.0_wp * ATAN( x ) + LOG( ( 1.0_wp + x )**2 &
	2071	* ( 1.0_wp + x*2 ) 0.125_wp )
	2072	ELSE
	2073
	2074	psi_m = - b * ( zeta - c_d_d ) * EXP( -d * zeta ) - a * zeta &
	2075	- bc_d_d
	2076	!
	2077	!-- Old version for stable conditions (only valid for z/L < 0.5)
	2078	!-- psi_m = - 5.0_wp * zeta
	2079
	2080	ENDIF
	2081
	2082	END FUNCTION psi_m
	2083
	2084
	2085	!
	2086	!-- Integrated stability function for heat and moisture
	2087	FUNCTION psi_h( zeta )
[3634]	2088	!$ACC ROUTINE SEQ
[1691]	2089
	2090	USE kinds
	2091
	2092	IMPLICIT NONE
	2093
	2094	REAL(wp) :: psi_h !< Integrated similarity function result
	2095	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
	2096	REAL(wp) :: x !< dummy variable
	2097
	2098	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 1.0_wp !< constant
	2099	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: b = 0.66666666666_wp !< constant
	2100	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
	2101	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: d = 0.35_wp !< constant
	2102	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c_d_d = c / d !< constant
	2103	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: bc_d_d = b * c / d !< constant
	2104
	2105
	2106	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1788]	2107	x = SQRT( 1.0_wp - 16.0_wp * zeta )
[1691]	2108	psi_h = 2.0_wp * LOG( (1.0_wp + x ) / 2.0_wp )
	2109	ELSE
	2110	psi_h = - b * ( zeta - c_d_d ) * EXP( -d * zeta ) - (1.0_wp &
	2111	+ 0.66666666666_wp * a * zeta )**1.5_wp - bc_d_d &
	2112	+ 1.0_wp
	2113	!
	2114	!-- Old version for stable conditions (only valid for z/L < 0.5)
	2115	!-- psi_h = - 5.0_wp * zeta
	2116	ENDIF
	2117
	2118	END FUNCTION psi_h
	2119
[3130]	2120
	2121	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2122	! Description:
	2123	! ------------
	2124	!> Calculates stability function for momentum
	2125	!>
	2126	!> @author Hauke Wurps
	2127	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2128	FUNCTION phi_m( zeta )
[3634]	2129	!$ACC ROUTINE SEQ
[3130]	2130
	2131	IMPLICIT NONE
	2132
	2133	REAL(wp) :: phi_m !< Value of the function
	2134	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
	2135
	2136	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 16.0_wp !< constant
	2137	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
	2138
	2139	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
	2140	phi_m = 1.0_wp / SQRT( SQRT( 1.0_wp - a * zeta ) )
	2141	ELSE
	2142	phi_m = 1.0_wp + c * zeta
	2143	ENDIF
	2144
	2145	END FUNCTION phi_m
	2146
[1697]	2147	END MODULE surface_layer_fluxes_mod

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