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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90 @ 3766

Last change on this file since 3766 was 3745, checked in by suehring, 6 years ago
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[1850]	1	!> @file surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90
[2000]	2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2696]	3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
[1691]	4	!
[2000]	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
	6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
	7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
	8	! version.
[1691]	9	!
	10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	13	!
	14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	16	!
[3655]	17	! Copyright 1997-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[1691]	18	!
[2000]	19	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2696]	20	!
[1691]	21	! Current revisions:
[1747]	22	! ------------------
[1758]	23	!
[3745]	24	!
[1692]	25	! Former revisions:
	26	! -----------------
	27	! $Id: surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z raasch $
[3745]	28	! Bugfix, missing calculation of 10cm temperature at vertical building walls,
	29	! required for indoor model
	30	!
	31	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
[3685]	32	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
	33	!
	34	! 3668 2019-01-14 12:49:24Z maronga
[3668]	35	! Removed methods "circular" and "lookup"
	36	!
	37	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
[3634]	38	! OpenACC port for SPEC
	39	!
	40	! 3597 2018-12-04 08:40:18Z maronga
[3597]	41	! Added routine for calculating near surface air potential temperature (moved
	42	! from urban_surface_mod)
	43	!
	44	! 3547 2018-11-21 13:21:24Z suehring
[3547]	45	! variables documented
	46	!
	47	! 3361 2018-10-16 20:39:37Z knoop
[3274]	48	! Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
	49	!
	50	! 3271 2018-09-24 08:20:34Z suehring
[3271]	51	! Comment revised
	52	!
	53	! 3157 2018-07-19 21:08:49Z maronga
[3157]	54	! Added local free convection velocity scale w_lfc in calculation of uvw_abs.
	55	! This can be switche on/off by the user via the flag namelist parameter
	56	! use_free_convection_scaling
	57	!
	58	! 3152 2018-07-19 13:26:52Z suehring
[3152]	59	! q_surface is now part of surface structure
	60	!
	61	! 3149 2018-07-19 05:48:09Z maronga
[3149]	62	! Correct accidental last commit
	63	!
	64	! 3148 2018-07-19 05:45:25Z maronga
[3147]	65	! Major bugfix in calculation of Obukhov length
	66	!
	67	! 3146 2018-07-18 22:36:19Z maronga
[3130]	68	! move phi_m from turbulence_closure_mod
	69	!
	70	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
[3045]	71	! Error message revised
	72	!
	73	! 2766 2018-01-22 17:17:47Z kanani
[2766]	74	! Removed preprocessor directive __chem
	75	!
	76	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
[2716]	77	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
	78	!
	79	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
	80	! - Change in file header (GPL part)
[2696]	81	! - Implementation of chemistry module (FK)
	82	! - Added calculation of pt1 and qv1 for all surface types. Added calculation of
	83	! pt_surface for default-type surfaces (BM)
	84	! - Add flag to disable computation of qsws in case of urban surface (MS)
	85	!
	86	! 2547 2017-10-16 12:41:56Z schwenkel
[2547]	87	! extended by cloud_droplets option
	88	!
	89	! 2321 2017-07-24 15:57:07Z schwenkel
[2321]	90	! Bugfix: Correct index in lookup table for Obukhov length
	91	!
	92	! 2299 2017-06-29 10:14:38Z suehring
[2299]	93	! Adjusted for allow separate spinups of LSM and atmosphere code
	94	!
	95	! 2292 2017-06-20 09:51:42Z schwenkel
[2292]	96	! Implementation of new microphysic scheme: cloud_scheme = 'morrison'
	97	! includes two more prognostic equations for cloud drop concentration (nc)
	98	! and cloud water content (qc).
	99	!
	100	! 2281 2017-06-13 11:34:50Z suehring
[2281]	101	! Clean-up unnecessary index access to surface type
	102	!
	103	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
[1692]	104	!
[2233]	105	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
	106	! Adjustments to new surface concept
	107	! OpenMP bugfix
	108	!
[2119]	109	! 2118 2017-01-17 16:38:49Z raasch
	110	! OpenACC directives and related code removed
	111	!
[2092]	112	! 2091 2016-12-21 16:38:18Z suehring
	113	! Bugfix in calculation of vsws ( incorrect linear interpolation of us )
	114	!
[2077]	115	! 2076 2016-12-02 13:54:20Z raasch
	116	! further openmp bugfix for lookup method
	117	!
[2074]	118	! 2073 2016-11-30 14:34:05Z raasch
	119	! openmp bugfix for lookup method
	120	!
[2038]	121	! 2037 2016-10-26 11:15:40Z knoop
	122	! Anelastic approximation implemented
	123	!
[2012]	124	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
	125	! Flag urban_surface is now defined in module control_parameters.
	126	!
[2008]	127	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
	128	! Account for urban surface model in computation of vertical kinematic heatflux
	129	!
[2001]	130	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
	131	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
	132	!
[1993]	133	! 1992 2016-08-12 15:14:59Z suehring
	134	! Minor bug, declaration of look-up index as INTEGER
	135	!
[1961]	136	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
	137	! Treat humidity and passive scalar separately
	138	!
[1930]	139	! 1929 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
	140	! Bugfix: avoid segmentation fault in case one grid point is horizontally
	141	! completely surrounded by topography
	142	!
[1921]	143	! 1920 2016-05-30 10:50:15Z suehring
	144	! Avoid segmentation fault (see change in 1915) by different initialization of
	145	! us instead of adding a very small number in the denominator
	146	!
[1916]	147	! 1915 2016-05-27 11:05:02Z suehring
	148	! Bugfix: avoid segmentation fault in case of most_method = 'circular' at first
	149	! timestep
	150	!
[1851]	151	! 1850 2016-04-08 13:29:27Z maronga
	152	! Module renamed
	153	!
	154	!
[1823]	155	! 1822 2016-04-07 07:49:42Z hoffmann
	156	! icloud_scheme replaced by microphysics_*
	157	!
[1789]	158	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
	159	! Added parameter z0q which replaces z0h in the similarity functions for
	160	! humidity.
	161	! Syntax layout improved.
	162	!
[1758]	163	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
	164	! Minor fixes.
	165	!
[1750]	166	! 1749 2016-02-09 12:19:56Z raasch
	167	! further OpenACC adjustments
	168	!
[1748]	169	! 1747 2016-02-08 12:25:53Z raasch
	170	! adjustments for OpenACC usage
	171	!
[1710]	172	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
	173	! Bugfix: division by zero could occur when calculating rib at low wind speeds
	174	! Bugfix: calculation of uv_total for neutral = .T., initial value for ol for
	175	! neutral = .T.
	176	!
[1706]	177	! 1705 2015-11-02 14:28:56Z maronga
	178	! Typo removed
	179	!
[1698]	180	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
	181	! FORTRAN and OpenMP errors removed
	182	!
[1697]	183	! 1696 2015-10-27 10:03:34Z maronga
[1691]	184	! Modularized and completely re-written version of prandtl_fluxes.f90. In the
	185	! course of the re-writing two additional methods have been implemented. See
	186	! updated description.
	187	!
	188	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
	189	! Removed land surface model part. The surface fluxes are now always calculated
	190	! within prandtl_fluxes, based on the given surface temperature/humidity (which
	191	! is either provided by the land surface model, by large scale forcing data, or
	192	! directly prescribed by the user.
	193	!
	194	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
	195	! Adapted for land surface model
	196	!
	197	! 1494 2014-11-21 17:14:03Z maronga
	198	! Bugfixes: qs is now calculated before calculation of Rif. calculation of
	199	! buoyancy flux in Rif corrected (added missing humidity term), allow use of
	200	! topography for coupled runs (not tested)
	201	!
	202	! 1361 2014-04-16 15:17:48Z hoffmann
	203	! Bugfix: calculation of turbulent fluxes of rain water content (qrsws) and rain
	204	! drop concentration (nrsws) added
	205	!
	206	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
	207	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
	208	!
	209	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
	210	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
	211	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
	212	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
	213	! old module precision_kind is removed,
	214	! revision history before 2012 removed,
	215	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
	216	! all variable declaration statements
	217	!
	218	! 1276 2014-01-15 13:40:41Z heinze
	219	! Use LSF_DATA also in case of Dirichlet bottom boundary condition for scalars
	220	!
	221	! 1257 2013-11-08 15:18:40Z raasch
	222	! openACC "kernels do" replaced by "kernels loop", "loop independent" added
	223	!
	224	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
	225	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
	226	!
	227	! 1015 2012-09-27 09:23:24Z raasch
	228	! OpenACC statements added
	229	!
	230	! 978 2012-08-09 08:28:32Z fricke
	231	! roughness length for scalar quantities z0h added
	232	!
	233	! Revision 1.1 1998/01/23 10:06:06 raasch
	234	! Initial revision
	235	!
	236	!
	237	! Description:
	238	! ------------
	239	!> Diagnostic computation of vertical fluxes in the constant flux layer from the
[3668]	240	!> values of the variables at grid point k=1 based on Newton iteration
[1691]	241	!>
	242	!> @todo (re)move large_scale_forcing actions
[2118]	243	!> @todo check/optimize OpenMP directives
[2696]	244	!> @todo simplify if conditions (which flux need to be computed in which case)
[1691]	245	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	246	MODULE surface_layer_fluxes_mod
	247
	248	USE arrays_3d, &
[2292]	249	ONLY: e, kh, nc, nr, pt, q, ql, qc, qr, s, u, v, vpt, w, zu, zw, &
[3274]	250	drho_air_zw, rho_air_zw, d_exner
[1691]	251
[3274]	252	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
[3361]	253	ONLY: g, kappa, lv_d_cp, pi, rd_d_rv
[3274]	254
[2696]	255	USE chem_modules, &
	256	ONLY: constant_csflux, nvar
	257
[1691]	258	USE cpulog
	259
	260	USE control_parameters, &
[3274]	261	ONLY: air_chemistry, cloud_droplets, &
	262	constant_heatflux, constant_scalarflux, &
[3597]	263	constant_waterflux, coupling_mode, do_output_at_2m, humidity, &
	264	ibc_e_b, ibc_pt_b, indoor_model, initializing_actions, &
[2232]	265	intermediate_timestep_count, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
[3274]	266	land_surface, large_scale_forcing, lsf_surf, message_string, &
[3668]	267	neutral, passive_scalar, pt_surface, q_surface, &
[2292]	268	run_coupled, surface_pressure, simulated_time, terminate_run, &
[3157]	269	time_since_reference_point, urban_surface, &
	270	use_free_convection_scaling, zeta_max, zeta_min
[1691]	271
[2232]	272	USE grid_variables, &
	273	ONLY: dx, dy
	274
[1691]	275	USE indices, &
[2232]	276	ONLY: nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, nzb
[1691]	277
	278	USE kinds
	279
[3274]	280	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
	281	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_morrison, microphysics_seifert
	282
[1691]	283	USE pegrid
	284
	285	USE land_surface_model_mod, &
[2232]	286	ONLY: aero_resist_kray, skip_time_do_lsm
[2011]	287
[2232]	288	USE surface_mod, &
	289	ONLY : surf_def_h, surf_def_v, surf_lsm_h, surf_lsm_v, surf_type, &
	290	surf_usm_h, surf_usm_v
[2007]	291
[1691]	292
	293	IMPLICIT NONE
	294
[1992]	295	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop index x direction
	296	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop index y direction
	297	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index z direction
[2232]	298	INTEGER(iwp) :: l !< loop index for surf type
	299	INTEGER(iwp) :: li_bnd = 7500 !< Lookup table index of the last time step
[1691]	300
[2232]	301	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: num_steps = 15000 !< number of steps in the lookup table
[1691]	302
[2232]	303	LOGICAL :: coupled_run !< Flag for coupled atmosphere-ocean runs
	304	LOGICAL :: downward = .FALSE.!< Flag indicating downward-facing horizontal surface
	305	LOGICAL :: mom_uv = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of usvs and vsus at vertical surfaces
	306	LOGICAL :: mom_w = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of wsus and wsvs at vertical surfaces
	307	LOGICAL :: mom_tke = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces used for TKE production
	308	LOGICAL :: surf_vertical !< Flag indicating vertical surfaces
[1691]	309
	310	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:num_steps-1) :: rib_tab, & !< Lookup table bulk Richardson number
	311	ol_tab !< Lookup table values of L
	312
	313	REAL(wp) :: e_s, & !< Saturation water vapor pressure
	314	ol_max = 1.0E6_wp, & !< Maximum Obukhov length
	315	rib_max, & !< Maximum Richardson number in lookup table
	316	rib_min, & !< Minimum Richardson number in lookup table
	317	z_mo !< Height of the constant flux layer where MOST is assumed
	318
[2232]	319	TYPE(surf_type), POINTER :: surf !< surf-type array, used to generalize subroutines
[1691]	320
[2232]	321
[1691]	322	SAVE
	323
	324	PRIVATE
	325
[3130]	326	PUBLIC init_surface_layer_fluxes, phi_m, surface_layer_fluxes
[1691]	327
	328	INTERFACE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	329	MODULE PROCEDURE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	330	END INTERFACE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	331
[3130]	332	INTERFACE phi_m
	333	MODULE PROCEDURE phi_m
	334	END INTERFACE phi_m
	335
[1691]	336	INTERFACE surface_layer_fluxes
	337	MODULE PROCEDURE surface_layer_fluxes
	338	END INTERFACE surface_layer_fluxes
	339
	340
	341	CONTAINS
	342
	343
	344	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	345	! Description:
	346	! ------------
	347	!> Main routine to compute the surface fluxes
	348	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	349	SUBROUTINE surface_layer_fluxes
	350
	351	IMPLICIT NONE
	352
[3547]	353	surf_vertical = .FALSE. !< flag indicating vertically orientated surface elements
	354	downward = .FALSE. !< flag indicating downward-facing surface elements
[1691]	355	!
[2696]	356	!-- Derive potential temperature and specific humidity at first grid level
	357	!-- from the fields pt and q
[2232]	358	!
[2696]	359	!-- First call for horizontal default-type surfaces (l=0 - upward facing,
	360	!-- l=1 - downward facing)
	361	DO l = 0, 1
	362	IF ( surf_def_h(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	363	surf => surf_def_h(l)
	364	CALL calc_pt_q
[3146]	365	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) THEN
	366	CALL calc_pt_surface
	367	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[3152]	368	CALL calc_q_surface
[3146]	369	CALL calc_vpt_surface
	370	ENDIF
	371	ENDIF
[2696]	372	ENDIF
	373	ENDDO
[2232]	374	!
[2696]	375	!-- Call for natural-type horizontal surfaces
	376	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	377	surf => surf_lsm_h
	378	CALL calc_pt_q
	379	ENDIF
	380
	381	!
	382	!-- Call for urban-type horizontal surfaces
	383	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	384	surf => surf_usm_h
	385	CALL calc_pt_q
	386	ENDIF
	387
	388	!
	389	!-- Call for natural-type vertical surfaces
	390	DO l = 0, 3
	391	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	392	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
[2232]	393	CALL calc_pt_q
	394	ENDIF
[2696]	395
[3146]	396	!-- Call for urban-type vertical surfaces
[2696]	397	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	398	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
[2232]	399	CALL calc_pt_q
	400	ENDIF
[2696]	401	ENDDO
[1691]	402
	403	!
	404	!-- First, calculate the new Obukhov length, then new friction velocity,
	405	!-- followed by the new scaling parameters (th, q, etc.), and the new
[3668]	406	!-- surface fluxes if required. Note, each routine is called for different surface types.
[2232]	407	!-- First call for default-type horizontal surfaces, for natural- and
	408	!-- urban-type surfaces. Note, at this place only upward-facing horizontal
[3668]	409	!-- surfaces are treated.
	410
[2232]	411	!
[3668]	412	!-- Default-type upward-facing horizontal surfaces
	413	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	414	surf => surf_def_h(0)
	415	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	416	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	417	CALL calc_us
	418	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	419	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	420	IF ( do_output_at_2m ) THEN
	421	CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '2m' )
[1691]	422	ENDIF
[3668]	423	ENDIF
[1691]	424	!
[3668]	425	!-- Natural-type horizontal surfaces
	426	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	427	surf => surf_lsm_h
	428	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	429	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	430	CALL calc_us
	431	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	432	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	433	IF ( do_output_at_2m ) THEN
	434	CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '2m' )
[2232]	435	ENDIF
[3668]	436	ENDIF
[2232]	437	!
[3668]	438	!-- Urban-type horizontal surfaces
	439	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	440	surf => surf_usm_h
	441	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	442	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	443	CALL calc_us
	444	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	445	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	446	IF ( do_output_at_2m ) THEN
	447	CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '2m' )
[2232]	448	ENDIF
[3744]	449	!
	450	!-- Calculate 10cm temperature, required in indoor model
	451	IF ( indoor_model ) CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '10cm' )
[3668]	452	ENDIF
[1691]	453
[2232]	454	!
	455	!-- Treat downward-facing horizontal surfaces. Note, so far, these are
	456	!-- always default type. Stratification is not considered
	457	!-- in this case, hence, no further distinction between different
	458	!-- most_method is required.
	459	IF ( surf_def_h(1)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	460	downward = .TRUE.
	461	surf => surf_def_h(1)
	462	CALL calc_uvw_abs
[1691]	463	CALL calc_us
	464	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[2232]	465	downward = .FALSE.
[1691]	466	ENDIF
[2232]	467	!
	468	!-- Calculate surfaces fluxes at vertical surfaces for momentum
	469	!-- and subgrid-scale TKE.
	470	!-- No stability is considered. Therefore, scaling parameters and Obukhov-
	471	!-- length do not need to be calculated and no distinction in 'circular',
	472	!-- 'Newton' or 'lookup' is necessary so far.
	473	!-- Note, this will change if stability is once considered.
	474	surf_vertical = .TRUE.
	475	!
	476	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes at north- and south-facing
	477	!-- surfaces(usvs).
	478	!-- For default-type surfaces
	479	mom_uv = .TRUE.
	480	DO l = 0, 1
	481	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	482	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	483	!
	484	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	485	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	486	!
	487	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	488	CALL calc_us
	489	!
	490	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	491	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	492	ENDIF
	493	ENDDO
	494	!
	495	!-- For natural-type surfaces. Please note, even though stability is not
	496	!-- considered for the calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces,
	497	!-- scaling parameters and Obukov length are calculated nevertheless in this
	498	!-- case. This is due to the requirement of ts in parameterization of heat
	499	!-- flux in land-surface model in case of aero_resist_kray is not true.
	500	IF ( .NOT. aero_resist_kray ) THEN
[3668]	501	DO l = 0, 1
	502	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	503	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
[2232]	504	!
[3668]	505	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	506	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
[2232]	507	!
[3668]	508	!-- Compute Obukhov length
	509	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
[2232]	510	!
[3668]	511	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	512	CALL calc_us
[2232]	513	!
[3668]	514	!-- Compute scaling parameters
	515	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
[2232]	516	!
[3668]	517	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	518	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	519	ENDIF
	520	ENDDO
[2232]	521	!
	522	!-- No ts is required, so scaling parameters and Obukhov length do not need
	523	!-- to be computed.
	524	ELSE
	525	DO l = 0, 1
	526	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	527	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	528	!
	529	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	530	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	531	!
	532	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	533	CALL calc_us
	534	!
	535	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	536	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	537	ENDIF
	538	ENDDO
	539	ENDIF
	540	!
	541	!-- For urban-type surfaces
	542	DO l = 0, 1
	543	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	544	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	545	!
	546	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	547	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	548	!
	549	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	550	CALL calc_us
	551	!
	552	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	553	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[3744]	554	!
	555	!-- Calculate 10cm temperature, required in indoor model
	556	IF ( indoor_model ) CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '10cm' )
[2232]	557	ENDIF
	558	ENDDO
	559	!
	560	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes at east- and west-facing
	561	!-- surfaces (vsus).
	562	!-- For default-type surfaces
	563	DO l = 2, 3
	564	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	565	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	566	!
	567	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	568	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	569	!
	570	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	571	CALL calc_us
	572	!
	573	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	574	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[3744]	575
[2232]	576	ENDIF
	577	ENDDO
	578	!
	579	!-- For natural-type surfaces. Please note, even though stability is not
	580	!-- considered for the calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces,
	581	!-- scaling parameters and Obukov length are calculated nevertheless in this
	582	!-- case. This is due to the requirement of ts in parameterization of heat
	583	!-- flux in land-surface model in case of aero_resist_kray is not true.
	584	IF ( .NOT. aero_resist_kray ) THEN
[3668]	585	DO l = 2, 3
	586	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	587	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
[2232]	588	!
[3668]	589	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	590	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
[2232]	591	!
[3668]	592	!-- Compute Obukhov length
	593	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
[2232]	594	!
[3668]	595	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	596	CALL calc_us
[2232]	597	!
[3668]	598	!-- Compute scaling parameters
	599	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
[2232]	600	!
[3668]	601	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	602	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	603	ENDIF
	604	ENDDO
[2232]	605	ELSE
	606	DO l = 2, 3
	607	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	608	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	609	!
	610	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	611	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	612	!
	613	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	614	CALL calc_us
	615	!
	616	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	617	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	618	ENDIF
	619	ENDDO
	620	ENDIF
	621	!
	622	!-- For urban-type surfaces
	623	DO l = 2, 3
	624	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	625	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	626	!
	627	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	628	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	629	!
	630	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	631	CALL calc_us
	632	!
	633	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	634	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[3744]	635	!
	636	!-- Calculate 10cm temperature, required in indoor model
	637	IF ( indoor_model ) CALL calc_pt_near_surface ( '10cm' )
[2232]	638	ENDIF
	639	ENDDO
	640	mom_uv = .FALSE.
	641	!
	642	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes of w (wsus and wsvs) at vertial
	643	!-- surfaces.
	644	mom_w = .TRUE.
	645	!
	646	!-- Default-type surfaces
	647	DO l = 0, 3
	648	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	649	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	650	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	651	CALL calc_us
	652	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	653	ENDIF
	654	ENDDO
	655	!
	656	!-- Natural-type surfaces
	657	DO l = 0, 3
	658	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	659	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	660	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	661	CALL calc_us
	662	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	663	ENDIF
	664	ENDDO
	665	!
	666	!-- Urban-type surfaces
	667	DO l = 0, 3
	668	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	669	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	670	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	671	CALL calc_us
	672	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	673	ENDIF
	674	ENDDO
	675	mom_w = .FALSE.
	676	!
	677	!-- Calculate momentum fluxes usvs, vsus, wsus and wsvs at vertical
	678	!-- surfaces for TKE production. Note, here, momentum fluxes are defined
	679	!-- at grid center and are not staggered as before.
	680	mom_tke = .TRUE.
	681	!
	682	!-- Default-type surfaces
	683	DO l = 0, 3
	684	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	685	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	686	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	687	CALL calc_us
	688	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	689	ENDIF
	690	ENDDO
	691	!
	692	!-- Natural-type surfaces
	693	DO l = 0, 3
	694	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	695	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	696	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	697	CALL calc_us
	698	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	699	ENDIF
	700	ENDDO
	701	!
	702	!-- Urban-type surfaces
	703	DO l = 0, 3
	704	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	705	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	706	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	707	CALL calc_us
	708	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	709	ENDIF
	710	ENDDO
	711	mom_tke = .FALSE.
	712
[1691]	713
	714	END SUBROUTINE surface_layer_fluxes
	715
	716
	717	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	718	! Description:
	719	! ------------
	720	!> Initializing actions for the surface layer routine. Basically, this involves
	721	!> the preparation of a lookup table for the the bulk Richardson number vs
	722	!> Obukhov length L when using the lookup table method.
	723	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	724	SUBROUTINE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	725
	726	IMPLICIT NONE
	727
[2232]	728	INTEGER(iwp) :: li, & !< Index for loop to create lookup table
[1691]	729	num_steps_n !< Number of non-stretched zeta steps
	730
	731	LOGICAL :: terminate_run_l = .FALSE. !< Flag to terminate run (global)
	732
	733	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: zeta_stretch = -10.0_wp !< Start of stretching in the free convection limit
	734
	735	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: zeta_tmp
	736
	737
	738	REAL(wp) :: zeta_step, & !< Increment of zeta
	739	regr = 1.01_wp, & !< Stretching factor of zeta_step in the free convection limit
	740	regr_old = 1.0E9_wp, & !< Stretching factor of last iteration step
	741	z0h_min = 0.0_wp, & !< Minimum value of z0h to create table
	742	z0_min = 0.0_wp !< Minimum value of z0 to create table
	743
	744
[3685]	745	CALL location_message( 'initializing surface layer', .FALSE. )
[1709]	746
[2232]	747
[1709]	748	!
	749	!-- In case of runs with neutral statification, set Obukhov length to a
	750	!-- large value
[2232]	751	IF ( neutral ) THEN
	752	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) surf_def_h(0)%ol = 1.0E10_wp
	753	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) surf_lsm_h%ol = 1.0E10_wp
	754	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) surf_usm_h%ol = 1.0E10_wp
	755	ENDIF
[1709]	756
[3685]	757	CALL location_message( 'finished', .TRUE. )
	758
[1691]	759	END SUBROUTINE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	760
	761
	762	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	763	! Description:
	764	! ------------
[1709]	765	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
[2232]	766	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
[1691]	767	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2232]	768	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs
[3157]	769
[1691]	770	IMPLICIT NONE
	771
[2232]	772	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	773	INTEGER(iwp) :: ibit !< flag to mask computation of relative velocity in case of downward-facing surfaces
	774	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	775	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	776	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
[1691]	777
[3157]	778	REAL(wp) :: w_lfc !< local free convection velocity scale
[2232]	779	!
	780	!-- ibit is 1 for upward-facing surfaces, zero for downward-facing surfaces.
	781	ibit = MERGE( 1, 0, .NOT. downward )
[1691]	782
[3634]	783	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k, w_lfc) &
	784	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, u, v)
[2232]	785	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	786
[2232]	787	i = surf%i(m)
	788	j = surf%j(m)
	789	k = surf%k(m)
[3157]	790
[1691]	791	!
[3157]	792	!-- Calculate free convection velocity scale w_lfc is
	793	!-- use_free_convection_scaling = .T.. This will maintain a horizontal
	794	!-- velocity even for very weak wind convective conditions. SIGN is used
	795	!-- to set w_lfc to zero under stable conditions.
	796	IF ( use_free_convection_scaling ) THEN
	797	w_lfc = ABS(g / surf%pt1(m) * surf%z_mo(m) * surf%shf(m))
	798	w_lfc = ( 0.5_wp * ( w_lfc + SIGN(w_lfc,surf%shf(m)) ) )**(0.33333_wp)
	799	ELSE
	800	w_lfc = 0.0_wp
	801	ENDIF
	802
	803	!
[2232]	804	!-- Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity.
	805	!-- (relative to the surface in case the lower surface is the ocean).
	806	!-- Please note, in new surface modelling concept the index values changed,
	807	!-- i.e. the reference grid point is not the surface-grid point itself but
	808	!-- the first grid point outside of the topography.
	809	!-- Note, in case of coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations relative velocity
	810	!-- with respect to the ocean surface is used, hence, (k-1,j,i) values
	811	!-- are used to calculate the absolute velocity.
	812	!-- However, this do not apply for downward-facing walls. To mask this,
	813	!-- use ibit, which checks for upward/downward-facing surfaces.
	814	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( &
	815	( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) &
	816	- ( u(k-1,j,i) + u(k-1,j,i+1) &
	817	) * ibit &
	818	) &
	819	)**2 + &
	820	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) &
	821	- ( v(k-1,j,i) + v(k-1,j+1,i) &
	822	) * ibit &
	823	) &
[3157]	824	)2 + w_lfc2 &
[2232]	825	)
	826
[3148]	827
	828
[1691]	829	ENDDO
	830
[2232]	831	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs
	832
	833
	834	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	835	! Description:
	836	! ------------
	837	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	838	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	839	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	840	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	841
	842	IMPLICIT NONE
	843
[3547]	844	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	845	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	846	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	847	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
[2232]	848
[3547]	849	REAL(wp) :: u_i !< u-component on xu-grid
	850	REAL(wp) :: w_i !< w-component on xu-grid
[2232]	851
	852
	853	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	854	i = surf%i(m)
	855	j = surf%j(m)
	856	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	857	!
[2232]	858	!-- Compute the absolute value of the surface parallel velocity on u-grid.
	859	u_i = u(k,j,i)
	860	w_i = 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + w(k-1,j,i) + &
	861	w(k,j,i-1) + w(k,j,i) )
[1691]	862
[2232]	863	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + w_i2 )
[1709]	864
[2232]	865	ENDDO
[1709]	866
[2232]	867	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	868
[1709]	869	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	870	! Description:
	871	! ------------
[2232]	872	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	873	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	874	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	875	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	876
	877	IMPLICIT NONE
	878
[3547]	879	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	880	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	881	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	882	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
[2232]	883
[3547]	884	REAL(wp) :: v_i !< v-component on yv-grid
	885	REAL(wp) :: w_i !< w-component on yv-grid
[2232]	886
	887
	888	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	889	i = surf%i(m)
	890	j = surf%j(m)
	891	k = surf%k(m)
	892
	893	v_i = u(k,j,i)
	894	w_i = 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + w(k-1,j,i) + &
	895	w(k,j-1,i) + w(k,j,i) )
	896
	897	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( v_i2 + w_i2 )
	898
	899	ENDDO
	900
	901	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	902
	903	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	904	! Description:
	905	! ------------
	906	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	907	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	908	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	909	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	910
	911	IMPLICIT NONE
	912
[3547]	913	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	914	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	915	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	916	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
[2232]	917
[3547]	918	REAL(wp) :: u_i !< u-component on x-zw-grid
	919	REAL(wp) :: v_i !< v-component on y-zw-grid
	920	REAL(wp) :: w_i !< w-component on zw-grid
[2232]	921	!
	922	!-- North- (l=0) and south-facing (l=1) surfaces
	923	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
	924	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	925	i = surf%i(m)
	926	j = surf%j(m)
	927	k = surf%k(m)
	928
	929	u_i = 0.25_wp * ( u(k+1,j,i+1) + u(k+1,j,i) + &
	930	u(k,j,i+1) + u(k,j,i) )
	931	v_i = 0.0_wp
	932	w_i = w(k,j,i)
	933
	934	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	935	ENDDO
	936	!
	937	!-- East- (l=2) and west-facing (l=3) surfaces
	938	ELSE
	939	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	940	i = surf%i(m)
	941	j = surf%j(m)
	942	k = surf%k(m)
	943
	944	u_i = 0.0_wp
	945	v_i = 0.25_wp * ( v(k+1,j+1,i) + v(k+1,j,i) + &
	946	v(k,j+1,i) + v(k,j,i) )
	947	w_i = w(k,j,i)
	948
	949	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	950	ENDDO
	951	ENDIF
	952
	953	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	954
	955	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	956	! Description:
	957	! ------------
	958	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	959	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	960	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	961	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	962
	963	IMPLICIT NONE
	964
[3547]	965	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	966	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	967	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	968	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
[2232]	969
[3547]	970	REAL(wp) :: u_i !< u-component on scalar grid
	971	REAL(wp) :: v_i !< v-component on scalar grid
	972	REAL(wp) :: w_i !< w-component on scalar grid
[2232]	973
	974	!
	975	!-- North- (l=0) and south-facing (l=1) walls
	976	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
	977	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	978	i = surf%i(m)
	979	j = surf%j(m)
	980	k = surf%k(m)
	981
	982	u_i = 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) )
	983	v_i = 0.0_wp
	984	w_i = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	985
	986	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	987	ENDDO
	988	!
	989	!-- East- (l=2) and west-facing (l=3) walls
	990	ELSE
	991	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	992	i = surf%i(m)
	993	j = surf%j(m)
	994	k = surf%k(m)
	995
	996	u_i = 0.0_wp
	997	v_i = 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) )
	998	w_i = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	999
	1000	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	1001	ENDDO
	1002	ENDIF
	1003
	1004	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	1005
	1006
	1007	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1008	! Description:
	1009	! ------------
[1709]	1010	!> Calculate the Obukhov length (L) and Richardson flux number (z/L)
	1011	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1012	SUBROUTINE calc_ol
	1013
	1014	IMPLICIT NONE
	1015
[2232]	1016	INTEGER(iwp) :: iter !< Newton iteration step
	1017	INTEGER(iwp) :: li !< look index
	1018	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal wall elements
[1709]	1019
	1020	REAL(wp) :: f, & !< Function for Newton iteration: f = Ri - [...]/[...]^2 = 0
	1021	f_d_ol, & !< Derivative of f
	1022	ol_l, & !< Lower bound of L for Newton iteration
	1023	ol_m, & !< Previous value of L for Newton iteration
	1024	ol_old, & !< Previous time step value of L
	1025	ol_u !< Upper bound of L for Newton iteration
	1026
[2232]	1027	!
[3668]	1028	!-- Evaluate bulk Richardson number (calculation depends on
	1029	!-- definition based on setting of boundary conditions
	1030	IF ( ibc_pt_b /= 1 ) THEN
	1031	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1032	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
	1033	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1034
[3668]	1035	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[2232]	1036
[3668]	1037	surf%rib(m) = g * z_mo &
	1038	* ( surf%vpt1(m) - surf%vpt_surface(m) ) &
	1039	/ ( surf%uvw_abs(m)*2 surf%vpt1(m) &
	1040	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
	1041	ENDDO
	1042	ELSE
	1043	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
	1044	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[2232]	1045
[3668]	1046	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[2232]	1047
[3668]	1048	surf%rib(m) = g * z_mo &
	1049	* ( surf%pt1(m) - surf%pt_surface(m) ) &
	1050	/ ( surf%uvw_abs(m)*2 surf%pt1(m) + 1.0E-20_wp )
	1051	ENDDO
	1052	ENDIF
	1053	ELSE
	1054	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1055	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( k, z_mo )
	1056	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[2232]	1057
[3668]	1058	k = surf%k(m)
[2232]	1059
[3668]	1060	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[2232]	1061
[3668]	1062	surf%rib(m) = - g * z_mo * ( ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp &
[3146]	1063	* surf%qv1(m) ) * surf%shf(m) + 0.61_wp &
	1064	* surf%pt1(m) * surf%qsws(m) ) * &
[2232]	1065	drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
[3146]	1066	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*3 surf%vpt1(m) * kappa**2 &
[1709]	1067	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
[3668]	1068	ENDDO
	1069	ELSE
	1070	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( k, z_mo )
	1071	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(k, z_mo) &
	1072	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, drho_air_zw)
	1073	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1074
[3668]	1075	k = surf%k(m)
[2232]	1076
[3668]	1077	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[2232]	1078
[3668]	1079	surf%rib(m) = - g * z_mo * surf%shf(m) * &
	1080	drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1081	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*3 surf%pt1(m) * kappa**2 &
	1082	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
	1083	ENDDO
[2232]	1084	ENDIF
[1691]	1085	ENDIF
	1086
	1087	!
[3668]	1088	!-- Calculate the Obukhov length using Newton iteration
	1089	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, z_mo) &
	1090	!$ACC PRIVATE(ol_old, ol_m, ol_l, ol_u, f, f_d_ol) &
	1091	!$ACC PRESENT(surf)
	1092	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1093
[3668]	1094	i = surf%i(m)
	1095	j = surf%j(m)
[1691]	1096
[3668]	1097	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1098
	1099	!
[3668]	1100	!-- Store current value in case the Newton iteration fails
	1101	ol_old = surf%ol(m)
[1691]	1102
	1103	!
[3668]	1104	!-- Ensure that the bulk Richardson number and the Obukhov
	1105	!-- length have the same sign
	1106	IF ( surf%rib(m) * surf%ol(m) < 0.0_wp .OR. &
	1107	ABS( surf%ol(m) ) == ol_max ) THEN
	1108	IF ( surf%rib(m) > 1.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = 0.01_wp
	1109	IF ( surf%rib(m) < 0.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = -0.01_wp
	1110	ENDIF
[1691]	1111	!
[3668]	1112	!-- Iteration to find Obukhov length
	1113	iter = 0
	1114	DO
	1115	iter = iter + 1
[1691]	1116	!
[3668]	1117	!-- In case of divergence, use the value of the previous time step
	1118	IF ( iter > 1000 ) THEN
	1119	surf%ol(m) = ol_old
	1120	EXIT
	1121	ENDIF
[1691]	1122
[3668]	1123	ol_m = surf%ol(m)
	1124	ol_l = ol_m - 0.001_wp * ol_m
	1125	ol_u = ol_m + 0.001_wp * ol_m
[1691]	1126
	1127
[3668]	1128	IF ( ibc_pt_b /= 1 ) THEN
[1691]	1129	!
[3668]	1130	!-- Calculate f = Ri - [...]/[...]^2 = 0
	1131	f = surf%rib(m) - ( z_mo / ol_m ) * ( &
	1132	LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1133	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_m ) &
	1134	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / &
	1135	ol_m ) &
	1136	) &
	1137	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1138	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_m ) &
	1139	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_m ) &
[2232]	1140	)**2
[1691]	1141
	1142	!
[3668]	1143	!-- Calculate df/dL
	1144	f_d_ol = ( - ( z_mo / ol_u ) * ( LOG( z_mo / &
	1145	surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1146	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_u ) &
	1147	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / ol_u ) &
	1148	) &
	1149	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1150	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_u ) &
	1151	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_u ) &
	1152	)**2 &
	1153	+ ( z_mo / ol_l ) * ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1154	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_l ) &
	1155	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / ol_l ) &
	1156	) &
	1157	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1158	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_l ) &
	1159	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_l ) &
	1160	)**2 &
	1161	) / ( ol_u - ol_l )
	1162	ELSE
[1691]	1163	!
[3668]	1164	!-- Calculate f = Ri - 1 /[...]^3 = 0
	1165	f = surf%rib(m) - ( z_mo / ol_m ) / &
	1166	( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1167	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_m ) &
	1168	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_m ) &
	1169	)**3
[1691]	1170
	1171	!
[3668]	1172	!-- Calculate df/dL
	1173	f_d_ol = ( - ( z_mo / ol_u ) / ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1174	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_u ) &
	1175	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_u ) &
	1176	)**3 &
[2232]	1177	+ ( z_mo / ol_l ) / ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
[3668]	1178	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_l ) &
	1179	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_l ) &
	1180	)**3 &
	1181	) / ( ol_u - ol_l )
	1182	ENDIF
[1691]	1183	!
[3668]	1184	!-- Calculate new L
	1185	surf%ol(m) = ol_m - f / f_d_ol
[1691]	1186
	1187	!
[3668]	1188	!-- Ensure that the bulk Richardson number and the Obukhov
	1189	!-- length have the same sign and ensure convergence.
	1190	IF ( surf%ol(m) * ol_m < 0.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = ol_m * 0.5_wp
[1691]	1191	!
[3668]	1192	!-- If unrealistic value occurs, set L to the maximum
	1193	!-- value that is allowed
	1194	IF ( ABS( surf%ol(m) ) > ol_max ) THEN
	1195	surf%ol(m) = ol_max
	1196	EXIT
	1197	ENDIF
[1691]	1198	!
[3668]	1199	!-- Check for convergence
	1200	IF ( ABS( ( surf%ol(m) - ol_m ) / surf%ol(m) ) < 1.0E-4_wp ) THEN
	1201	EXIT
[2232]	1202	ELSE
[3668]	1203	CYCLE
[2232]	1204	ENDIF
[1691]	1205
	1206	ENDDO
[3668]	1207	ENDDO
[1691]	1208
	1209	END SUBROUTINE calc_ol
	1210
	1211	!
	1212	!-- Calculate friction velocity u*
	1213	SUBROUTINE calc_us
	1214
	1215	IMPLICIT NONE
	1216
[2232]	1217	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
[1691]	1218
[2232]	1219	!
	1220	!-- Compute u* at horizontal surfaces at the scalars' grid points
	1221	IF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1222	!
	1223	!-- Compute u* at upward-facing surfaces
	1224	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
[2281]	1225	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
[3634]	1226	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(z_mo) &
	1227	!$ACC PRESENT(surf)
[2232]	1228	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1229
[2232]	1230	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1231	!
[2232]	1232	!-- Compute u* at the scalars' grid points
	1233	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / &
	1234	( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1235	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1236	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1237
	1238	ENDDO
	1239	!
	1240	!-- Compute u* at downward-facing surfaces. This case, do not consider
	1241	!-- any stability.
	1242	ELSE
[2281]	1243	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
[3634]	1244	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(z_mo) &
	1245	!$ACC PRESENT(surf)
[2232]	1246	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1247
	1248	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1249	!
	1250	!-- Compute u* at the scalars' grid points
	1251	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1252
	1253	ENDDO
	1254	ENDIF
	1255	!
	1256	!-- Compute u* at vertical surfaces at the u/v/v grid, respectively.
	1257	!-- No stability is considered in this case.
	1258	ELSE
	1259	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
[3634]	1260	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(z_mo) &
	1261	!$ACC PRESENT(surf)
[2232]	1262	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1263	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1264
	1265	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
[1691]	1266	ENDDO
[2232]	1267	ENDIF
[1691]	1268
	1269	END SUBROUTINE calc_us
	1270
	1271	!
[3146]	1272	!-- Calculate potential temperature, specific humidity, and virtual potential
	1273	!-- temperature at first grid level
[1691]	1274	SUBROUTINE calc_pt_q
	1275
	1276	IMPLICIT NONE
	1277
[2232]	1278	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
	1279
	1280	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
[3634]	1281	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k) &
	1282	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, pt)
[2232]	1283	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1284
	1285	i = surf%i(m)
	1286	j = surf%j(m)
	1287	k = surf%k(m)
	1288
[3634]	1289	#ifndef _OPENACC
[3274]	1290	IF ( bulk_cloud_model ) THEN
	1291	surf%pt1(m) = pt(k,j,i) + lv_d_cp * d_exner(k) * ql(k,j,i)
[2547]	1292	surf%qv1(m) = q(k,j,i) - ql(k,j,i)
	1293	ELSEIF( cloud_droplets ) THEN
[3274]	1294	surf%pt1(m) = pt(k,j,i) + lv_d_cp * d_exner(k) * ql(k,j,i)
[2547]	1295	surf%qv1(m) = q(k,j,i)
[2696]	1296	ELSE
[3634]	1297	#endif
[2696]	1298	surf%pt1(m) = pt(k,j,i)
[3634]	1299	#ifndef _OPENACC
[2696]	1300	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1301	surf%qv1(m) = q(k,j,i)
	1302	ELSE
[3634]	1303	#endif
[2696]	1304	surf%qv1(m) = 0.0_wp
[3634]	1305	#ifndef _OPENACC
[2696]	1306	ENDIF
[2547]	1307	ENDIF
[2232]	1308
[3146]	1309	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1310	surf%vpt1(m) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
	1311	ENDIF
[3634]	1312	#endif
[3146]	1313
[1691]	1314	ENDDO
	1315
	1316	END SUBROUTINE calc_pt_q
	1317
[2696]	1318
[1691]	1319	!
[3152]	1320	!-- Set potential temperature at surface grid level.
[2696]	1321	!-- ( only for upward-facing surfs )
	1322	SUBROUTINE calc_pt_surface
	1323
	1324	IMPLICIT NONE
	1325
[3146]	1326	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_off !< index offset between surface and atmosphere grid point (-1 for upward-, +1 for downward-facing walls)
[2696]	1327	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
	1328
[3146]	1329	k_off = surf%koff
[2696]	1330	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
[3634]	1331	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k) &
	1332	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, pt)
[2696]	1333	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1334
	1335	i = surf%i(m)
	1336	j = surf%j(m)
	1337	k = surf%k(m)
	1338
[3146]	1339	surf%pt_surface(m) = pt(k+k_off,j,i)
[2696]	1340
	1341	ENDDO
	1342
	1343	END SUBROUTINE calc_pt_surface
	1344
	1345	!
[3152]	1346	!-- Set mixing ratio at surface grid level. ( Only for upward-facing surfs. )
	1347	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
	1348
	1349	IMPLICIT NONE
	1350
	1351	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_off !< index offset between surface and atmosphere grid point (-1 for upward-, +1 for downward-facing walls)
	1352	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
	1353
	1354	k_off = surf%koff
	1355	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1356	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1357
	1358	i = surf%i(m)
	1359	j = surf%j(m)
	1360	k = surf%k(m)
	1361
	1362	surf%q_surface(m) = q(k+k_off,j,i)
	1363
	1364	ENDDO
	1365
	1366	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
	1367
	1368	!
	1369	!-- Set virtual potential temperature at surface grid level.
[3146]	1370	!-- ( only for upward-facing surfs )
	1371	SUBROUTINE calc_vpt_surface
	1372
	1373	IMPLICIT NONE
	1374
	1375	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_off !< index offset between surface and atmosphere grid point (-1 for upward-, +1 for downward-facing walls)
	1376	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
	1377
	1378	k_off = surf%koff
	1379	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1380	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1381
	1382	i = surf%i(m)
	1383	j = surf%j(m)
	1384	k = surf%k(m)
	1385
	1386	surf%vpt_surface(m) = vpt(k+k_off,j,i)
	1387
	1388	ENDDO
	1389
	1390	END SUBROUTINE calc_vpt_surface
	1391
	1392	!
[2292]	1393	!-- Calculate the other MOST scaling parameters theta, q, (qc, qr, nc, nr)
[1691]	1394	SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_parameters
	1395
	1396	IMPLICIT NONE
	1397
[2232]	1398
	1399	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
[2696]	1400	INTEGER(iwp) :: lsp !< running index for chemical species
[1691]	1401	!
[2232]	1402	!-- Compute theta* at horizontal surfaces
	1403	IF ( constant_heatflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1691]	1404	!
	1405	!-- For a given heat flux in the surface layer:
[2232]	1406
	1407	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
[3634]	1408	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k) &
	1409	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, drho_air_zw)
[2232]	1410	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1411
	1412	i = surf%i(m)
	1413	j = surf%j(m)
	1414	k = surf%k(m)
	1415
	1416	surf%ts(m) = -surf%shf(m) * drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1417	( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1418
[1691]	1419	!
[2232]	1420	!-- ts must be limited, because otherwise overflow may occur in case
	1421	!-- of us=0 when computing ol further below
	1422	IF ( surf%ts(m) < -1.05E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = -1.0E5_wp
	1423	IF ( surf%ts(m) > 1.0E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = 1.0E5_wp
	1424
[1691]	1425	ENDDO
	1426
[2232]	1427	ELSEIF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1691]	1428	!
	1429	!-- For a given surface temperature:
[1788]	1430	IF ( large_scale_forcing .AND. lsf_surf ) THEN
[2232]	1431
	1432	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1433	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1434	i = surf%i(m)
	1435	j = surf%j(m)
	1436	k = surf%k(m)
	1437
	1438	pt(k-1,j,i) = pt_surface
[1691]	1439	ENDDO
	1440	ENDIF
	1441
[2696]	1442	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
	1443	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1444
[2696]	1445	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1446
[2696]	1447	surf%ts(m) = kappa * ( surf%pt1(m) - surf%pt_surface(m) ) &
	1448	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1449	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1450	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1451
[2696]	1452	ENDDO
[2232]	1453
	1454	ENDIF
	1455	!
	1456	!-- Compute theta* at vertical surfaces. This is only required in case of
	1457	!-- land-surface model, in order to compute aerodynamical resistance.
	1458	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
[2281]	1459	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1460	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1461
	1462	i = surf%i(m)
	1463	j = surf%j(m)
	1464	surf%ts(m) = -surf%shf(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1465	!
	1466	!-- ts must be limited, because otherwise overflow may occur in case
	1467	!-- of us=0 when computing ol further below
	1468	IF ( surf%ts(m) < -1.05E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = -1.0E5_wp
	1469	IF ( surf%ts(m) > 1.0E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = 1.0E5_wp
	1470
[1691]	1471	ENDDO
	1472	ENDIF
	1473
	1474	!
[2232]	1475	!-- If required compute q* at horizontal surfaces
[1960]	1476	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[2232]	1477	IF ( constant_waterflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1691]	1478	!
[1788]	1479	!-- For a given water flux in the surface layer
[2232]	1480	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1481	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1482
	1483	i = surf%i(m)
	1484	j = surf%j(m)
	1485	k = surf%k(m)
	1486	surf%qs(m) = -surf%qsws(m) * drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1487	( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1488
[1691]	1489	ENDDO
	1490
[2232]	1491	ELSEIF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1788]	1492	coupled_run = ( coupling_mode == 'atmosphere_to_ocean' .AND. &
[1691]	1493	run_coupled )
	1494
[1788]	1495	IF ( large_scale_forcing .AND. lsf_surf ) THEN
[2232]	1496	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1497	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1498
	1499	i = surf%i(m)
	1500	j = surf%j(m)
	1501	k = surf%k(m)
	1502	q(k-1,j,i) = q_surface
	1503
[1691]	1504	ENDDO
	1505	ENDIF
	1506
	1507	!
[2232]	1508	!-- Assume saturation for atmosphere coupled to ocean (but not
	1509	!-- in case of precursor runs)
	1510	IF ( coupled_run ) THEN
	1511	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, e_s )
	1512	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1513	i = surf%i(m)
	1514	j = surf%j(m)
	1515	k = surf%k(m)
	1516	e_s = 6.1_wp * &
	1517	EXP( 0.07_wp * ( MIN(pt(k-1,j,i),pt(k,j,i)) &
[1691]	1518	- 273.15_wp ) )
[3361]	1519	q(k-1,j,i) = rd_d_rv * e_s / ( surface_pressure - e_s )
[2232]	1520	ENDDO
	1521	ENDIF
[1691]	1522
[3274]	1523	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .OR. cloud_droplets ) THEN
[2232]	1524	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1525	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1526
[2232]	1527	i = surf%i(m)
	1528	j = surf%j(m)
	1529	k = surf%k(m)
	1530
	1531	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1532
[3152]	1533	surf%qs(m) = kappa * ( surf%qv1(m) - surf%q_surface(m) ) &
[2232]	1534	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1535	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1536	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / &
	1537	surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1538	ENDDO
[2232]	1539	ELSE
	1540	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1541	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1542
	1543	i = surf%i(m)
	1544	j = surf%j(m)
	1545	k = surf%k(m)
	1546
	1547	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1548
	1549	surf%qs(m) = kappa * ( q(k,j,i) - q(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1550	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1551	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1552	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / &
	1553	surf%ol(m) ) )
	1554	ENDDO
	1555	ENDIF
	1556	ENDIF
	1557	!
	1558	!-- Compute q* at vertical surfaces
	1559	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
[2281]	1560	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1561	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1562
	1563	i = surf%i(m)
	1564	j = surf%j(m)
	1565	surf%qs(m) = -surf%qsws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1566
[1691]	1567	ENDDO
	1568	ENDIF
	1569	ENDIF
[1960]	1570
	1571	!
	1572	!-- If required compute s*
	1573	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
	1574	!
[2232]	1575	!-- At horizontal surfaces
	1576	IF ( constant_scalarflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1577	!
	1578	!-- For a given scalar flux in the surface layer
[2281]	1579	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1580	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1581	i = surf%i(m)
	1582	j = surf%j(m)
	1583	surf%ss(m) = -surf%ssws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
[1960]	1584	ENDDO
	1585	ENDIF
[2232]	1586	!
	1587	!-- At vertical surfaces
	1588	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
[2281]	1589	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1590	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1591	i = surf%i(m)
	1592	j = surf%j(m)
	1593	surf%ss(m) = -surf%ssws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1594	ENDDO
	1595	ENDIF
[1960]	1596	ENDIF
[1691]	1597
[2292]	1598	!
[2696]	1599	!-- If required compute cs* (chemical species)
	1600	IF ( air_chemistry ) THEN
	1601	!
	1602	!-- At horizontal surfaces
	1603	DO lsp = 1, nvar
	1604	IF ( constant_csflux(lsp) .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1605	!-- For a given chemical species' flux in the surface layer
	1606	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
	1607	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1608	i = surf%i(m)
	1609	j = surf%j(m)
	1610	surf%css(lsp,m) = -surf%cssws(lsp,m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1611	ENDDO
	1612	ENDIF
	1613	ENDDO
	1614	!
	1615	!-- At vertical surfaces
	1616	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
	1617	DO lsp = 1, nvar
	1618	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
	1619	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1620	i = surf%i(m)
	1621	j = surf%j(m)
	1622	surf%css(lsp,m) = -surf%cssws(lsp,m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1623	ENDDO
	1624	ENDDO
	1625	ENDIF
	1626	ENDIF
	1627
	1628	!
[2292]	1629	!-- If required compute qc* and nc*
[3274]	1630	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_morrison .AND. &
[2292]	1631	.NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1632	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1633	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1634
[2292]	1635	i = surf%i(m)
	1636	j = surf%j(m)
	1637	k = surf%k(m)
	1638
	1639	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1640
	1641	surf%qcs(m) = kappa * ( qc(k,j,i) - qc(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1642	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1643	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1644	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1645
	1646	surf%ncs(m) = kappa * ( nc(k,j,i) - nc(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1647	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1648	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1649	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1650	ENDDO
	1651
	1652	ENDIF
	1653
[1691]	1654	!
	1655	!-- If required compute qr* and nr*
[3274]	1656	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert .AND. &
[2232]	1657	.NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1658	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1659	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1660
[2232]	1661	i = surf%i(m)
	1662	j = surf%j(m)
	1663	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1664
[2232]	1665	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1666
[2232]	1667	surf%qrs(m) = kappa * ( qr(k,j,i) - qr(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1668	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1669	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1670	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1671
[2232]	1672	surf%nrs(m) = kappa * ( nr(k,j,i) - nr(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1673	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1674	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1675	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1676	ENDDO
	1677
	1678	ENDIF
	1679
	1680	END SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_parameters
	1681
	1682
	1683
	1684	!
[2292]	1685	!-- Calculate surface fluxes usws, vsws, shf, qsws, (qcsws, qrsws, ncsws, nrsws)
[1691]	1686	SUBROUTINE calc_surface_fluxes
	1687
	1688	IMPLICIT NONE
	1689
[2696]	1690	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
	1691	INTEGER(iwp) :: lsp !< running index for chemical species
[1691]	1692
[2232]	1693	REAL(wp) :: dum !< dummy to precalculate logarithm
	1694	REAL(wp) :: flag_u !< flag indicating u-grid, used for calculation of horizontal momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1695	REAL(wp) :: flag_v !< flag indicating v-grid, used for calculation of horizontal momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1696	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_i !< u-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1697	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_i !< v-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1698	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_i !< w-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
[1691]	1699
	1700	!
[2232]	1701	!-- Calcuate surface fluxes at horizontal walls
	1702	IF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1703	!
	1704	!-- Compute u'w' for the total model domain at upward-facing surfaces.
	1705	!-- First compute the corresponding component of u* and square it.
	1706	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
	1707	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
[3634]	1708	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k, z_mo) &
	1709	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, u, rho_air_zw)
[2232]	1710	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1711
	1712	i = surf%i(m)
	1713	j = surf%j(m)
	1714	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1715
[2232]	1716	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1717
[2232]	1718	surf%usws(m) = kappa * ( u(k,j,i) - u(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1719	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1720	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1721	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1722	!
	1723	!-- Please note, the computation of usws is not fully accurate. Actually
	1724	!-- a further interpolation of us onto the u-grid, where usws is defined,
	1725	!-- is required. However, this is not done as this would require several
	1726	!-- data transfers between 2D-grid and the surf-type.
	1727	!-- The impact of the missing interpolation is negligible as several
	1728	!-- tests had shown.
	1729	!-- Same also for ol.
	1730	surf%usws(m) = -surf%usws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
[1691]	1731
[2232]	1732	ENDDO
[1691]	1733	!
[2232]	1734	!-- At downward-facing surfaces
	1735	ELSE
	1736	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1737	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1738
	1739	i = surf%i(m)
	1740	j = surf%j(m)
	1741	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1742
[2232]	1743	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1744
	1745	surf%usws(m) = kappa * u(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1746	surf%usws(m) = surf%usws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k)
[1691]	1747
[2232]	1748	ENDDO
	1749	ENDIF
[1691]	1750
[2232]	1751	!
	1752	!-- Compute v'w' for the total model domain.
	1753	!-- First compute the corresponding component of u* and square it.
	1754	!-- Upward-facing surfaces
	1755	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
	1756	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
[3634]	1757	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP PRIVATE(i, j, k, z_mo) &
	1758	!$ACC PRESENT(surf, v, rho_air_zw)
[2232]	1759	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1760	i = surf%i(m)
	1761	j = surf%j(m)
	1762	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1763
[2232]	1764	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1765
[2232]	1766	surf%vsws(m) = kappa * ( v(k,j,i) - v(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1767	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1768	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1769	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1770	!
[2232]	1771	!-- Please note, the computation of vsws is not fully accurate. Actually
	1772	!-- a further interpolation of us onto the v-grid, where vsws is defined,
	1773	!-- is required. However, this is not done as this would require several
	1774	!-- data transfers between 2D-grid and the surf-type.
	1775	!-- The impact of the missing interpolation is negligible as several
	1776	!-- tests had shown.
	1777	!-- Same also for ol.
	1778	surf%vsws(m) = -surf%vsws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
	1779	ENDDO
	1780	!
	1781	!-- Downward-facing surfaces
	1782	ELSE
	1783	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1784	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1785	i = surf%i(m)
	1786	j = surf%j(m)
	1787	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1788
[2232]	1789	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1790
	1791	surf%vsws(m) = kappa * v(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1792	surf%vsws(m) = surf%vsws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k)
	1793	ENDDO
	1794	ENDIF
[1691]	1795	!
[2232]	1796	!-- Compute the vertical kinematic heat flux
[2299]	1797	IF ( .NOT. constant_heatflux .AND. ( ( time_since_reference_point&
	1798	<= skip_time_do_lsm .AND. simulated_time > 0.0_wp ) .OR. &
[2696]	1799	.NOT. land_surface ) .AND. .NOT. urban_surface .AND. &
[2299]	1800	.NOT. downward ) THEN
[2232]	1801	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1802	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1803	i = surf%i(m)
	1804	j = surf%j(m)
	1805	k = surf%k(m)
	1806	surf%shf(m) = -surf%ts(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
[1691]	1807	ENDDO
[2232]	1808	ENDIF
	1809	!
	1810	!-- Compute the vertical water flux
	1811	IF ( .NOT. constant_waterflux .AND. humidity .AND. &
[2299]	1812	( ( time_since_reference_point <= skip_time_do_lsm .AND. &
[2696]	1813	simulated_time > 0.0_wp ) .OR. .NOT. land_surface ) .AND. &
	1814	.NOT. urban_surface .AND. .NOT. downward ) THEN
[2232]	1815	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1816	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1817	i = surf%i(m)
	1818	j = surf%j(m)
	1819	k = surf%k(m)
	1820	surf%qsws(m) = -surf%qs(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
	1821	ENDDO
	1822	ENDIF
	1823	!
	1824	!-- Compute the vertical scalar flux
	1825	IF ( .NOT. constant_scalarflux .AND. passive_scalar .AND. &
	1826	.NOT. downward ) THEN
[2281]	1827	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1828	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1829
[2232]	1830	i = surf%i(m)
	1831	j = surf%j(m)
	1832	surf%ssws(m) = -surf%ss(m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	1833
[2232]	1834	ENDDO
[2292]	1835	ENDIF
[1691]	1836	!
[2696]	1837	!-- Compute the vertical chemical species' flux
	1838	DO lsp = 1, nvar
	1839	IF ( .NOT. constant_csflux(lsp) .AND. air_chemistry .AND. &
	1840	.NOT. downward ) THEN
	1841	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
	1842	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1843	i = surf%i(m)
	1844	j = surf%j(m)
	1845	surf%cssws(lsp,m) = -surf%css(lsp,m) * surf%us(m)
	1846	ENDDO
	1847	ENDIF
	1848	ENDDO
	1849
	1850	!
[2292]	1851	!-- Compute (turbulent) fluxes of cloud water content and cloud drop conc.
[3274]	1852	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_morrison .AND. &
[2292]	1853	.NOT. downward) THEN
	1854	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
	1855	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1856
	1857	i = surf%i(m)
	1858	j = surf%j(m)
	1859
	1860	surf%qcsws(m) = -surf%qcs(m) * surf%us(m)
	1861	surf%ncsws(m) = -surf%ncs(m) * surf%us(m)
	1862	ENDDO
	1863	ENDIF
	1864	!
[2232]	1865	!-- Compute (turbulent) fluxes of rain water content and rain drop conc.
[3274]	1866	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert .AND. &
[2232]	1867	.NOT. downward) THEN
[2281]	1868	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1869	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1870
	1871	i = surf%i(m)
	1872	j = surf%j(m)
	1873
	1874	surf%qrsws(m) = -surf%qrs(m) * surf%us(m)
	1875	surf%nrsws(m) = -surf%nrs(m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	1876	ENDDO
[2232]	1877	ENDIF
[1691]	1878
[1960]	1879	!
[2232]	1880	!-- Bottom boundary condition for the TKE.
	1881	IF ( ibc_e_b == 2 ) THEN
	1882	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1883	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1884
	1885	i = surf%i(m)
	1886	j = surf%j(m)
	1887	k = surf%k(m)
	1888
	1889	e(k,j,i) = ( surf%us(m) / 0.1_wp )**2
	1890	!
	1891	!-- As a test: cm = 0.4
	1892	! e(k,j,i) = ( us(j,i) / 0.4_wp )**2
	1893	e(k-1,j,i) = e(k,j,i)
	1894
[1960]	1895	ENDDO
[2232]	1896	ENDIF
	1897	!
	1898	!-- Calcuate surface fluxes at vertical surfaces. No stability is considered.
	1899	ELSE
	1900	!
	1901	!-- Compute usvs l={0,1} and vsus l={2,3}
	1902	IF ( mom_uv ) THEN
	1903	!
	1904	!-- Generalize computation by introducing flags. At north- and south-
	1905	!-- facing surfaces u-component is used, at east- and west-facing
	1906	!-- surfaces v-component is used.
	1907	flag_u = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, l == 0 .OR. l == 1 )
	1908	flag_v = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, l == 2 .OR. l == 3 )
	1909	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1910	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1911	i = surf%i(m)
	1912	j = surf%j(m)
	1913	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1914
[2232]	1915	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1960]	1916
[2232]	1917	surf%mom_flux_uv(m) = kappa * &
	1918	( flag_u * u(k,j,i) + flag_v * v(k,j,i) ) / &
	1919	LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1920
	1921	surf%mom_flux_uv(m) = &
	1922	- surf%mom_flux_uv(m) * surf%us(m)
	1923	ENDDO
	1924	ENDIF
[1691]	1925	!
[2232]	1926	!-- Compute wsus l={0,1} and wsvs l={2,3}
	1927	IF ( mom_w ) THEN
	1928	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1929	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1930	i = surf%i(m)
	1931	j = surf%j(m)
	1932	k = surf%k(m)
	1933
	1934	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1935
	1936	surf%mom_flux_w(m) = kappa * w(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1937
	1938	surf%mom_flux_w(m) = &
	1939	- surf%mom_flux_w(m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	1940	ENDDO
[2232]	1941	ENDIF
	1942	!
	1943	!-- Compute momentum fluxes used for subgrid-scale TKE production at
	1944	!-- vertical surfaces. In constrast to the calculated momentum fluxes at
	1945	!-- vertical surfaces before, which are defined on the u/v/w-grid,
	1946	!-- respectively), the TKE fluxes are defined at the scalar grid.
	1947	!--
	1948	IF ( mom_tke ) THEN
	1949	!
	1950	!-- Precalculate velocity components at scalar grid point.
	1951	ALLOCATE( u_i(1:surf%ns) )
	1952	ALLOCATE( v_i(1:surf%ns) )
	1953	ALLOCATE( w_i(1:surf%ns) )
[1691]	1954
[2232]	1955	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
	1956	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1957	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1958	i = surf%i(m)
	1959	j = surf%j(m)
	1960	k = surf%k(m)
	1961
	1962	u_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) )
	1963	v_i(m) = 0.0_wp
	1964	w_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	1965	ENDDO
	1966	ELSE
	1967	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1968	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1969	i = surf%i(m)
	1970	j = surf%j(m)
	1971	k = surf%k(m)
	1972
	1973	u_i(m) = 0.0_wp
	1974	v_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) )
	1975	w_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	1976	ENDDO
	1977	ENDIF
	1978
[2281]	1979	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, dum, z_mo )
[2232]	1980	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1981	i = surf%i(m)
	1982	j = surf%j(m)
	1983
	1984	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1985
	1986	dum = kappa / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
[1691]	1987	!
[2232]	1988	!-- usvs (l=0,1) and vsus (l=2,3)
	1989	surf%mom_flux_tke(0,m) = dum * ( u_i(m) + v_i(m) )
[1691]	1990	!
[2232]	1991	!-- wsvs (l=0,1) and wsus (l=2,3)
	1992	surf%mom_flux_tke(1,m) = dum * w_i(m)
	1993
	1994	surf%mom_flux_tke(0:1,m) = &
	1995	- surf%mom_flux_tke(0:1,m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	1996	ENDDO
[2232]	1997	!
	1998	!-- Deallocate temporary arrays
	1999	DEALLOCATE( u_i )
	2000	DEALLOCATE( v_i )
	2001	DEALLOCATE( w_i )
	2002	ENDIF
[1691]	2003	ENDIF
	2004
	2005	END SUBROUTINE calc_surface_fluxes
	2006
[3597]	2007
	2008	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2009	! Description:
	2010	! ------------
	2011	!> Calculates temperature near surface (10 cm) for indoor model or 2 m
	2012	!> temperature for output
	2013	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2014	SUBROUTINE calc_pt_near_surface ( z_char )
[1691]	2015
[3597]	2016	IMPLICIT NONE
	2017
	2018	CHARACTER (LEN = *), INTENT(IN) :: z_char !< string identifier to identify z level
	2019	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k, l, m !< running indices
	2020
	2021
	2022	SELECT CASE ( z_char)
	2023
	2024
	2025	CASE ( '10cm' )
	2026
	2027	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2028
	2029	i = surf%i(m)
	2030	j = surf%j(m)
	2031	k = surf%k(m)
	2032
[3744]	2033	surf%pt_10cm(m) = surf%pt_surface(m) + surf%ts(m) / kappa &
	2034	* ( LOG( 0.1_wp / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	2035	- psi_h( 0.1_wp / surf%ol(m) ) &
[3597]	2036	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[3744]	2037
[3597]	2038	ENDDO
	2039
	2040
	2041	CASE ( '2m' )
	2042
	2043	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2044
	2045	i = surf%i(m)
	2046	j = surf%j(m)
	2047	k = surf%k(m)
	2048
[3744]	2049	surf%pt_2m(m) = surf%pt_surface(m) + surf%ts(m) / kappa &
	2050	* ( LOG( 2.0_wp / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	2051	- psi_h( 2.0_wp / surf%ol(m) ) &
[3597]	2052	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	2053
	2054	ENDDO
	2055
	2056
	2057	END SELECT
	2058
	2059	END SUBROUTINE calc_pt_near_surface
	2060
	2061
[1691]	2062	!
	2063	!-- Integrated stability function for momentum
	2064	FUNCTION psi_m( zeta )
[3634]	2065	!$ACC ROUTINE SEQ
[1691]	2066
	2067	USE kinds
	2068
	2069	IMPLICIT NONE
	2070
	2071	REAL(wp) :: psi_m !< Integrated similarity function result
	2072	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
	2073	REAL(wp) :: x !< dummy variable
	2074
	2075	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 1.0_wp !< constant
	2076	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: b = 0.66666666666_wp !< constant
	2077	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
	2078	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: d = 0.35_wp !< constant
	2079	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c_d_d = c / d !< constant
	2080	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: bc_d_d = b * c / d !< constant
	2081
	2082
	2083	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1788]	2084	x = SQRT( SQRT( 1.0_wp - 16.0_wp * zeta ) )
[1691]	2085	psi_m = pi * 0.5_wp - 2.0_wp * ATAN( x ) + LOG( ( 1.0_wp + x )**2 &
	2086	* ( 1.0_wp + x*2 ) 0.125_wp )
	2087	ELSE
	2088
	2089	psi_m = - b * ( zeta - c_d_d ) * EXP( -d * zeta ) - a * zeta &
	2090	- bc_d_d
	2091	!
	2092	!-- Old version for stable conditions (only valid for z/L < 0.5)
	2093	!-- psi_m = - 5.0_wp * zeta
	2094
	2095	ENDIF
	2096
	2097	END FUNCTION psi_m
	2098
	2099
	2100	!
	2101	!-- Integrated stability function for heat and moisture
	2102	FUNCTION psi_h( zeta )
[3634]	2103	!$ACC ROUTINE SEQ
[1691]	2104
	2105	USE kinds
	2106
	2107	IMPLICIT NONE
	2108
	2109	REAL(wp) :: psi_h !< Integrated similarity function result
	2110	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
	2111	REAL(wp) :: x !< dummy variable
	2112
	2113	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 1.0_wp !< constant
	2114	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: b = 0.66666666666_wp !< constant
	2115	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
	2116	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: d = 0.35_wp !< constant
	2117	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c_d_d = c / d !< constant
	2118	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: bc_d_d = b * c / d !< constant
	2119
	2120
	2121	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1788]	2122	x = SQRT( 1.0_wp - 16.0_wp * zeta )
[1691]	2123	psi_h = 2.0_wp * LOG( (1.0_wp + x ) / 2.0_wp )
	2124	ELSE
	2125	psi_h = - b * ( zeta - c_d_d ) * EXP( -d * zeta ) - (1.0_wp &
	2126	+ 0.66666666666_wp * a * zeta )**1.5_wp - bc_d_d &
	2127	+ 1.0_wp
	2128	!
	2129	!-- Old version for stable conditions (only valid for z/L < 0.5)
	2130	!-- psi_h = - 5.0_wp * zeta
	2131	ENDIF
	2132
	2133	END FUNCTION psi_h
	2134
[3130]	2135
	2136	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2137	! Description:
	2138	! ------------
	2139	!> Calculates stability function for momentum
	2140	!>
	2141	!> @author Hauke Wurps
	2142	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2143	FUNCTION phi_m( zeta )
[3634]	2144	!$ACC ROUTINE SEQ
[3130]	2145
	2146	IMPLICIT NONE
	2147
	2148	REAL(wp) :: phi_m !< Value of the function
	2149	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
	2150
	2151	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 16.0_wp !< constant
	2152	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
	2153
	2154	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
	2155	phi_m = 1.0_wp / SQRT( SQRT( 1.0_wp - a * zeta ) )
	2156	ELSE
	2157	phi_m = 1.0_wp + c * zeta
	2158	ENDIF
	2159
	2160	END FUNCTION phi_m
	2161
[1697]	2162	END MODULE surface_layer_fluxes_mod

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