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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90 @ 2322

Last change on this file since 2322 was 2321, checked in by schwenkel, 7 years ago
Bugfix for calculate ol via lookup table
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 80.4 KB

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[1850]	1	!> @file surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90
[2000]	2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1691]	3	! This file is part of PALM.
	4	!
[2000]	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
	6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
	7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
	8	! version.
[1691]	9	!
	10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	13	!
	14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	16	!
[2101]	17	! Copyright 1997-2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[1691]	18	!
[2000]	19	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1691]	20	! Current revisions:
[1747]	21	! ------------------
[1758]	22	!
[2233]	23	!
[1692]	24	! Former revisions:
	25	! -----------------
	26	! $Id: surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90 2321 2017-07-24 15:57:07Z Giersch $
[2321]	27	! Bugfix: Correct index in lookup table for Obukhov length
	28	!
	29	! 2299 2017-06-29 10:14:38Z suehring
[2299]	30	! Adjusted for allow separate spinups of LSM and atmosphere code
	31	!
	32	! 2292 2017-06-20 09:51:42Z schwenkel
[2292]	33	! Implementation of new microphysic scheme: cloud_scheme = 'morrison'
	34	! includes two more prognostic equations for cloud drop concentration (nc)
	35	! and cloud water content (qc).
	36	!
	37	! 2281 2017-06-13 11:34:50Z suehring
[2281]	38	! Clean-up unnecessary index access to surface type
	39	!
	40	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
[1692]	41	!
[2233]	42	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
	43	! Adjustments to new surface concept
	44	! OpenMP bugfix
	45	!
[2119]	46	! 2118 2017-01-17 16:38:49Z raasch
	47	! OpenACC directives and related code removed
	48	!
[2092]	49	! 2091 2016-12-21 16:38:18Z suehring
	50	! Bugfix in calculation of vsws ( incorrect linear interpolation of us )
	51	!
[2077]	52	! 2076 2016-12-02 13:54:20Z raasch
	53	! further openmp bugfix for lookup method
	54	!
[2074]	55	! 2073 2016-11-30 14:34:05Z raasch
	56	! openmp bugfix for lookup method
	57	!
[2038]	58	! 2037 2016-10-26 11:15:40Z knoop
	59	! Anelastic approximation implemented
	60	!
[2012]	61	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
	62	! Flag urban_surface is now defined in module control_parameters.
	63	!
[2008]	64	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
	65	! Account for urban surface model in computation of vertical kinematic heatflux
	66	!
[2001]	67	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
	68	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
	69	!
[1993]	70	! 1992 2016-08-12 15:14:59Z suehring
	71	! Minor bug, declaration of look-up index as INTEGER
	72	!
[1961]	73	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
	74	! Treat humidity and passive scalar separately
	75	!
[1930]	76	! 1929 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
	77	! Bugfix: avoid segmentation fault in case one grid point is horizontally
	78	! completely surrounded by topography
	79	!
[1921]	80	! 1920 2016-05-30 10:50:15Z suehring
	81	! Avoid segmentation fault (see change in 1915) by different initialization of
	82	! us instead of adding a very small number in the denominator
	83	!
[1916]	84	! 1915 2016-05-27 11:05:02Z suehring
	85	! Bugfix: avoid segmentation fault in case of most_method = 'circular' at first
	86	! timestep
	87	!
[1851]	88	! 1850 2016-04-08 13:29:27Z maronga
	89	! Module renamed
	90	!
	91	!
[1823]	92	! 1822 2016-04-07 07:49:42Z hoffmann
	93	! icloud_scheme replaced by microphysics_*
	94	!
[1789]	95	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
	96	! Added parameter z0q which replaces z0h in the similarity functions for
	97	! humidity.
	98	! Syntax layout improved.
	99	!
[1758]	100	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
	101	! Minor fixes.
	102	!
[1750]	103	! 1749 2016-02-09 12:19:56Z raasch
	104	! further OpenACC adjustments
	105	!
[1748]	106	! 1747 2016-02-08 12:25:53Z raasch
	107	! adjustments for OpenACC usage
	108	!
[1710]	109	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
	110	! Bugfix: division by zero could occur when calculating rib at low wind speeds
	111	! Bugfix: calculation of uv_total for neutral = .T., initial value for ol for
	112	! neutral = .T.
	113	!
[1706]	114	! 1705 2015-11-02 14:28:56Z maronga
	115	! Typo removed
	116	!
[1698]	117	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
	118	! FORTRAN and OpenMP errors removed
	119	!
[1697]	120	! 1696 2015-10-27 10:03:34Z maronga
[1691]	121	! Modularized and completely re-written version of prandtl_fluxes.f90. In the
	122	! course of the re-writing two additional methods have been implemented. See
	123	! updated description.
	124	!
	125	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
	126	! Removed land surface model part. The surface fluxes are now always calculated
	127	! within prandtl_fluxes, based on the given surface temperature/humidity (which
	128	! is either provided by the land surface model, by large scale forcing data, or
	129	! directly prescribed by the user.
	130	!
	131	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
	132	! Adapted for land surface model
	133	!
	134	! 1494 2014-11-21 17:14:03Z maronga
	135	! Bugfixes: qs is now calculated before calculation of Rif. calculation of
	136	! buoyancy flux in Rif corrected (added missing humidity term), allow use of
	137	! topography for coupled runs (not tested)
	138	!
	139	! 1361 2014-04-16 15:17:48Z hoffmann
	140	! Bugfix: calculation of turbulent fluxes of rain water content (qrsws) and rain
	141	! drop concentration (nrsws) added
	142	!
	143	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
	144	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
	145	!
	146	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
	147	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
	148	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
	149	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
	150	! old module precision_kind is removed,
	151	! revision history before 2012 removed,
	152	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
	153	! all variable declaration statements
	154	!
	155	! 1276 2014-01-15 13:40:41Z heinze
	156	! Use LSF_DATA also in case of Dirichlet bottom boundary condition for scalars
	157	!
	158	! 1257 2013-11-08 15:18:40Z raasch
	159	! openACC "kernels do" replaced by "kernels loop", "loop independent" added
	160	!
	161	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
	162	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
	163	!
	164	! 1015 2012-09-27 09:23:24Z raasch
	165	! OpenACC statements added
	166	!
	167	! 978 2012-08-09 08:28:32Z fricke
	168	! roughness length for scalar quantities z0h added
	169	!
	170	! Revision 1.1 1998/01/23 10:06:06 raasch
	171	! Initial revision
	172	!
	173	!
	174	! Description:
	175	! ------------
	176	!> Diagnostic computation of vertical fluxes in the constant flux layer from the
	177	!> values of the variables at grid point k=1. Three different methods are
	178	!> available:
	179	!> 1) the "old" version (most_method = 'circular') which is fast, but inaccurate
	180	!> 2) a Newton iteration method (most_method = 'newton'), which is accurate, but
	181	!> slower
	182	!> 3) a method using a lookup table which is fast and accurate. Note, however,
	183	!> that this method cannot be used in case of roughness heterogeneity
	184	!>
	185	!> @todo (re)move large_scale_forcing actions
[2118]	186	!> @todo check/optimize OpenMP directives
[1691]	187	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	188	MODULE surface_layer_fluxes_mod
	189
	190	USE arrays_3d, &
[2292]	191	ONLY: e, kh, nc, nr, pt, q, ql, qc, qr, s, u, v, vpt, w, zu, zw, &
	192	drho_air_zw, rho_air_zw
[1691]	193
	194	USE cloud_parameters, &
	195	ONLY: l_d_cp, pt_d_t
	196
	197	USE constants, &
	198	ONLY: pi
	199
	200	USE cpulog
	201
	202	USE control_parameters, &
[1960]	203	ONLY: cloud_physics, constant_heatflux, constant_scalarflux, &
	204	constant_waterflux, coupling_mode, g, humidity, ibc_e_b, &
	205	ibc_pt_b, initializing_actions, kappa, &
[2232]	206	intermediate_timestep_count, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
	207	land_surface, large_scale_forcing, lsf_surf, &
[2292]	208	message_string, microphysics_morrison, microphysics_seifert, &
	209	most_method, neutral, passive_scalar, pt_surface, q_surface, &
	210	run_coupled, surface_pressure, simulated_time, terminate_run, &
[2299]	211	time_since_reference_point, urban_surface, zeta_max, zeta_min
[1691]	212
[2232]	213	USE grid_variables, &
	214	ONLY: dx, dy
	215
[1691]	216	USE indices, &
[2232]	217	ONLY: nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, nzb
[1691]	218
	219	USE kinds
	220
	221	USE pegrid
	222
	223	USE land_surface_model_mod, &
[2232]	224	ONLY: aero_resist_kray, skip_time_do_lsm
[2011]	225
[2232]	226	USE surface_mod, &
	227	ONLY : surf_def_h, surf_def_v, surf_lsm_h, surf_lsm_v, surf_type, &
	228	surf_usm_h, surf_usm_v
[2007]	229
[1691]	230
	231	IMPLICIT NONE
	232
[1992]	233	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop index x direction
	234	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop index y direction
	235	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index z direction
[2232]	236	INTEGER(iwp) :: l !< loop index for surf type
	237	INTEGER(iwp) :: li_bnd = 7500 !< Lookup table index of the last time step
[1691]	238
[2232]	239	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: num_steps = 15000 !< number of steps in the lookup table
[1691]	240
[2232]	241	LOGICAL :: coupled_run !< Flag for coupled atmosphere-ocean runs
	242	LOGICAL :: downward = .FALSE.!< Flag indicating downward-facing horizontal surface
	243	LOGICAL :: mom_uv = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of usvs and vsus at vertical surfaces
	244	LOGICAL :: mom_w = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of wsus and wsvs at vertical surfaces
	245	LOGICAL :: mom_tke = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces used for TKE production
	246	LOGICAL :: surf_vertical !< Flag indicating vertical surfaces
[1691]	247
	248	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:num_steps-1) :: rib_tab, & !< Lookup table bulk Richardson number
	249	ol_tab !< Lookup table values of L
	250
	251	REAL(wp) :: e_s, & !< Saturation water vapor pressure
	252	ol_max = 1.0E6_wp, & !< Maximum Obukhov length
	253	rib_max, & !< Maximum Richardson number in lookup table
	254	rib_min, & !< Minimum Richardson number in lookup table
	255	z_mo !< Height of the constant flux layer where MOST is assumed
	256
[2232]	257	TYPE(surf_type), POINTER :: surf !< surf-type array, used to generalize subroutines
[1691]	258
[2232]	259
[1691]	260	SAVE
	261
	262	PRIVATE
	263
[2232]	264	PUBLIC init_surface_layer_fluxes, surface_layer_fluxes
[1691]	265
	266	INTERFACE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	267	MODULE PROCEDURE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	268	END INTERFACE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	269
	270	INTERFACE surface_layer_fluxes
	271	MODULE PROCEDURE surface_layer_fluxes
	272	END INTERFACE surface_layer_fluxes
	273
	274
	275	CONTAINS
	276
	277
	278	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	279	! Description:
	280	! ------------
	281	!> Main routine to compute the surface fluxes
	282	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	283	SUBROUTINE surface_layer_fluxes
	284
	285	IMPLICIT NONE
	286
[2232]	287	surf_vertical = .FALSE.
	288	downward = .FALSE.
[1691]	289	!
	290	!-- In case cloud physics is used, it is required to derive potential
	291	!-- temperature and specific humidity at first grid level from the fields pt
	292	!-- and q
	293	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
[2232]	294	!
	295	!-- First call for horizontal default-type surfaces (l=0 - upward facing,
	296	!-- l=1 - downward facing)
	297	DO l = 0, 1
	298	IF ( surf_def_h(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	299	surf => surf_def_h(l)
	300	CALL calc_pt_q
	301	ENDIF
	302	ENDDO
	303	!
	304	!-- Call for natural-type surfaces
	305	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	306	surf => surf_lsm_h
	307	CALL calc_pt_q
	308	ENDIF
	309	!
	310	!-- Call for urban-type surfaces
	311	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	312	surf => surf_usm_h
	313	CALL calc_pt_q
	314	ENDIF
[1691]	315	ENDIF
	316
	317	!
	318	!-- First, calculate the new Obukhov length, then new friction velocity,
	319	!-- followed by the new scaling parameters (th, q, etc.), and the new
	320	!-- surface fluxes if required. The old routine ("circular") requires a
	321	!-- different order of calls as the scaling parameters from the previous time
	322	!-- steps are used to calculate the Obukhov length
	323
	324	!
	325	!-- Depending on setting of most_method use the "old" routine
[2232]	326	!-- Note, each routine is called for different surface types.
	327	!-- First call for default-type horizontal surfaces, for natural- and
	328	!-- urban-type surfaces. Note, at this place only upward-facing horizontal
	329	!-- surfaces are treted.
[1691]	330	IF ( most_method == 'circular' ) THEN
[2232]	331	!
	332	!-- Default-type upward-facing horizontal surfaces
	333	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	334	surf => surf_def_h(0)
	335	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	336	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	337	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	338	CALL calc_us
	339	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[1691]	340	ENDIF
	341	!
[2232]	342	!-- Natural-type horizontal surfaces
	343	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	344	surf => surf_lsm_h
	345	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	346	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	347	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	348	CALL calc_us
	349	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	350	ENDIF
	351	!
	352	!-- Urban-type horizontal surfaces
	353	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	354	surf => surf_usm_h
	355	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	356	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	357	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	358	CALL calc_us
	359	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	360	ENDIF
	361	!
[1691]	362	!-- Use either Newton iteration or a lookup table for the bulk Richardson
	363	!-- number to calculate the Obukhov length
[1788]	364	ELSEIF ( most_method == 'newton' .OR. most_method == 'lookup' ) THEN
[2232]	365	!
	366	!-- Default-type upward-facing horizontal surfaces
	367	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	368	surf => surf_def_h(0)
	369	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	370	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	371	CALL calc_us
	372	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	373	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[1691]	374	ENDIF
[2232]	375	!
	376	!-- Natural-type horizontal surfaces
	377	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	378	surf => surf_lsm_h
	379	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	380	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	381	CALL calc_us
	382	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	383	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	384	ENDIF
	385	!
	386	!-- Urban-type horizontal surfaces
	387	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	388	surf => surf_usm_h
	389	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	390	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	391	CALL calc_us
	392	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	393	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	394	ENDIF
[1691]	395
[2232]	396	ENDIF
	397	!
	398	!-- Treat downward-facing horizontal surfaces. Note, so far, these are
	399	!-- always default type. Stratification is not considered
	400	!-- in this case, hence, no further distinction between different
	401	!-- most_method is required.
	402	IF ( surf_def_h(1)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	403	downward = .TRUE.
	404	surf => surf_def_h(1)
	405	CALL calc_uvw_abs
[1691]	406	CALL calc_us
	407	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[2232]	408	downward = .FALSE.
[1691]	409	ENDIF
[2232]	410	!
	411	!-- Calculate surfaces fluxes at vertical surfaces for momentum
	412	!-- and subgrid-scale TKE.
	413	!-- No stability is considered. Therefore, scaling parameters and Obukhov-
	414	!-- length do not need to be calculated and no distinction in 'circular',
	415	!-- 'Newton' or 'lookup' is necessary so far.
	416	!-- Note, this will change if stability is once considered.
	417	surf_vertical = .TRUE.
	418	!
	419	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes at north- and south-facing
	420	!-- surfaces(usvs).
	421	!-- For default-type surfaces
	422	mom_uv = .TRUE.
	423	DO l = 0, 1
	424	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	425	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	426	!
	427	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	428	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	429	!
	430	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	431	CALL calc_us
	432	!
	433	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	434	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	435	ENDIF
	436	ENDDO
	437	!
	438	!-- For natural-type surfaces. Please note, even though stability is not
	439	!-- considered for the calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces,
	440	!-- scaling parameters and Obukov length are calculated nevertheless in this
	441	!-- case. This is due to the requirement of ts in parameterization of heat
	442	!-- flux in land-surface model in case of aero_resist_kray is not true.
	443	IF ( .NOT. aero_resist_kray ) THEN
	444	IF ( most_method == 'circular' ) THEN
	445	DO l = 0, 1
	446	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	447	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	448	!
	449	!-- Compute scaling parameters
	450	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	451	!
	452	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	453	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	454	!
	455	!-- Compute Obukhov length
	456	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	457	!
	458	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	459	CALL calc_us
	460	!
	461	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	462	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	463	ENDIF
	464	ENDDO
	465	ELSE
	466	DO l = 0, 1
	467	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	468	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	469	!
	470	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	471	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	472	!
	473	!-- Compute Obukhov length
	474	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	475	!
	476	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	477	CALL calc_us
	478	!
	479	!-- Compute scaling parameters
	480	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	481	!
	482	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	483	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	484	ENDIF
	485	ENDDO
	486	ENDIF
	487	!
	488	!-- No ts is required, so scaling parameters and Obukhov length do not need
	489	!-- to be computed.
	490	ELSE
	491	DO l = 0, 1
	492	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	493	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	494	!
	495	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	496	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	497	!
	498	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	499	CALL calc_us
	500	!
	501	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	502	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	503	ENDIF
	504	ENDDO
	505	ENDIF
	506	!
	507	!-- For urban-type surfaces
	508	DO l = 0, 1
	509	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	510	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	511	!
	512	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	513	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	514	!
	515	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	516	CALL calc_us
	517	!
	518	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	519	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	520	ENDIF
	521	ENDDO
	522	!
	523	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes at east- and west-facing
	524	!-- surfaces (vsus).
	525	!-- For default-type surfaces
	526	DO l = 2, 3
	527	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	528	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	529	!
	530	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	531	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	532	!
	533	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	534	CALL calc_us
	535	!
	536	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	537	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	538	ENDIF
	539	ENDDO
	540	!
	541	!-- For natural-type surfaces. Please note, even though stability is not
	542	!-- considered for the calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces,
	543	!-- scaling parameters and Obukov length are calculated nevertheless in this
	544	!-- case. This is due to the requirement of ts in parameterization of heat
	545	!-- flux in land-surface model in case of aero_resist_kray is not true.
	546	IF ( .NOT. aero_resist_kray ) THEN
	547	IF ( most_method == 'circular' ) THEN
	548	DO l = 2, 3
	549	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	550	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	551	!
	552	!-- Compute scaling parameters
	553	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	554	!
	555	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	556	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	557	!
	558	!-- Compute Obukhov length
	559	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	560	!
	561	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	562	CALL calc_us
	563	!
	564	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	565	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	566	ENDIF
	567	ENDDO
	568	ELSE
	569	DO l = 2, 3
	570	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	571	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	572	!
	573	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	574	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	575	!
	576	!-- Compute Obukhov length
	577	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	578	!
	579	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	580	CALL calc_us
	581	!
	582	!-- Compute scaling parameters
	583	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	584	!
	585	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	586	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	587	ENDIF
	588	ENDDO
	589	ENDIF
	590	ELSE
	591	DO l = 2, 3
	592	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	593	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	594	!
	595	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	596	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	597	!
	598	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	599	CALL calc_us
	600	!
	601	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	602	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	603	ENDIF
	604	ENDDO
	605	ENDIF
	606	!
	607	!-- For urban-type surfaces
	608	DO l = 2, 3
	609	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	610	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	611	!
	612	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	613	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	614	!
	615	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	616	CALL calc_us
	617	!
	618	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	619	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	620	ENDIF
	621	ENDDO
	622	mom_uv = .FALSE.
	623	!
	624	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes of w (wsus and wsvs) at vertial
	625	!-- surfaces.
	626	mom_w = .TRUE.
	627	!
	628	!-- Default-type surfaces
	629	DO l = 0, 3
	630	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	631	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	632	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	633	CALL calc_us
	634	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	635	ENDIF
	636	ENDDO
	637	!
	638	!-- Natural-type surfaces
	639	DO l = 0, 3
	640	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	641	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	642	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	643	CALL calc_us
	644	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	645	ENDIF
	646	ENDDO
	647	!
	648	!-- Urban-type surfaces
	649	DO l = 0, 3
	650	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	651	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	652	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	653	CALL calc_us
	654	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	655	ENDIF
	656	ENDDO
	657	mom_w = .FALSE.
	658	!
	659	!-- Calculate momentum fluxes usvs, vsus, wsus and wsvs at vertical
	660	!-- surfaces for TKE production. Note, here, momentum fluxes are defined
	661	!-- at grid center and are not staggered as before.
	662	mom_tke = .TRUE.
	663	!
	664	!-- Default-type surfaces
	665	DO l = 0, 3
	666	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	667	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	668	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	669	CALL calc_us
	670	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	671	ENDIF
	672	ENDDO
	673	!
	674	!-- Natural-type surfaces
	675	DO l = 0, 3
	676	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	677	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	678	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	679	CALL calc_us
	680	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	681	ENDIF
	682	ENDDO
	683	!
	684	!-- Urban-type surfaces
	685	DO l = 0, 3
	686	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	687	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	688	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	689	CALL calc_us
	690	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	691	ENDIF
	692	ENDDO
	693	mom_tke = .FALSE.
	694
[1691]	695
	696	END SUBROUTINE surface_layer_fluxes
	697
	698
	699	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	700	! Description:
	701	! ------------
	702	!> Initializing actions for the surface layer routine. Basically, this involves
	703	!> the preparation of a lookup table for the the bulk Richardson number vs
	704	!> Obukhov length L when using the lookup table method.
	705	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	706	SUBROUTINE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	707
	708	IMPLICIT NONE
	709
[2232]	710	INTEGER(iwp) :: li, & !< Index for loop to create lookup table
[1691]	711	num_steps_n !< Number of non-stretched zeta steps
	712
	713	LOGICAL :: terminate_run_l = .FALSE. !< Flag to terminate run (global)
	714
	715	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: zeta_stretch = -10.0_wp !< Start of stretching in the free convection limit
	716
	717	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: zeta_tmp
	718
	719
	720	REAL(wp) :: zeta_step, & !< Increment of zeta
	721	regr = 1.01_wp, & !< Stretching factor of zeta_step in the free convection limit
	722	regr_old = 1.0E9_wp, & !< Stretching factor of last iteration step
	723	z0h_min = 0.0_wp, & !< Minimum value of z0h to create table
	724	z0_min = 0.0_wp !< Minimum value of z0 to create table
	725
	726
[1709]	727
[2232]	728
[1709]	729	!
	730	!-- In case of runs with neutral statification, set Obukhov length to a
	731	!-- large value
[2232]	732	IF ( neutral ) THEN
	733	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) surf_def_h(0)%ol = 1.0E10_wp
	734	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) surf_lsm_h%ol = 1.0E10_wp
	735	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) surf_usm_h%ol = 1.0E10_wp
	736	ENDIF
[1709]	737
[1691]	738	IF ( most_method == 'lookup' ) THEN
	739
	740	!
	741	!-- Check for roughness heterogeneity. In that case terminate run and
[2232]	742	!-- inform user. Check for both, natural and non-natural walls.
	743	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	744	IF ( MINVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0h ) .OR. &
	745	MINVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) ) THEN
	746	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	747	ENDIF
[1691]	748	ENDIF
[2232]	749	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	750	IF ( MINVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0h ) .OR. &
	751	MINVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) ) THEN
	752	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	753	ENDIF
	754	ENDIF
	755	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	756	IF ( MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_usm_h%z0h ) .OR. &
	757	MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_usm_h%z0 ) ) THEN
	758	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	759	ENDIF
	760	ENDIF
	761	!
	762	!-- Check roughness homogeneity between differt surface types.
	763	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 .AND. surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	764	IF ( MINVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0h ) .OR. &
	765	MINVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) ) THEN
	766	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	767	ENDIF
	768	ENDIF
	769	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 .AND. surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	770	IF ( MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0h ) .OR. &
	771	MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) ) THEN
	772	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	773	ENDIF
	774	ENDIF
	775	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 .AND. surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	776	IF ( MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0h ) .OR. &
	777	MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) ) THEN
	778	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	779	ENDIF
	780	ENDIF
[1691]	781
[2232]	782
[1691]	783	#if defined( __parallel )
	784	!
	785	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force termiation of model if result
	786	!-- is TRUE
	787	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
	788	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( terminate_run_l, terminate_run, 1, MPI_LOGICAL, &
	789	MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
	790	#else
	791	terminate_run = terminate_run_l
	792	#endif
	793
	794	IF ( terminate_run ) THEN
	795	message_string = 'most_method = "lookup" cannot be used in ' // &
	796	'combination with a prescribed roughness ' // &
	797	'heterogeneity'
	798	CALL message( 'surface_layer_fluxes', 'PA0417', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	799	ENDIF
	800
	801	ALLOCATE( zeta_tmp(0:num_steps-1) )
	802
	803	!
	804	!-- Use the lowest possible value for z_mo
[2232]	805	k = nzb
[1691]	806	z_mo = zu(k+1) - zw(k)
	807
	808	!
	809	!-- Calculate z/L range from zeta_stretch to zeta_max using 90% of the
	810	!-- available steps (num_steps). The calculation is done with negative
	811	!-- values of zeta in order to simplify the stretching in the free
	812	!-- convection limit for the remaining 10% of steps.
	813	zeta_tmp(0) = - zeta_max
	814	num_steps_n = ( num_steps * 9 / 10 ) - 1
	815	zeta_step = (zeta_max - zeta_stretch) / REAL(num_steps_n)
	816
[2232]	817	DO li = 1, num_steps_n
	818	zeta_tmp(li) = zeta_tmp(li-1) + zeta_step
[1691]	819	ENDDO
	820
	821	!
	822	!-- Calculate stretching factor for the free convection range
[1788]	823	DO WHILE ( ABS( (regr-regr_old) / regr_old ) > 1.0E-10_wp )
[1691]	824	regr_old = regr
	825	regr = ( 1.0_wp - ( -zeta_min / zeta_step ) * ( 1.0_wp - regr ) &
	826	)**( 10.0_wp / REAL(num_steps) )
	827	ENDDO
	828
	829	!
	830	!-- Calculate z/L range from zeta_min to zeta_stretch
[2232]	831	DO li = num_steps_n+1, num_steps-1
	832	zeta_tmp(li) = zeta_tmp(li-1) + zeta_step
[1691]	833	zeta_step = zeta_step * regr
	834	ENDDO
	835
	836	!
[1757]	837	!-- Save roughness lengths to temporary variables
[2232]	838	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	839	z0h_min = surf_def_h(0)%z0h(1)
	840	z0_min = surf_def_h(0)%z0(1)
	841	ELSEIF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	842	z0h_min = surf_lsm_h%z0h(1)
	843	z0_min = surf_lsm_h%z0(1)
	844	ELSEIF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	845	z0h_min = surf_usm_h%z0h(1)
	846	z0_min = surf_usm_h%z0(1)
	847	ENDIF
[1691]	848	!
	849	!-- Calculate lookup table for the Richardson number versus Obukhov length
	850	!-- The Richardson number (rib) is defined depending on the choice of
	851	!-- boundary conditions for temperature
	852	IF ( ibc_pt_b == 1 ) THEN
[2232]	853	DO li = 0, num_steps-1
	854	ol_tab(li) = - z_mo / zeta_tmp(num_steps-1-li)
	855	rib_tab(li) = z_mo / ol_tab(li) / ( LOG( z_mo / z0_min ) &
	856	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_tab(li) ) &
	857	+ psi_m( z0_min / ol_tab(li) ) &
[1691]	858	)**3
	859	ENDDO
	860	ELSE
[2232]	861	DO li = 0, num_steps-1
	862	ol_tab(li) = - z_mo / zeta_tmp(num_steps-1-li)
	863	rib_tab(li) = z_mo / ol_tab(li) * ( LOG( z_mo / z0h_min ) &
	864	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_tab(li) ) &
	865	+ psi_h( z0h_min / ol_tab(li) ) &
[1691]	866	) &
	867	/ ( LOG( z_mo / z0_min ) &
[2232]	868	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_tab(li) ) &
	869	+ psi_m( z0_min / ol_tab(li) ) &
[1691]	870	)**2
	871	ENDDO
	872	ENDIF
	873
	874	!
	875	!-- Determine minimum values of rib in the lookup table. Set upper limit
	876	!-- to critical Richardson number (0.25)
	877	rib_min = MINVAL(rib_tab)
	878	rib_max = 0.25 !MAXVAL(rib_tab)
	879
	880	DEALLOCATE( zeta_tmp )
	881	ENDIF
	882
	883	END SUBROUTINE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	884
	885
	886	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	887	! Description:
	888	! ------------
[1709]	889	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
[2232]	890	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
[1691]	891	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2232]	892	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs
[1691]	893
	894	IMPLICIT NONE
	895
[2232]	896	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	897	INTEGER(iwp) :: ibit !< flag to mask computation of relative velocity in case of downward-facing surfaces
	898	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	899	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	900	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
[1691]	901
[2232]	902	!
	903	!-- ibit is 1 for upward-facing surfaces, zero for downward-facing surfaces.
	904	ibit = MERGE( 1, 0, .NOT. downward )
[1691]	905
[2232]	906	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	907
[2232]	908	i = surf%i(m)
	909	j = surf%j(m)
	910	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	911	!
[2232]	912	!-- Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity.
	913	!-- (relative to the surface in case the lower surface is the ocean).
	914	!-- Please note, in new surface modelling concept the index values changed,
	915	!-- i.e. the reference grid point is not the surface-grid point itself but
	916	!-- the first grid point outside of the topography.
	917	!-- Note, in case of coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations relative velocity
	918	!-- with respect to the ocean surface is used, hence, (k-1,j,i) values
	919	!-- are used to calculate the absolute velocity.
	920	!-- However, this do not apply for downward-facing walls. To mask this,
	921	!-- use ibit, which checks for upward/downward-facing surfaces.
[1691]	922
[2232]	923	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( &
	924	( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) &
	925	- ( u(k-1,j,i) + u(k-1,j,i+1) &
	926	) * ibit &
	927	) &
	928	)**2 + &
	929	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) &
	930	- ( v(k-1,j,i) + v(k-1,j+1,i) &
	931	) * ibit &
	932	) &
	933	)**2 &
	934	)
	935
[1691]	936	ENDDO
	937
[2232]	938	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs
	939
	940
	941	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	942	! Description:
	943	! ------------
	944	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	945	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	946	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	947	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	948
	949	IMPLICIT NONE
	950
	951	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	952	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	953	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	954	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
	955
	956	REAL(wp) :: u_i
	957	REAL(wp) :: w_i
	958
	959
	960	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	961	i = surf%i(m)
	962	j = surf%j(m)
	963	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	964	!
[2232]	965	!-- Compute the absolute value of the surface parallel velocity on u-grid.
	966	u_i = u(k,j,i)
	967	w_i = 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + w(k-1,j,i) + &
	968	w(k,j,i-1) + w(k,j,i) )
[1691]	969
[2232]	970	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + w_i2 )
[1709]	971
[2232]	972	ENDDO
[1709]	973
[2232]	974	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	975
[1709]	976	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	977	! Description:
	978	! ------------
[2232]	979	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	980	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	981	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	982	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	983
	984	IMPLICIT NONE
	985
	986	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	987	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	988	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	989	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
	990
	991	REAL(wp) :: v_i
	992	REAL(wp) :: w_i
	993
	994
	995	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	996	i = surf%i(m)
	997	j = surf%j(m)
	998	k = surf%k(m)
	999
	1000	v_i = u(k,j,i)
	1001	w_i = 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1002	w(k,j-1,i) + w(k,j,i) )
	1003
	1004	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( v_i2 + w_i2 )
	1005
	1006	ENDDO
	1007
	1008	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	1009
	1010	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1011	! Description:
	1012	! ------------
	1013	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	1014	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	1015	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1016	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	1017
	1018	IMPLICIT NONE
	1019
	1020	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	1021	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	1022	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	1023	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
	1024
	1025	REAL(wp) :: u_i
	1026	REAL(wp) :: v_i
	1027	REAL(wp) :: w_i
	1028	!
	1029	!-- North- (l=0) and south-facing (l=1) surfaces
	1030	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
	1031	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1032	i = surf%i(m)
	1033	j = surf%j(m)
	1034	k = surf%k(m)
	1035
	1036	u_i = 0.25_wp * ( u(k+1,j,i+1) + u(k+1,j,i) + &
	1037	u(k,j,i+1) + u(k,j,i) )
	1038	v_i = 0.0_wp
	1039	w_i = w(k,j,i)
	1040
	1041	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	1042	ENDDO
	1043	!
	1044	!-- East- (l=2) and west-facing (l=3) surfaces
	1045	ELSE
	1046	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1047	i = surf%i(m)
	1048	j = surf%j(m)
	1049	k = surf%k(m)
	1050
	1051	u_i = 0.0_wp
	1052	v_i = 0.25_wp * ( v(k+1,j+1,i) + v(k+1,j,i) + &
	1053	v(k,j+1,i) + v(k,j,i) )
	1054	w_i = w(k,j,i)
	1055
	1056	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	1057	ENDDO
	1058	ENDIF
	1059
	1060	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	1061
	1062	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1063	! Description:
	1064	! ------------
	1065	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	1066	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	1067	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1068	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	1069
	1070	IMPLICIT NONE
	1071
	1072	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	1073	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	1074	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	1075	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
	1076
	1077	REAL(wp) :: u_i
	1078	REAL(wp) :: v_i
	1079	REAL(wp) :: w_i
	1080
	1081	!
	1082	!-- North- (l=0) and south-facing (l=1) walls
	1083	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
	1084	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1085	i = surf%i(m)
	1086	j = surf%j(m)
	1087	k = surf%k(m)
	1088
	1089	u_i = 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) )
	1090	v_i = 0.0_wp
	1091	w_i = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	1092
	1093	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	1094	ENDDO
	1095	!
	1096	!-- East- (l=2) and west-facing (l=3) walls
	1097	ELSE
	1098	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1099	i = surf%i(m)
	1100	j = surf%j(m)
	1101	k = surf%k(m)
	1102
	1103	u_i = 0.0_wp
	1104	v_i = 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) )
	1105	w_i = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	1106
	1107	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	1108	ENDDO
	1109	ENDIF
	1110
	1111	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	1112
	1113
	1114	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1115	! Description:
	1116	! ------------
[1709]	1117	!> Calculate the Obukhov length (L) and Richardson flux number (z/L)
	1118	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1119	SUBROUTINE calc_ol
	1120
	1121	IMPLICIT NONE
	1122
[2232]	1123	INTEGER(iwp) :: iter !< Newton iteration step
	1124	INTEGER(iwp) :: li !< look index
	1125	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal wall elements
[1709]	1126
	1127	REAL(wp) :: f, & !< Function for Newton iteration: f = Ri - [...]/[...]^2 = 0
	1128	f_d_ol, & !< Derivative of f
	1129	ol_l, & !< Lower bound of L for Newton iteration
	1130	ol_m, & !< Previous value of L for Newton iteration
	1131	ol_old, & !< Previous time step value of L
	1132	ol_u !< Upper bound of L for Newton iteration
	1133
[1691]	1134	IF ( TRIM( most_method ) /= 'circular' ) THEN
[2232]	1135	!
	1136	!-- Evaluate bulk Richardson number (calculation depends on
	1137	!-- definition based on setting of boundary conditions
	1138	IF ( ibc_pt_b /= 1 ) THEN
	1139	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1140	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1141	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1142
[2232]	1143	i = surf%i(m)
	1144	j = surf%j(m)
	1145	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1146
[2232]	1147	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1148
	1149	surf%rib(m) = g * z_mo * &
	1150	( vpt(k,j,i) - vpt(k-1,j,i) ) / &
	1151	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*2 vpt(k,j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp )
	1152	ENDDO
	1153	ELSE
	1154	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1155	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1156
	1157	i = surf%i(m)
	1158	j = surf%j(m)
	1159	k = surf%k(m)
	1160
	1161	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1162
	1163	surf%rib(m) = g * z_mo * &
	1164	( pt(k,j,i) - pt(k-1,j,i) ) / &
	1165	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*2 pt(k,j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp )
	1166	ENDDO
	1167	ENDIF
	1168	ELSE
	1169	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1170	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1171	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1172
	1173	i = surf%i(m)
	1174	j = surf%j(m)
	1175	k = surf%k(m)
	1176
	1177	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1178
	1179	surf%rib(m) = - g * z_mo * ( ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp &
	1180	* q(k,j,i) ) * surf%shf(m) + 0.61_wp &
	1181	* pt(k,j,i) * surf%qsws(m) ) * &
	1182	drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1183	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*3 vpt(k,j,i) * kappa**2 &
[1709]	1184	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
[2232]	1185	ENDDO
	1186	ELSE
	1187	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1188	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1189
[2232]	1190	i = surf%i(m)
	1191	j = surf%j(m)
	1192	k = surf%k(m)
	1193
	1194	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1195
	1196	surf%rib(m) = - g * z_mo * surf%shf(m) * &
	1197	drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1198	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*3 pt(k,j,i) * kappa**2 &
	1199	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
	1200	ENDDO
	1201	ENDIF
	1202	ENDIF
	1203
[1691]	1204	ENDIF
	1205
[2232]	1206
[1691]	1207	!
	1208	!-- Calculate the Obukhov length either using a Newton iteration
	1209	!-- method, via a lookup table, or using the old circular way
	1210	IF ( TRIM( most_method ) == 'newton' ) THEN
	1211
[2232]	1212	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1213
[2232]	1214	i = surf%i(m)
	1215	j = surf%j(m)
[1691]	1216
[2232]	1217	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1218
[1691]	1219	!
[2232]	1220	!-- Store current value in case the Newton iteration fails
	1221	ol_old = surf%ol(m)
[1691]	1222
	1223	!
[2232]	1224	!-- Ensure that the bulk Richardson number and the Obukhov
	1225	!-- length have the same sign
	1226	IF ( surf%rib(m) * surf%ol(m) < 0.0_wp .OR. &
	1227	ABS( surf%ol(m) ) == ol_max ) THEN
	1228	IF ( surf%rib(m) > 1.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = 0.01_wp
	1229	IF ( surf%rib(m) < 0.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = -0.01_wp
	1230	ENDIF
[1691]	1231	!
[2232]	1232	!-- Iteration to find Obukhov length
	1233	iter = 0
	1234	DO
	1235	iter = iter + 1
[1691]	1236	!
[2232]	1237	!-- In case of divergence, use the value of the previous time step
	1238	IF ( iter > 1000 ) THEN
	1239	surf%ol(m) = ol_old
	1240	EXIT
	1241	ENDIF
[1691]	1242
[2232]	1243	ol_m = surf%ol(m)
	1244	ol_l = ol_m - 0.001_wp * ol_m
	1245	ol_u = ol_m + 0.001_wp * ol_m
[1691]	1246
	1247
[2232]	1248	IF ( ibc_pt_b /= 1 ) THEN
[1691]	1249	!
[2232]	1250	!-- Calculate f = Ri - [...]/[...]^2 = 0
	1251	f = surf%rib(m) - ( z_mo / ol_m ) * ( &
	1252	LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1253	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_m ) &
	1254	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / &
	1255	ol_m ) &
	1256	) &
	1257	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1258	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_m ) &
	1259	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / &
	1260	ol_m ) &
	1261	)**2
[1691]	1262
	1263	!
[2232]	1264	!-- Calculate df/dL
	1265	f_d_ol = ( - ( z_mo / ol_u ) * ( LOG( z_mo / &
	1266	surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1267	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_u ) &
	1268	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / ol_u ) &
	1269	) &
	1270	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1271	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_u ) &
	1272	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_u ) &
	1273	)**2 &
	1274	+ ( z_mo / ol_l ) * ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1275	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_l ) &
	1276	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / ol_l ) &
	1277	) &
	1278	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1279	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_l ) &
	1280	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_l ) &
	1281	)**2 &
	1282	) / ( ol_u - ol_l )
	1283	ELSE
[1691]	1284	!
[2232]	1285	!-- Calculate f = Ri - 1 /[...]^3 = 0
	1286	f = surf%rib(m) - ( z_mo / ol_m ) / &
	1287	( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1288	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_m ) &
	1289	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_m ) &
	1290	)**3
[1691]	1291
	1292	!
[2232]	1293	!-- Calculate df/dL
	1294	f_d_ol = ( - ( z_mo / ol_u ) / ( LOG( z_mo / &
	1295	surf%z0(m) ) &
	1296	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_u ) &
	1297	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_u ) &
	1298	)**3 &
	1299	+ ( z_mo / ol_l ) / ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1300	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_l ) &
	1301	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_l ) &
	1302	)**3 &
	1303	) / ( ol_u - ol_l )
	1304	ENDIF
[1691]	1305	!
[2232]	1306	!-- Calculate new L
	1307	surf%ol(m) = ol_m - f / f_d_ol
[1691]	1308
	1309	!
[2232]	1310	!-- Ensure that the bulk Richardson number and the Obukhov
	1311	!-- length have the same sign and ensure convergence.
	1312	IF ( surf%ol(m) * ol_m < 0.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = ol_m * 0.5_wp
[1691]	1313	!
[2232]	1314	!-- If unrealistic value occurs, set L to the maximum
	1315	!-- value that is allowed
	1316	IF ( ABS( surf%ol(m) ) > ol_max ) THEN
	1317	surf%ol(m) = ol_max
	1318	EXIT
	1319	ENDIF
[1691]	1320	!
[2232]	1321	!-- Check for convergence
	1322	IF ( ABS( ( surf%ol(m) - ol_m ) / &
	1323	surf%ol(m) ) < 1.0E-4_wp ) THEN
	1324	EXIT
	1325	ELSE
	1326	CYCLE
	1327	ENDIF
[1691]	1328
	1329	ENDDO
	1330	ENDDO
	1331
	1332	ELSEIF ( TRIM( most_method ) == 'lookup' ) THEN
	1333
[2281]	1334	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, z_mo, li ) FIRSTPRIVATE( li_bnd ) LASTPRIVATE( li_bnd )
[2232]	1335	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1336
[2232]	1337	i = surf%i(m)
	1338	j = surf%j(m)
[1691]	1339	!
[2232]	1340	!-- If the bulk Richardson number is outside the range of the lookup
	1341	!-- table, set it to the exceeding threshold value
	1342	IF ( surf%rib(m) < rib_min ) surf%rib(m) = rib_min
	1343	IF ( surf%rib(m) > rib_max ) surf%rib(m) = rib_max
[1691]	1344
	1345	!
[2232]	1346	!-- Find the correct index bounds for linear interpolation. As the
	1347	!-- Richardson number will not differ very much from time step to
	1348	!-- time step , use the index from the last step and search in the
	1349	!-- correct direction
	1350	li = li_bnd
[2321]	1351	IF ( rib_tab(li) - surf%rib(m) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1352	DO WHILE ( rib_tab(li-1) - surf%rib(m) > 0.0_wp .AND. li > 0 )
[2232]	1353	li = li-1
	1354	ENDDO
	1355	ELSE
	1356	DO WHILE ( rib_tab(li) - surf%rib(m) < 0.0_wp &
	1357	.AND. li < num_steps-1 )
	1358	li = li+1
	1359	ENDDO
	1360	ENDIF
	1361	li_bnd = li
[1691]	1362
	1363	!
[2232]	1364	!-- Linear interpolation to find the correct value of z/L
	1365	surf%ol(m) = ( ol_tab(li-1) + ( ol_tab(li) - ol_tab(li-1) ) &
	1366	/ ( rib_tab(li) - rib_tab(li-1) ) &
	1367	* ( surf%rib(m) - rib_tab(li-1) ) )
[1691]	1368
	1369	ENDDO
	1370
	1371	ELSEIF ( TRIM( most_method ) == 'circular' ) THEN
	1372
[2232]	1373	IF ( .NOT. humidity ) THEN
	1374	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1375	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1376
[2232]	1377	i = surf%i(m)
	1378	j = surf%j(m)
	1379	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1380
[2232]	1381	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1382
[2232]	1383	surf%ol(m) = ( pt(k,j,i) * surf%us(m)**2 ) / &
	1384	( kappa * g * &
	1385	surf%ts(m) + 1E-30_wp )
[1691]	1386	!
	1387	!-- Limit the value range of the Obukhov length.
[2232]	1388	!-- This is necessary for very small velocities (u,v --> 1), because
[1691]	1389	!-- the absolute value of ol can then become very small, which in
	1390	!-- consequence would result in very large shear stresses and very
	1391	!-- small momentum fluxes (both are generally unrealistic).
[2232]	1392	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) < zeta_min ) &
	1393	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_min
	1394	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) > zeta_max ) &
	1395	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_max
	1396
[1691]	1397	ENDDO
[2232]	1398	ELSEIF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1399	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1400	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1401
[2232]	1402	i = surf%i(m)
	1403	j = surf%j(m)
	1404	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1405
[2232]	1406	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1407
	1408
	1409	surf%ol(m) = ( vpt(k,j,i) * surf%us(m)**2 ) / &
	1410	( kappa * g * ( surf%ts(m) + &
	1411	0.61_wp * surf%pt1(m) * surf%us(m) &
	1412	+ 0.61_wp * surf%qv1(m) * surf%ts(m) - &
	1413	surf%ts(m) * ql(k,j,i) ) + 1E-30_wp )
[1691]	1414	!
[2232]	1415	!-- Limit the value range of the Obukhov length.
	1416	!-- This is necessary for very small velocities (u,v --> 1), because
	1417	!-- the absolute value of ol can then become very small, which in
	1418	!-- consequence would result in very large shear stresses and very
	1419	!-- small momentum fluxes (both are generally unrealistic).
	1420	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) < zeta_min ) &
	1421	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_min
	1422	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) > zeta_max ) &
	1423	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_max
[1691]	1424
[2232]	1425	ENDDO
	1426	ELSE
	1427
	1428	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1429	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1430
	1431	i = surf%i(m)
	1432	j = surf%j(m)
	1433	k = surf%k(m)
	1434
	1435	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1436
	1437	surf%ol(m) = ( vpt(k,j,i) * surf%us(m)**2 ) / &
	1438	( kappa * g * ( surf%ts(m) + 0.61_wp * pt(k,j,i) * &
	1439	surf%qs(m) + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) * &
	1440	surf%ts(m) ) + 1E-30_wp )
	1441
	1442	!
	1443	!-- Limit the value range of the Obukhov length.
	1444	!-- This is necessary for very small velocities (u,v --> 1), because
	1445	!-- the absolute value of ol can then become very small, which in
	1446	!-- consequence would result in very large shear stresses and very
	1447	!-- small momentum fluxes (both are generally unrealistic).
	1448	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) < zeta_min ) &
	1449	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_min
	1450	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) > zeta_max ) &
	1451	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_max
	1452
	1453	ENDDO
	1454
	1455	ENDIF
	1456
	1457	ENDIF
	1458
[1691]	1459	END SUBROUTINE calc_ol
	1460
	1461	!
	1462	!-- Calculate friction velocity u*
	1463	SUBROUTINE calc_us
	1464
	1465	IMPLICIT NONE
	1466
[2232]	1467	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
[1691]	1468
[2232]	1469	!
	1470	!-- Compute u* at horizontal surfaces at the scalars' grid points
	1471	IF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1472	!
	1473	!-- Compute u* at upward-facing surfaces
	1474	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
[2281]	1475	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
[2232]	1476	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1477
[2232]	1478	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1479	!
[2232]	1480	!-- Compute u* at the scalars' grid points
	1481	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / &
	1482	( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1483	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1484	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1485
	1486	ENDDO
	1487	!
	1488	!-- Compute u* at downward-facing surfaces. This case, do not consider
	1489	!-- any stability.
	1490	ELSE
[2281]	1491	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
[2232]	1492	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1493
	1494	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1495	!
	1496	!-- Compute u* at the scalars' grid points
	1497	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1498
	1499	ENDDO
	1500	ENDIF
	1501	!
	1502	!-- Compute u* at vertical surfaces at the u/v/v grid, respectively.
	1503	!-- No stability is considered in this case.
	1504	ELSE
	1505	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
	1506	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1507	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1508
	1509	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
[1691]	1510	ENDDO
[2232]	1511	ENDIF
[1691]	1512
	1513	END SUBROUTINE calc_us
	1514
	1515	!
	1516	!-- Calculate potential temperature and specific humidity at first grid level
[2232]	1517	!-- ( only for upward-facing surfs )
[1691]	1518	SUBROUTINE calc_pt_q
	1519
	1520	IMPLICIT NONE
	1521
[2232]	1522	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
	1523
	1524	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1525	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1526
	1527	i = surf%i(m)
	1528	j = surf%j(m)
	1529	k = surf%k(m)
	1530
	1531	surf%pt1(m) = pt(k,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k) * ql(k,j,i)
	1532	surf%qv1(m) = q(k,j,i) - ql(k,j,i)
	1533
[1691]	1534	ENDDO
	1535
	1536	END SUBROUTINE calc_pt_q
	1537
	1538	!
[2292]	1539	!-- Calculate the other MOST scaling parameters theta, q, (qc, qr, nc, nr)
[1691]	1540	SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_parameters
	1541
	1542	IMPLICIT NONE
	1543
[2232]	1544
	1545	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
	1546
[1691]	1547	!
[2232]	1548	!-- Compute theta* at horizontal surfaces
	1549	IF ( constant_heatflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1691]	1550	!
	1551	!-- For a given heat flux in the surface layer:
[2232]	1552
	1553	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1554	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1555
	1556	i = surf%i(m)
	1557	j = surf%j(m)
	1558	k = surf%k(m)
	1559
	1560	surf%ts(m) = -surf%shf(m) * drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1561	( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1562
[1691]	1563	!
[2232]	1564	!-- ts must be limited, because otherwise overflow may occur in case
	1565	!-- of us=0 when computing ol further below
	1566	IF ( surf%ts(m) < -1.05E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = -1.0E5_wp
	1567	IF ( surf%ts(m) > 1.0E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = 1.0E5_wp
	1568
[1691]	1569	ENDDO
	1570
[2232]	1571	ELSEIF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1691]	1572	!
	1573	!-- For a given surface temperature:
[1788]	1574	IF ( large_scale_forcing .AND. lsf_surf ) THEN
[2232]	1575
	1576	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1577	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1578	i = surf%i(m)
	1579	j = surf%j(m)
	1580	k = surf%k(m)
	1581
	1582	pt(k-1,j,i) = pt_surface
[1691]	1583	ENDDO
	1584	ENDIF
	1585
[2232]	1586	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1587	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1588	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1589
[2232]	1590	i = surf%i(m)
	1591	j = surf%j(m)
	1592	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1593
[2232]	1594	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1595
[2232]	1596	surf%ts(m) = kappa * ( surf%pt1(m) - pt(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1597	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1598	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1599	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1600
[1691]	1601	ENDDO
[2232]	1602	ELSE
	1603	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1604	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1605
	1606	i = surf%i(m)
	1607	j = surf%j(m)
	1608	k = surf%k(m)
	1609
	1610	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1611
	1612	surf%ts(m) = kappa * ( pt(k,j,i) - pt(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1613	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1614	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1615	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1616	ENDDO
	1617	ENDIF
	1618	ENDIF
	1619	!
	1620	!-- Compute theta* at vertical surfaces. This is only required in case of
	1621	!-- land-surface model, in order to compute aerodynamical resistance.
	1622	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
[2281]	1623	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1624	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1625
	1626	i = surf%i(m)
	1627	j = surf%j(m)
	1628	surf%ts(m) = -surf%shf(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1629	!
	1630	!-- ts must be limited, because otherwise overflow may occur in case
	1631	!-- of us=0 when computing ol further below
	1632	IF ( surf%ts(m) < -1.05E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = -1.0E5_wp
	1633	IF ( surf%ts(m) > 1.0E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = 1.0E5_wp
	1634
[1691]	1635	ENDDO
	1636	ENDIF
	1637
	1638	!
[2232]	1639	!-- If required compute q* at horizontal surfaces
[1960]	1640	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[2232]	1641	IF ( constant_waterflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1691]	1642	!
[1788]	1643	!-- For a given water flux in the surface layer
[2232]	1644	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1645	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1646
	1647	i = surf%i(m)
	1648	j = surf%j(m)
	1649	k = surf%k(m)
	1650	surf%qs(m) = -surf%qsws(m) * drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1651	( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1652
[1691]	1653	ENDDO
	1654
[2232]	1655	ELSEIF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1788]	1656	coupled_run = ( coupling_mode == 'atmosphere_to_ocean' .AND. &
[1691]	1657	run_coupled )
	1658
[1788]	1659	IF ( large_scale_forcing .AND. lsf_surf ) THEN
[2232]	1660	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1661	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1662
	1663	i = surf%i(m)
	1664	j = surf%j(m)
	1665	k = surf%k(m)
	1666	q(k-1,j,i) = q_surface
	1667
[1691]	1668	ENDDO
	1669	ENDIF
	1670
	1671	!
[2232]	1672	!-- Assume saturation for atmosphere coupled to ocean (but not
	1673	!-- in case of precursor runs)
	1674	IF ( coupled_run ) THEN
	1675	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, e_s )
	1676	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1677	i = surf%i(m)
	1678	j = surf%j(m)
	1679	k = surf%k(m)
	1680	e_s = 6.1_wp * &
	1681	EXP( 0.07_wp * ( MIN(pt(k-1,j,i),pt(k,j,i)) &
[1691]	1682	- 273.15_wp ) )
[2232]	1683	q(k-1,j,i) = 0.622_wp * e_s / ( surface_pressure - e_s )
	1684	ENDDO
	1685	ENDIF
[1691]	1686
[2232]	1687	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1688	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1689	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1690
[2232]	1691	i = surf%i(m)
	1692	j = surf%j(m)
	1693	k = surf%k(m)
	1694
	1695	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1696
[2232]	1697	surf%qs(m) = kappa * ( surf%qv1(m) - q(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1698	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1699	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1700	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / &
	1701	surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1702	ENDDO
[2232]	1703	ELSE
	1704	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1705	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1706
	1707	i = surf%i(m)
	1708	j = surf%j(m)
	1709	k = surf%k(m)
	1710
	1711	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1712
	1713	surf%qs(m) = kappa * ( q(k,j,i) - q(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1714	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1715	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1716	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / &
	1717	surf%ol(m) ) )
	1718	ENDDO
	1719	ENDIF
	1720	ENDIF
	1721	!
	1722	!-- Compute q* at vertical surfaces
	1723	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
[2281]	1724	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1725	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1726
	1727	i = surf%i(m)
	1728	j = surf%j(m)
	1729	surf%qs(m) = -surf%qsws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1730
[1691]	1731	ENDDO
	1732	ENDIF
	1733	ENDIF
[1960]	1734
	1735	!
	1736	!-- If required compute s*
	1737	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
	1738	!
[2232]	1739	!-- At horizontal surfaces
	1740	IF ( constant_scalarflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1741	!
	1742	!-- For a given scalar flux in the surface layer
[2281]	1743	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1744	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1745	i = surf%i(m)
	1746	j = surf%j(m)
	1747	surf%ss(m) = -surf%ssws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
[1960]	1748	ENDDO
	1749	ENDIF
[2232]	1750	!
	1751	!-- At vertical surfaces
	1752	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
[2281]	1753	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1754	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1755	i = surf%i(m)
	1756	j = surf%j(m)
	1757	surf%ss(m) = -surf%ssws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1758	ENDDO
	1759	ENDIF
[1960]	1760	ENDIF
[1691]	1761
[2292]	1762	!
	1763	!-- If required compute qc* and nc*
	1764	IF ( cloud_physics .AND. microphysics_morrison .AND. &
	1765	.NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1766	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1767	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1768
[2292]	1769	i = surf%i(m)
	1770	j = surf%j(m)
	1771	k = surf%k(m)
	1772
	1773	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1774
	1775	surf%qcs(m) = kappa * ( qc(k,j,i) - qc(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1776	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1777	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1778	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1779
	1780	surf%ncs(m) = kappa * ( nc(k,j,i) - nc(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1781	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1782	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1783	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1784	ENDDO
	1785
	1786	ENDIF
	1787
[1691]	1788	!
	1789	!-- If required compute qr* and nr*
[2232]	1790	IF ( cloud_physics .AND. microphysics_seifert .AND. &
	1791	.NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1792	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1793	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1794
[2232]	1795	i = surf%i(m)
	1796	j = surf%j(m)
	1797	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1798
[2232]	1799	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1800
[2232]	1801	surf%qrs(m) = kappa * ( qr(k,j,i) - qr(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1802	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1803	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1804	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1805
[2232]	1806	surf%nrs(m) = kappa * ( nr(k,j,i) - nr(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1807	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1808	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1809	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1810	ENDDO
	1811
	1812	ENDIF
	1813
	1814	END SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_parameters
	1815
	1816
	1817
	1818	!
[2292]	1819	!-- Calculate surface fluxes usws, vsws, shf, qsws, (qcsws, qrsws, ncsws, nrsws)
[1691]	1820	SUBROUTINE calc_surface_fluxes
	1821
	1822	IMPLICIT NONE
	1823
[2232]	1824	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
[1691]	1825
[2232]	1826	REAL(wp) :: dum !< dummy to precalculate logarithm
	1827	REAL(wp) :: flag_u !< flag indicating u-grid, used for calculation of horizontal momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1828	REAL(wp) :: flag_v !< flag indicating v-grid, used for calculation of horizontal momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1829	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_i !< u-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1830	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_i !< v-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1831	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_i !< w-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
[1691]	1832
	1833	!
[2232]	1834	!-- Calcuate surface fluxes at horizontal walls
	1835	IF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1836	!
	1837	!-- Compute u'w' for the total model domain at upward-facing surfaces.
	1838	!-- First compute the corresponding component of u* and square it.
	1839	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
	1840	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1841	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1842
	1843	i = surf%i(m)
	1844	j = surf%j(m)
	1845	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1846
[2232]	1847	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1848
[2232]	1849	surf%usws(m) = kappa * ( u(k,j,i) - u(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1850	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1851	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1852	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1853	!
	1854	!-- Please note, the computation of usws is not fully accurate. Actually
	1855	!-- a further interpolation of us onto the u-grid, where usws is defined,
	1856	!-- is required. However, this is not done as this would require several
	1857	!-- data transfers between 2D-grid and the surf-type.
	1858	!-- The impact of the missing interpolation is negligible as several
	1859	!-- tests had shown.
	1860	!-- Same also for ol.
	1861	surf%usws(m) = -surf%usws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
[1691]	1862
[2232]	1863	ENDDO
[1691]	1864	!
[2232]	1865	!-- At downward-facing surfaces
	1866	ELSE
	1867	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1868	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1869
	1870	i = surf%i(m)
	1871	j = surf%j(m)
	1872	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1873
[2232]	1874	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1875
	1876	surf%usws(m) = kappa * u(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
[1691]	1877	!
[2232]	1878	!-- To Do: Is the sign correct???
	1879	surf%usws(m) = surf%usws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k)
[1691]	1880
[2232]	1881	ENDDO
	1882	ENDIF
[1691]	1883
[2232]	1884	!
	1885	!-- Compute v'w' for the total model domain.
	1886	!-- First compute the corresponding component of u* and square it.
	1887	!-- Upward-facing surfaces
	1888	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
	1889	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1890	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1891	i = surf%i(m)
	1892	j = surf%j(m)
	1893	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1894
[2232]	1895	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1896
[2232]	1897	surf%vsws(m) = kappa * ( v(k,j,i) - v(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1898	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1899	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1900	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1901	!
[2232]	1902	!-- Please note, the computation of vsws is not fully accurate. Actually
	1903	!-- a further interpolation of us onto the v-grid, where vsws is defined,
	1904	!-- is required. However, this is not done as this would require several
	1905	!-- data transfers between 2D-grid and the surf-type.
	1906	!-- The impact of the missing interpolation is negligible as several
	1907	!-- tests had shown.
	1908	!-- Same also for ol.
	1909	surf%vsws(m) = -surf%vsws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
	1910	ENDDO
	1911	!
	1912	!-- Downward-facing surfaces
	1913	ELSE
	1914	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1915	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1916	i = surf%i(m)
	1917	j = surf%j(m)
	1918	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1919
[2232]	1920	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1921
	1922	surf%vsws(m) = kappa * v(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1923
	1924	surf%vsws(m) = surf%vsws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k)
	1925	ENDDO
	1926	ENDIF
[1691]	1927	!
[2232]	1928	!-- Compute the vertical kinematic heat flux
[2299]	1929	IF ( .NOT. constant_heatflux .AND. ( ( time_since_reference_point&
	1930	<= skip_time_do_lsm .AND. simulated_time > 0.0_wp ) .OR. &
	1931	.NOT. land_surface ) .AND. .NOT. urban_surface .AND. &
	1932	.NOT. downward ) THEN
[2232]	1933	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1934	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1935	i = surf%i(m)
	1936	j = surf%j(m)
	1937	k = surf%k(m)
	1938	surf%shf(m) = -surf%ts(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
[1691]	1939	ENDDO
[2232]	1940	ENDIF
	1941	!
	1942	!-- Compute the vertical water flux
	1943	IF ( .NOT. constant_waterflux .AND. humidity .AND. &
[2299]	1944	( ( time_since_reference_point <= skip_time_do_lsm .AND. &
	1945	simulated_time > 0.0_wp ) .OR. .NOT. land_surface ) .AND. &
	1946	.NOT. downward ) THEN
[2232]	1947	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1948	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1949	i = surf%i(m)
	1950	j = surf%j(m)
	1951	k = surf%k(m)
	1952	surf%qsws(m) = -surf%qs(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
	1953	ENDDO
	1954	ENDIF
	1955	!
	1956	!-- Compute the vertical scalar flux
	1957	IF ( .NOT. constant_scalarflux .AND. passive_scalar .AND. &
	1958	.NOT. downward ) THEN
[2281]	1959	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1960	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1961
[2232]	1962	i = surf%i(m)
	1963	j = surf%j(m)
	1964	surf%ssws(m) = -surf%ss(m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	1965
[2232]	1966	ENDDO
[2292]	1967	ENDIF
[1691]	1968	!
[2292]	1969	!-- Compute (turbulent) fluxes of cloud water content and cloud drop conc.
	1970	IF ( cloud_physics .AND. microphysics_morrison .AND. &
	1971	.NOT. downward) THEN
	1972	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
	1973	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1974
	1975	i = surf%i(m)
	1976	j = surf%j(m)
	1977
	1978	surf%qcsws(m) = -surf%qcs(m) * surf%us(m)
	1979	surf%ncsws(m) = -surf%ncs(m) * surf%us(m)
	1980	ENDDO
	1981	ENDIF
	1982	!
[2232]	1983	!-- Compute (turbulent) fluxes of rain water content and rain drop conc.
[2292]	1984	IF ( cloud_physics .AND. microphysics_seifert .AND. &
[2232]	1985	.NOT. downward) THEN
[2281]	1986	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1987	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1988
	1989	i = surf%i(m)
	1990	j = surf%j(m)
	1991
	1992	surf%qrsws(m) = -surf%qrs(m) * surf%us(m)
	1993	surf%nrsws(m) = -surf%nrs(m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	1994	ENDDO
[2232]	1995	ENDIF
[1691]	1996
[1960]	1997	!
[2232]	1998	!-- Bottom boundary condition for the TKE.
	1999	IF ( ibc_e_b == 2 ) THEN
	2000	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	2001	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2002
	2003	i = surf%i(m)
	2004	j = surf%j(m)
	2005	k = surf%k(m)
	2006
	2007	e(k,j,i) = ( surf%us(m) / 0.1_wp )**2
	2008	!
	2009	!-- As a test: cm = 0.4
	2010	! e(k,j,i) = ( us(j,i) / 0.4_wp )**2
	2011	e(k-1,j,i) = e(k,j,i)
	2012
[1960]	2013	ENDDO
[2232]	2014	ENDIF
	2015	!
	2016	!-- Calcuate surface fluxes at vertical surfaces. No stability is considered.
	2017	ELSE
	2018	!
	2019	!-- Compute usvs l={0,1} and vsus l={2,3}
	2020	IF ( mom_uv ) THEN
	2021	!
	2022	!-- Generalize computation by introducing flags. At north- and south-
	2023	!-- facing surfaces u-component is used, at east- and west-facing
	2024	!-- surfaces v-component is used.
	2025	flag_u = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, l == 0 .OR. l == 1 )
	2026	flag_v = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, l == 2 .OR. l == 3 )
	2027	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	2028	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2029	i = surf%i(m)
	2030	j = surf%j(m)
	2031	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	2032
[2232]	2033	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1960]	2034
[2232]	2035	surf%mom_flux_uv(m) = kappa * &
	2036	( flag_u * u(k,j,i) + flag_v * v(k,j,i) ) / &
	2037	LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	2038
	2039	surf%mom_flux_uv(m) = &
	2040	- surf%mom_flux_uv(m) * surf%us(m)
	2041	ENDDO
	2042	ENDIF
[1691]	2043	!
[2232]	2044	!-- Compute wsus l={0,1} and wsvs l={2,3}
	2045	IF ( mom_w ) THEN
	2046	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	2047	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2048	i = surf%i(m)
	2049	j = surf%j(m)
	2050	k = surf%k(m)
	2051
	2052	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	2053
	2054	surf%mom_flux_w(m) = kappa * w(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	2055
	2056	surf%mom_flux_w(m) = &
	2057	- surf%mom_flux_w(m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	2058	ENDDO
[2232]	2059	ENDIF
	2060	!
	2061	!-- Compute momentum fluxes used for subgrid-scale TKE production at
	2062	!-- vertical surfaces. In constrast to the calculated momentum fluxes at
	2063	!-- vertical surfaces before, which are defined on the u/v/w-grid,
	2064	!-- respectively), the TKE fluxes are defined at the scalar grid.
	2065	!--
	2066	IF ( mom_tke ) THEN
	2067	!
	2068	!-- Precalculate velocity components at scalar grid point.
	2069	ALLOCATE( u_i(1:surf%ns) )
	2070	ALLOCATE( v_i(1:surf%ns) )
	2071	ALLOCATE( w_i(1:surf%ns) )
[1691]	2072
[2232]	2073	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
	2074	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	2075	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2076	i = surf%i(m)
	2077	j = surf%j(m)
	2078	k = surf%k(m)
	2079
	2080	u_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) )
	2081	v_i(m) = 0.0_wp
	2082	w_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	2083	ENDDO
	2084	ELSE
	2085	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	2086	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2087	i = surf%i(m)
	2088	j = surf%j(m)
	2089	k = surf%k(m)
	2090
	2091	u_i(m) = 0.0_wp
	2092	v_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) )
	2093	w_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	2094	ENDDO
	2095	ENDIF
	2096
[2281]	2097	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, dum, z_mo )
[2232]	2098	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2099	i = surf%i(m)
	2100	j = surf%j(m)
	2101
	2102	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	2103
	2104	dum = kappa / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
[1691]	2105	!
[2232]	2106	!-- usvs (l=0,1) and vsus (l=2,3)
	2107	surf%mom_flux_tke(0,m) = dum * ( u_i(m) + v_i(m) )
[1691]	2108	!
[2232]	2109	!-- wsvs (l=0,1) and wsus (l=2,3)
	2110	surf%mom_flux_tke(1,m) = dum * w_i(m)
	2111
	2112	surf%mom_flux_tke(0:1,m) = &
	2113	- surf%mom_flux_tke(0:1,m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	2114	ENDDO
[2232]	2115	!
	2116	!-- Deallocate temporary arrays
	2117	DEALLOCATE( u_i )
	2118	DEALLOCATE( v_i )
	2119	DEALLOCATE( w_i )
	2120	ENDIF
[1691]	2121	ENDIF
	2122
	2123	END SUBROUTINE calc_surface_fluxes
	2124
	2125
	2126	!
	2127	!-- Integrated stability function for momentum
	2128	FUNCTION psi_m( zeta )
	2129
	2130	USE kinds
	2131
	2132	IMPLICIT NONE
	2133
	2134	REAL(wp) :: psi_m !< Integrated similarity function result
	2135	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
	2136	REAL(wp) :: x !< dummy variable
	2137
	2138	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 1.0_wp !< constant
	2139	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: b = 0.66666666666_wp !< constant
	2140	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
	2141	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: d = 0.35_wp !< constant
	2142	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c_d_d = c / d !< constant
	2143	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: bc_d_d = b * c / d !< constant
	2144
	2145
	2146	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1788]	2147	x = SQRT( SQRT( 1.0_wp - 16.0_wp * zeta ) )
[1691]	2148	psi_m = pi * 0.5_wp - 2.0_wp * ATAN( x ) + LOG( ( 1.0_wp + x )**2 &
	2149	* ( 1.0_wp + x*2 ) 0.125_wp )
	2150	ELSE
	2151
	2152	psi_m = - b * ( zeta - c_d_d ) * EXP( -d * zeta ) - a * zeta &
	2153	- bc_d_d
	2154	!
	2155	!-- Old version for stable conditions (only valid for z/L < 0.5)
	2156	!-- psi_m = - 5.0_wp * zeta
	2157
	2158	ENDIF
	2159
	2160	END FUNCTION psi_m
	2161
	2162
	2163	!
	2164	!-- Integrated stability function for heat and moisture
	2165	FUNCTION psi_h( zeta )
	2166
	2167	USE kinds
	2168
	2169	IMPLICIT NONE
	2170
	2171	REAL(wp) :: psi_h !< Integrated similarity function result
	2172	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
	2173	REAL(wp) :: x !< dummy variable
	2174
	2175	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 1.0_wp !< constant
	2176	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: b = 0.66666666666_wp !< constant
	2177	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
	2178	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: d = 0.35_wp !< constant
	2179	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c_d_d = c / d !< constant
	2180	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: bc_d_d = b * c / d !< constant
	2181
	2182
	2183	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1788]	2184	x = SQRT( 1.0_wp - 16.0_wp * zeta )
[1691]	2185	psi_h = 2.0_wp * LOG( (1.0_wp + x ) / 2.0_wp )
	2186	ELSE
	2187	psi_h = - b * ( zeta - c_d_d ) * EXP( -d * zeta ) - (1.0_wp &
	2188	+ 0.66666666666_wp * a * zeta )**1.5_wp - bc_d_d &
	2189	+ 1.0_wp
	2190	!
	2191	!-- Old version for stable conditions (only valid for z/L < 0.5)
	2192	!-- psi_h = - 5.0_wp * zeta
	2193	ENDIF
	2194
	2195	END FUNCTION psi_h
	2196
[1697]	2197	END MODULE surface_layer_fluxes_mod

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