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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90 @ 2309

Last change on this file since 2309 was 2299, checked in by maronga, 7 years ago
improvements for spinup mechanism
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 80.3 KB

Rev	Line
[1850]	1	!> @file surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90
[2000]	2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1691]	3	! This file is part of PALM.
	4	!
[2000]	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
	6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
	7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
	8	! version.
[1691]	9	!
	10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	13	!
	14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	16	!
[2101]	17	! Copyright 1997-2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[1691]	18	!
[2000]	19	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1691]	20	! Current revisions:
[1747]	21	! ------------------
[1758]	22	!
[2233]	23	!
[1692]	24	! Former revisions:
	25	! -----------------
	26	! $Id: surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90 2299 2017-06-29 10:14:38Z gronemeier $
[2299]	27	! Adjusted for allow separate spinups of LSM and atmosphere code
	28	!
	29	! 2292 2017-06-20 09:51:42Z schwenkel
[2292]	30	! Implementation of new microphysic scheme: cloud_scheme = 'morrison'
	31	! includes two more prognostic equations for cloud drop concentration (nc)
	32	! and cloud water content (qc).
	33	!
	34	! 2281 2017-06-13 11:34:50Z suehring
[2281]	35	! Clean-up unnecessary index access to surface type
	36	!
	37	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
[1692]	38	!
[2233]	39	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
	40	! Adjustments to new surface concept
	41	! OpenMP bugfix
	42	!
[2119]	43	! 2118 2017-01-17 16:38:49Z raasch
	44	! OpenACC directives and related code removed
	45	!
[2092]	46	! 2091 2016-12-21 16:38:18Z suehring
	47	! Bugfix in calculation of vsws ( incorrect linear interpolation of us )
	48	!
[2077]	49	! 2076 2016-12-02 13:54:20Z raasch
	50	! further openmp bugfix for lookup method
	51	!
[2074]	52	! 2073 2016-11-30 14:34:05Z raasch
	53	! openmp bugfix for lookup method
	54	!
[2038]	55	! 2037 2016-10-26 11:15:40Z knoop
	56	! Anelastic approximation implemented
	57	!
[2012]	58	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
	59	! Flag urban_surface is now defined in module control_parameters.
	60	!
[2008]	61	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
	62	! Account for urban surface model in computation of vertical kinematic heatflux
	63	!
[2001]	64	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
	65	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
	66	!
[1993]	67	! 1992 2016-08-12 15:14:59Z suehring
	68	! Minor bug, declaration of look-up index as INTEGER
	69	!
[1961]	70	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
	71	! Treat humidity and passive scalar separately
	72	!
[1930]	73	! 1929 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
	74	! Bugfix: avoid segmentation fault in case one grid point is horizontally
	75	! completely surrounded by topography
	76	!
[1921]	77	! 1920 2016-05-30 10:50:15Z suehring
	78	! Avoid segmentation fault (see change in 1915) by different initialization of
	79	! us instead of adding a very small number in the denominator
	80	!
[1916]	81	! 1915 2016-05-27 11:05:02Z suehring
	82	! Bugfix: avoid segmentation fault in case of most_method = 'circular' at first
	83	! timestep
	84	!
[1851]	85	! 1850 2016-04-08 13:29:27Z maronga
	86	! Module renamed
	87	!
	88	!
[1823]	89	! 1822 2016-04-07 07:49:42Z hoffmann
	90	! icloud_scheme replaced by microphysics_*
	91	!
[1789]	92	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
	93	! Added parameter z0q which replaces z0h in the similarity functions for
	94	! humidity.
	95	! Syntax layout improved.
	96	!
[1758]	97	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
	98	! Minor fixes.
	99	!
[1750]	100	! 1749 2016-02-09 12:19:56Z raasch
	101	! further OpenACC adjustments
	102	!
[1748]	103	! 1747 2016-02-08 12:25:53Z raasch
	104	! adjustments for OpenACC usage
	105	!
[1710]	106	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
	107	! Bugfix: division by zero could occur when calculating rib at low wind speeds
	108	! Bugfix: calculation of uv_total for neutral = .T., initial value for ol for
	109	! neutral = .T.
	110	!
[1706]	111	! 1705 2015-11-02 14:28:56Z maronga
	112	! Typo removed
	113	!
[1698]	114	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
	115	! FORTRAN and OpenMP errors removed
	116	!
[1697]	117	! 1696 2015-10-27 10:03:34Z maronga
[1691]	118	! Modularized and completely re-written version of prandtl_fluxes.f90. In the
	119	! course of the re-writing two additional methods have been implemented. See
	120	! updated description.
	121	!
	122	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
	123	! Removed land surface model part. The surface fluxes are now always calculated
	124	! within prandtl_fluxes, based on the given surface temperature/humidity (which
	125	! is either provided by the land surface model, by large scale forcing data, or
	126	! directly prescribed by the user.
	127	!
	128	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
	129	! Adapted for land surface model
	130	!
	131	! 1494 2014-11-21 17:14:03Z maronga
	132	! Bugfixes: qs is now calculated before calculation of Rif. calculation of
	133	! buoyancy flux in Rif corrected (added missing humidity term), allow use of
	134	! topography for coupled runs (not tested)
	135	!
	136	! 1361 2014-04-16 15:17:48Z hoffmann
	137	! Bugfix: calculation of turbulent fluxes of rain water content (qrsws) and rain
	138	! drop concentration (nrsws) added
	139	!
	140	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
	141	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
	142	!
	143	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
	144	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
	145	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
	146	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
	147	! old module precision_kind is removed,
	148	! revision history before 2012 removed,
	149	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
	150	! all variable declaration statements
	151	!
	152	! 1276 2014-01-15 13:40:41Z heinze
	153	! Use LSF_DATA also in case of Dirichlet bottom boundary condition for scalars
	154	!
	155	! 1257 2013-11-08 15:18:40Z raasch
	156	! openACC "kernels do" replaced by "kernels loop", "loop independent" added
	157	!
	158	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
	159	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
	160	!
	161	! 1015 2012-09-27 09:23:24Z raasch
	162	! OpenACC statements added
	163	!
	164	! 978 2012-08-09 08:28:32Z fricke
	165	! roughness length for scalar quantities z0h added
	166	!
	167	! Revision 1.1 1998/01/23 10:06:06 raasch
	168	! Initial revision
	169	!
	170	!
	171	! Description:
	172	! ------------
	173	!> Diagnostic computation of vertical fluxes in the constant flux layer from the
	174	!> values of the variables at grid point k=1. Three different methods are
	175	!> available:
	176	!> 1) the "old" version (most_method = 'circular') which is fast, but inaccurate
	177	!> 2) a Newton iteration method (most_method = 'newton'), which is accurate, but
	178	!> slower
	179	!> 3) a method using a lookup table which is fast and accurate. Note, however,
	180	!> that this method cannot be used in case of roughness heterogeneity
	181	!>
	182	!> @todo (re)move large_scale_forcing actions
[2118]	183	!> @todo check/optimize OpenMP directives
[1691]	184	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	185	MODULE surface_layer_fluxes_mod
	186
	187	USE arrays_3d, &
[2292]	188	ONLY: e, kh, nc, nr, pt, q, ql, qc, qr, s, u, v, vpt, w, zu, zw, &
	189	drho_air_zw, rho_air_zw
[1691]	190
	191	USE cloud_parameters, &
	192	ONLY: l_d_cp, pt_d_t
	193
	194	USE constants, &
	195	ONLY: pi
	196
	197	USE cpulog
	198
	199	USE control_parameters, &
[1960]	200	ONLY: cloud_physics, constant_heatflux, constant_scalarflux, &
	201	constant_waterflux, coupling_mode, g, humidity, ibc_e_b, &
	202	ibc_pt_b, initializing_actions, kappa, &
[2232]	203	intermediate_timestep_count, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
	204	land_surface, large_scale_forcing, lsf_surf, &
[2292]	205	message_string, microphysics_morrison, microphysics_seifert, &
	206	most_method, neutral, passive_scalar, pt_surface, q_surface, &
	207	run_coupled, surface_pressure, simulated_time, terminate_run, &
[2299]	208	time_since_reference_point, urban_surface, zeta_max, zeta_min
[1691]	209
[2232]	210	USE grid_variables, &
	211	ONLY: dx, dy
	212
[1691]	213	USE indices, &
[2232]	214	ONLY: nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, nzb
[1691]	215
	216	USE kinds
	217
	218	USE pegrid
	219
	220	USE land_surface_model_mod, &
[2232]	221	ONLY: aero_resist_kray, skip_time_do_lsm
[2011]	222
[2232]	223	USE surface_mod, &
	224	ONLY : surf_def_h, surf_def_v, surf_lsm_h, surf_lsm_v, surf_type, &
	225	surf_usm_h, surf_usm_v
[2007]	226
[1691]	227
	228	IMPLICIT NONE
	229
[1992]	230	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop index x direction
	231	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop index y direction
	232	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index z direction
[2232]	233	INTEGER(iwp) :: l !< loop index for surf type
	234	INTEGER(iwp) :: li_bnd = 7500 !< Lookup table index of the last time step
[1691]	235
[2232]	236	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: num_steps = 15000 !< number of steps in the lookup table
[1691]	237
[2232]	238	LOGICAL :: coupled_run !< Flag for coupled atmosphere-ocean runs
	239	LOGICAL :: downward = .FALSE.!< Flag indicating downward-facing horizontal surface
	240	LOGICAL :: mom_uv = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of usvs and vsus at vertical surfaces
	241	LOGICAL :: mom_w = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of wsus and wsvs at vertical surfaces
	242	LOGICAL :: mom_tke = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces used for TKE production
	243	LOGICAL :: surf_vertical !< Flag indicating vertical surfaces
[1691]	244
	245	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:num_steps-1) :: rib_tab, & !< Lookup table bulk Richardson number
	246	ol_tab !< Lookup table values of L
	247
	248	REAL(wp) :: e_s, & !< Saturation water vapor pressure
	249	ol_max = 1.0E6_wp, & !< Maximum Obukhov length
	250	rib_max, & !< Maximum Richardson number in lookup table
	251	rib_min, & !< Minimum Richardson number in lookup table
	252	z_mo !< Height of the constant flux layer where MOST is assumed
	253
[2232]	254	TYPE(surf_type), POINTER :: surf !< surf-type array, used to generalize subroutines
[1691]	255
[2232]	256
[1691]	257	SAVE
	258
	259	PRIVATE
	260
[2232]	261	PUBLIC init_surface_layer_fluxes, surface_layer_fluxes
[1691]	262
	263	INTERFACE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	264	MODULE PROCEDURE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	265	END INTERFACE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	266
	267	INTERFACE surface_layer_fluxes
	268	MODULE PROCEDURE surface_layer_fluxes
	269	END INTERFACE surface_layer_fluxes
	270
	271
	272	CONTAINS
	273
	274
	275	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	276	! Description:
	277	! ------------
	278	!> Main routine to compute the surface fluxes
	279	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	280	SUBROUTINE surface_layer_fluxes
	281
	282	IMPLICIT NONE
	283
[2232]	284	surf_vertical = .FALSE.
	285	downward = .FALSE.
[1691]	286	!
	287	!-- In case cloud physics is used, it is required to derive potential
	288	!-- temperature and specific humidity at first grid level from the fields pt
	289	!-- and q
	290	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
[2232]	291	!
	292	!-- First call for horizontal default-type surfaces (l=0 - upward facing,
	293	!-- l=1 - downward facing)
	294	DO l = 0, 1
	295	IF ( surf_def_h(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	296	surf => surf_def_h(l)
	297	CALL calc_pt_q
	298	ENDIF
	299	ENDDO
	300	!
	301	!-- Call for natural-type surfaces
	302	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	303	surf => surf_lsm_h
	304	CALL calc_pt_q
	305	ENDIF
	306	!
	307	!-- Call for urban-type surfaces
	308	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	309	surf => surf_usm_h
	310	CALL calc_pt_q
	311	ENDIF
[1691]	312	ENDIF
	313
	314	!
	315	!-- First, calculate the new Obukhov length, then new friction velocity,
	316	!-- followed by the new scaling parameters (th, q, etc.), and the new
	317	!-- surface fluxes if required. The old routine ("circular") requires a
	318	!-- different order of calls as the scaling parameters from the previous time
	319	!-- steps are used to calculate the Obukhov length
	320
	321	!
	322	!-- Depending on setting of most_method use the "old" routine
[2232]	323	!-- Note, each routine is called for different surface types.
	324	!-- First call for default-type horizontal surfaces, for natural- and
	325	!-- urban-type surfaces. Note, at this place only upward-facing horizontal
	326	!-- surfaces are treted.
[1691]	327	IF ( most_method == 'circular' ) THEN
[2232]	328	!
	329	!-- Default-type upward-facing horizontal surfaces
	330	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	331	surf => surf_def_h(0)
	332	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	333	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	334	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	335	CALL calc_us
	336	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[1691]	337	ENDIF
	338	!
[2232]	339	!-- Natural-type horizontal surfaces
	340	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	341	surf => surf_lsm_h
	342	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	343	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	344	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	345	CALL calc_us
	346	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	347	ENDIF
	348	!
	349	!-- Urban-type horizontal surfaces
	350	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	351	surf => surf_usm_h
	352	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	353	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	354	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	355	CALL calc_us
	356	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	357	ENDIF
	358	!
[1691]	359	!-- Use either Newton iteration or a lookup table for the bulk Richardson
	360	!-- number to calculate the Obukhov length
[1788]	361	ELSEIF ( most_method == 'newton' .OR. most_method == 'lookup' ) THEN
[2232]	362	!
	363	!-- Default-type upward-facing horizontal surfaces
	364	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	365	surf => surf_def_h(0)
	366	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	367	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	368	CALL calc_us
	369	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	370	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[1691]	371	ENDIF
[2232]	372	!
	373	!-- Natural-type horizontal surfaces
	374	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	375	surf => surf_lsm_h
	376	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	377	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	378	CALL calc_us
	379	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	380	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	381	ENDIF
	382	!
	383	!-- Urban-type horizontal surfaces
	384	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	385	surf => surf_usm_h
	386	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	387	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	388	CALL calc_us
	389	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	390	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	391	ENDIF
[1691]	392
[2232]	393	ENDIF
	394	!
	395	!-- Treat downward-facing horizontal surfaces. Note, so far, these are
	396	!-- always default type. Stratification is not considered
	397	!-- in this case, hence, no further distinction between different
	398	!-- most_method is required.
	399	IF ( surf_def_h(1)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	400	downward = .TRUE.
	401	surf => surf_def_h(1)
	402	CALL calc_uvw_abs
[1691]	403	CALL calc_us
	404	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[2232]	405	downward = .FALSE.
[1691]	406	ENDIF
[2232]	407	!
	408	!-- Calculate surfaces fluxes at vertical surfaces for momentum
	409	!-- and subgrid-scale TKE.
	410	!-- No stability is considered. Therefore, scaling parameters and Obukhov-
	411	!-- length do not need to be calculated and no distinction in 'circular',
	412	!-- 'Newton' or 'lookup' is necessary so far.
	413	!-- Note, this will change if stability is once considered.
	414	surf_vertical = .TRUE.
	415	!
	416	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes at north- and south-facing
	417	!-- surfaces(usvs).
	418	!-- For default-type surfaces
	419	mom_uv = .TRUE.
	420	DO l = 0, 1
	421	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	422	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	423	!
	424	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	425	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	426	!
	427	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	428	CALL calc_us
	429	!
	430	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	431	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	432	ENDIF
	433	ENDDO
	434	!
	435	!-- For natural-type surfaces. Please note, even though stability is not
	436	!-- considered for the calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces,
	437	!-- scaling parameters and Obukov length are calculated nevertheless in this
	438	!-- case. This is due to the requirement of ts in parameterization of heat
	439	!-- flux in land-surface model in case of aero_resist_kray is not true.
	440	IF ( .NOT. aero_resist_kray ) THEN
	441	IF ( most_method == 'circular' ) THEN
	442	DO l = 0, 1
	443	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	444	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	445	!
	446	!-- Compute scaling parameters
	447	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	448	!
	449	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	450	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	451	!
	452	!-- Compute Obukhov length
	453	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	454	!
	455	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	456	CALL calc_us
	457	!
	458	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	459	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	460	ENDIF
	461	ENDDO
	462	ELSE
	463	DO l = 0, 1
	464	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	465	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	466	!
	467	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	468	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	469	!
	470	!-- Compute Obukhov length
	471	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	472	!
	473	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	474	CALL calc_us
	475	!
	476	!-- Compute scaling parameters
	477	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	478	!
	479	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	480	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	481	ENDIF
	482	ENDDO
	483	ENDIF
	484	!
	485	!-- No ts is required, so scaling parameters and Obukhov length do not need
	486	!-- to be computed.
	487	ELSE
	488	DO l = 0, 1
	489	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	490	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	491	!
	492	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	493	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	494	!
	495	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	496	CALL calc_us
	497	!
	498	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	499	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	500	ENDIF
	501	ENDDO
	502	ENDIF
	503	!
	504	!-- For urban-type surfaces
	505	DO l = 0, 1
	506	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	507	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	508	!
	509	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	510	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	511	!
	512	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	513	CALL calc_us
	514	!
	515	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	516	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	517	ENDIF
	518	ENDDO
	519	!
	520	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes at east- and west-facing
	521	!-- surfaces (vsus).
	522	!-- For default-type surfaces
	523	DO l = 2, 3
	524	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	525	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	526	!
	527	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	528	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	529	!
	530	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	531	CALL calc_us
	532	!
	533	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	534	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	535	ENDIF
	536	ENDDO
	537	!
	538	!-- For natural-type surfaces. Please note, even though stability is not
	539	!-- considered for the calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces,
	540	!-- scaling parameters and Obukov length are calculated nevertheless in this
	541	!-- case. This is due to the requirement of ts in parameterization of heat
	542	!-- flux in land-surface model in case of aero_resist_kray is not true.
	543	IF ( .NOT. aero_resist_kray ) THEN
	544	IF ( most_method == 'circular' ) THEN
	545	DO l = 2, 3
	546	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	547	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	548	!
	549	!-- Compute scaling parameters
	550	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	551	!
	552	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	553	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	554	!
	555	!-- Compute Obukhov length
	556	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	557	!
	558	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	559	CALL calc_us
	560	!
	561	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	562	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	563	ENDIF
	564	ENDDO
	565	ELSE
	566	DO l = 2, 3
	567	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	568	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	569	!
	570	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	571	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	572	!
	573	!-- Compute Obukhov length
	574	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	575	!
	576	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	577	CALL calc_us
	578	!
	579	!-- Compute scaling parameters
	580	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	581	!
	582	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	583	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	584	ENDIF
	585	ENDDO
	586	ENDIF
	587	ELSE
	588	DO l = 2, 3
	589	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	590	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	591	!
	592	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	593	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	594	!
	595	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	596	CALL calc_us
	597	!
	598	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	599	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	600	ENDIF
	601	ENDDO
	602	ENDIF
	603	!
	604	!-- For urban-type surfaces
	605	DO l = 2, 3
	606	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	607	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	608	!
	609	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	610	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	611	!
	612	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	613	CALL calc_us
	614	!
	615	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	616	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	617	ENDIF
	618	ENDDO
	619	mom_uv = .FALSE.
	620	!
	621	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes of w (wsus and wsvs) at vertial
	622	!-- surfaces.
	623	mom_w = .TRUE.
	624	!
	625	!-- Default-type surfaces
	626	DO l = 0, 3
	627	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	628	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	629	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	630	CALL calc_us
	631	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	632	ENDIF
	633	ENDDO
	634	!
	635	!-- Natural-type surfaces
	636	DO l = 0, 3
	637	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	638	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	639	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	640	CALL calc_us
	641	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	642	ENDIF
	643	ENDDO
	644	!
	645	!-- Urban-type surfaces
	646	DO l = 0, 3
	647	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	648	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	649	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	650	CALL calc_us
	651	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	652	ENDIF
	653	ENDDO
	654	mom_w = .FALSE.
	655	!
	656	!-- Calculate momentum fluxes usvs, vsus, wsus and wsvs at vertical
	657	!-- surfaces for TKE production. Note, here, momentum fluxes are defined
	658	!-- at grid center and are not staggered as before.
	659	mom_tke = .TRUE.
	660	!
	661	!-- Default-type surfaces
	662	DO l = 0, 3
	663	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	664	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	665	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	666	CALL calc_us
	667	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	668	ENDIF
	669	ENDDO
	670	!
	671	!-- Natural-type surfaces
	672	DO l = 0, 3
	673	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	674	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	675	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	676	CALL calc_us
	677	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	678	ENDIF
	679	ENDDO
	680	!
	681	!-- Urban-type surfaces
	682	DO l = 0, 3
	683	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	684	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	685	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	686	CALL calc_us
	687	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	688	ENDIF
	689	ENDDO
	690	mom_tke = .FALSE.
	691
[1691]	692
	693	END SUBROUTINE surface_layer_fluxes
	694
	695
	696	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	697	! Description:
	698	! ------------
	699	!> Initializing actions for the surface layer routine. Basically, this involves
	700	!> the preparation of a lookup table for the the bulk Richardson number vs
	701	!> Obukhov length L when using the lookup table method.
	702	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	703	SUBROUTINE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	704
	705	IMPLICIT NONE
	706
[2232]	707	INTEGER(iwp) :: li, & !< Index for loop to create lookup table
[1691]	708	num_steps_n !< Number of non-stretched zeta steps
	709
	710	LOGICAL :: terminate_run_l = .FALSE. !< Flag to terminate run (global)
	711
	712	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: zeta_stretch = -10.0_wp !< Start of stretching in the free convection limit
	713
	714	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: zeta_tmp
	715
	716
	717	REAL(wp) :: zeta_step, & !< Increment of zeta
	718	regr = 1.01_wp, & !< Stretching factor of zeta_step in the free convection limit
	719	regr_old = 1.0E9_wp, & !< Stretching factor of last iteration step
	720	z0h_min = 0.0_wp, & !< Minimum value of z0h to create table
	721	z0_min = 0.0_wp !< Minimum value of z0 to create table
	722
	723
[1709]	724
[2232]	725
[1709]	726	!
	727	!-- In case of runs with neutral statification, set Obukhov length to a
	728	!-- large value
[2232]	729	IF ( neutral ) THEN
	730	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) surf_def_h(0)%ol = 1.0E10_wp
	731	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) surf_lsm_h%ol = 1.0E10_wp
	732	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) surf_usm_h%ol = 1.0E10_wp
	733	ENDIF
[1709]	734
[1691]	735	IF ( most_method == 'lookup' ) THEN
	736
	737	!
	738	!-- Check for roughness heterogeneity. In that case terminate run and
[2232]	739	!-- inform user. Check for both, natural and non-natural walls.
	740	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	741	IF ( MINVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0h ) .OR. &
	742	MINVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) ) THEN
	743	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	744	ENDIF
[1691]	745	ENDIF
[2232]	746	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	747	IF ( MINVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0h ) .OR. &
	748	MINVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) ) THEN
	749	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	750	ENDIF
	751	ENDIF
	752	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	753	IF ( MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_usm_h%z0h ) .OR. &
	754	MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_usm_h%z0 ) ) THEN
	755	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	756	ENDIF
	757	ENDIF
	758	!
	759	!-- Check roughness homogeneity between differt surface types.
	760	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 .AND. surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	761	IF ( MINVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0h ) .OR. &
	762	MINVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) ) THEN
	763	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	764	ENDIF
	765	ENDIF
	766	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 .AND. surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	767	IF ( MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0h ) .OR. &
	768	MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) ) THEN
	769	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	770	ENDIF
	771	ENDIF
	772	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 .AND. surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	773	IF ( MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0h ) .OR. &
	774	MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) ) THEN
	775	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	776	ENDIF
	777	ENDIF
[1691]	778
[2232]	779
[1691]	780	#if defined( __parallel )
	781	!
	782	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force termiation of model if result
	783	!-- is TRUE
	784	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
	785	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( terminate_run_l, terminate_run, 1, MPI_LOGICAL, &
	786	MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
	787	#else
	788	terminate_run = terminate_run_l
	789	#endif
	790
	791	IF ( terminate_run ) THEN
	792	message_string = 'most_method = "lookup" cannot be used in ' // &
	793	'combination with a prescribed roughness ' // &
	794	'heterogeneity'
	795	CALL message( 'surface_layer_fluxes', 'PA0417', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	796	ENDIF
	797
	798	ALLOCATE( zeta_tmp(0:num_steps-1) )
	799
	800	!
	801	!-- Use the lowest possible value for z_mo
[2232]	802	k = nzb
[1691]	803	z_mo = zu(k+1) - zw(k)
	804
	805	!
	806	!-- Calculate z/L range from zeta_stretch to zeta_max using 90% of the
	807	!-- available steps (num_steps). The calculation is done with negative
	808	!-- values of zeta in order to simplify the stretching in the free
	809	!-- convection limit for the remaining 10% of steps.
	810	zeta_tmp(0) = - zeta_max
	811	num_steps_n = ( num_steps * 9 / 10 ) - 1
	812	zeta_step = (zeta_max - zeta_stretch) / REAL(num_steps_n)
	813
[2232]	814	DO li = 1, num_steps_n
	815	zeta_tmp(li) = zeta_tmp(li-1) + zeta_step
[1691]	816	ENDDO
	817
	818	!
	819	!-- Calculate stretching factor for the free convection range
[1788]	820	DO WHILE ( ABS( (regr-regr_old) / regr_old ) > 1.0E-10_wp )
[1691]	821	regr_old = regr
	822	regr = ( 1.0_wp - ( -zeta_min / zeta_step ) * ( 1.0_wp - regr ) &
	823	)**( 10.0_wp / REAL(num_steps) )
	824	ENDDO
	825
	826	!
	827	!-- Calculate z/L range from zeta_min to zeta_stretch
[2232]	828	DO li = num_steps_n+1, num_steps-1
	829	zeta_tmp(li) = zeta_tmp(li-1) + zeta_step
[1691]	830	zeta_step = zeta_step * regr
	831	ENDDO
	832
	833	!
[1757]	834	!-- Save roughness lengths to temporary variables
[2232]	835	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	836	z0h_min = surf_def_h(0)%z0h(1)
	837	z0_min = surf_def_h(0)%z0(1)
	838	ELSEIF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	839	z0h_min = surf_lsm_h%z0h(1)
	840	z0_min = surf_lsm_h%z0(1)
	841	ELSEIF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	842	z0h_min = surf_usm_h%z0h(1)
	843	z0_min = surf_usm_h%z0(1)
	844	ENDIF
[1691]	845	!
	846	!-- Calculate lookup table for the Richardson number versus Obukhov length
	847	!-- The Richardson number (rib) is defined depending on the choice of
	848	!-- boundary conditions for temperature
	849	IF ( ibc_pt_b == 1 ) THEN
[2232]	850	DO li = 0, num_steps-1
	851	ol_tab(li) = - z_mo / zeta_tmp(num_steps-1-li)
	852	rib_tab(li) = z_mo / ol_tab(li) / ( LOG( z_mo / z0_min ) &
	853	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_tab(li) ) &
	854	+ psi_m( z0_min / ol_tab(li) ) &
[1691]	855	)**3
	856	ENDDO
	857	ELSE
[2232]	858	DO li = 0, num_steps-1
	859	ol_tab(li) = - z_mo / zeta_tmp(num_steps-1-li)
	860	rib_tab(li) = z_mo / ol_tab(li) * ( LOG( z_mo / z0h_min ) &
	861	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_tab(li) ) &
	862	+ psi_h( z0h_min / ol_tab(li) ) &
[1691]	863	) &
	864	/ ( LOG( z_mo / z0_min ) &
[2232]	865	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_tab(li) ) &
	866	+ psi_m( z0_min / ol_tab(li) ) &
[1691]	867	)**2
	868	ENDDO
	869	ENDIF
	870
	871	!
	872	!-- Determine minimum values of rib in the lookup table. Set upper limit
	873	!-- to critical Richardson number (0.25)
	874	rib_min = MINVAL(rib_tab)
	875	rib_max = 0.25 !MAXVAL(rib_tab)
	876
	877	DEALLOCATE( zeta_tmp )
	878	ENDIF
	879
	880	END SUBROUTINE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	881
	882
	883	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	884	! Description:
	885	! ------------
[1709]	886	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
[2232]	887	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
[1691]	888	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2232]	889	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs
[1691]	890
	891	IMPLICIT NONE
	892
[2232]	893	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	894	INTEGER(iwp) :: ibit !< flag to mask computation of relative velocity in case of downward-facing surfaces
	895	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	896	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	897	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
[1691]	898
[2232]	899	!
	900	!-- ibit is 1 for upward-facing surfaces, zero for downward-facing surfaces.
	901	ibit = MERGE( 1, 0, .NOT. downward )
[1691]	902
[2232]	903	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	904
[2232]	905	i = surf%i(m)
	906	j = surf%j(m)
	907	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	908	!
[2232]	909	!-- Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity.
	910	!-- (relative to the surface in case the lower surface is the ocean).
	911	!-- Please note, in new surface modelling concept the index values changed,
	912	!-- i.e. the reference grid point is not the surface-grid point itself but
	913	!-- the first grid point outside of the topography.
	914	!-- Note, in case of coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations relative velocity
	915	!-- with respect to the ocean surface is used, hence, (k-1,j,i) values
	916	!-- are used to calculate the absolute velocity.
	917	!-- However, this do not apply for downward-facing walls. To mask this,
	918	!-- use ibit, which checks for upward/downward-facing surfaces.
[1691]	919
[2232]	920	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( &
	921	( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) &
	922	- ( u(k-1,j,i) + u(k-1,j,i+1) &
	923	) * ibit &
	924	) &
	925	)**2 + &
	926	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) &
	927	- ( v(k-1,j,i) + v(k-1,j+1,i) &
	928	) * ibit &
	929	) &
	930	)**2 &
	931	)
	932
[1691]	933	ENDDO
	934
[2232]	935	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs
	936
	937
	938	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	939	! Description:
	940	! ------------
	941	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	942	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	943	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	944	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	945
	946	IMPLICIT NONE
	947
	948	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	949	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	950	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	951	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
	952
	953	REAL(wp) :: u_i
	954	REAL(wp) :: w_i
	955
	956
	957	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	958	i = surf%i(m)
	959	j = surf%j(m)
	960	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	961	!
[2232]	962	!-- Compute the absolute value of the surface parallel velocity on u-grid.
	963	u_i = u(k,j,i)
	964	w_i = 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + w(k-1,j,i) + &
	965	w(k,j,i-1) + w(k,j,i) )
[1691]	966
[2232]	967	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + w_i2 )
[1709]	968
[2232]	969	ENDDO
[1709]	970
[2232]	971	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	972
[1709]	973	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	974	! Description:
	975	! ------------
[2232]	976	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	977	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	978	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	979	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	980
	981	IMPLICIT NONE
	982
	983	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	984	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	985	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	986	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
	987
	988	REAL(wp) :: v_i
	989	REAL(wp) :: w_i
	990
	991
	992	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	993	i = surf%i(m)
	994	j = surf%j(m)
	995	k = surf%k(m)
	996
	997	v_i = u(k,j,i)
	998	w_i = 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + w(k-1,j,i) + &
	999	w(k,j-1,i) + w(k,j,i) )
	1000
	1001	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( v_i2 + w_i2 )
	1002
	1003	ENDDO
	1004
	1005	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	1006
	1007	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1008	! Description:
	1009	! ------------
	1010	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	1011	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	1012	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1013	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	1014
	1015	IMPLICIT NONE
	1016
	1017	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	1018	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	1019	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	1020	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
	1021
	1022	REAL(wp) :: u_i
	1023	REAL(wp) :: v_i
	1024	REAL(wp) :: w_i
	1025	!
	1026	!-- North- (l=0) and south-facing (l=1) surfaces
	1027	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
	1028	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1029	i = surf%i(m)
	1030	j = surf%j(m)
	1031	k = surf%k(m)
	1032
	1033	u_i = 0.25_wp * ( u(k+1,j,i+1) + u(k+1,j,i) + &
	1034	u(k,j,i+1) + u(k,j,i) )
	1035	v_i = 0.0_wp
	1036	w_i = w(k,j,i)
	1037
	1038	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	1039	ENDDO
	1040	!
	1041	!-- East- (l=2) and west-facing (l=3) surfaces
	1042	ELSE
	1043	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1044	i = surf%i(m)
	1045	j = surf%j(m)
	1046	k = surf%k(m)
	1047
	1048	u_i = 0.0_wp
	1049	v_i = 0.25_wp * ( v(k+1,j+1,i) + v(k+1,j,i) + &
	1050	v(k,j+1,i) + v(k,j,i) )
	1051	w_i = w(k,j,i)
	1052
	1053	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	1054	ENDDO
	1055	ENDIF
	1056
	1057	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	1058
	1059	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1060	! Description:
	1061	! ------------
	1062	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	1063	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	1064	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1065	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	1066
	1067	IMPLICIT NONE
	1068
	1069	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	1070	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	1071	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	1072	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
	1073
	1074	REAL(wp) :: u_i
	1075	REAL(wp) :: v_i
	1076	REAL(wp) :: w_i
	1077
	1078	!
	1079	!-- North- (l=0) and south-facing (l=1) walls
	1080	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
	1081	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1082	i = surf%i(m)
	1083	j = surf%j(m)
	1084	k = surf%k(m)
	1085
	1086	u_i = 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) )
	1087	v_i = 0.0_wp
	1088	w_i = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	1089
	1090	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	1091	ENDDO
	1092	!
	1093	!-- East- (l=2) and west-facing (l=3) walls
	1094	ELSE
	1095	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1096	i = surf%i(m)
	1097	j = surf%j(m)
	1098	k = surf%k(m)
	1099
	1100	u_i = 0.0_wp
	1101	v_i = 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) )
	1102	w_i = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	1103
	1104	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	1105	ENDDO
	1106	ENDIF
	1107
	1108	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	1109
	1110
	1111	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1112	! Description:
	1113	! ------------
[1709]	1114	!> Calculate the Obukhov length (L) and Richardson flux number (z/L)
	1115	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1116	SUBROUTINE calc_ol
	1117
	1118	IMPLICIT NONE
	1119
[2232]	1120	INTEGER(iwp) :: iter !< Newton iteration step
	1121	INTEGER(iwp) :: li !< look index
	1122	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal wall elements
[1709]	1123
	1124	REAL(wp) :: f, & !< Function for Newton iteration: f = Ri - [...]/[...]^2 = 0
	1125	f_d_ol, & !< Derivative of f
	1126	ol_l, & !< Lower bound of L for Newton iteration
	1127	ol_m, & !< Previous value of L for Newton iteration
	1128	ol_old, & !< Previous time step value of L
	1129	ol_u !< Upper bound of L for Newton iteration
	1130
[1691]	1131	IF ( TRIM( most_method ) /= 'circular' ) THEN
[2232]	1132	!
	1133	!-- Evaluate bulk Richardson number (calculation depends on
	1134	!-- definition based on setting of boundary conditions
	1135	IF ( ibc_pt_b /= 1 ) THEN
	1136	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1137	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1138	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1139
[2232]	1140	i = surf%i(m)
	1141	j = surf%j(m)
	1142	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1143
[2232]	1144	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1145
	1146	surf%rib(m) = g * z_mo * &
	1147	( vpt(k,j,i) - vpt(k-1,j,i) ) / &
	1148	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*2 vpt(k,j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp )
	1149	ENDDO
	1150	ELSE
	1151	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1152	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1153
	1154	i = surf%i(m)
	1155	j = surf%j(m)
	1156	k = surf%k(m)
	1157
	1158	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1159
	1160	surf%rib(m) = g * z_mo * &
	1161	( pt(k,j,i) - pt(k-1,j,i) ) / &
	1162	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*2 pt(k,j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp )
	1163	ENDDO
	1164	ENDIF
	1165	ELSE
	1166	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1167	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1168	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1169
	1170	i = surf%i(m)
	1171	j = surf%j(m)
	1172	k = surf%k(m)
	1173
	1174	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1175
	1176	surf%rib(m) = - g * z_mo * ( ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp &
	1177	* q(k,j,i) ) * surf%shf(m) + 0.61_wp &
	1178	* pt(k,j,i) * surf%qsws(m) ) * &
	1179	drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1180	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*3 vpt(k,j,i) * kappa**2 &
[1709]	1181	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
[2232]	1182	ENDDO
	1183	ELSE
	1184	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1185	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1186
[2232]	1187	i = surf%i(m)
	1188	j = surf%j(m)
	1189	k = surf%k(m)
	1190
	1191	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1192
	1193	surf%rib(m) = - g * z_mo * surf%shf(m) * &
	1194	drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1195	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*3 pt(k,j,i) * kappa**2 &
	1196	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
	1197	ENDDO
	1198	ENDIF
	1199	ENDIF
	1200
[1691]	1201	ENDIF
	1202
[2232]	1203
[1691]	1204	!
	1205	!-- Calculate the Obukhov length either using a Newton iteration
	1206	!-- method, via a lookup table, or using the old circular way
	1207	IF ( TRIM( most_method ) == 'newton' ) THEN
	1208
[2232]	1209	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1210
[2232]	1211	i = surf%i(m)
	1212	j = surf%j(m)
[1691]	1213
[2232]	1214	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1215
[1691]	1216	!
[2232]	1217	!-- Store current value in case the Newton iteration fails
	1218	ol_old = surf%ol(m)
[1691]	1219
	1220	!
[2232]	1221	!-- Ensure that the bulk Richardson number and the Obukhov
	1222	!-- length have the same sign
	1223	IF ( surf%rib(m) * surf%ol(m) < 0.0_wp .OR. &
	1224	ABS( surf%ol(m) ) == ol_max ) THEN
	1225	IF ( surf%rib(m) > 1.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = 0.01_wp
	1226	IF ( surf%rib(m) < 0.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = -0.01_wp
	1227	ENDIF
[1691]	1228	!
[2232]	1229	!-- Iteration to find Obukhov length
	1230	iter = 0
	1231	DO
	1232	iter = iter + 1
[1691]	1233	!
[2232]	1234	!-- In case of divergence, use the value of the previous time step
	1235	IF ( iter > 1000 ) THEN
	1236	surf%ol(m) = ol_old
	1237	EXIT
	1238	ENDIF
[1691]	1239
[2232]	1240	ol_m = surf%ol(m)
	1241	ol_l = ol_m - 0.001_wp * ol_m
	1242	ol_u = ol_m + 0.001_wp * ol_m
[1691]	1243
	1244
[2232]	1245	IF ( ibc_pt_b /= 1 ) THEN
[1691]	1246	!
[2232]	1247	!-- Calculate f = Ri - [...]/[...]^2 = 0
	1248	f = surf%rib(m) - ( z_mo / ol_m ) * ( &
	1249	LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1250	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_m ) &
	1251	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / &
	1252	ol_m ) &
	1253	) &
	1254	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1255	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_m ) &
	1256	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / &
	1257	ol_m ) &
	1258	)**2
[1691]	1259
	1260	!
[2232]	1261	!-- Calculate df/dL
	1262	f_d_ol = ( - ( z_mo / ol_u ) * ( LOG( z_mo / &
	1263	surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1264	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_u ) &
	1265	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / ol_u ) &
	1266	) &
	1267	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1268	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_u ) &
	1269	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_u ) &
	1270	)**2 &
	1271	+ ( z_mo / ol_l ) * ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1272	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_l ) &
	1273	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / ol_l ) &
	1274	) &
	1275	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1276	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_l ) &
	1277	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_l ) &
	1278	)**2 &
	1279	) / ( ol_u - ol_l )
	1280	ELSE
[1691]	1281	!
[2232]	1282	!-- Calculate f = Ri - 1 /[...]^3 = 0
	1283	f = surf%rib(m) - ( z_mo / ol_m ) / &
	1284	( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1285	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_m ) &
	1286	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_m ) &
	1287	)**3
[1691]	1288
	1289	!
[2232]	1290	!-- Calculate df/dL
	1291	f_d_ol = ( - ( z_mo / ol_u ) / ( LOG( z_mo / &
	1292	surf%z0(m) ) &
	1293	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_u ) &
	1294	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_u ) &
	1295	)**3 &
	1296	+ ( z_mo / ol_l ) / ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1297	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_l ) &
	1298	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_l ) &
	1299	)**3 &
	1300	) / ( ol_u - ol_l )
	1301	ENDIF
[1691]	1302	!
[2232]	1303	!-- Calculate new L
	1304	surf%ol(m) = ol_m - f / f_d_ol
[1691]	1305
	1306	!
[2232]	1307	!-- Ensure that the bulk Richardson number and the Obukhov
	1308	!-- length have the same sign and ensure convergence.
	1309	IF ( surf%ol(m) * ol_m < 0.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = ol_m * 0.5_wp
[1691]	1310	!
[2232]	1311	!-- If unrealistic value occurs, set L to the maximum
	1312	!-- value that is allowed
	1313	IF ( ABS( surf%ol(m) ) > ol_max ) THEN
	1314	surf%ol(m) = ol_max
	1315	EXIT
	1316	ENDIF
[1691]	1317	!
[2232]	1318	!-- Check for convergence
	1319	IF ( ABS( ( surf%ol(m) - ol_m ) / &
	1320	surf%ol(m) ) < 1.0E-4_wp ) THEN
	1321	EXIT
	1322	ELSE
	1323	CYCLE
	1324	ENDIF
[1691]	1325
	1326	ENDDO
	1327	ENDDO
	1328
	1329	ELSEIF ( TRIM( most_method ) == 'lookup' ) THEN
	1330
[2281]	1331	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, z_mo, li ) FIRSTPRIVATE( li_bnd ) LASTPRIVATE( li_bnd )
[2232]	1332	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1333
[2232]	1334	i = surf%i(m)
	1335	j = surf%j(m)
[1691]	1336	!
[2232]	1337	!-- If the bulk Richardson number is outside the range of the lookup
	1338	!-- table, set it to the exceeding threshold value
	1339	IF ( surf%rib(m) < rib_min ) surf%rib(m) = rib_min
	1340	IF ( surf%rib(m) > rib_max ) surf%rib(m) = rib_max
[1691]	1341
	1342	!
[2232]	1343	!-- Find the correct index bounds for linear interpolation. As the
	1344	!-- Richardson number will not differ very much from time step to
	1345	!-- time step , use the index from the last step and search in the
	1346	!-- correct direction
	1347	li = li_bnd
	1348	IF ( rib_tab(li) - surf%rib(m) > 1.0_wp ) THEN
	1349	DO WHILE ( rib_tab(li-1) - surf%rib(m) > 1.0_wp .AND. li > 1 )
	1350	li = li-1
	1351	ENDDO
	1352	ELSE
	1353	DO WHILE ( rib_tab(li) - surf%rib(m) < 0.0_wp &
	1354	.AND. li < num_steps-1 )
	1355	li = li+1
	1356	ENDDO
	1357	ENDIF
	1358	li_bnd = li
[1691]	1359
	1360	!
[2232]	1361	!-- Linear interpolation to find the correct value of z/L
	1362	surf%ol(m) = ( ol_tab(li-1) + ( ol_tab(li) - ol_tab(li-1) ) &
	1363	/ ( rib_tab(li) - rib_tab(li-1) ) &
	1364	* ( surf%rib(m) - rib_tab(li-1) ) )
[1691]	1365
	1366	ENDDO
	1367
	1368	ELSEIF ( TRIM( most_method ) == 'circular' ) THEN
	1369
[2232]	1370	IF ( .NOT. humidity ) THEN
	1371	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1372	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1373
[2232]	1374	i = surf%i(m)
	1375	j = surf%j(m)
	1376	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1377
[2232]	1378	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1379
[2232]	1380	surf%ol(m) = ( pt(k,j,i) * surf%us(m)**2 ) / &
	1381	( kappa * g * &
	1382	surf%ts(m) + 1E-30_wp )
[1691]	1383	!
	1384	!-- Limit the value range of the Obukhov length.
[2232]	1385	!-- This is necessary for very small velocities (u,v --> 1), because
[1691]	1386	!-- the absolute value of ol can then become very small, which in
	1387	!-- consequence would result in very large shear stresses and very
	1388	!-- small momentum fluxes (both are generally unrealistic).
[2232]	1389	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) < zeta_min ) &
	1390	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_min
	1391	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) > zeta_max ) &
	1392	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_max
	1393
[1691]	1394	ENDDO
[2232]	1395	ELSEIF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1396	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1397	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1398
[2232]	1399	i = surf%i(m)
	1400	j = surf%j(m)
	1401	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1402
[2232]	1403	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1404
	1405
	1406	surf%ol(m) = ( vpt(k,j,i) * surf%us(m)**2 ) / &
	1407	( kappa * g * ( surf%ts(m) + &
	1408	0.61_wp * surf%pt1(m) * surf%us(m) &
	1409	+ 0.61_wp * surf%qv1(m) * surf%ts(m) - &
	1410	surf%ts(m) * ql(k,j,i) ) + 1E-30_wp )
[1691]	1411	!
[2232]	1412	!-- Limit the value range of the Obukhov length.
	1413	!-- This is necessary for very small velocities (u,v --> 1), because
	1414	!-- the absolute value of ol can then become very small, which in
	1415	!-- consequence would result in very large shear stresses and very
	1416	!-- small momentum fluxes (both are generally unrealistic).
	1417	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) < zeta_min ) &
	1418	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_min
	1419	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) > zeta_max ) &
	1420	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_max
[1691]	1421
[2232]	1422	ENDDO
	1423	ELSE
	1424
	1425	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1426	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1427
	1428	i = surf%i(m)
	1429	j = surf%j(m)
	1430	k = surf%k(m)
	1431
	1432	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1433
	1434	surf%ol(m) = ( vpt(k,j,i) * surf%us(m)**2 ) / &
	1435	( kappa * g * ( surf%ts(m) + 0.61_wp * pt(k,j,i) * &
	1436	surf%qs(m) + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) * &
	1437	surf%ts(m) ) + 1E-30_wp )
	1438
	1439	!
	1440	!-- Limit the value range of the Obukhov length.
	1441	!-- This is necessary for very small velocities (u,v --> 1), because
	1442	!-- the absolute value of ol can then become very small, which in
	1443	!-- consequence would result in very large shear stresses and very
	1444	!-- small momentum fluxes (both are generally unrealistic).
	1445	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) < zeta_min ) &
	1446	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_min
	1447	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) > zeta_max ) &
	1448	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_max
	1449
	1450	ENDDO
	1451
	1452	ENDIF
	1453
	1454	ENDIF
	1455
[1691]	1456	END SUBROUTINE calc_ol
	1457
	1458	!
	1459	!-- Calculate friction velocity u*
	1460	SUBROUTINE calc_us
	1461
	1462	IMPLICIT NONE
	1463
[2232]	1464	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
[1691]	1465
[2232]	1466	!
	1467	!-- Compute u* at horizontal surfaces at the scalars' grid points
	1468	IF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1469	!
	1470	!-- Compute u* at upward-facing surfaces
	1471	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
[2281]	1472	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
[2232]	1473	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1474
[2232]	1475	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1476	!
[2232]	1477	!-- Compute u* at the scalars' grid points
	1478	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / &
	1479	( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1480	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1481	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1482
	1483	ENDDO
	1484	!
	1485	!-- Compute u* at downward-facing surfaces. This case, do not consider
	1486	!-- any stability.
	1487	ELSE
[2281]	1488	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
[2232]	1489	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1490
	1491	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1492	!
	1493	!-- Compute u* at the scalars' grid points
	1494	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1495
	1496	ENDDO
	1497	ENDIF
	1498	!
	1499	!-- Compute u* at vertical surfaces at the u/v/v grid, respectively.
	1500	!-- No stability is considered in this case.
	1501	ELSE
	1502	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
	1503	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1504	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1505
	1506	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
[1691]	1507	ENDDO
[2232]	1508	ENDIF
[1691]	1509
	1510	END SUBROUTINE calc_us
	1511
	1512	!
	1513	!-- Calculate potential temperature and specific humidity at first grid level
[2232]	1514	!-- ( only for upward-facing surfs )
[1691]	1515	SUBROUTINE calc_pt_q
	1516
	1517	IMPLICIT NONE
	1518
[2232]	1519	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
	1520
	1521	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1522	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1523
	1524	i = surf%i(m)
	1525	j = surf%j(m)
	1526	k = surf%k(m)
	1527
	1528	surf%pt1(m) = pt(k,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k) * ql(k,j,i)
	1529	surf%qv1(m) = q(k,j,i) - ql(k,j,i)
	1530
[1691]	1531	ENDDO
	1532
	1533	END SUBROUTINE calc_pt_q
	1534
	1535	!
[2292]	1536	!-- Calculate the other MOST scaling parameters theta, q, (qc, qr, nc, nr)
[1691]	1537	SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_parameters
	1538
	1539	IMPLICIT NONE
	1540
[2232]	1541
	1542	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
	1543
[1691]	1544	!
[2232]	1545	!-- Compute theta* at horizontal surfaces
	1546	IF ( constant_heatflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1691]	1547	!
	1548	!-- For a given heat flux in the surface layer:
[2232]	1549
	1550	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1551	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1552
	1553	i = surf%i(m)
	1554	j = surf%j(m)
	1555	k = surf%k(m)
	1556
	1557	surf%ts(m) = -surf%shf(m) * drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1558	( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1559
[1691]	1560	!
[2232]	1561	!-- ts must be limited, because otherwise overflow may occur in case
	1562	!-- of us=0 when computing ol further below
	1563	IF ( surf%ts(m) < -1.05E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = -1.0E5_wp
	1564	IF ( surf%ts(m) > 1.0E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = 1.0E5_wp
	1565
[1691]	1566	ENDDO
	1567
[2232]	1568	ELSEIF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1691]	1569	!
	1570	!-- For a given surface temperature:
[1788]	1571	IF ( large_scale_forcing .AND. lsf_surf ) THEN
[2232]	1572
	1573	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1574	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1575	i = surf%i(m)
	1576	j = surf%j(m)
	1577	k = surf%k(m)
	1578
	1579	pt(k-1,j,i) = pt_surface
[1691]	1580	ENDDO
	1581	ENDIF
	1582
[2232]	1583	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1584	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1585	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1586
[2232]	1587	i = surf%i(m)
	1588	j = surf%j(m)
	1589	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1590
[2232]	1591	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1592
[2232]	1593	surf%ts(m) = kappa * ( surf%pt1(m) - pt(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1594	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1595	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1596	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1597
[1691]	1598	ENDDO
[2232]	1599	ELSE
	1600	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1601	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1602
	1603	i = surf%i(m)
	1604	j = surf%j(m)
	1605	k = surf%k(m)
	1606
	1607	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1608
	1609	surf%ts(m) = kappa * ( pt(k,j,i) - pt(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1610	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1611	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1612	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1613	ENDDO
	1614	ENDIF
	1615	ENDIF
	1616	!
	1617	!-- Compute theta* at vertical surfaces. This is only required in case of
	1618	!-- land-surface model, in order to compute aerodynamical resistance.
	1619	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
[2281]	1620	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1621	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1622
	1623	i = surf%i(m)
	1624	j = surf%j(m)
	1625	surf%ts(m) = -surf%shf(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1626	!
	1627	!-- ts must be limited, because otherwise overflow may occur in case
	1628	!-- of us=0 when computing ol further below
	1629	IF ( surf%ts(m) < -1.05E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = -1.0E5_wp
	1630	IF ( surf%ts(m) > 1.0E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = 1.0E5_wp
	1631
[1691]	1632	ENDDO
	1633	ENDIF
	1634
	1635	!
[2232]	1636	!-- If required compute q* at horizontal surfaces
[1960]	1637	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[2232]	1638	IF ( constant_waterflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1691]	1639	!
[1788]	1640	!-- For a given water flux in the surface layer
[2232]	1641	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1642	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1643
	1644	i = surf%i(m)
	1645	j = surf%j(m)
	1646	k = surf%k(m)
	1647	surf%qs(m) = -surf%qsws(m) * drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1648	( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1649
[1691]	1650	ENDDO
	1651
[2232]	1652	ELSEIF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1788]	1653	coupled_run = ( coupling_mode == 'atmosphere_to_ocean' .AND. &
[1691]	1654	run_coupled )
	1655
[1788]	1656	IF ( large_scale_forcing .AND. lsf_surf ) THEN
[2232]	1657	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1658	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1659
	1660	i = surf%i(m)
	1661	j = surf%j(m)
	1662	k = surf%k(m)
	1663	q(k-1,j,i) = q_surface
	1664
[1691]	1665	ENDDO
	1666	ENDIF
	1667
	1668	!
[2232]	1669	!-- Assume saturation for atmosphere coupled to ocean (but not
	1670	!-- in case of precursor runs)
	1671	IF ( coupled_run ) THEN
	1672	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, e_s )
	1673	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1674	i = surf%i(m)
	1675	j = surf%j(m)
	1676	k = surf%k(m)
	1677	e_s = 6.1_wp * &
	1678	EXP( 0.07_wp * ( MIN(pt(k-1,j,i),pt(k,j,i)) &
[1691]	1679	- 273.15_wp ) )
[2232]	1680	q(k-1,j,i) = 0.622_wp * e_s / ( surface_pressure - e_s )
	1681	ENDDO
	1682	ENDIF
[1691]	1683
[2232]	1684	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1685	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1686	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1687
[2232]	1688	i = surf%i(m)
	1689	j = surf%j(m)
	1690	k = surf%k(m)
	1691
	1692	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1693
[2232]	1694	surf%qs(m) = kappa * ( surf%qv1(m) - q(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1695	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1696	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1697	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / &
	1698	surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1699	ENDDO
[2232]	1700	ELSE
	1701	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1702	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1703
	1704	i = surf%i(m)
	1705	j = surf%j(m)
	1706	k = surf%k(m)
	1707
	1708	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1709
	1710	surf%qs(m) = kappa * ( q(k,j,i) - q(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1711	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1712	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1713	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / &
	1714	surf%ol(m) ) )
	1715	ENDDO
	1716	ENDIF
	1717	ENDIF
	1718	!
	1719	!-- Compute q* at vertical surfaces
	1720	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
[2281]	1721	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1722	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1723
	1724	i = surf%i(m)
	1725	j = surf%j(m)
	1726	surf%qs(m) = -surf%qsws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1727
[1691]	1728	ENDDO
	1729	ENDIF
	1730	ENDIF
[1960]	1731
	1732	!
	1733	!-- If required compute s*
	1734	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
	1735	!
[2232]	1736	!-- At horizontal surfaces
	1737	IF ( constant_scalarflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1738	!
	1739	!-- For a given scalar flux in the surface layer
[2281]	1740	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1741	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1742	i = surf%i(m)
	1743	j = surf%j(m)
	1744	surf%ss(m) = -surf%ssws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
[1960]	1745	ENDDO
	1746	ENDIF
[2232]	1747	!
	1748	!-- At vertical surfaces
	1749	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
[2281]	1750	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1751	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1752	i = surf%i(m)
	1753	j = surf%j(m)
	1754	surf%ss(m) = -surf%ssws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1755	ENDDO
	1756	ENDIF
[1960]	1757	ENDIF
[1691]	1758
[2292]	1759	!
	1760	!-- If required compute qc* and nc*
	1761	IF ( cloud_physics .AND. microphysics_morrison .AND. &
	1762	.NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1763	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1764	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1765
[2292]	1766	i = surf%i(m)
	1767	j = surf%j(m)
	1768	k = surf%k(m)
	1769
	1770	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1771
	1772	surf%qcs(m) = kappa * ( qc(k,j,i) - qc(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1773	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1774	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1775	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1776
	1777	surf%ncs(m) = kappa * ( nc(k,j,i) - nc(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1778	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1779	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1780	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1781	ENDDO
	1782
	1783	ENDIF
	1784
[1691]	1785	!
	1786	!-- If required compute qr* and nr*
[2232]	1787	IF ( cloud_physics .AND. microphysics_seifert .AND. &
	1788	.NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1789	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1790	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1791
[2232]	1792	i = surf%i(m)
	1793	j = surf%j(m)
	1794	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1795
[2232]	1796	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1797
[2232]	1798	surf%qrs(m) = kappa * ( qr(k,j,i) - qr(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1799	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1800	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1801	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1802
[2232]	1803	surf%nrs(m) = kappa * ( nr(k,j,i) - nr(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1804	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1805	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1806	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1807	ENDDO
	1808
	1809	ENDIF
	1810
	1811	END SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_parameters
	1812
	1813
	1814
	1815	!
[2292]	1816	!-- Calculate surface fluxes usws, vsws, shf, qsws, (qcsws, qrsws, ncsws, nrsws)
[1691]	1817	SUBROUTINE calc_surface_fluxes
	1818
	1819	IMPLICIT NONE
	1820
[2232]	1821	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
[1691]	1822
[2232]	1823	REAL(wp) :: dum !< dummy to precalculate logarithm
	1824	REAL(wp) :: flag_u !< flag indicating u-grid, used for calculation of horizontal momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1825	REAL(wp) :: flag_v !< flag indicating v-grid, used for calculation of horizontal momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1826	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_i !< u-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1827	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_i !< v-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1828	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_i !< w-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
[1691]	1829
	1830	!
[2232]	1831	!-- Calcuate surface fluxes at horizontal walls
	1832	IF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1833	!
	1834	!-- Compute u'w' for the total model domain at upward-facing surfaces.
	1835	!-- First compute the corresponding component of u* and square it.
	1836	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
	1837	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1838	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1839
	1840	i = surf%i(m)
	1841	j = surf%j(m)
	1842	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1843
[2232]	1844	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1845
[2232]	1846	surf%usws(m) = kappa * ( u(k,j,i) - u(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1847	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1848	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1849	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1850	!
	1851	!-- Please note, the computation of usws is not fully accurate. Actually
	1852	!-- a further interpolation of us onto the u-grid, where usws is defined,
	1853	!-- is required. However, this is not done as this would require several
	1854	!-- data transfers between 2D-grid and the surf-type.
	1855	!-- The impact of the missing interpolation is negligible as several
	1856	!-- tests had shown.
	1857	!-- Same also for ol.
	1858	surf%usws(m) = -surf%usws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
[1691]	1859
[2232]	1860	ENDDO
[1691]	1861	!
[2232]	1862	!-- At downward-facing surfaces
	1863	ELSE
	1864	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1865	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1866
	1867	i = surf%i(m)
	1868	j = surf%j(m)
	1869	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1870
[2232]	1871	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1872
	1873	surf%usws(m) = kappa * u(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
[1691]	1874	!
[2232]	1875	!-- To Do: Is the sign correct???
	1876	surf%usws(m) = surf%usws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k)
[1691]	1877
[2232]	1878	ENDDO
	1879	ENDIF
[1691]	1880
[2232]	1881	!
	1882	!-- Compute v'w' for the total model domain.
	1883	!-- First compute the corresponding component of u* and square it.
	1884	!-- Upward-facing surfaces
	1885	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
	1886	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1887	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1888	i = surf%i(m)
	1889	j = surf%j(m)
	1890	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1891
[2232]	1892	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1893
[2232]	1894	surf%vsws(m) = kappa * ( v(k,j,i) - v(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1895	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1896	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1897	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1898	!
[2232]	1899	!-- Please note, the computation of vsws is not fully accurate. Actually
	1900	!-- a further interpolation of us onto the v-grid, where vsws is defined,
	1901	!-- is required. However, this is not done as this would require several
	1902	!-- data transfers between 2D-grid and the surf-type.
	1903	!-- The impact of the missing interpolation is negligible as several
	1904	!-- tests had shown.
	1905	!-- Same also for ol.
	1906	surf%vsws(m) = -surf%vsws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
	1907	ENDDO
	1908	!
	1909	!-- Downward-facing surfaces
	1910	ELSE
	1911	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1912	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1913	i = surf%i(m)
	1914	j = surf%j(m)
	1915	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1916
[2232]	1917	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1918
	1919	surf%vsws(m) = kappa * v(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1920
	1921	surf%vsws(m) = surf%vsws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k)
	1922	ENDDO
	1923	ENDIF
[1691]	1924	!
[2232]	1925	!-- Compute the vertical kinematic heat flux
[2299]	1926	IF ( .NOT. constant_heatflux .AND. ( ( time_since_reference_point&
	1927	<= skip_time_do_lsm .AND. simulated_time > 0.0_wp ) .OR. &
	1928	.NOT. land_surface ) .AND. .NOT. urban_surface .AND. &
	1929	.NOT. downward ) THEN
[2232]	1930	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1931	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1932	i = surf%i(m)
	1933	j = surf%j(m)
	1934	k = surf%k(m)
	1935	surf%shf(m) = -surf%ts(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
[1691]	1936	ENDDO
[2232]	1937	ENDIF
	1938	!
	1939	!-- Compute the vertical water flux
	1940	IF ( .NOT. constant_waterflux .AND. humidity .AND. &
[2299]	1941	( ( time_since_reference_point <= skip_time_do_lsm .AND. &
	1942	simulated_time > 0.0_wp ) .OR. .NOT. land_surface ) .AND. &
	1943	.NOT. downward ) THEN
[2232]	1944	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1945	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1946	i = surf%i(m)
	1947	j = surf%j(m)
	1948	k = surf%k(m)
	1949	surf%qsws(m) = -surf%qs(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
	1950	ENDDO
	1951	ENDIF
	1952	!
	1953	!-- Compute the vertical scalar flux
	1954	IF ( .NOT. constant_scalarflux .AND. passive_scalar .AND. &
	1955	.NOT. downward ) THEN
[2281]	1956	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1957	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1958
[2232]	1959	i = surf%i(m)
	1960	j = surf%j(m)
	1961	surf%ssws(m) = -surf%ss(m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	1962
[2232]	1963	ENDDO
[2292]	1964	ENDIF
[1691]	1965	!
[2292]	1966	!-- Compute (turbulent) fluxes of cloud water content and cloud drop conc.
	1967	IF ( cloud_physics .AND. microphysics_morrison .AND. &
	1968	.NOT. downward) THEN
	1969	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
	1970	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1971
	1972	i = surf%i(m)
	1973	j = surf%j(m)
	1974
	1975	surf%qcsws(m) = -surf%qcs(m) * surf%us(m)
	1976	surf%ncsws(m) = -surf%ncs(m) * surf%us(m)
	1977	ENDDO
	1978	ENDIF
	1979	!
[2232]	1980	!-- Compute (turbulent) fluxes of rain water content and rain drop conc.
[2292]	1981	IF ( cloud_physics .AND. microphysics_seifert .AND. &
[2232]	1982	.NOT. downward) THEN
[2281]	1983	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j )
[2232]	1984	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1985
	1986	i = surf%i(m)
	1987	j = surf%j(m)
	1988
	1989	surf%qrsws(m) = -surf%qrs(m) * surf%us(m)
	1990	surf%nrsws(m) = -surf%nrs(m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	1991	ENDDO
[2232]	1992	ENDIF
[1691]	1993
[1960]	1994	!
[2232]	1995	!-- Bottom boundary condition for the TKE.
	1996	IF ( ibc_e_b == 2 ) THEN
	1997	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1998	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1999
	2000	i = surf%i(m)
	2001	j = surf%j(m)
	2002	k = surf%k(m)
	2003
	2004	e(k,j,i) = ( surf%us(m) / 0.1_wp )**2
	2005	!
	2006	!-- As a test: cm = 0.4
	2007	! e(k,j,i) = ( us(j,i) / 0.4_wp )**2
	2008	e(k-1,j,i) = e(k,j,i)
	2009
[1960]	2010	ENDDO
[2232]	2011	ENDIF
	2012	!
	2013	!-- Calcuate surface fluxes at vertical surfaces. No stability is considered.
	2014	ELSE
	2015	!
	2016	!-- Compute usvs l={0,1} and vsus l={2,3}
	2017	IF ( mom_uv ) THEN
	2018	!
	2019	!-- Generalize computation by introducing flags. At north- and south-
	2020	!-- facing surfaces u-component is used, at east- and west-facing
	2021	!-- surfaces v-component is used.
	2022	flag_u = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, l == 0 .OR. l == 1 )
	2023	flag_v = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, l == 2 .OR. l == 3 )
	2024	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	2025	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2026	i = surf%i(m)
	2027	j = surf%j(m)
	2028	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	2029
[2232]	2030	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1960]	2031
[2232]	2032	surf%mom_flux_uv(m) = kappa * &
	2033	( flag_u * u(k,j,i) + flag_v * v(k,j,i) ) / &
	2034	LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	2035
	2036	surf%mom_flux_uv(m) = &
	2037	- surf%mom_flux_uv(m) * surf%us(m)
	2038	ENDDO
	2039	ENDIF
[1691]	2040	!
[2232]	2041	!-- Compute wsus l={0,1} and wsvs l={2,3}
	2042	IF ( mom_w ) THEN
	2043	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	2044	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2045	i = surf%i(m)
	2046	j = surf%j(m)
	2047	k = surf%k(m)
	2048
	2049	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	2050
	2051	surf%mom_flux_w(m) = kappa * w(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	2052
	2053	surf%mom_flux_w(m) = &
	2054	- surf%mom_flux_w(m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	2055	ENDDO
[2232]	2056	ENDIF
	2057	!
	2058	!-- Compute momentum fluxes used for subgrid-scale TKE production at
	2059	!-- vertical surfaces. In constrast to the calculated momentum fluxes at
	2060	!-- vertical surfaces before, which are defined on the u/v/w-grid,
	2061	!-- respectively), the TKE fluxes are defined at the scalar grid.
	2062	!--
	2063	IF ( mom_tke ) THEN
	2064	!
	2065	!-- Precalculate velocity components at scalar grid point.
	2066	ALLOCATE( u_i(1:surf%ns) )
	2067	ALLOCATE( v_i(1:surf%ns) )
	2068	ALLOCATE( w_i(1:surf%ns) )
[1691]	2069
[2232]	2070	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
	2071	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	2072	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2073	i = surf%i(m)
	2074	j = surf%j(m)
	2075	k = surf%k(m)
	2076
	2077	u_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) )
	2078	v_i(m) = 0.0_wp
	2079	w_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	2080	ENDDO
	2081	ELSE
	2082	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	2083	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2084	i = surf%i(m)
	2085	j = surf%j(m)
	2086	k = surf%k(m)
	2087
	2088	u_i(m) = 0.0_wp
	2089	v_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) )
	2090	w_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	2091	ENDDO
	2092	ENDIF
	2093
[2281]	2094	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, dum, z_mo )
[2232]	2095	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2096	i = surf%i(m)
	2097	j = surf%j(m)
	2098
	2099	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	2100
	2101	dum = kappa / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
[1691]	2102	!
[2232]	2103	!-- usvs (l=0,1) and vsus (l=2,3)
	2104	surf%mom_flux_tke(0,m) = dum * ( u_i(m) + v_i(m) )
[1691]	2105	!
[2232]	2106	!-- wsvs (l=0,1) and wsus (l=2,3)
	2107	surf%mom_flux_tke(1,m) = dum * w_i(m)
	2108
	2109	surf%mom_flux_tke(0:1,m) = &
	2110	- surf%mom_flux_tke(0:1,m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	2111	ENDDO
[2232]	2112	!
	2113	!-- Deallocate temporary arrays
	2114	DEALLOCATE( u_i )
	2115	DEALLOCATE( v_i )
	2116	DEALLOCATE( w_i )
	2117	ENDIF
[1691]	2118	ENDIF
	2119
	2120	END SUBROUTINE calc_surface_fluxes
	2121
	2122
	2123	!
	2124	!-- Integrated stability function for momentum
	2125	FUNCTION psi_m( zeta )
	2126
	2127	USE kinds
	2128
	2129	IMPLICIT NONE
	2130
	2131	REAL(wp) :: psi_m !< Integrated similarity function result
	2132	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
	2133	REAL(wp) :: x !< dummy variable
	2134
	2135	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 1.0_wp !< constant
	2136	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: b = 0.66666666666_wp !< constant
	2137	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
	2138	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: d = 0.35_wp !< constant
	2139	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c_d_d = c / d !< constant
	2140	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: bc_d_d = b * c / d !< constant
	2141
	2142
	2143	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1788]	2144	x = SQRT( SQRT( 1.0_wp - 16.0_wp * zeta ) )
[1691]	2145	psi_m = pi * 0.5_wp - 2.0_wp * ATAN( x ) + LOG( ( 1.0_wp + x )**2 &
	2146	* ( 1.0_wp + x*2 ) 0.125_wp )
	2147	ELSE
	2148
	2149	psi_m = - b * ( zeta - c_d_d ) * EXP( -d * zeta ) - a * zeta &
	2150	- bc_d_d
	2151	!
	2152	!-- Old version for stable conditions (only valid for z/L < 0.5)
	2153	!-- psi_m = - 5.0_wp * zeta
	2154
	2155	ENDIF
	2156
	2157	END FUNCTION psi_m
	2158
	2159
	2160	!
	2161	!-- Integrated stability function for heat and moisture
	2162	FUNCTION psi_h( zeta )
	2163
	2164	USE kinds
	2165
	2166	IMPLICIT NONE
	2167
	2168	REAL(wp) :: psi_h !< Integrated similarity function result
	2169	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
	2170	REAL(wp) :: x !< dummy variable
	2171
	2172	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 1.0_wp !< constant
	2173	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: b = 0.66666666666_wp !< constant
	2174	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
	2175	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: d = 0.35_wp !< constant
	2176	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c_d_d = c / d !< constant
	2177	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: bc_d_d = b * c / d !< constant
	2178
	2179
	2180	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1788]	2181	x = SQRT( 1.0_wp - 16.0_wp * zeta )
[1691]	2182	psi_h = 2.0_wp * LOG( (1.0_wp + x ) / 2.0_wp )
	2183	ELSE
	2184	psi_h = - b * ( zeta - c_d_d ) * EXP( -d * zeta ) - (1.0_wp &
	2185	+ 0.66666666666_wp * a * zeta )**1.5_wp - bc_d_d &
	2186	+ 1.0_wp
	2187	!
	2188	!-- Old version for stable conditions (only valid for z/L < 0.5)
	2189	!-- psi_h = - 5.0_wp * zeta
	2190	ENDIF
	2191
	2192	END FUNCTION psi_h
	2193
[1697]	2194	END MODULE surface_layer_fluxes_mod

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