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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90 @ 2270

Last change on this file since 2270 was 2233, checked in by suehring, 8 years ago
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[1850]	1	!> @file surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90
[2000]	2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1691]	3	! This file is part of PALM.
	4	!
[2000]	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
	6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
	7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
	8	! version.
[1691]	9	!
	10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	13	!
	14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	16	!
[2101]	17	! Copyright 1997-2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[1691]	18	!
[2000]	19	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1691]	20	! Current revisions:
[1747]	21	! ------------------
[1758]	22	!
[2233]	23	!
[1692]	24	! Former revisions:
	25	! -----------------
	26	! $Id: surface_layer_fluxes_mod.f90 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z maronga $
	27	!
[2233]	28	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
	29	! Adjustments to new surface concept
	30	! OpenMP bugfix
	31	!
[2119]	32	! 2118 2017-01-17 16:38:49Z raasch
	33	! OpenACC directives and related code removed
	34	!
[2092]	35	! 2091 2016-12-21 16:38:18Z suehring
	36	! Bugfix in calculation of vsws ( incorrect linear interpolation of us )
	37	!
[2077]	38	! 2076 2016-12-02 13:54:20Z raasch
	39	! further openmp bugfix for lookup method
	40	!
[2074]	41	! 2073 2016-11-30 14:34:05Z raasch
	42	! openmp bugfix for lookup method
	43	!
[2038]	44	! 2037 2016-10-26 11:15:40Z knoop
	45	! Anelastic approximation implemented
	46	!
[2012]	47	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
	48	! Flag urban_surface is now defined in module control_parameters.
	49	!
[2008]	50	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
	51	! Account for urban surface model in computation of vertical kinematic heatflux
	52	!
[2001]	53	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
	54	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
	55	!
[1993]	56	! 1992 2016-08-12 15:14:59Z suehring
	57	! Minor bug, declaration of look-up index as INTEGER
	58	!
[1961]	59	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
	60	! Treat humidity and passive scalar separately
	61	!
[1930]	62	! 1929 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
	63	! Bugfix: avoid segmentation fault in case one grid point is horizontally
	64	! completely surrounded by topography
	65	!
[1921]	66	! 1920 2016-05-30 10:50:15Z suehring
	67	! Avoid segmentation fault (see change in 1915) by different initialization of
	68	! us instead of adding a very small number in the denominator
	69	!
[1916]	70	! 1915 2016-05-27 11:05:02Z suehring
	71	! Bugfix: avoid segmentation fault in case of most_method = 'circular' at first
	72	! timestep
	73	!
[1851]	74	! 1850 2016-04-08 13:29:27Z maronga
	75	! Module renamed
	76	!
	77	!
[1823]	78	! 1822 2016-04-07 07:49:42Z hoffmann
	79	! icloud_scheme replaced by microphysics_*
	80	!
[1789]	81	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
	82	! Added parameter z0q which replaces z0h in the similarity functions for
	83	! humidity.
	84	! Syntax layout improved.
	85	!
[1758]	86	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
	87	! Minor fixes.
	88	!
[1750]	89	! 1749 2016-02-09 12:19:56Z raasch
	90	! further OpenACC adjustments
	91	!
[1748]	92	! 1747 2016-02-08 12:25:53Z raasch
	93	! adjustments for OpenACC usage
	94	!
[1710]	95	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
	96	! Bugfix: division by zero could occur when calculating rib at low wind speeds
	97	! Bugfix: calculation of uv_total for neutral = .T., initial value for ol for
	98	! neutral = .T.
	99	!
[1706]	100	! 1705 2015-11-02 14:28:56Z maronga
	101	! Typo removed
	102	!
[1698]	103	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
	104	! FORTRAN and OpenMP errors removed
	105	!
[1697]	106	! 1696 2015-10-27 10:03:34Z maronga
[1691]	107	! Modularized and completely re-written version of prandtl_fluxes.f90. In the
	108	! course of the re-writing two additional methods have been implemented. See
	109	! updated description.
	110	!
	111	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
	112	! Removed land surface model part. The surface fluxes are now always calculated
	113	! within prandtl_fluxes, based on the given surface temperature/humidity (which
	114	! is either provided by the land surface model, by large scale forcing data, or
	115	! directly prescribed by the user.
	116	!
	117	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
	118	! Adapted for land surface model
	119	!
	120	! 1494 2014-11-21 17:14:03Z maronga
	121	! Bugfixes: qs is now calculated before calculation of Rif. calculation of
	122	! buoyancy flux in Rif corrected (added missing humidity term), allow use of
	123	! topography for coupled runs (not tested)
	124	!
	125	! 1361 2014-04-16 15:17:48Z hoffmann
	126	! Bugfix: calculation of turbulent fluxes of rain water content (qrsws) and rain
	127	! drop concentration (nrsws) added
	128	!
	129	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
	130	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
	131	!
	132	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
	133	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
	134	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
	135	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
	136	! old module precision_kind is removed,
	137	! revision history before 2012 removed,
	138	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
	139	! all variable declaration statements
	140	!
	141	! 1276 2014-01-15 13:40:41Z heinze
	142	! Use LSF_DATA also in case of Dirichlet bottom boundary condition for scalars
	143	!
	144	! 1257 2013-11-08 15:18:40Z raasch
	145	! openACC "kernels do" replaced by "kernels loop", "loop independent" added
	146	!
	147	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
	148	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
	149	!
	150	! 1015 2012-09-27 09:23:24Z raasch
	151	! OpenACC statements added
	152	!
	153	! 978 2012-08-09 08:28:32Z fricke
	154	! roughness length for scalar quantities z0h added
	155	!
	156	! Revision 1.1 1998/01/23 10:06:06 raasch
	157	! Initial revision
	158	!
	159	!
	160	! Description:
	161	! ------------
	162	!> Diagnostic computation of vertical fluxes in the constant flux layer from the
	163	!> values of the variables at grid point k=1. Three different methods are
	164	!> available:
	165	!> 1) the "old" version (most_method = 'circular') which is fast, but inaccurate
	166	!> 2) a Newton iteration method (most_method = 'newton'), which is accurate, but
	167	!> slower
	168	!> 3) a method using a lookup table which is fast and accurate. Note, however,
	169	!> that this method cannot be used in case of roughness heterogeneity
	170	!>
	171	!> @todo (re)move large_scale_forcing actions
[2118]	172	!> @todo check/optimize OpenMP directives
[1691]	173	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	174	MODULE surface_layer_fluxes_mod
	175
	176	USE arrays_3d, &
[2232]	177	ONLY: e, kh, nr, pt, q, ql, qr, s, u, v, vpt, w, zu, zw, drho_air_zw, &
	178	rho_air_zw
[1691]	179
	180	USE cloud_parameters, &
	181	ONLY: l_d_cp, pt_d_t
	182
	183	USE constants, &
	184	ONLY: pi
	185
	186	USE cpulog
	187
	188	USE control_parameters, &
[1960]	189	ONLY: cloud_physics, constant_heatflux, constant_scalarflux, &
	190	constant_waterflux, coupling_mode, g, humidity, ibc_e_b, &
	191	ibc_pt_b, initializing_actions, kappa, &
[2232]	192	intermediate_timestep_count, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
	193	land_surface, large_scale_forcing, lsf_surf, &
[1822]	194	message_string, microphysics_seifert, most_method, neutral, &
	195	passive_scalar, pt_surface, q_surface, run_coupled, &
[2011]	196	surface_pressure, simulated_time, terminate_run, &
[2232]	197	urban_surface, zeta_max, zeta_min
[1691]	198
[2232]	199	USE grid_variables, &
	200	ONLY: dx, dy
	201
[1691]	202	USE indices, &
[2232]	203	ONLY: nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, nzb
[1691]	204
	205	USE kinds
	206
	207	USE pegrid
	208
	209	USE land_surface_model_mod, &
[2232]	210	ONLY: aero_resist_kray, skip_time_do_lsm
[2011]	211
[2232]	212	USE surface_mod, &
	213	ONLY : surf_def_h, surf_def_v, surf_lsm_h, surf_lsm_v, surf_type, &
	214	surf_usm_h, surf_usm_v
[2007]	215
[1691]	216
	217	IMPLICIT NONE
	218
[1992]	219	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop index x direction
	220	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop index y direction
	221	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< loop index z direction
[2232]	222	INTEGER(iwp) :: l !< loop index for surf type
	223	INTEGER(iwp) :: li_bnd = 7500 !< Lookup table index of the last time step
[1691]	224
[2232]	225	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: num_steps = 15000 !< number of steps in the lookup table
[1691]	226
[2232]	227	LOGICAL :: coupled_run !< Flag for coupled atmosphere-ocean runs
	228	LOGICAL :: downward = .FALSE.!< Flag indicating downward-facing horizontal surface
	229	LOGICAL :: mom_uv = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of usvs and vsus at vertical surfaces
	230	LOGICAL :: mom_w = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of wsus and wsvs at vertical surfaces
	231	LOGICAL :: mom_tke = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces used for TKE production
	232	LOGICAL :: surf_vertical !< Flag indicating vertical surfaces
[1691]	233
	234	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:num_steps-1) :: rib_tab, & !< Lookup table bulk Richardson number
	235	ol_tab !< Lookup table values of L
	236
	237	REAL(wp) :: e_s, & !< Saturation water vapor pressure
	238	ol_max = 1.0E6_wp, & !< Maximum Obukhov length
	239	rib_max, & !< Maximum Richardson number in lookup table
	240	rib_min, & !< Minimum Richardson number in lookup table
	241	z_mo !< Height of the constant flux layer where MOST is assumed
	242
[2232]	243	TYPE(surf_type), POINTER :: surf !< surf-type array, used to generalize subroutines
[1691]	244
[2232]	245
[1691]	246	SAVE
	247
	248	PRIVATE
	249
[2232]	250	PUBLIC init_surface_layer_fluxes, surface_layer_fluxes
[1691]	251
	252	INTERFACE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	253	MODULE PROCEDURE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	254	END INTERFACE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	255
	256	INTERFACE surface_layer_fluxes
	257	MODULE PROCEDURE surface_layer_fluxes
	258	END INTERFACE surface_layer_fluxes
	259
	260
	261	CONTAINS
	262
	263
	264	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	265	! Description:
	266	! ------------
	267	!> Main routine to compute the surface fluxes
	268	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	269	SUBROUTINE surface_layer_fluxes
	270
	271	IMPLICIT NONE
	272
[2232]	273	surf_vertical = .FALSE.
	274	downward = .FALSE.
[1691]	275	!
	276	!-- In case cloud physics is used, it is required to derive potential
	277	!-- temperature and specific humidity at first grid level from the fields pt
	278	!-- and q
	279	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
[2232]	280	!
	281	!-- First call for horizontal default-type surfaces (l=0 - upward facing,
	282	!-- l=1 - downward facing)
	283	DO l = 0, 1
	284	IF ( surf_def_h(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	285	surf => surf_def_h(l)
	286	CALL calc_pt_q
	287	ENDIF
	288	ENDDO
	289	!
	290	!-- Call for natural-type surfaces
	291	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	292	surf => surf_lsm_h
	293	CALL calc_pt_q
	294	ENDIF
	295	!
	296	!-- Call for urban-type surfaces
	297	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	298	surf => surf_usm_h
	299	CALL calc_pt_q
	300	ENDIF
[1691]	301	ENDIF
	302
	303	!
	304	!-- First, calculate the new Obukhov length, then new friction velocity,
	305	!-- followed by the new scaling parameters (th, q, etc.), and the new
	306	!-- surface fluxes if required. The old routine ("circular") requires a
	307	!-- different order of calls as the scaling parameters from the previous time
	308	!-- steps are used to calculate the Obukhov length
	309
	310	!
	311	!-- Depending on setting of most_method use the "old" routine
[2232]	312	!-- Note, each routine is called for different surface types.
	313	!-- First call for default-type horizontal surfaces, for natural- and
	314	!-- urban-type surfaces. Note, at this place only upward-facing horizontal
	315	!-- surfaces are treted.
[1691]	316	IF ( most_method == 'circular' ) THEN
[2232]	317	!
	318	!-- Default-type upward-facing horizontal surfaces
	319	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	320	surf => surf_def_h(0)
	321	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	322	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	323	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	324	CALL calc_us
	325	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[1691]	326	ENDIF
	327	!
[2232]	328	!-- Natural-type horizontal surfaces
	329	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	330	surf => surf_lsm_h
	331	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	332	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	333	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	334	CALL calc_us
	335	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	336	ENDIF
	337	!
	338	!-- Urban-type horizontal surfaces
	339	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	340	surf => surf_usm_h
	341	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	342	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	343	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	344	CALL calc_us
	345	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	346	ENDIF
	347	!
[1691]	348	!-- Use either Newton iteration or a lookup table for the bulk Richardson
	349	!-- number to calculate the Obukhov length
[1788]	350	ELSEIF ( most_method == 'newton' .OR. most_method == 'lookup' ) THEN
[2232]	351	!
	352	!-- Default-type upward-facing horizontal surfaces
	353	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	354	surf => surf_def_h(0)
	355	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	356	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	357	CALL calc_us
	358	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	359	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[1691]	360	ENDIF
[2232]	361	!
	362	!-- Natural-type horizontal surfaces
	363	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	364	surf => surf_lsm_h
	365	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	366	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	367	CALL calc_us
	368	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	369	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	370	ENDIF
	371	!
	372	!-- Urban-type horizontal surfaces
	373	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	374	surf => surf_usm_h
	375	CALL calc_uvw_abs
	376	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	377	CALL calc_us
	378	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	379	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	380	ENDIF
[1691]	381
[2232]	382	ENDIF
	383	!
	384	!-- Treat downward-facing horizontal surfaces. Note, so far, these are
	385	!-- always default type. Stratification is not considered
	386	!-- in this case, hence, no further distinction between different
	387	!-- most_method is required.
	388	IF ( surf_def_h(1)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	389	downward = .TRUE.
	390	surf => surf_def_h(1)
	391	CALL calc_uvw_abs
[1691]	392	CALL calc_us
	393	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
[2232]	394	downward = .FALSE.
[1691]	395	ENDIF
[2232]	396	!
	397	!-- Calculate surfaces fluxes at vertical surfaces for momentum
	398	!-- and subgrid-scale TKE.
	399	!-- No stability is considered. Therefore, scaling parameters and Obukhov-
	400	!-- length do not need to be calculated and no distinction in 'circular',
	401	!-- 'Newton' or 'lookup' is necessary so far.
	402	!-- Note, this will change if stability is once considered.
	403	surf_vertical = .TRUE.
	404	!
	405	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes at north- and south-facing
	406	!-- surfaces(usvs).
	407	!-- For default-type surfaces
	408	mom_uv = .TRUE.
	409	DO l = 0, 1
	410	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	411	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	412	!
	413	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	414	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	415	!
	416	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	417	CALL calc_us
	418	!
	419	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	420	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	421	ENDIF
	422	ENDDO
	423	!
	424	!-- For natural-type surfaces. Please note, even though stability is not
	425	!-- considered for the calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces,
	426	!-- scaling parameters and Obukov length are calculated nevertheless in this
	427	!-- case. This is due to the requirement of ts in parameterization of heat
	428	!-- flux in land-surface model in case of aero_resist_kray is not true.
	429	IF ( .NOT. aero_resist_kray ) THEN
	430	IF ( most_method == 'circular' ) THEN
	431	DO l = 0, 1
	432	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	433	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	434	!
	435	!-- Compute scaling parameters
	436	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	437	!
	438	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	439	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	440	!
	441	!-- Compute Obukhov length
	442	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	443	!
	444	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	445	CALL calc_us
	446	!
	447	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	448	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	449	ENDIF
	450	ENDDO
	451	ELSE
	452	DO l = 0, 1
	453	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	454	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	455	!
	456	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	457	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	458	!
	459	!-- Compute Obukhov length
	460	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	461	!
	462	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	463	CALL calc_us
	464	!
	465	!-- Compute scaling parameters
	466	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	467	!
	468	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	469	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	470	ENDIF
	471	ENDDO
	472	ENDIF
	473	!
	474	!-- No ts is required, so scaling parameters and Obukhov length do not need
	475	!-- to be computed.
	476	ELSE
	477	DO l = 0, 1
	478	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	479	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	480	!
	481	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	482	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	483	!
	484	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	485	CALL calc_us
	486	!
	487	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	488	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	489	ENDIF
	490	ENDDO
	491	ENDIF
	492	!
	493	!-- For urban-type surfaces
	494	DO l = 0, 1
	495	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	496	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	497	!
	498	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	499	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	500	!
	501	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	502	CALL calc_us
	503	!
	504	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	505	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	506	ENDIF
	507	ENDDO
	508	!
	509	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes at east- and west-facing
	510	!-- surfaces (vsus).
	511	!-- For default-type surfaces
	512	DO l = 2, 3
	513	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	514	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	515	!
	516	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	517	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	518	!
	519	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	520	CALL calc_us
	521	!
	522	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	523	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	524	ENDIF
	525	ENDDO
	526	!
	527	!-- For natural-type surfaces. Please note, even though stability is not
	528	!-- considered for the calculation of momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces,
	529	!-- scaling parameters and Obukov length are calculated nevertheless in this
	530	!-- case. This is due to the requirement of ts in parameterization of heat
	531	!-- flux in land-surface model in case of aero_resist_kray is not true.
	532	IF ( .NOT. aero_resist_kray ) THEN
	533	IF ( most_method == 'circular' ) THEN
	534	DO l = 2, 3
	535	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	536	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	537	!
	538	!-- Compute scaling parameters
	539	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	540	!
	541	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	542	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	543	!
	544	!-- Compute Obukhov length
	545	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	546	!
	547	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	548	CALL calc_us
	549	!
	550	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	551	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	552	ENDIF
	553	ENDDO
	554	ELSE
	555	DO l = 2, 3
	556	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	557	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	558	!
	559	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	560	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	561	!
	562	!-- Compute Obukhov length
	563	IF ( .NOT. neutral ) CALL calc_ol
	564	!
	565	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	566	CALL calc_us
	567	!
	568	!-- Compute scaling parameters
	569	CALL calc_scaling_parameters
	570	!
	571	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	572	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	573	ENDIF
	574	ENDDO
	575	ENDIF
	576	ELSE
	577	DO l = 2, 3
	578	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	579	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	580	!
	581	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	582	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	583	!
	584	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	585	CALL calc_us
	586	!
	587	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	588	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	589	ENDIF
	590	ENDDO
	591	ENDIF
	592	!
	593	!-- For urban-type surfaces
	594	DO l = 2, 3
	595	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	596	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	597	!
	598	!-- Compute surface-parallel velocity
	599	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	600	!
	601	!-- Compute respective friction velocity on staggered grid
	602	CALL calc_us
	603	!
	604	!-- Compute respective surface fluxes for momentum and TKE
	605	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	606	ENDIF
	607	ENDDO
	608	mom_uv = .FALSE.
	609	!
	610	!-- Calculate horizontal momentum fluxes of w (wsus and wsvs) at vertial
	611	!-- surfaces.
	612	mom_w = .TRUE.
	613	!
	614	!-- Default-type surfaces
	615	DO l = 0, 3
	616	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	617	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	618	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	619	CALL calc_us
	620	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	621	ENDIF
	622	ENDDO
	623	!
	624	!-- Natural-type surfaces
	625	DO l = 0, 3
	626	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	627	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	628	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	629	CALL calc_us
	630	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	631	ENDIF
	632	ENDDO
	633	!
	634	!-- Urban-type surfaces
	635	DO l = 0, 3
	636	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	637	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	638	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	639	CALL calc_us
	640	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	641	ENDIF
	642	ENDDO
	643	mom_w = .FALSE.
	644	!
	645	!-- Calculate momentum fluxes usvs, vsus, wsus and wsvs at vertical
	646	!-- surfaces for TKE production. Note, here, momentum fluxes are defined
	647	!-- at grid center and are not staggered as before.
	648	mom_tke = .TRUE.
	649	!
	650	!-- Default-type surfaces
	651	DO l = 0, 3
	652	IF ( surf_def_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	653	surf => surf_def_v(l)
	654	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	655	CALL calc_us
	656	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	657	ENDIF
	658	ENDDO
	659	!
	660	!-- Natural-type surfaces
	661	DO l = 0, 3
	662	IF ( surf_lsm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	663	surf => surf_lsm_v(l)
	664	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	665	CALL calc_us
	666	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	667	ENDIF
	668	ENDDO
	669	!
	670	!-- Urban-type surfaces
	671	DO l = 0, 3
	672	IF ( surf_usm_v(l)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	673	surf => surf_usm_v(l)
	674	CALL calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	675	CALL calc_us
	676	CALL calc_surface_fluxes
	677	ENDIF
	678	ENDDO
	679	mom_tke = .FALSE.
	680
[1691]	681
	682	END SUBROUTINE surface_layer_fluxes
	683
	684
	685	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	686	! Description:
	687	! ------------
	688	!> Initializing actions for the surface layer routine. Basically, this involves
	689	!> the preparation of a lookup table for the the bulk Richardson number vs
	690	!> Obukhov length L when using the lookup table method.
	691	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	692	SUBROUTINE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	693
	694	IMPLICIT NONE
	695
[2232]	696	INTEGER(iwp) :: li, & !< Index for loop to create lookup table
[1691]	697	num_steps_n !< Number of non-stretched zeta steps
	698
	699	LOGICAL :: terminate_run_l = .FALSE. !< Flag to terminate run (global)
	700
	701	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: zeta_stretch = -10.0_wp !< Start of stretching in the free convection limit
	702
	703	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: zeta_tmp
	704
	705
	706	REAL(wp) :: zeta_step, & !< Increment of zeta
	707	regr = 1.01_wp, & !< Stretching factor of zeta_step in the free convection limit
	708	regr_old = 1.0E9_wp, & !< Stretching factor of last iteration step
	709	z0h_min = 0.0_wp, & !< Minimum value of z0h to create table
	710	z0_min = 0.0_wp !< Minimum value of z0 to create table
	711
	712
[1709]	713
[2232]	714
[1709]	715	!
	716	!-- In case of runs with neutral statification, set Obukhov length to a
	717	!-- large value
[2232]	718	IF ( neutral ) THEN
	719	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) surf_def_h(0)%ol = 1.0E10_wp
	720	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) surf_lsm_h%ol = 1.0E10_wp
	721	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) surf_usm_h%ol = 1.0E10_wp
	722	ENDIF
[1709]	723
[1691]	724	IF ( most_method == 'lookup' ) THEN
	725
	726	!
	727	!-- Check for roughness heterogeneity. In that case terminate run and
[2232]	728	!-- inform user. Check for both, natural and non-natural walls.
	729	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	730	IF ( MINVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0h ) .OR. &
	731	MINVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) ) THEN
	732	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	733	ENDIF
[1691]	734	ENDIF
[2232]	735	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	736	IF ( MINVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0h ) .OR. &
	737	MINVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) ) THEN
	738	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	739	ENDIF
	740	ENDIF
	741	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	742	IF ( MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_usm_h%z0h ) .OR. &
	743	MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_usm_h%z0 ) ) THEN
	744	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	745	ENDIF
	746	ENDIF
	747	!
	748	!-- Check roughness homogeneity between differt surface types.
	749	IF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 .AND. surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	750	IF ( MINVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0h ) .OR. &
	751	MINVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) ) THEN
	752	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	753	ENDIF
	754	ENDIF
	755	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 .AND. surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	756	IF ( MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0h ) .OR. &
	757	MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) ) THEN
	758	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	759	ENDIF
	760	ENDIF
	761	IF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 .AND. surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	762	IF ( MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0h ) /= MAXVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0h ) .OR. &
	763	MINVAL( surf_usm_h%z0 ) /= MAXVAL( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) ) THEN
	764	terminate_run_l = .TRUE.
	765	ENDIF
	766	ENDIF
[1691]	767
[2232]	768
[1691]	769	#if defined( __parallel )
	770	!
	771	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force termiation of model if result
	772	!-- is TRUE
	773	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
	774	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( terminate_run_l, terminate_run, 1, MPI_LOGICAL, &
	775	MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
	776	#else
	777	terminate_run = terminate_run_l
	778	#endif
	779
	780	IF ( terminate_run ) THEN
	781	message_string = 'most_method = "lookup" cannot be used in ' // &
	782	'combination with a prescribed roughness ' // &
	783	'heterogeneity'
	784	CALL message( 'surface_layer_fluxes', 'PA0417', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	785	ENDIF
	786
	787	ALLOCATE( zeta_tmp(0:num_steps-1) )
	788
	789	!
	790	!-- Use the lowest possible value for z_mo
[2232]	791	k = nzb
[1691]	792	z_mo = zu(k+1) - zw(k)
	793
	794	!
	795	!-- Calculate z/L range from zeta_stretch to zeta_max using 90% of the
	796	!-- available steps (num_steps). The calculation is done with negative
	797	!-- values of zeta in order to simplify the stretching in the free
	798	!-- convection limit for the remaining 10% of steps.
	799	zeta_tmp(0) = - zeta_max
	800	num_steps_n = ( num_steps * 9 / 10 ) - 1
	801	zeta_step = (zeta_max - zeta_stretch) / REAL(num_steps_n)
	802
[2232]	803	DO li = 1, num_steps_n
	804	zeta_tmp(li) = zeta_tmp(li-1) + zeta_step
[1691]	805	ENDDO
	806
	807	!
	808	!-- Calculate stretching factor for the free convection range
[1788]	809	DO WHILE ( ABS( (regr-regr_old) / regr_old ) > 1.0E-10_wp )
[1691]	810	regr_old = regr
	811	regr = ( 1.0_wp - ( -zeta_min / zeta_step ) * ( 1.0_wp - regr ) &
	812	)**( 10.0_wp / REAL(num_steps) )
	813	ENDDO
	814
	815	!
	816	!-- Calculate z/L range from zeta_min to zeta_stretch
[2232]	817	DO li = num_steps_n+1, num_steps-1
	818	zeta_tmp(li) = zeta_tmp(li-1) + zeta_step
[1691]	819	zeta_step = zeta_step * regr
	820	ENDDO
	821
	822	!
[1757]	823	!-- Save roughness lengths to temporary variables
[2232]	824	IF ( surf_def_h(0)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	825	z0h_min = surf_def_h(0)%z0h(1)
	826	z0_min = surf_def_h(0)%z0(1)
	827	ELSEIF ( surf_lsm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	828	z0h_min = surf_lsm_h%z0h(1)
	829	z0_min = surf_lsm_h%z0(1)
	830	ELSEIF ( surf_usm_h%ns >= 1 ) THEN
	831	z0h_min = surf_usm_h%z0h(1)
	832	z0_min = surf_usm_h%z0(1)
	833	ENDIF
[1691]	834	!
	835	!-- Calculate lookup table for the Richardson number versus Obukhov length
	836	!-- The Richardson number (rib) is defined depending on the choice of
	837	!-- boundary conditions for temperature
	838	IF ( ibc_pt_b == 1 ) THEN
[2232]	839	DO li = 0, num_steps-1
	840	ol_tab(li) = - z_mo / zeta_tmp(num_steps-1-li)
	841	rib_tab(li) = z_mo / ol_tab(li) / ( LOG( z_mo / z0_min ) &
	842	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_tab(li) ) &
	843	+ psi_m( z0_min / ol_tab(li) ) &
[1691]	844	)**3
	845	ENDDO
	846	ELSE
[2232]	847	DO li = 0, num_steps-1
	848	ol_tab(li) = - z_mo / zeta_tmp(num_steps-1-li)
	849	rib_tab(li) = z_mo / ol_tab(li) * ( LOG( z_mo / z0h_min ) &
	850	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_tab(li) ) &
	851	+ psi_h( z0h_min / ol_tab(li) ) &
[1691]	852	) &
	853	/ ( LOG( z_mo / z0_min ) &
[2232]	854	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_tab(li) ) &
	855	+ psi_m( z0_min / ol_tab(li) ) &
[1691]	856	)**2
	857	ENDDO
	858	ENDIF
	859
	860	!
	861	!-- Determine minimum values of rib in the lookup table. Set upper limit
	862	!-- to critical Richardson number (0.25)
	863	rib_min = MINVAL(rib_tab)
	864	rib_max = 0.25 !MAXVAL(rib_tab)
	865
	866	DEALLOCATE( zeta_tmp )
	867	ENDIF
	868
	869	END SUBROUTINE init_surface_layer_fluxes
	870
	871
	872	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	873	! Description:
	874	! ------------
[1709]	875	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
[2232]	876	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
[1691]	877	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2232]	878	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs
[1691]	879
	880	IMPLICIT NONE
	881
[2232]	882	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	883	INTEGER(iwp) :: ibit !< flag to mask computation of relative velocity in case of downward-facing surfaces
	884	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	885	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	886	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
[1691]	887
[2232]	888	!
	889	!-- ibit is 1 for upward-facing surfaces, zero for downward-facing surfaces.
	890	ibit = MERGE( 1, 0, .NOT. downward )
[1691]	891
[2232]	892	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	893
[2232]	894	i = surf%i(m)
	895	j = surf%j(m)
	896	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	897	!
[2232]	898	!-- Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity.
	899	!-- (relative to the surface in case the lower surface is the ocean).
	900	!-- Please note, in new surface modelling concept the index values changed,
	901	!-- i.e. the reference grid point is not the surface-grid point itself but
	902	!-- the first grid point outside of the topography.
	903	!-- Note, in case of coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations relative velocity
	904	!-- with respect to the ocean surface is used, hence, (k-1,j,i) values
	905	!-- are used to calculate the absolute velocity.
	906	!-- However, this do not apply for downward-facing walls. To mask this,
	907	!-- use ibit, which checks for upward/downward-facing surfaces.
[1691]	908
[2232]	909	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( &
	910	( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) &
	911	- ( u(k-1,j,i) + u(k-1,j,i+1) &
	912	) * ibit &
	913	) &
	914	)**2 + &
	915	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) &
	916	- ( v(k-1,j,i) + v(k-1,j+1,i) &
	917	) * ibit &
	918	) &
	919	)**2 &
	920	)
	921
[1691]	922	ENDDO
	923
[2232]	924	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs
	925
	926
	927	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	928	! Description:
	929	! ------------
	930	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	931	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	932	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	933	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	934
	935	IMPLICIT NONE
	936
	937	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	938	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	939	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	940	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
	941
	942	REAL(wp) :: u_i
	943	REAL(wp) :: w_i
	944
	945
	946	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	947	i = surf%i(m)
	948	j = surf%j(m)
	949	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	950	!
[2232]	951	!-- Compute the absolute value of the surface parallel velocity on u-grid.
	952	u_i = u(k,j,i)
	953	w_i = 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + w(k-1,j,i) + &
	954	w(k,j,i-1) + w(k,j,i) )
[1691]	955
[2232]	956	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + w_i2 )
[1709]	957
[2232]	958	ENDDO
[1709]	959
[2232]	960	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_ugrid
	961
[1709]	962	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	963	! Description:
	964	! ------------
[2232]	965	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	966	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	967	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	968	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	969
	970	IMPLICIT NONE
	971
	972	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	973	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	974	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	975	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
	976
	977	REAL(wp) :: v_i
	978	REAL(wp) :: w_i
	979
	980
	981	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	982	i = surf%i(m)
	983	j = surf%j(m)
	984	k = surf%k(m)
	985
	986	v_i = u(k,j,i)
	987	w_i = 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + w(k-1,j,i) + &
	988	w(k,j-1,i) + w(k,j,i) )
	989
	990	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( v_i2 + w_i2 )
	991
	992	ENDDO
	993
	994	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_vgrid
	995
	996	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	997	! Description:
	998	! ------------
	999	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	1000	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	1001	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1002	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	1003
	1004	IMPLICIT NONE
	1005
	1006	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	1007	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	1008	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	1009	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
	1010
	1011	REAL(wp) :: u_i
	1012	REAL(wp) :: v_i
	1013	REAL(wp) :: w_i
	1014	!
	1015	!-- North- (l=0) and south-facing (l=1) surfaces
	1016	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
	1017	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1018	i = surf%i(m)
	1019	j = surf%j(m)
	1020	k = surf%k(m)
	1021
	1022	u_i = 0.25_wp * ( u(k+1,j,i+1) + u(k+1,j,i) + &
	1023	u(k,j,i+1) + u(k,j,i) )
	1024	v_i = 0.0_wp
	1025	w_i = w(k,j,i)
	1026
	1027	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	1028	ENDDO
	1029	!
	1030	!-- East- (l=2) and west-facing (l=3) surfaces
	1031	ELSE
	1032	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1033	i = surf%i(m)
	1034	j = surf%j(m)
	1035	k = surf%k(m)
	1036
	1037	u_i = 0.0_wp
	1038	v_i = 0.25_wp * ( v(k+1,j+1,i) + v(k+1,j,i) + &
	1039	v(k,j+1,i) + v(k,j,i) )
	1040	w_i = w(k,j,i)
	1041
	1042	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	1043	ENDDO
	1044	ENDIF
	1045
	1046	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_wgrid
	1047
	1048	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1049	! Description:
	1050	! ------------
	1051	!> Compute the absolute value of the horizontal velocity (relative to the
	1052	!> surface) for horizontal surface elements. This is required by all methods.
	1053	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1054	SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	1055
	1056	IMPLICIT NONE
	1057
	1058	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
	1059	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
	1060	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
	1061	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
	1062
	1063	REAL(wp) :: u_i
	1064	REAL(wp) :: v_i
	1065	REAL(wp) :: w_i
	1066
	1067	!
	1068	!-- North- (l=0) and south-facing (l=1) walls
	1069	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
	1070	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1071	i = surf%i(m)
	1072	j = surf%j(m)
	1073	k = surf%k(m)
	1074
	1075	u_i = 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) )
	1076	v_i = 0.0_wp
	1077	w_i = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	1078
	1079	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	1080	ENDDO
	1081	!
	1082	!-- East- (l=2) and west-facing (l=3) walls
	1083	ELSE
	1084	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1085	i = surf%i(m)
	1086	j = surf%j(m)
	1087	k = surf%k(m)
	1088
	1089	u_i = 0.0_wp
	1090	v_i = 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) )
	1091	w_i = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	1092
	1093	surf%uvw_abs(m) = SQRT( u_i2 + v_i2 + w_i**2 )
	1094	ENDDO
	1095	ENDIF
	1096
	1097	END SUBROUTINE calc_uvw_abs_v_sgrid
	1098
	1099
	1100	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1101	! Description:
	1102	! ------------
[1709]	1103	!> Calculate the Obukhov length (L) and Richardson flux number (z/L)
	1104	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1105	SUBROUTINE calc_ol
	1106
	1107	IMPLICIT NONE
	1108
[2232]	1109	INTEGER(iwp) :: iter !< Newton iteration step
	1110	INTEGER(iwp) :: li !< look index
	1111	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal wall elements
[1709]	1112
	1113	REAL(wp) :: f, & !< Function for Newton iteration: f = Ri - [...]/[...]^2 = 0
	1114	f_d_ol, & !< Derivative of f
	1115	ol_l, & !< Lower bound of L for Newton iteration
	1116	ol_m, & !< Previous value of L for Newton iteration
	1117	ol_old, & !< Previous time step value of L
	1118	ol_u !< Upper bound of L for Newton iteration
	1119
[1691]	1120	IF ( TRIM( most_method ) /= 'circular' ) THEN
[2232]	1121	!
	1122	!-- Evaluate bulk Richardson number (calculation depends on
	1123	!-- definition based on setting of boundary conditions
	1124	IF ( ibc_pt_b /= 1 ) THEN
	1125	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1126	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1127	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1128
[2232]	1129	i = surf%i(m)
	1130	j = surf%j(m)
	1131	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1132
[2232]	1133	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1134
	1135	surf%rib(m) = g * z_mo * &
	1136	( vpt(k,j,i) - vpt(k-1,j,i) ) / &
	1137	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*2 vpt(k,j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp )
	1138	ENDDO
	1139	ELSE
	1140	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1141	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1142
	1143	i = surf%i(m)
	1144	j = surf%j(m)
	1145	k = surf%k(m)
	1146
	1147	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1148
	1149	surf%rib(m) = g * z_mo * &
	1150	( pt(k,j,i) - pt(k-1,j,i) ) / &
	1151	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*2 pt(k,j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp )
	1152	ENDDO
	1153	ENDIF
	1154	ELSE
	1155	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1156	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1157	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1158
	1159	i = surf%i(m)
	1160	j = surf%j(m)
	1161	k = surf%k(m)
	1162
	1163	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1164
	1165	surf%rib(m) = - g * z_mo * ( ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp &
	1166	* q(k,j,i) ) * surf%shf(m) + 0.61_wp &
	1167	* pt(k,j,i) * surf%qsws(m) ) * &
	1168	drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1169	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*3 vpt(k,j,i) * kappa**2 &
[1709]	1170	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
[2232]	1171	ENDDO
	1172	ELSE
	1173	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1174	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1175
[2232]	1176	i = surf%i(m)
	1177	j = surf%j(m)
	1178	k = surf%k(m)
	1179
	1180	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1181
	1182	surf%rib(m) = - g * z_mo * surf%shf(m) * &
	1183	drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1184	( surf%uvw_abs(m)*3 pt(k,j,i) * kappa**2 &
	1185	+ 1.0E-20_wp )
	1186	ENDDO
	1187	ENDIF
	1188	ENDIF
	1189
[1691]	1190	ENDIF
	1191
[2232]	1192
[1691]	1193	!
	1194	!-- Calculate the Obukhov length either using a Newton iteration
	1195	!-- method, via a lookup table, or using the old circular way
	1196	IF ( TRIM( most_method ) == 'newton' ) THEN
	1197
[2232]	1198	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1199
[2232]	1200	i = surf%i(m)
	1201	j = surf%j(m)
	1202	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1203
[2232]	1204	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1205
[1691]	1206	!
[2232]	1207	!-- Store current value in case the Newton iteration fails
	1208	ol_old = surf%ol(m)
[1691]	1209
	1210	!
[2232]	1211	!-- Ensure that the bulk Richardson number and the Obukhov
	1212	!-- length have the same sign
	1213	IF ( surf%rib(m) * surf%ol(m) < 0.0_wp .OR. &
	1214	ABS( surf%ol(m) ) == ol_max ) THEN
	1215	IF ( surf%rib(m) > 1.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = 0.01_wp
	1216	IF ( surf%rib(m) < 0.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = -0.01_wp
	1217	ENDIF
[1691]	1218	!
[2232]	1219	!-- Iteration to find Obukhov length
	1220	iter = 0
	1221	DO
	1222	iter = iter + 1
[1691]	1223	!
[2232]	1224	!-- In case of divergence, use the value of the previous time step
	1225	IF ( iter > 1000 ) THEN
	1226	surf%ol(m) = ol_old
	1227	EXIT
	1228	ENDIF
[1691]	1229
[2232]	1230	ol_m = surf%ol(m)
	1231	ol_l = ol_m - 0.001_wp * ol_m
	1232	ol_u = ol_m + 0.001_wp * ol_m
[1691]	1233
	1234
[2232]	1235	IF ( ibc_pt_b /= 1 ) THEN
[1691]	1236	!
[2232]	1237	!-- Calculate f = Ri - [...]/[...]^2 = 0
	1238	f = surf%rib(m) - ( z_mo / ol_m ) * ( &
	1239	LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1240	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_m ) &
	1241	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / &
	1242	ol_m ) &
	1243	) &
	1244	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1245	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_m ) &
	1246	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / &
	1247	ol_m ) &
	1248	)**2
[1691]	1249
	1250	!
[2232]	1251	!-- Calculate df/dL
	1252	f_d_ol = ( - ( z_mo / ol_u ) * ( LOG( z_mo / &
	1253	surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1254	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_u ) &
	1255	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / ol_u ) &
	1256	) &
	1257	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1258	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_u ) &
	1259	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_u ) &
	1260	)**2 &
	1261	+ ( z_mo / ol_l ) * ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1262	- psi_h( z_mo / ol_l ) &
	1263	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / ol_l ) &
	1264	) &
	1265	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1266	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_l ) &
	1267	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_l ) &
	1268	)**2 &
	1269	) / ( ol_u - ol_l )
	1270	ELSE
[1691]	1271	!
[2232]	1272	!-- Calculate f = Ri - 1 /[...]^3 = 0
	1273	f = surf%rib(m) - ( z_mo / ol_m ) / &
	1274	( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1275	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_m ) &
	1276	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_m ) &
	1277	)**3
[1691]	1278
	1279	!
[2232]	1280	!-- Calculate df/dL
	1281	f_d_ol = ( - ( z_mo / ol_u ) / ( LOG( z_mo / &
	1282	surf%z0(m) ) &
	1283	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_u ) &
	1284	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_u ) &
	1285	)**3 &
	1286	+ ( z_mo / ol_l ) / ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1287	- psi_m( z_mo / ol_l ) &
	1288	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / ol_l ) &
	1289	)**3 &
	1290	) / ( ol_u - ol_l )
	1291	ENDIF
[1691]	1292	!
[2232]	1293	!-- Calculate new L
	1294	surf%ol(m) = ol_m - f / f_d_ol
[1691]	1295
	1296	!
[2232]	1297	!-- Ensure that the bulk Richardson number and the Obukhov
	1298	!-- length have the same sign and ensure convergence.
	1299	IF ( surf%ol(m) * ol_m < 0.0_wp ) surf%ol(m) = ol_m * 0.5_wp
[1691]	1300	!
[2232]	1301	!-- If unrealistic value occurs, set L to the maximum
	1302	!-- value that is allowed
	1303	IF ( ABS( surf%ol(m) ) > ol_max ) THEN
	1304	surf%ol(m) = ol_max
	1305	EXIT
	1306	ENDIF
[1691]	1307	!
[2232]	1308	!-- Check for convergence
	1309	IF ( ABS( ( surf%ol(m) - ol_m ) / &
	1310	surf%ol(m) ) < 1.0E-4_wp ) THEN
	1311	EXIT
	1312	ELSE
	1313	CYCLE
	1314	ENDIF
[1691]	1315
	1316	ENDDO
	1317	ENDDO
	1318
	1319	ELSEIF ( TRIM( most_method ) == 'lookup' ) THEN
	1320
[2232]	1321	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo, li ) FIRSTPRIVATE( li_bnd ) LASTPRIVATE( li_bnd )
	1322	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1323
[2232]	1324	i = surf%i(m)
	1325	j = surf%j(m)
	1326	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1327	!
[2232]	1328	!-- If the bulk Richardson number is outside the range of the lookup
	1329	!-- table, set it to the exceeding threshold value
	1330	IF ( surf%rib(m) < rib_min ) surf%rib(m) = rib_min
	1331	IF ( surf%rib(m) > rib_max ) surf%rib(m) = rib_max
[1691]	1332
	1333	!
[2232]	1334	!-- Find the correct index bounds for linear interpolation. As the
	1335	!-- Richardson number will not differ very much from time step to
	1336	!-- time step , use the index from the last step and search in the
	1337	!-- correct direction
	1338	li = li_bnd
	1339	IF ( rib_tab(li) - surf%rib(m) > 1.0_wp ) THEN
	1340	DO WHILE ( rib_tab(li-1) - surf%rib(m) > 1.0_wp .AND. li > 1 )
	1341	li = li-1
	1342	ENDDO
	1343	ELSE
	1344	DO WHILE ( rib_tab(li) - surf%rib(m) < 0.0_wp &
	1345	.AND. li < num_steps-1 )
	1346	li = li+1
	1347	ENDDO
	1348	ENDIF
	1349	li_bnd = li
[1691]	1350
	1351	!
[2232]	1352	!-- Linear interpolation to find the correct value of z/L
	1353	surf%ol(m) = ( ol_tab(li-1) + ( ol_tab(li) - ol_tab(li-1) ) &
	1354	/ ( rib_tab(li) - rib_tab(li-1) ) &
	1355	* ( surf%rib(m) - rib_tab(li-1) ) )
[1691]	1356
	1357	ENDDO
	1358
	1359	ELSEIF ( TRIM( most_method ) == 'circular' ) THEN
	1360
[2232]	1361	IF ( .NOT. humidity ) THEN
	1362	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1363	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1364
[2232]	1365	i = surf%i(m)
	1366	j = surf%j(m)
	1367	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1368
[2232]	1369	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1370
[2232]	1371	surf%ol(m) = ( pt(k,j,i) * surf%us(m)**2 ) / &
	1372	( kappa * g * &
	1373	surf%ts(m) + 1E-30_wp )
[1691]	1374	!
	1375	!-- Limit the value range of the Obukhov length.
[2232]	1376	!-- This is necessary for very small velocities (u,v --> 1), because
[1691]	1377	!-- the absolute value of ol can then become very small, which in
	1378	!-- consequence would result in very large shear stresses and very
	1379	!-- small momentum fluxes (both are generally unrealistic).
[2232]	1380	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) < zeta_min ) &
	1381	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_min
	1382	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) > zeta_max ) &
	1383	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_max
	1384
[1691]	1385	ENDDO
[2232]	1386	ELSEIF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1387	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1388	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1389
[2232]	1390	i = surf%i(m)
	1391	j = surf%j(m)
	1392	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1393
[2232]	1394	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1395
	1396
	1397	surf%ol(m) = ( vpt(k,j,i) * surf%us(m)**2 ) / &
	1398	( kappa * g * ( surf%ts(m) + &
	1399	0.61_wp * surf%pt1(m) * surf%us(m) &
	1400	+ 0.61_wp * surf%qv1(m) * surf%ts(m) - &
	1401	surf%ts(m) * ql(k,j,i) ) + 1E-30_wp )
[1691]	1402	!
[2232]	1403	!-- Limit the value range of the Obukhov length.
	1404	!-- This is necessary for very small velocities (u,v --> 1), because
	1405	!-- the absolute value of ol can then become very small, which in
	1406	!-- consequence would result in very large shear stresses and very
	1407	!-- small momentum fluxes (both are generally unrealistic).
	1408	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) < zeta_min ) &
	1409	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_min
	1410	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) > zeta_max ) &
	1411	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_max
[1691]	1412
[2232]	1413	ENDDO
	1414	ELSE
	1415
	1416	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1417	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1418
	1419	i = surf%i(m)
	1420	j = surf%j(m)
	1421	k = surf%k(m)
	1422
	1423	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1424
	1425	surf%ol(m) = ( vpt(k,j,i) * surf%us(m)**2 ) / &
	1426	( kappa * g * ( surf%ts(m) + 0.61_wp * pt(k,j,i) * &
	1427	surf%qs(m) + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) * &
	1428	surf%ts(m) ) + 1E-30_wp )
	1429
	1430	!
	1431	!-- Limit the value range of the Obukhov length.
	1432	!-- This is necessary for very small velocities (u,v --> 1), because
	1433	!-- the absolute value of ol can then become very small, which in
	1434	!-- consequence would result in very large shear stresses and very
	1435	!-- small momentum fluxes (both are generally unrealistic).
	1436	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) < zeta_min ) &
	1437	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_min
	1438	IF ( ( z_mo / ( surf%ol(m) + 1E-30_wp ) ) > zeta_max ) &
	1439	surf%ol(m) = z_mo / zeta_max
	1440
	1441	ENDDO
	1442
	1443	ENDIF
	1444
	1445	ENDIF
	1446
[1691]	1447	END SUBROUTINE calc_ol
	1448
	1449	!
	1450	!-- Calculate friction velocity u*
	1451	SUBROUTINE calc_us
	1452
	1453	IMPLICIT NONE
	1454
[2232]	1455	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
[1691]	1456
[2232]	1457	!
	1458	!-- Compute u* at horizontal surfaces at the scalars' grid points
	1459	IF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1460	!
	1461	!-- Compute u* at upward-facing surfaces
	1462	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
	1463	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( k, z_mo )
	1464	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1465
[2232]	1466	k = surf%k(m)
	1467	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1468	!
[2232]	1469	!-- Compute u* at the scalars' grid points
	1470	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / &
	1471	( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1472	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1473	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1474
	1475	ENDDO
	1476	!
	1477	!-- Compute u* at downward-facing surfaces. This case, do not consider
	1478	!-- any stability.
	1479	ELSE
	1480	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( k, z_mo )
	1481	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1482
	1483	k = surf%k(m)
	1484	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1485	!
	1486	!-- Compute u* at the scalars' grid points
	1487	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1488
	1489	ENDDO
	1490	ENDIF
	1491	!
	1492	!-- Compute u* at vertical surfaces at the u/v/v grid, respectively.
	1493	!-- No stability is considered in this case.
	1494	ELSE
	1495	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( z_mo )
	1496	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1497	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1498
	1499	surf%us(m) = kappa * surf%uvw_abs(m) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
[1691]	1500	ENDDO
[2232]	1501	ENDIF
[1691]	1502
	1503	END SUBROUTINE calc_us
	1504
	1505	!
	1506	!-- Calculate potential temperature and specific humidity at first grid level
[2232]	1507	!-- ( only for upward-facing surfs )
[1691]	1508	SUBROUTINE calc_pt_q
	1509
	1510	IMPLICIT NONE
	1511
[2232]	1512	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
	1513
	1514	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1515	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1516
	1517	i = surf%i(m)
	1518	j = surf%j(m)
	1519	k = surf%k(m)
	1520
	1521	surf%pt1(m) = pt(k,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k) * ql(k,j,i)
	1522	surf%qv1(m) = q(k,j,i) - ql(k,j,i)
	1523
[1691]	1524	ENDDO
	1525
	1526	END SUBROUTINE calc_pt_q
	1527
	1528	!
	1529	!-- Calculate the other MOST scaling parameters theta, q, (qr, nr)
	1530	SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_parameters
	1531
	1532	IMPLICIT NONE
	1533
[2232]	1534
	1535	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
	1536
[1691]	1537	!
[2232]	1538	!-- Compute theta* at horizontal surfaces
	1539	IF ( constant_heatflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1691]	1540	!
	1541	!-- For a given heat flux in the surface layer:
[2232]	1542
	1543	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1544	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1545
	1546	i = surf%i(m)
	1547	j = surf%j(m)
	1548	k = surf%k(m)
	1549
	1550	surf%ts(m) = -surf%shf(m) * drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1551	( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1552
[1691]	1553	!
[2232]	1554	!-- ts must be limited, because otherwise overflow may occur in case
	1555	!-- of us=0 when computing ol further below
	1556	IF ( surf%ts(m) < -1.05E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = -1.0E5_wp
	1557	IF ( surf%ts(m) > 1.0E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = 1.0E5_wp
	1558
[1691]	1559	ENDDO
	1560
[2232]	1561	ELSEIF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1691]	1562	!
	1563	!-- For a given surface temperature:
[1788]	1564	IF ( large_scale_forcing .AND. lsf_surf ) THEN
[2232]	1565
	1566	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1567	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1568	i = surf%i(m)
	1569	j = surf%j(m)
	1570	k = surf%k(m)
	1571
	1572	pt(k-1,j,i) = pt_surface
[1691]	1573	ENDDO
	1574	ENDIF
	1575
[2232]	1576	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1577	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1578	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1579
[2232]	1580	i = surf%i(m)
	1581	j = surf%j(m)
	1582	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1583
[2232]	1584	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1585
[2232]	1586	surf%ts(m) = kappa * ( surf%pt1(m) - pt(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1587	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1588	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1589	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1590
[1691]	1591	ENDDO
[2232]	1592	ELSE
	1593	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1594	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1595
	1596	i = surf%i(m)
	1597	j = surf%j(m)
	1598	k = surf%k(m)
	1599
	1600	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1601
	1602	surf%ts(m) = kappa * ( pt(k,j,i) - pt(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1603	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0h(m) ) &
	1604	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1605	+ psi_h( surf%z0h(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1606	ENDDO
	1607	ENDIF
	1608	ENDIF
	1609	!
	1610	!-- Compute theta* at vertical surfaces. This is only required in case of
	1611	!-- land-surface model, in order to compute aerodynamical resistance.
	1612	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
	1613	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1614	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1615
	1616	i = surf%i(m)
	1617	j = surf%j(m)
	1618	k = surf%k(m)
	1619	surf%ts(m) = -surf%shf(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1620	!
	1621	!-- ts must be limited, because otherwise overflow may occur in case
	1622	!-- of us=0 when computing ol further below
	1623	IF ( surf%ts(m) < -1.05E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = -1.0E5_wp
	1624	IF ( surf%ts(m) > 1.0E5_wp ) surf%ts(m) = 1.0E5_wp
	1625
[1691]	1626	ENDDO
	1627	ENDIF
	1628
	1629	!
[2232]	1630	!-- If required compute q* at horizontal surfaces
[1960]	1631	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[2232]	1632	IF ( constant_waterflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1691]	1633	!
[1788]	1634	!-- For a given water flux in the surface layer
[2232]	1635	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1636	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1637
	1638	i = surf%i(m)
	1639	j = surf%j(m)
	1640	k = surf%k(m)
	1641	surf%qs(m) = -surf%qsws(m) * drho_air_zw(k-1) / &
	1642	( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1643
[1691]	1644	ENDDO
	1645
[2232]	1646	ELSEIF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
[1788]	1647	coupled_run = ( coupling_mode == 'atmosphere_to_ocean' .AND. &
[1691]	1648	run_coupled )
	1649
[1788]	1650	IF ( large_scale_forcing .AND. lsf_surf ) THEN
[2232]	1651	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1652	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1653
	1654	i = surf%i(m)
	1655	j = surf%j(m)
	1656	k = surf%k(m)
	1657	q(k-1,j,i) = q_surface
	1658
[1691]	1659	ENDDO
	1660	ENDIF
	1661
	1662	!
[2232]	1663	!-- Assume saturation for atmosphere coupled to ocean (but not
	1664	!-- in case of precursor runs)
	1665	IF ( coupled_run ) THEN
	1666	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, e_s )
	1667	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1668	i = surf%i(m)
	1669	j = surf%j(m)
	1670	k = surf%k(m)
	1671	e_s = 6.1_wp * &
	1672	EXP( 0.07_wp * ( MIN(pt(k-1,j,i),pt(k,j,i)) &
[1691]	1673	- 273.15_wp ) )
[2232]	1674	q(k-1,j,i) = 0.622_wp * e_s / ( surface_pressure - e_s )
	1675	ENDDO
	1676	ENDIF
[1691]	1677
[2232]	1678	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1679	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1680	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1681
[2232]	1682	i = surf%i(m)
	1683	j = surf%j(m)
	1684	k = surf%k(m)
	1685
	1686	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1687
[2232]	1688	surf%qs(m) = kappa * ( surf%qv1(m) - q(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1689	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1690	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1691	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / &
	1692	surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1693	ENDDO
[2232]	1694	ELSE
	1695	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1696	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1697
	1698	i = surf%i(m)
	1699	j = surf%j(m)
	1700	k = surf%k(m)
	1701
	1702	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1703
	1704	surf%qs(m) = kappa * ( q(k,j,i) - q(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1705	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1706	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1707	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / &
	1708	surf%ol(m) ) )
	1709	ENDDO
	1710	ENDIF
	1711	ENDIF
	1712	!
	1713	!-- Compute q* at vertical surfaces
	1714	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
	1715	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1716	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1717
	1718	i = surf%i(m)
	1719	j = surf%j(m)
	1720	k = surf%k(m)
	1721	surf%qs(m) = -surf%qsws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1722
[1691]	1723	ENDDO
	1724	ENDIF
	1725	ENDIF
[1960]	1726
	1727	!
	1728	!-- If required compute s*
	1729	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
	1730	!
[2232]	1731	!-- At horizontal surfaces
	1732	IF ( constant_scalarflux .AND. .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1733	!
	1734	!-- For a given scalar flux in the surface layer
	1735	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1736	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1737	i = surf%i(m)
	1738	j = surf%j(m)
	1739	k = surf%k(m)
	1740	surf%ss(m) = -surf%ssws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
[1960]	1741	ENDDO
	1742	ENDIF
[2232]	1743	!
	1744	!-- At vertical surfaces
	1745	IF ( surf_vertical ) THEN
	1746	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1747	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1748	i = surf%i(m)
	1749	j = surf%j(m)
	1750	k = surf%k(m)
	1751	surf%ss(m) = -surf%ssws(m) / ( surf%us(m) + 1E-30_wp )
	1752	ENDDO
	1753	ENDIF
[1960]	1754	ENDIF
[1691]	1755
	1756
	1757	!
	1758	!-- If required compute qr* and nr*
[2232]	1759	IF ( cloud_physics .AND. microphysics_seifert .AND. &
	1760	.NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1761	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1762	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1763
[2232]	1764	i = surf%i(m)
	1765	j = surf%j(m)
	1766	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1767
[2232]	1768	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1769
[2232]	1770	surf%qrs(m) = kappa * ( qr(k,j,i) - qr(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1771	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1772	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1773	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1774
[2232]	1775	surf%nrs(m) = kappa * ( nr(k,j,i) - nr(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1776	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0q(m) ) &
	1777	- psi_h( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1778	+ psi_h( surf%z0q(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1779	ENDDO
	1780
	1781	ENDIF
	1782
	1783	END SUBROUTINE calc_scaling_parameters
	1784
	1785
	1786
	1787	!
	1788	!-- Calculate surface fluxes usws, vsws, shf, qsws, (qrsws, nrsws)
	1789	SUBROUTINE calc_surface_fluxes
	1790
	1791	IMPLICIT NONE
	1792
[2232]	1793	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< loop variable over all horizontal surf elements
[1691]	1794
[2232]	1795	REAL(wp) :: dum !< dummy to precalculate logarithm
	1796	REAL(wp) :: flag_u !< flag indicating u-grid, used for calculation of horizontal momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1797	REAL(wp) :: flag_v !< flag indicating v-grid, used for calculation of horizontal momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1798	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_i !< u-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1799	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_i !< v-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
	1800	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_i !< w-component interpolated onto scalar grid point, required for momentum fluxes at vertical surfaces
[1691]	1801
	1802	!
[2232]	1803	!-- Calcuate surface fluxes at horizontal walls
	1804	IF ( .NOT. surf_vertical ) THEN
	1805	!
	1806	!-- Compute u'w' for the total model domain at upward-facing surfaces.
	1807	!-- First compute the corresponding component of u* and square it.
	1808	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
	1809	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1810	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1811
	1812	i = surf%i(m)
	1813	j = surf%j(m)
	1814	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1815
[2232]	1816	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1817
[2232]	1818	surf%usws(m) = kappa * ( u(k,j,i) - u(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1819	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1820	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1821	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
	1822	!
	1823	!-- Please note, the computation of usws is not fully accurate. Actually
	1824	!-- a further interpolation of us onto the u-grid, where usws is defined,
	1825	!-- is required. However, this is not done as this would require several
	1826	!-- data transfers between 2D-grid and the surf-type.
	1827	!-- The impact of the missing interpolation is negligible as several
	1828	!-- tests had shown.
	1829	!-- Same also for ol.
	1830	surf%usws(m) = -surf%usws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
[1691]	1831
[2232]	1832	ENDDO
[1691]	1833	!
[2232]	1834	!-- At downward-facing surfaces
	1835	ELSE
	1836	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1837	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1838
	1839	i = surf%i(m)
	1840	j = surf%j(m)
	1841	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1842
[2232]	1843	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1844
	1845	surf%usws(m) = kappa * u(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
[1691]	1846	!
[2232]	1847	!-- To Do: Is the sign correct???
	1848	surf%usws(m) = surf%usws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k)
[1691]	1849
[2232]	1850	ENDDO
	1851	ENDIF
[1691]	1852
[2232]	1853	!
	1854	!-- Compute v'w' for the total model domain.
	1855	!-- First compute the corresponding component of u* and square it.
	1856	!-- Upward-facing surfaces
	1857	IF ( .NOT. downward ) THEN
	1858	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1859	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1860	i = surf%i(m)
	1861	j = surf%j(m)
	1862	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1863
[2232]	1864	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1691]	1865
[2232]	1866	surf%vsws(m) = kappa * ( v(k,j,i) - v(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1867	/ ( LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) ) &
	1868	- psi_m( z_mo / surf%ol(m) ) &
	1869	+ psi_m( surf%z0(m) / surf%ol(m) ) )
[1691]	1870	!
[2232]	1871	!-- Please note, the computation of vsws is not fully accurate. Actually
	1872	!-- a further interpolation of us onto the v-grid, where vsws is defined,
	1873	!-- is required. However, this is not done as this would require several
	1874	!-- data transfers between 2D-grid and the surf-type.
	1875	!-- The impact of the missing interpolation is negligible as several
	1876	!-- tests had shown.
	1877	!-- Same also for ol.
	1878	surf%vsws(m) = -surf%vsws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
	1879	ENDDO
	1880	!
	1881	!-- Downward-facing surfaces
	1882	ELSE
	1883	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1884	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1885	i = surf%i(m)
	1886	j = surf%j(m)
	1887	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1888
[2232]	1889	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	1890
	1891	surf%vsws(m) = kappa * v(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1892
	1893	surf%vsws(m) = surf%vsws(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k)
	1894	ENDDO
	1895	ENDIF
[1691]	1896	!
[2232]	1897	!-- Compute the vertical kinematic heat flux
	1898	IF ( .NOT. constant_heatflux .AND. ( simulated_time <= &
	1899	skip_time_do_lsm .OR. .NOT. land_surface ) .AND. &
	1900	.NOT. urban_surface .AND. .NOT. downward ) THEN
	1901	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1902	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1903	i = surf%i(m)
	1904	j = surf%j(m)
	1905	k = surf%k(m)
	1906	surf%shf(m) = -surf%ts(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
[1691]	1907	ENDDO
[2232]	1908	ENDIF
	1909	!
	1910	!-- Compute the vertical water flux
	1911	IF ( .NOT. constant_waterflux .AND. humidity .AND. &
	1912	( simulated_time <= skip_time_do_lsm &
	1913	.OR. .NOT. land_surface ) .AND. .NOT. downward ) THEN
	1914	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1915	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1916	i = surf%i(m)
	1917	j = surf%j(m)
	1918	k = surf%k(m)
	1919	surf%qsws(m) = -surf%qs(m) * surf%us(m) * rho_air_zw(k-1)
	1920	ENDDO
	1921	ENDIF
	1922	!
	1923	!-- Compute the vertical scalar flux
	1924	IF ( .NOT. constant_scalarflux .AND. passive_scalar .AND. &
	1925	.NOT. downward ) THEN
	1926	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1927	DO m = 1, surf%ns
[1691]	1928
[2232]	1929	i = surf%i(m)
	1930	j = surf%j(m)
	1931	k = surf%k(m)
	1932	surf%ssws(m) = -surf%ss(m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	1933
[2232]	1934	ENDDO
	1935	ENDIF
[1691]	1936	!
[2232]	1937	!-- Compute (turbulent) fluxes of rain water content and rain drop conc.
	1938	IF ( cloud_physics .AND. microphysics_seifert .AND. &
	1939	.NOT. downward) THEN
	1940	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1941	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1942
	1943	i = surf%i(m)
	1944	j = surf%j(m)
	1945	k = surf%k(m)
	1946
	1947	surf%qrsws(m) = -surf%qrs(m) * surf%us(m)
	1948	surf%nrsws(m) = -surf%nrs(m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	1949	ENDDO
[2232]	1950	ENDIF
[1691]	1951
[1960]	1952	!
[2232]	1953	!-- Bottom boundary condition for the TKE.
	1954	IF ( ibc_e_b == 2 ) THEN
	1955	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	1956	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1957
	1958	i = surf%i(m)
	1959	j = surf%j(m)
	1960	k = surf%k(m)
	1961
	1962	e(k,j,i) = ( surf%us(m) / 0.1_wp )**2
	1963	!
	1964	!-- As a test: cm = 0.4
	1965	! e(k,j,i) = ( us(j,i) / 0.4_wp )**2
	1966	e(k-1,j,i) = e(k,j,i)
	1967
[1960]	1968	ENDDO
[2232]	1969	ENDIF
	1970	!
	1971	!-- Calcuate surface fluxes at vertical surfaces. No stability is considered.
	1972	ELSE
	1973	!
	1974	!-- Compute usvs l={0,1} and vsus l={2,3}
	1975	IF ( mom_uv ) THEN
	1976	!
	1977	!-- Generalize computation by introducing flags. At north- and south-
	1978	!-- facing surfaces u-component is used, at east- and west-facing
	1979	!-- surfaces v-component is used.
	1980	flag_u = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, l == 0 .OR. l == 1 )
	1981	flag_v = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, l == 2 .OR. l == 3 )
	1982	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	1983	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	1984	i = surf%i(m)
	1985	j = surf%j(m)
	1986	k = surf%k(m)
[1691]	1987
[2232]	1988	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
[1960]	1989
[2232]	1990	surf%mom_flux_uv(m) = kappa * &
	1991	( flag_u * u(k,j,i) + flag_v * v(k,j,i) ) / &
	1992	LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	1993
	1994	surf%mom_flux_uv(m) = &
	1995	- surf%mom_flux_uv(m) * surf%us(m)
	1996	ENDDO
	1997	ENDIF
[1691]	1998	!
[2232]	1999	!-- Compute wsus l={0,1} and wsvs l={2,3}
	2000	IF ( mom_w ) THEN
	2001	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, z_mo )
	2002	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2003	i = surf%i(m)
	2004	j = surf%j(m)
	2005	k = surf%k(m)
	2006
	2007	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	2008
	2009	surf%mom_flux_w(m) = kappa * w(k,j,i) / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
	2010
	2011	surf%mom_flux_w(m) = &
	2012	- surf%mom_flux_w(m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	2013	ENDDO
[2232]	2014	ENDIF
	2015	!
	2016	!-- Compute momentum fluxes used for subgrid-scale TKE production at
	2017	!-- vertical surfaces. In constrast to the calculated momentum fluxes at
	2018	!-- vertical surfaces before, which are defined on the u/v/w-grid,
	2019	!-- respectively), the TKE fluxes are defined at the scalar grid.
	2020	!--
	2021	IF ( mom_tke ) THEN
	2022	!
	2023	!-- Precalculate velocity components at scalar grid point.
	2024	ALLOCATE( u_i(1:surf%ns) )
	2025	ALLOCATE( v_i(1:surf%ns) )
	2026	ALLOCATE( w_i(1:surf%ns) )
[1691]	2027
[2232]	2028	IF ( l == 0 .OR. l == 1 ) THEN
	2029	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	2030	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2031	i = surf%i(m)
	2032	j = surf%j(m)
	2033	k = surf%k(m)
	2034
	2035	u_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) )
	2036	v_i(m) = 0.0_wp
	2037	w_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	2038	ENDDO
	2039	ELSE
	2040	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k )
	2041	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2042	i = surf%i(m)
	2043	j = surf%j(m)
	2044	k = surf%k(m)
	2045
	2046	u_i(m) = 0.0_wp
	2047	v_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) )
	2048	w_i(m) = 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) )
	2049	ENDDO
	2050	ENDIF
	2051
	2052	!$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE( i, j, k, dum, z_mo )
	2053	DO m = 1, surf%ns
	2054	i = surf%i(m)
	2055	j = surf%j(m)
	2056	k = surf%k(m)
	2057
	2058	z_mo = surf%z_mo(m)
	2059
	2060	dum = kappa / LOG( z_mo / surf%z0(m) )
[1691]	2061	!
[2232]	2062	!-- usvs (l=0,1) and vsus (l=2,3)
	2063	surf%mom_flux_tke(0,m) = dum * ( u_i(m) + v_i(m) )
[1691]	2064	!
[2232]	2065	!-- wsvs (l=0,1) and wsus (l=2,3)
	2066	surf%mom_flux_tke(1,m) = dum * w_i(m)
	2067
	2068	surf%mom_flux_tke(0:1,m) = &
	2069	- surf%mom_flux_tke(0:1,m) * surf%us(m)
[1691]	2070	ENDDO
[2232]	2071	!
	2072	!-- Deallocate temporary arrays
	2073	DEALLOCATE( u_i )
	2074	DEALLOCATE( v_i )
	2075	DEALLOCATE( w_i )
	2076	ENDIF
[1691]	2077	ENDIF
	2078
	2079	END SUBROUTINE calc_surface_fluxes
	2080
	2081
	2082	!
	2083	!-- Integrated stability function for momentum
	2084	FUNCTION psi_m( zeta )
	2085
	2086	USE kinds
	2087
	2088	IMPLICIT NONE
	2089
	2090	REAL(wp) :: psi_m !< Integrated similarity function result
	2091	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
	2092	REAL(wp) :: x !< dummy variable
	2093
	2094	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 1.0_wp !< constant
	2095	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: b = 0.66666666666_wp !< constant
	2096	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
	2097	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: d = 0.35_wp !< constant
	2098	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c_d_d = c / d !< constant
	2099	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: bc_d_d = b * c / d !< constant
	2100
	2101
	2102	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1788]	2103	x = SQRT( SQRT( 1.0_wp - 16.0_wp * zeta ) )
[1691]	2104	psi_m = pi * 0.5_wp - 2.0_wp * ATAN( x ) + LOG( ( 1.0_wp + x )**2 &
	2105	* ( 1.0_wp + x*2 ) 0.125_wp )
	2106	ELSE
	2107
	2108	psi_m = - b * ( zeta - c_d_d ) * EXP( -d * zeta ) - a * zeta &
	2109	- bc_d_d
	2110	!
	2111	!-- Old version for stable conditions (only valid for z/L < 0.5)
	2112	!-- psi_m = - 5.0_wp * zeta
	2113
	2114	ENDIF
	2115
	2116	END FUNCTION psi_m
	2117
	2118
	2119	!
	2120	!-- Integrated stability function for heat and moisture
	2121	FUNCTION psi_h( zeta )
	2122
	2123	USE kinds
	2124
	2125	IMPLICIT NONE
	2126
	2127	REAL(wp) :: psi_h !< Integrated similarity function result
	2128	REAL(wp) :: zeta !< Stability parameter z/L
	2129	REAL(wp) :: x !< dummy variable
	2130
	2131	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: a = 1.0_wp !< constant
	2132	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: b = 0.66666666666_wp !< constant
	2133	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c = 5.0_wp !< constant
	2134	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: d = 0.35_wp !< constant
	2135	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: c_d_d = c / d !< constant
	2136	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: bc_d_d = b * c / d !< constant
	2137
	2138
	2139	IF ( zeta < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1788]	2140	x = SQRT( 1.0_wp - 16.0_wp * zeta )
[1691]	2141	psi_h = 2.0_wp * LOG( (1.0_wp + x ) / 2.0_wp )
	2142	ELSE
	2143	psi_h = - b * ( zeta - c_d_d ) * EXP( -d * zeta ) - (1.0_wp &
	2144	+ 0.66666666666_wp * a * zeta )**1.5_wp - bc_d_d &
	2145	+ 1.0_wp
	2146	!
	2147	!-- Old version for stable conditions (only valid for z/L < 0.5)
	2148	!-- psi_h = - 5.0_wp * zeta
	2149	ENDIF
	2150
	2151	END FUNCTION psi_h
	2152
[1697]	2153	END MODULE surface_layer_fluxes_mod

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