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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/lpm_init.f90 @ 3981

Last change on this file since 3981 was 3981, checked in by suehring, 6 years ago
Bugfix in particlel nesting, TKE-gradients at ghost points at non-cyclic boundaries were not initialized
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1	!> @file lpm_init.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: lpm_init.f90 3981 2019-05-15 14:43:01Z suehring $
27	! Bugfix in particle nesting, initialize TKE gradient with zero
28	!
29	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
30	! Changed number concentration unit to SI standard
31	!
32	! 3560 2018-11-23 09:20:21Z raasch
33	! set the first particle release time
34	!
35	! 3524 2018-11-14 13:36:44Z raasch
36	! added missing working precision
37	!
38	! 3361 2018-10-16 20:39:37Z knoop
39	! ocean renamed ocean_mode
40	!
41	! 3274 2018-09-24 15:42:55Z knoop
42	! Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
43	!
44	! 3241 2018-09-12 15:02:00Z raasch
45	! unused variables removed
46	!
47	! 3065 2018-06-12 07:03:02Z Giersch
48	! dz was replaced by dzw or dz(1) to allow for right vertical stretching
49	!
50	! 3049 2018-05-29 13:52:36Z Giersch
51	! Error messages revised
52	!
53	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
54	! Error message revised
55	!
56	! 3039 2018-05-24 13:13:11Z schwenkel
57	! bugfix for lcm with grid stretching
58	!
59	! 2967 2018-04-13 11:22:08Z raasch
60	! nesting routine is only called if nesting is switched on
61	!
62	! 2954 2018-04-09 14:35:46Z schwenkel
63	! Bugfix for particle initialization in case of ocean
64	!
65	! 2801 2018-02-14 16:01:55Z thiele
66	! Introduce particle transfer in nested models.
67	!
68	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
69	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
70	!
71	! 2701 2017-12-15 15:40:50Z suehring
72	! Changes from last commit documented
73	!
74	! 2698 2017-12-14 18:46:24Z suehring
75	! Grid indices passed to lpm_boundary_conds. (responsible Philipp Thiele)
76	!
77	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
78	! Change in file header (GPL part)
79	!
80	! 2628 2017-11-20 12:40:38Z schwenkel
81	! Enabled particle advection with grid stretching.
82	!
83	! 2608 2017-11-13 14:04:26Z schwenkel
84	! Calculation of magnus equation in external module (diagnostic_quantities_mod).
85	!
86	! 2606 2017-11-10 10:36:31Z schwenkel
87	! Changed particle box locations: center of particle box now coincides
88	! with scalar grid point of same index.
89	! Renamed module and subroutines: lpm_pack_arrays_mod -> lpm_pack_and_sort_mod
90	! lpm_pack_all_arrays -> lpm_sort_in_subboxes, lpm_pack_arrays -> lpm_pack
91	! lpm_sort -> lpm_sort_timeloop_done
92	!
93	! 2375 2017-08-29 14:10:28Z schwenkel
94	! Initialization of chemical aerosol composition
95	!
96	! 2346 2017-08-09 16:39:17Z suehring
97	! Bugfix, correct determination of topography top index
98	!
99	! 2318 2017-07-20 17:27:44Z suehring
100	! Get topography top index via Function call
101	!
102	! 2317 2017-07-20 17:27:19Z suehring
103	! Extended particle data type. Aerosol initialization improved.
104	!
105	! 2305 2017-07-06 11:18:47Z hoffmann
106	! Improved calculation of particle IDs.
107	!
108	! 2274 2017-06-09 13:27:48Z Giersch
109	! Changed error messages
110	!
111	! 2265 2017-06-08 16:58:28Z schwenkel
112	! Unused variables removed.
113	!
114	! 2263 2017-06-08 14:59:01Z schwenkel
115	! Implemented splitting and merging algorithm
116	!
117	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
118	!
119	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
120	! Adjustments according to new topography realization
121	!
122	!
123	! 2223 2017-05-15 16:38:09Z suehring
124	! Add check for particle release at model top
125	!
126	! 2182 2017-03-17 14:27:40Z schwenkel
127	! Added parameters for simplified particle initialization.
128	!
129	! 2122 2017-01-18 12:22:54Z hoffmann
130	! Improved initialization of equilibrium aerosol radii
131	! Calculation of particle ID
132	!
133	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
134	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
135	!
136	! 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
137	! Bugfix in determining initial particle height and grid index in case of
138	! seed_follows_topography.
139	! Bugfix concerning random positions, ensure that particles do not move more
140	! than one grid length.
141	! Bugfix logarithmic interpolation.
142	! Initial setting of sgs_wf_part.
143	!
144	! 1890 2016-04-22 08:52:11Z hoffmann
145	! Initialization of aerosol equilibrium radius not possible in supersaturated
146	! environments. Therefore, a maximum supersaturation of -1 % is assumed during
147	! initialization.
148	!
149	! 1873 2016-04-18 14:50:06Z maronga
150	! Module renamed (removed _mod
151	!
152	! 1871 2016-04-15 11:46:09Z hoffmann
153	! Initialization of aerosols added.
154	!
155	! 1850 2016-04-08 13:29:27Z maronga
156	! Module renamed
157	!
158	! 1831 2016-04-07 13:15:51Z hoffmann
159	! curvature_solution_effects moved to particle_attributes
160	!
161	! 1822 2016-04-07 07:49:42Z hoffmann
162	! Unused variables removed.
163	!
164	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
165	! netcdf module added
166	!
167	! 1725 2015-11-17 13:01:51Z hoffmann
168	! Bugfix: Processor-dependent seed for random function is generated before it is
169	! used.
170	!
171	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
172	! Renamed prandtl_layer to constant_flux_layer.
173	!
174	! 1685 2015-10-08 07:32:13Z raasch
175	! bugfix concerning vertical index offset in case of ocean
176	!
177	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
178	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
179	!
180	! 1575 2015-03-27 09:56:27Z raasch
181	! initial vertical particle position is allowed to follow the topography
182	!
183	! 1359 2014-04-11 17:15:14Z hoffmann
184	! New particle structure integrated.
185	! Kind definition added to all floating point numbers.
186	! lpm_init changed form a subroutine to a module.
187	!
188	! 1327 2014-03-21 11:00:16Z raasch
189	! -netcdf_output
190	!
191	! 1322 2014-03-20 16:38:49Z raasch
192	! REAL functions provided with KIND-attribute
193	!
194	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
195	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
196	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
197	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
198	! revision history before 2012 removed,
199	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
200	! all variable declaration statements
201	! bugfix: #if defined( __parallel ) added
202	!
203	! 1314 2014-03-14 18:25:17Z suehring
204	! Vertical logarithmic interpolation of horizontal particle speed for particles
205	! between roughness height and first vertical grid level.
206	!
207	! 1092 2013-02-02 11:24:22Z raasch
208	! unused variables removed
209	!
210	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
211	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
212	!
213	! 849 2012-03-15 10:35:09Z raasch
214	! routine renamed: init_particles -> lpm_init
215	! de_dx, de_dy, de_dz are allocated here (instead of automatic arrays in
216	! advec_particles),
217	! sort_particles renamed lpm_sort_arrays, user_init_particles renamed lpm_init
218	!
219	! 828 2012-02-21 12:00:36Z raasch
220	! call of init_kernels, particle feature color renamed class
221	!
222	! 824 2012-02-17 09:09:57Z raasch
223	! particle attributes speed_x\|y\|z_sgs renamed rvar1\|2\|3,
224	! array particles implemented as pointer
225	!
226	! 667 2010-12-23 12:06:00Z suehring/gryschka
227	! nxl-1, nxr+1, nys-1, nyn+1 replaced by nxlg, nxrg, nysg, nyng for allocation
228	! of arrays.
229	!
230	! Revision 1.1 1999/11/25 16:22:38 raasch
231	! Initial revision
232	!
233	!
234	! Description:
235	! ------------
236	!> This routine initializes a set of particles and their attributes (position,
237	!> radius, ..) which are used by the Lagrangian particle model (see lpm).
238	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
239	MODULE lpm_init_mod
240
241	USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING
242
243	USE arrays_3d, &
244	ONLY: de_dx, de_dy, de_dz, dzw, zu, zw
245
246	USE control_parameters, &
247	ONLY: cloud_droplets, constant_flux_layer, current_timestep_number, &
248	dt_3d, dz, initializing_actions, message_string, ocean_mode, &
249	simulated_time
250
251	USE grid_variables, &
252	ONLY: ddx, dx, ddy, dy
253
254	USE indices, &
255	ONLY: nx, nxl, nxlg, nxrg, nxr, ny, nyn, nys, nyng, nysg, nz, nzb, &
256	nzt, wall_flags_0
257
258	USE kinds
259
260	USE lpm_collision_kernels_mod, &
261	ONLY: init_kernels
262
263	USE netcdf_interface, &
264	ONLY: netcdf_data_format
265
266	USE particle_attributes, &
267	ONLY: alloc_factor, bc_par_b, bc_par_lr, bc_par_ns, bc_par_t, &
268	block_offset, block_offset_def, collision_kernel, &
269	curvature_solution_effects, density_ratio, grid_particles, &
270	isf,i_splitting_mode, initial_weighting_factor, ibc_par_b, &
271	ibc_par_lr, ibc_par_ns, ibc_par_t, iran_part, &
272	last_particle_release_time, log_z_z0, &
273	max_number_of_particle_groups, min_nr_particle, &
274	number_concentration, &
275	number_particles_per_gridbox, number_of_particles, &
276	number_of_particle_groups, number_of_sublayers, &
277	offset_ocean_nzt, offset_ocean_nzt_m1, &
278	particles, particle_advection_start, particle_groups, &
279	particle_groups_type, particles_per_point, &
280	particle_type, pdx, pdy, pdz, prt_count, psb, psl, psn, psr, &
281	pss, pst, radius, random_start_position, &
282	read_particles_from_restartfile, seed_follows_topography, &
283	sgs_wf_part, sort_count, splitting_function, splitting_mode, &
284	total_number_of_particles, use_sgs_for_particles, &
285	write_particle_statistics, zero_particle, z0_av_global
286
287	USE pegrid
288
289	USE random_function_mod, &
290	ONLY: random_function
291
292	USE surface_mod, &
293	ONLY: get_topography_top_index_ji, surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
294
295	USE pmc_particle_interface, &
296	ONLY: pmcp_g_init
297
298	IMPLICIT NONE
299
300	PRIVATE
301
302	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: PHASE_INIT = 1 !<
303	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER, PUBLIC :: PHASE_RELEASE = 2 !<
304
305	INTERFACE lpm_init
306	MODULE PROCEDURE lpm_init
307	END INTERFACE lpm_init
308
309	INTERFACE lpm_create_particle
310	MODULE PROCEDURE lpm_create_particle
311	END INTERFACE lpm_create_particle
312
313	PUBLIC lpm_init, lpm_create_particle
314
315	CONTAINS
316
317	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
318	! Description:
319	! ------------
320	!> @todo Missing subroutine description.
321	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
322	SUBROUTINE lpm_init
323
324	USE lpm_collision_kernels_mod, &
325	ONLY: init_kernels
326
327	USE pmc_interface, &
328	ONLY: nested_run
329
330	IMPLICIT NONE
331
332	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
333	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
334	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
335
336	REAL(wp) :: div !<
337	REAL(wp) :: height_int !<
338	REAL(wp) :: height_p !<
339	REAL(wp) :: z_p !<
340	REAL(wp) :: z0_av_local !<
341
342
343	!
344	!-- In case of oceans runs, the vertical index calculations need an offset,
345	!-- because otherwise the k indices will become negative
346	IF ( ocean_mode ) THEN
347	offset_ocean_nzt = nzt
348	offset_ocean_nzt_m1 = nzt - 1
349	ENDIF
350
351	!
352	!-- Define block offsets for dividing a gridcell in 8 sub cells
353	!-- See documentation for List of subgrid boxes
354	!-- See pack_and_sort in lpm_pack_arrays.f90 for assignment of the subgrid boxes
355	block_offset(0) = block_offset_def ( 0, 0, 0)
356	block_offset(1) = block_offset_def ( 0, 0,-1)
357	block_offset(2) = block_offset_def ( 0,-1, 0)
358	block_offset(3) = block_offset_def ( 0,-1,-1)
359	block_offset(4) = block_offset_def (-1, 0, 0)
360	block_offset(5) = block_offset_def (-1, 0,-1)
361	block_offset(6) = block_offset_def (-1,-1, 0)
362	block_offset(7) = block_offset_def (-1,-1,-1)
363	!
364	!-- Check the number of particle groups.
365	IF ( number_of_particle_groups > max_number_of_particle_groups ) THEN
366	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'max_number_of_particle_groups =', &
367	max_number_of_particle_groups , &
368	'&number_of_particle_groups reset to ', &
369	max_number_of_particle_groups
370	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0213', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
371	number_of_particle_groups = max_number_of_particle_groups
372	ENDIF
373	!
374	!-- Check if downward-facing walls exist. This case, reflection boundary
375	!-- conditions (as well as subgrid-scale velocities) may do not work
376	!-- propably (not realized so far).
377	IF ( surf_def_h(1)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
378	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Overhanging topography do not work '// &
379	'with particles'
380	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0212', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
381
382	ENDIF
383
384	!
385	!-- Set default start positions, if necessary
386	IF ( psl(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psl(1) = 0.0_wp
387	IF ( psr(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psr(1) = ( nx +1 ) * dx
388	IF ( pss(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) pss(1) = 0.0_wp
389	IF ( psn(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psn(1) = ( ny +1 ) * dy
390	IF ( psb(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psb(1) = zu(nz/2)
391	IF ( pst(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) pst(1) = psb(1)
392
393	IF ( pdx(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdx(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdx(1) = dx
394	IF ( pdy(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdy(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdy(1) = dy
395	IF ( pdz(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdz(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdz(1) = zu(2) - zu(1)
396
397	!
398	!-- If number_particles_per_gridbox is set, the parametres pdx, pdy and pdz are
399	!-- calculated diagnostically. Therfore an isotropic distribution is prescribed.
400	IF ( number_particles_per_gridbox /= -1 .AND. &
401	number_particles_per_gridbox >= 1 ) THEN
402	pdx(1) = (( dx * dy * ( zu(2) - zu(1) ) ) / &
403	REAL(number_particles_per_gridbox))**0.3333333_wp
404	!
405	!-- Ensure a smooth value (two significant digits) of distance between
406	!-- particles (pdx, pdy, pdz).
407	div = 1000.0_wp
408	DO WHILE ( pdx(1) < div )
409	div = div / 10.0_wp
410	ENDDO
411	pdx(1) = NINT( pdx(1) * 100.0_wp / div ) * div / 100.0_wp
412	pdy(1) = pdx(1)
413	pdz(1) = pdx(1)
414
415	ENDIF
416
417	DO j = 2, number_of_particle_groups
418	IF ( psl(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psl(j) = psl(j-1)
419	IF ( psr(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psr(j) = psr(j-1)
420	IF ( pss(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) pss(j) = pss(j-1)
421	IF ( psn(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psn(j) = psn(j-1)
422	IF ( psb(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psb(j) = psb(j-1)
423	IF ( pst(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) pst(j) = pst(j-1)
424	IF ( pdx(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdx(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdx(j) = pdx(j-1)
425	IF ( pdy(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdy(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdy(j) = pdy(j-1)
426	IF ( pdz(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdz(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdz(j) = pdz(j-1)
427	ENDDO
428
429	!
430	!-- Allocate arrays required for calculating particle SGS velocities.
431	!-- Initialize prefactor required for stoachastic Weil equation.
432	IF ( use_sgs_for_particles .AND. .NOT. cloud_droplets ) THEN
433	ALLOCATE( de_dx(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
434	de_dy(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
435	de_dz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
436	de_dx = 0.0_wp
437	de_dy = 0.0_wp
438	de_dz = 0.0_wp
439
440	sgs_wf_part = 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp
441	ENDIF
442
443	!
444	!-- Allocate array required for logarithmic vertical interpolation of
445	!-- horizontal particle velocities between the surface and the first vertical
446	!-- grid level. In order to avoid repeated CPU cost-intensive CALLS of
447	!-- intrinsic FORTRAN procedure LOG(z/z0), LOG(z/z0) is precalculated for
448	!-- several heights. Splitting into 20 sublayers turned out to be sufficient.
449	!-- To obtain exact height levels of particles, linear interpolation is applied
450	!-- (see lpm_advec.f90).
451	IF ( constant_flux_layer ) THEN
452
453	ALLOCATE ( log_z_z0(0:number_of_sublayers) )
454	z_p = zu(nzb+1) - zw(nzb)
455
456	!
457	!-- Calculate horizontal mean value of z0 used for logartihmic
458	!-- interpolation. Note: this is not exact for heterogeneous z0.
459	!-- However, sensitivity studies showed that the effect is
460	!-- negligible.
461	z0_av_local = SUM( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) + SUM( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) + &
462	SUM( surf_usm_h%z0 )
463	z0_av_global = 0.0_wp
464
465	#if defined( __parallel )
466	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE(z0_av_local, z0_av_global, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
467	comm2d, ierr )
468	#else
469	z0_av_global = z0_av_local
470	#endif
471
472	z0_av_global = z0_av_global / ( ( ny + 1 ) * ( nx + 1 ) )
473	!
474	!-- Horizontal wind speed is zero below and at z0
475	log_z_z0(0) = 0.0_wp
476	!
477	!-- Calculate vertical depth of the sublayers
478	height_int = ( z_p - z0_av_global ) / REAL( number_of_sublayers, KIND=wp )
479	!
480	!-- Precalculate LOG(z/z0)
481	height_p = z0_av_global
482	DO k = 1, number_of_sublayers
483
484	height_p = height_p + height_int
485	log_z_z0(k) = LOG( height_p / z0_av_global )
486
487	ENDDO
488
489	ENDIF
490
491	!
492	!-- Check boundary condition and set internal variables
493	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_b )
494
495	CASE ( 'absorb' )
496	ibc_par_b = 1
497
498	CASE ( 'reflect' )
499	ibc_par_b = 2
500
501	CASE DEFAULT
502	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
503	'bc_par_b = "', TRIM( bc_par_b ), '"'
504	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0217', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
505
506	END SELECT
507	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_t )
508
509	CASE ( 'absorb' )
510	ibc_par_t = 1
511
512	CASE ( 'reflect' )
513	ibc_par_t = 2
514
515	CASE ( 'nested' )
516	ibc_par_t = 3
517
518	CASE DEFAULT
519	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
520	'bc_par_t = "', TRIM( bc_par_t ), '"'
521	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0218', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
522
523	END SELECT
524	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_lr )
525
526	CASE ( 'cyclic' )
527	ibc_par_lr = 0
528
529	CASE ( 'absorb' )
530	ibc_par_lr = 1
531
532	CASE ( 'reflect' )
533	ibc_par_lr = 2
534
535	CASE ( 'nested' )
536	ibc_par_lr = 3
537
538	CASE DEFAULT
539	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
540	'bc_par_lr = "', TRIM( bc_par_lr ), '"'
541	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0219', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
542
543	END SELECT
544	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_ns )
545
546	CASE ( 'cyclic' )
547	ibc_par_ns = 0
548
549	CASE ( 'absorb' )
550	ibc_par_ns = 1
551
552	CASE ( 'reflect' )
553	ibc_par_ns = 2
554
555	CASE ( 'nested' )
556	ibc_par_ns = 3
557
558	CASE DEFAULT
559	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
560	'bc_par_ns = "', TRIM( bc_par_ns ), '"'
561	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0220', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
562
563	END SELECT
564	SELECT CASE ( splitting_mode )
565
566	CASE ( 'const' )
567	i_splitting_mode = 1
568
569	CASE ( 'cl_av' )
570	i_splitting_mode = 2
571
572	CASE ( 'gb_av' )
573	i_splitting_mode = 3
574
575	CASE DEFAULT
576	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown splitting_mode = "', &
577	TRIM( splitting_mode ), '"'
578	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0146', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
579
580	END SELECT
581	SELECT CASE ( splitting_function )
582
583	CASE ( 'gamma' )
584	isf = 1
585
586	CASE ( 'log' )
587	isf = 2
588
589	CASE ( 'exp' )
590	isf = 3
591
592	CASE DEFAULT
593	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown splitting function = "', &
594	TRIM( splitting_function ), '"'
595	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0147', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
596
597	END SELECT
598
599
600	!
601	!-- Initialize collision kernels
602	IF ( collision_kernel /= 'none' ) CALL init_kernels
603
604	!
605	!-- For the first model run of a possible job chain initialize the
606	!-- particles, otherwise read the particle data from restart file.
607	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) == 'read_restart_data' &
608	.AND. read_particles_from_restartfile ) THEN
609
610	CALL lpm_read_restart_file
611
612	ELSE
613
614	!
615	!-- Allocate particle arrays and set attributes of the initial set of
616	!-- particles, which can be also periodically released at later times.
617	ALLOCATE( prt_count(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
618	grid_particles(nzb+1:nzt,nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
619
620	number_of_particles = 0
621
622	sort_count = 0
623	prt_count = 0
624
625	!
626	!-- initialize counter for particle IDs
627	grid_particles%id_counter = 1
628
629	!
630	!-- Initialize all particles with dummy values (otherwise errors may
631	!-- occur within restart runs). The reason for this is still not clear
632	!-- and may be presumably caused by errors in the respective user-interface.
633	zero_particle = particle_type( 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
634	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
635	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
636	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
637	0, 0, 0_idp, .FALSE., -1 )
638
639	particle_groups = particle_groups_type( 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp )
640
641	!
642	!-- Set values for the density ratio and radius for all particle
643	!-- groups, if necessary
644	IF ( density_ratio(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) density_ratio(1) = 0.0_wp
645	IF ( radius(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) radius(1) = 0.0_wp
646	DO i = 2, number_of_particle_groups
647	IF ( density_ratio(i) == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
648	density_ratio(i) = density_ratio(i-1)
649	ENDIF
650	IF ( radius(i) == 9999999.9_wp ) radius(i) = radius(i-1)
651	ENDDO
652
653	DO i = 1, number_of_particle_groups
654	IF ( density_ratio(i) /= 0.0_wp .AND. radius(i) == 0 ) THEN
655	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'particle group #', i, ' has a', &
656	'density ratio /= 0 but radius = 0'
657	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0215', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
658	ENDIF
659	particle_groups(i)%density_ratio = density_ratio(i)
660	particle_groups(i)%radius = radius(i)
661	ENDDO
662
663	!
664	!-- Set a seed value for the random number generator to be exclusively
665	!-- used for the particle code. The generated random numbers should be
666	!-- different on the different PEs.
667	iran_part = iran_part + myid
668
669	!
670	!-- Create the particle set, and set the initial particles
671	CALL lpm_create_particle( phase_init )
672	last_particle_release_time = particle_advection_start
673
674	!
675	!-- User modification of initial particles
676	CALL user_lpm_init
677
678	!
679	!-- Open file for statistical informations about particle conditions
680	IF ( write_particle_statistics ) THEN
681	CALL check_open( 80 )
682	WRITE ( 80, 8000 ) current_timestep_number, simulated_time, &
683	number_of_particles
684	CALL close_file( 80 )
685	ENDIF
686
687	ENDIF
688
689	IF ( nested_run ) CALL pmcp_g_init
690
691	!
692	!-- To avoid programm abort, assign particles array to the local version of
693	!-- first grid cell
694	number_of_particles = prt_count(nzb+1,nys,nxl)
695	particles => grid_particles(nzb+1,nys,nxl)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
696	!
697	!-- Formats
698	8000 FORMAT (I6,1X,F7.2,4X,I10,71X,I10)
699
700	END SUBROUTINE lpm_init
701
702	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
703	! Description:
704	! ------------
705	!> @todo Missing subroutine description.
706	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
707	SUBROUTINE lpm_create_particle (phase)
708
709	USE arrays_3d, &
710	ONLY: zw
711	USE lpm_exchange_horiz_mod, &
712	ONLY: lpm_exchange_horiz, lpm_move_particle, realloc_particles_array
713
714	USE lpm_pack_and_sort_mod, &
715	ONLY: lpm_sort_in_subboxes
716
717	USE particle_attributes, &
718	ONLY: deleted_particles
719
720	IMPLICIT NONE
721
722	INTEGER(iwp) :: alloc_size !< relative increase of allocated memory for particles
723	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop variable ( particle groups )
724	INTEGER(iwp) :: ip !< index variable along x
725	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop variable ( particles per point )
726	INTEGER(iwp) :: jp !< index variable along y
727	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
728	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_surf !< index of surface grid point
729	INTEGER(iwp) :: kp !< index variable along z
730	INTEGER(iwp) :: loop_stride !< loop variable for initialization
731	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !< loop variable ( number of particles )
732	INTEGER(iwp) :: new_size !< new size of allocated memory for particles
733
734	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: phase !< mode of inititialization
735
736	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: local_count !< start address of new particle
737	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: local_start !< start address of new particle
738
739	LOGICAL :: first_stride !< flag for initialization
740
741	REAL(wp) :: pos_x !< increment for particle position in x
742	REAL(wp) :: pos_y !< increment for particle position in y
743	REAL(wp) :: pos_z !< increment for particle position in z
744	REAL(wp) :: rand_contr !< dummy argument for random position
745
746	TYPE(particle_type),TARGET :: tmp_particle !< temporary particle used for initialization
747
748	!
749	!-- Calculate particle positions and store particle attributes, if
750	!-- particle is situated on this PE
751	DO loop_stride = 1, 2
752	first_stride = (loop_stride == 1)
753	IF ( first_stride ) THEN
754	local_count = 0 ! count number of particles
755	ELSE
756	local_count = prt_count ! Start address of new particles
757	ENDIF
758
759	!
760	!-- Calculate initial_weighting_factor diagnostically
761	IF ( number_concentration /= -1.0_wp .AND. number_concentration > 0.0_wp ) THEN
762	initial_weighting_factor = number_concentration * &
763	pdx(1) * pdy(1) * pdz(1)
764	END IF
765
766	n = 0
767	DO i = 1, number_of_particle_groups
768
769	pos_z = psb(i)
770
771	DO WHILE ( pos_z <= pst(i) )
772
773	IF ( pos_z >= zw(0) .AND. pos_z < zw(nzt) ) THEN
774
775
776	pos_y = pss(i)
777
778	DO WHILE ( pos_y <= psn(i) )
779
780	IF ( pos_y >= nys * dy .AND. &
781	pos_y < ( nyn + 1 ) * dy ) THEN
782
783	pos_x = psl(i)
784
785	xloop: DO WHILE ( pos_x <= psr(i) )
786
787	IF ( pos_x >= nxl * dx .AND. &
788	pos_x < ( nxr + 1) * dx ) THEN
789
790	DO j = 1, particles_per_point
791
792
793	n = n + 1
794	tmp_particle%x = pos_x
795	tmp_particle%y = pos_y
796	tmp_particle%z = pos_z
797	tmp_particle%age = 0.0_wp
798	tmp_particle%age_m = 0.0_wp
799	tmp_particle%dt_sum = 0.0_wp
800	tmp_particle%e_m = 0.0_wp
801	tmp_particle%rvar1 = 0.0_wp
802	tmp_particle%rvar2 = 0.0_wp
803	tmp_particle%rvar3 = 0.0_wp
804	tmp_particle%speed_x = 0.0_wp
805	tmp_particle%speed_y = 0.0_wp
806	tmp_particle%speed_z = 0.0_wp
807	tmp_particle%origin_x = pos_x
808	tmp_particle%origin_y = pos_y
809	tmp_particle%origin_z = pos_z
810	IF ( curvature_solution_effects ) THEN
811	tmp_particle%aux1 = 0.0_wp ! dry aerosol radius
812	tmp_particle%aux2 = dt_3d ! last Rosenbrock timestep
813	ELSE
814	tmp_particle%aux1 = 0.0_wp ! free to use
815	tmp_particle%aux2 = 0.0_wp ! free to use
816	ENDIF
817	tmp_particle%radius = particle_groups(i)%radius
818	tmp_particle%weight_factor = initial_weighting_factor
819	tmp_particle%class = 1
820	tmp_particle%group = i
821	tmp_particle%id = 0_idp
822	tmp_particle%particle_mask = .TRUE.
823	tmp_particle%block_nr = -1
824	!
825	!-- Determine the grid indices of the particle position
826	ip = INT( tmp_particle%x * ddx )
827	jp = INT( tmp_particle%y * ddy )
828	kp = INT( tmp_particle%z / dz(1) + 1 + offset_ocean_nzt )
829	DO WHILE( zw(kp) < tmp_particle%z )
830	kp = kp + 1
831	ENDDO
832	DO WHILE( zw(kp-1) > tmp_particle%z )
833	kp = kp - 1
834	ENDDO
835	!
836	!-- Determine surface level. Therefore, check for
837	!-- upward-facing wall on w-grid.
838	k_surf = get_topography_top_index_ji( jp, ip, 'w' )
839
840	IF ( seed_follows_topography ) THEN
841	!
842	!-- Particle height is given relative to topography
843	kp = kp + k_surf
844	tmp_particle%z = tmp_particle%z + zw(k_surf)
845	!-- Skip particle release if particle position is
846	!-- above model top, or within topography in case
847	!-- of overhanging structures.
848	IF ( kp > nzt .OR. &
849	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(kp,jp,ip), 0 ) ) THEN
850	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
851	CYCLE xloop
852	ENDIF
853	!
854	!-- Skip particle release if particle position is
855	!-- below surface, or within topography in case
856	!-- of overhanging structures.
857	ELSEIF ( .NOT. seed_follows_topography .AND. &
858	tmp_particle%z <= zw(k_surf) .OR. &
859	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(kp,jp,ip), 0 ) )&
860	THEN
861	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
862	CYCLE xloop
863	ENDIF
864
865	local_count(kp,jp,ip) = local_count(kp,jp,ip) + 1
866
867	IF ( .NOT. first_stride ) THEN
868	IF ( ip < nxl .OR. jp < nys .OR. kp < nzb+1 ) THEN
869	write(6,*) 'xl ',ip,jp,kp,nxl,nys,nzb+1
870	ENDIF
871	IF ( ip > nxr .OR. jp > nyn .OR. kp > nzt ) THEN
872	write(6,*) 'xu ',ip,jp,kp,nxr,nyn,nzt
873	ENDIF
874	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(local_count(kp,jp,ip)) = tmp_particle
875
876	ENDIF
877	ENDDO
878
879	ENDIF
880
881	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
882
883	ENDDO xloop
884
885	ENDIF
886
887	pos_y = pos_y + pdy(i)
888
889	ENDDO
890
891	ENDIF
892
893	pos_z = pos_z + pdz(i)
894
895	ENDDO
896
897	ENDDO
898
899	IF ( first_stride ) THEN
900	DO ip = nxl, nxr
901	DO jp = nys, nyn
902	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
903	IF ( phase == PHASE_INIT ) THEN
904	IF ( local_count(kp,jp,ip) > 0 ) THEN
905	alloc_size = MAX( INT( local_count(kp,jp,ip) * &
906	( 1.0_wp + alloc_factor / 100.0_wp ) ), &
907	min_nr_particle )
908	ELSE
909	alloc_size = min_nr_particle
910	ENDIF
911	ALLOCATE(grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:alloc_size))
912	DO n = 1, alloc_size
913	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(n) = zero_particle
914	ENDDO
915	ELSEIF ( phase == PHASE_RELEASE ) THEN
916	IF ( local_count(kp,jp,ip) > 0 ) THEN
917	new_size = local_count(kp,jp,ip) + prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
918	alloc_size = MAX( INT( new_size * ( 1.0_wp + &
919	alloc_factor / 100.0_wp ) ), min_nr_particle )
920	IF( alloc_size > SIZE( grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles) ) THEN
921	CALL realloc_particles_array(ip,jp,kp,alloc_size)
922	ENDIF
923	ENDIF
924	ENDIF
925	ENDDO
926	ENDDO
927	ENDDO
928	ENDIF
929
930	ENDDO
931
932
933
934	local_start = prt_count+1
935	prt_count = local_count
936
937	!
938	!-- Calculate particle IDs
939	DO ip = nxl, nxr
940	DO jp = nys, nyn
941	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
942	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
943	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
944	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
945
946	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
947
948	particles(n)%id = 10000_idp*3 grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter + &
949	10000_idp*2 kp + 10000_idp * jp + ip
950	!
951	!-- Count the number of particles that have been released before
952	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter = &
953	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter + 1
954
955	ENDDO
956
957	ENDDO
958	ENDDO
959	ENDDO
960
961	!
962	!-- Initialize aerosol background spectrum
963	IF ( curvature_solution_effects ) THEN
964	CALL lpm_init_aerosols(local_start)
965	ENDIF
966
967	!
968	!-- Add random fluctuation to particle positions.
969	IF ( random_start_position ) THEN
970	DO ip = nxl, nxr
971	DO jp = nys, nyn
972	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
973	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
974	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
975	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
976	!
977	!-- Move only new particles. Moreover, limit random fluctuation
978	!-- in order to prevent that particles move more than one grid box,
979	!-- which would lead to problems concerning particle exchange
980	!-- between processors in case pdx/pdy are larger than dx/dy,
981	!-- respectively.
982	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles
983	IF ( psl(particles(n)%group) /= psr(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
984	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
985	pdx(particles(n)%group)
986	particles(n)%x = particles(n)%x + &
987	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dx, rand_contr ), &
988	ABS( rand_contr ) < dx &
989	)
990	ENDIF
991	IF ( pss(particles(n)%group) /= psn(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
992	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
993	pdy(particles(n)%group)
994	particles(n)%y = particles(n)%y + &
995	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dy, rand_contr ), &
996	ABS( rand_contr ) < dy &
997	)
998	ENDIF
999	IF ( psb(particles(n)%group) /= pst(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
1000	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
1001	pdz(particles(n)%group)
1002	particles(n)%z = particles(n)%z + &
1003	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dzw(kp), rand_contr ), &
1004	ABS( rand_contr ) < dzw(kp) &
1005	)
1006	ENDIF
1007	ENDDO
1008	!
1009	!-- Identify particles located outside the model domain and reflect
1010	!-- or absorb them if necessary.
1011	CALL lpm_boundary_conds( 'bottom/top', i, j, k )
1012	!
1013	!-- Furthermore, remove particles located in topography. Note, as
1014	!-- the particle speed is still zero at this point, wall
1015	!-- reflection boundary conditions will not work in this case.
1016	particles => &
1017	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
1018	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles
1019	i = particles(n)%x * ddx
1020	j = particles(n)%y * ddy
1021	k = particles(n)%z / dz(1) + 1 + offset_ocean_nzt
1022	DO WHILE( zw(k) < particles(n)%z )
1023	k = k + 1
1024	ENDDO
1025	DO WHILE( zw(k-1) > particles(n)%z )
1026	k = k - 1
1027	ENDDO
1028	!
1029	!-- Check if particle is within topography
1030	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) THEN
1031	particles(n)%particle_mask = .FALSE.
1032	deleted_particles = deleted_particles + 1
1033	ENDIF
1034
1035	ENDDO
1036	ENDDO
1037	ENDDO
1038	ENDDO
1039	!
1040	!-- Exchange particles between grid cells and processors
1041	CALL lpm_move_particle
1042	CALL lpm_exchange_horiz
1043
1044	ENDIF
1045	!
1046	!-- In case of random_start_position, delete particles identified by
1047	!-- lpm_exchange_horiz and lpm_boundary_conds. Then sort particles into blocks,
1048	!-- which is needed for a fast interpolation of the LES fields on the particle
1049	!-- position.
1050	CALL lpm_sort_in_subboxes
1051
1052	!
1053	!-- Determine the current number of particles
1054	DO ip = nxl, nxr
1055	DO jp = nys, nyn
1056	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
1057	number_of_particles = number_of_particles &
1058	+ prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
1059	ENDDO
1060	ENDDO
1061	ENDDO
1062	!
1063	!-- Calculate the number of particles of the total domain
1064	#if defined( __parallel )
1065	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
1066	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( number_of_particles, total_number_of_particles, 1, &
1067	MPI_INTEGER, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1068	#else
1069	total_number_of_particles = number_of_particles
1070	#endif
1071
1072	RETURN
1073
1074	END SUBROUTINE lpm_create_particle
1075
1076	SUBROUTINE lpm_init_aerosols(local_start)
1077
1078	USE arrays_3d, &
1079	ONLY: hyp, pt, q, exner
1080
1081	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
1082	ONLY: molecular_weight_of_solute, molecular_weight_of_water, magnus, &
1083	pi, rd_d_rv, rho_l, r_v, rho_s, vanthoff
1084
1085	USE kinds
1086
1087	USE particle_attributes, &
1088	ONLY: aero_species, aero_type, aero_weight, log_sigma, na, rm
1089
1090	IMPLICIT NONE
1091
1092	REAL(wp) :: afactor !< curvature effects
1093	REAL(wp) :: bfactor !< solute effects
1094	REAL(wp) :: dlogr !< logarithmic width of radius bin
1095	REAL(wp) :: e_a !< vapor pressure
1096	REAL(wp) :: e_s !< saturation vapor pressure
1097	REAL(wp) :: rmin = 0.005e-6_wp !< minimum aerosol radius
1098	REAL(wp) :: rmax = 10.0e-6_wp !< maximum aerosol radius
1099	REAL(wp) :: r_mid !< mean radius of bin
1100	REAL(wp) :: r_l !< left radius of bin
1101	REAL(wp) :: r_r !< right radius of bin
1102	REAL(wp) :: sigma !< surface tension
1103	REAL(wp) :: t_int !< temperature
1104
1105	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), INTENT(IN) :: local_start !<
1106
1107	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !<
1108	INTEGER(iwp) :: ip !<
1109	INTEGER(iwp) :: jp !<
1110	INTEGER(iwp) :: kp !<
1111
1112	!
1113	!-- Set constants for different aerosol species
1114	IF ( TRIM(aero_species) .EQ. 'nacl' ) THEN
1115	molecular_weight_of_solute = 0.05844_wp
1116	rho_s = 2165.0_wp
1117	vanthoff = 2.0_wp
1118	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_species) .EQ. 'c3h4o4' ) THEN
1119	molecular_weight_of_solute = 0.10406_wp
1120	rho_s = 1600.0_wp
1121	vanthoff = 1.37_wp
1122	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_species) .EQ. 'nh4o3' ) THEN
1123	molecular_weight_of_solute = 0.08004_wp
1124	rho_s = 1720.0_wp
1125	vanthoff = 2.31_wp
1126	ELSE
1127	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown aerosol species ', &
1128	'aero_species = "', TRIM( aero_species ), '"'
1129	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0470', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1130	ENDIF
1131	!
1132	!-- The following typical aerosol spectra are taken from Jaenicke (1993):
1133	!-- Tropospheric aerosols. Published in Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions.
1134	IF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'polar' ) THEN
1135	na = (/ 2.17e1, 1.86e-1, 3.04e-4 /) * 1.0E6
1136	rm = (/ 0.0689, 0.375, 4.29 /) * 1.0E-6
1137	log_sigma = (/ 0.245, 0.300, 0.291 /)
1138	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'background' ) THEN
1139	na = (/ 1.29e2, 5.97e1, 6.35e1 /) * 1.0E6
1140	rm = (/ 0.0036, 0.127, 0.259 /) * 1.0E-6
1141	log_sigma = (/ 0.645, 0.253, 0.425 /)
1142	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'maritime' ) THEN
1143	na = (/ 1.33e2, 6.66e1, 3.06e0 /) * 1.0E6
1144	rm = (/ 0.0039, 0.133, 0.29 /) * 1.0E-6
1145	log_sigma = (/ 0.657, 0.210, 0.396 /)
1146	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'continental' ) THEN
1147	na = (/ 3.20e3, 2.90e3, 3.00e-1 /) * 1.0E6
1148	rm = (/ 0.01, 0.058, 0.9 /) * 1.0E-6
1149	log_sigma = (/ 0.161, 0.217, 0.380 /)
1150	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'desert' ) THEN
1151	na = (/ 7.26e2, 1.14e3, 1.78e-1 /) * 1.0E6
1152	rm = (/ 0.001, 0.0188, 10.8 /) * 1.0E-6
1153	log_sigma = (/ 0.247, 0.770, 0.438 /)
1154	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'rural' ) THEN
1155	na = (/ 6.65e3, 1.47e2, 1.99e3 /) * 1.0E6
1156	rm = (/ 0.00739, 0.0269, 0.0419 /) * 1.0E-6
1157	log_sigma = (/ 0.225, 0.557, 0.266 /)
1158	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'urban' ) THEN
1159	na = (/ 9.93e4, 1.11e3, 3.64e4 /) * 1.0E6
1160	rm = (/ 0.00651, 0.00714, 0.0248 /) * 1.0E-6
1161	log_sigma = (/ 0.245, 0.666, 0.337 /)
1162	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'user' ) THEN
1163	CONTINUE
1164	ELSE
1165	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown aerosol type ', &
1166	'aero_type = "', TRIM( aero_type ), '"'
1167	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0459', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1168	ENDIF
1169
1170	DO ip = nxl, nxr
1171	DO jp = nys, nyn
1172	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
1173
1174	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
1175	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
1176	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
1177
1178	dlogr = ( LOG10(rmax) - LOG10(rmin) ) / ( number_of_particles - local_start(kp,jp,ip) + 1 )
1179	!
1180	!-- Initialize the aerosols with a predefined spectral distribution
1181	!-- of the dry radius (logarithmically increasing bins) and a varying
1182	!-- weighting factor
1183	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
1184
1185	r_l = 10.0*( LOG10( rmin ) + (n-1) dlogr )
1186	r_r = 10.0*( LOG10( rmin ) + n dlogr )
1187	r_mid = SQRT( r_l * r_r )
1188
1189	particles(n)%aux1 = r_mid
1190	particles(n)%weight_factor = &
1191	( na(1) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(1) ) * &
1192	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(1) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(1)**2 ) ) + &
1193	na(2) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(2) ) * &
1194	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(2) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(2)**2 ) ) + &
1195	na(3) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(3) ) * &
1196	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(3) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(3)**2 ) ) &
1197	) * ( LOG10(r_r) - LOG10(r_l) ) * ( dx * dy * dzw(kp) )
1198
1199	!
1200	!-- Multiply weight_factor with the namelist parameter aero_weight
1201	!-- to increase or decrease the number of simulated aerosols
1202	particles(n)%weight_factor = particles(n)%weight_factor * aero_weight
1203
1204	IF ( particles(n)%weight_factor - FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp) &
1205	.GT. random_function( iran_part ) ) THEN
1206	particles(n)%weight_factor = FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp) + 1.0_wp
1207	ELSE
1208	particles(n)%weight_factor = FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp)
1209	ENDIF
1210	!
1211	!-- Unnecessary particles will be deleted
1212	IF ( particles(n)%weight_factor .LE. 0.0 ) particles(n)%particle_mask = .FALSE.
1213
1214	ENDDO
1215	!
1216	!-- Set particle radius to equilibrium radius based on the environmental
1217	!-- supersaturation (Khvorostyanov and Curry, 2007, JGR). This avoids
1218	!-- the sometimes lengthy growth toward their equilibrium radius within
1219	!-- the simulation.
1220	t_int = pt(kp,jp,ip) * exner(kp)
1221
1222	e_s = magnus( t_int )
1223	e_a = q(kp,jp,ip) * hyp(kp) / ( q(kp,jp,ip) + rd_d_rv )
1224
1225	sigma = 0.0761_wp - 0.000155_wp * ( t_int - 273.15_wp )
1226	afactor = 2.0_wp * sigma / ( rho_l * r_v * t_int )
1227
1228	bfactor = vanthoff * molecular_weight_of_water * &
1229	rho_s / ( molecular_weight_of_solute * rho_l )
1230	!
1231	!-- The formula is only valid for subsaturated environments. For
1232	!-- supersaturations higher than -5 %, the supersaturation is set to -5%.
1233	IF ( e_a / e_s >= 0.95_wp ) e_a = 0.95_wp * e_s
1234
1235	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
1236	!
1237	!-- For details on this equation, see Eq. (14) of Khvorostyanov and
1238	!-- Curry (2007, JGR)
1239	particles(n)%radius = bfactor*0.3333333_wp &
1240	particles(n)%aux1 / ( 1.0_wp - e_a / e_s )**0.3333333_wp / &
1241	( 1.0_wp + ( afactor / ( 3.0_wp * bfactor*0.3333333_wp &
1242	particles(n)%aux1 ) ) / &
1243	( 1.0_wp - e_a / e_s )**0.6666666_wp &
1244	)
1245
1246	ENDDO
1247
1248	ENDDO
1249	ENDDO
1250	ENDDO
1251
1252	END SUBROUTINE lpm_init_aerosols
1253
1254	END MODULE lpm_init_mod

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