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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/lpm_init.f90 @ 3579

Last change on this file since 3579 was 3577, checked in by schwenkel, 6 years ago
Changed number concentration unit to SI standard
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 47.9 KB

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1	!> @file lpm_init.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2018 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: lpm_init.f90 3577 2018-11-29 13:11:15Z suehring $
27	! Changed number concentration unit to SI standard
28	!
29	! 3560 2018-11-23 09:20:21Z raasch
30	! set the first particle release time
31	!
32	! 3524 2018-11-14 13:36:44Z raasch
33	! added missing working precision
34	!
35	! 3361 2018-10-16 20:39:37Z knoop
36	! ocean renamed ocean_mode
37	!
38	! 3274 2018-09-24 15:42:55Z knoop
39	! Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
40	!
41	! 3241 2018-09-12 15:02:00Z raasch
42	! unused variables removed
43	!
44	! 3065 2018-06-12 07:03:02Z Giersch
45	! dz was replaced by dzw or dz(1) to allow for right vertical stretching
46	!
47	! 3049 2018-05-29 13:52:36Z Giersch
48	! Error messages revised
49	!
50	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
51	! Error message revised
52	!
53	! 3039 2018-05-24 13:13:11Z schwenkel
54	! bugfix for lcm with grid stretching
55	!
56	! 2967 2018-04-13 11:22:08Z raasch
57	! nesting routine is only called if nesting is switched on
58	!
59	! 2954 2018-04-09 14:35:46Z schwenkel
60	! Bugfix for particle initialization in case of ocean
61	!
62	! 2801 2018-02-14 16:01:55Z thiele
63	! Introduce particle transfer in nested models.
64	!
65	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
66	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
67	!
68	! 2701 2017-12-15 15:40:50Z suehring
69	! Changes from last commit documented
70	!
71	! 2698 2017-12-14 18:46:24Z suehring
72	! Grid indices passed to lpm_boundary_conds. (responsible Philipp Thiele)
73	!
74	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
75	! Change in file header (GPL part)
76	!
77	! 2628 2017-11-20 12:40:38Z schwenkel
78	! Enabled particle advection with grid stretching.
79	!
80	! 2608 2017-11-13 14:04:26Z schwenkel
81	! Calculation of magnus equation in external module (diagnostic_quantities_mod).
82	!
83	! 2606 2017-11-10 10:36:31Z schwenkel
84	! Changed particle box locations: center of particle box now coincides
85	! with scalar grid point of same index.
86	! Renamed module and subroutines: lpm_pack_arrays_mod -> lpm_pack_and_sort_mod
87	! lpm_pack_all_arrays -> lpm_sort_in_subboxes, lpm_pack_arrays -> lpm_pack
88	! lpm_sort -> lpm_sort_timeloop_done
89	!
90	! 2375 2017-08-29 14:10:28Z schwenkel
91	! Initialization of chemical aerosol composition
92	!
93	! 2346 2017-08-09 16:39:17Z suehring
94	! Bugfix, correct determination of topography top index
95	!
96	! 2318 2017-07-20 17:27:44Z suehring
97	! Get topography top index via Function call
98	!
99	! 2317 2017-07-20 17:27:19Z suehring
100	! Extended particle data type. Aerosol initialization improved.
101	!
102	! 2305 2017-07-06 11:18:47Z hoffmann
103	! Improved calculation of particle IDs.
104	!
105	! 2274 2017-06-09 13:27:48Z Giersch
106	! Changed error messages
107	!
108	! 2265 2017-06-08 16:58:28Z schwenkel
109	! Unused variables removed.
110	!
111	! 2263 2017-06-08 14:59:01Z schwenkel
112	! Implemented splitting and merging algorithm
113	!
114	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
115	!
116	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
117	! Adjustments according to new topography realization
118	!
119	!
120	! 2223 2017-05-15 16:38:09Z suehring
121	! Add check for particle release at model top
122	!
123	! 2182 2017-03-17 14:27:40Z schwenkel
124	! Added parameters for simplified particle initialization.
125	!
126	! 2122 2017-01-18 12:22:54Z hoffmann
127	! Improved initialization of equilibrium aerosol radii
128	! Calculation of particle ID
129	!
130	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
131	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
132	!
133	! 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
134	! Bugfix in determining initial particle height and grid index in case of
135	! seed_follows_topography.
136	! Bugfix concerning random positions, ensure that particles do not move more
137	! than one grid length.
138	! Bugfix logarithmic interpolation.
139	! Initial setting of sgs_wf_part.
140	!
141	! 1890 2016-04-22 08:52:11Z hoffmann
142	! Initialization of aerosol equilibrium radius not possible in supersaturated
143	! environments. Therefore, a maximum supersaturation of -1 % is assumed during
144	! initialization.
145	!
146	! 1873 2016-04-18 14:50:06Z maronga
147	! Module renamed (removed _mod
148	!
149	! 1871 2016-04-15 11:46:09Z hoffmann
150	! Initialization of aerosols added.
151	!
152	! 1850 2016-04-08 13:29:27Z maronga
153	! Module renamed
154	!
155	! 1831 2016-04-07 13:15:51Z hoffmann
156	! curvature_solution_effects moved to particle_attributes
157	!
158	! 1822 2016-04-07 07:49:42Z hoffmann
159	! Unused variables removed.
160	!
161	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
162	! netcdf module added
163	!
164	! 1725 2015-11-17 13:01:51Z hoffmann
165	! Bugfix: Processor-dependent seed for random function is generated before it is
166	! used.
167	!
168	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
169	! Renamed prandtl_layer to constant_flux_layer.
170	!
171	! 1685 2015-10-08 07:32:13Z raasch
172	! bugfix concerning vertical index offset in case of ocean
173	!
174	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
175	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
176	!
177	! 1575 2015-03-27 09:56:27Z raasch
178	! initial vertical particle position is allowed to follow the topography
179	!
180	! 1359 2014-04-11 17:15:14Z hoffmann
181	! New particle structure integrated.
182	! Kind definition added to all floating point numbers.
183	! lpm_init changed form a subroutine to a module.
184	!
185	! 1327 2014-03-21 11:00:16Z raasch
186	! -netcdf_output
187	!
188	! 1322 2014-03-20 16:38:49Z raasch
189	! REAL functions provided with KIND-attribute
190	!
191	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
192	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
193	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
194	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
195	! revision history before 2012 removed,
196	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
197	! all variable declaration statements
198	! bugfix: #if defined( __parallel ) added
199	!
200	! 1314 2014-03-14 18:25:17Z suehring
201	! Vertical logarithmic interpolation of horizontal particle speed for particles
202	! between roughness height and first vertical grid level.
203	!
204	! 1092 2013-02-02 11:24:22Z raasch
205	! unused variables removed
206	!
207	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
208	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
209	!
210	! 849 2012-03-15 10:35:09Z raasch
211	! routine renamed: init_particles -> lpm_init
212	! de_dx, de_dy, de_dz are allocated here (instead of automatic arrays in
213	! advec_particles),
214	! sort_particles renamed lpm_sort_arrays, user_init_particles renamed lpm_init
215	!
216	! 828 2012-02-21 12:00:36Z raasch
217	! call of init_kernels, particle feature color renamed class
218	!
219	! 824 2012-02-17 09:09:57Z raasch
220	! particle attributes speed_x\|y\|z_sgs renamed rvar1\|2\|3,
221	! array particles implemented as pointer
222	!
223	! 667 2010-12-23 12:06:00Z suehring/gryschka
224	! nxl-1, nxr+1, nys-1, nyn+1 replaced by nxlg, nxrg, nysg, nyng for allocation
225	! of arrays.
226	!
227	! Revision 1.1 1999/11/25 16:22:38 raasch
228	! Initial revision
229	!
230	!
231	! Description:
232	! ------------
233	!> This routine initializes a set of particles and their attributes (position,
234	!> radius, ..) which are used by the Lagrangian particle model (see lpm).
235	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
236	MODULE lpm_init_mod
237
238	USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING
239
240	USE arrays_3d, &
241	ONLY: de_dx, de_dy, de_dz, dzw, zu, zw
242
243	USE control_parameters, &
244	ONLY: cloud_droplets, constant_flux_layer, current_timestep_number, &
245	dt_3d, dz, initializing_actions, message_string, ocean_mode, &
246	simulated_time
247
248	USE grid_variables, &
249	ONLY: ddx, dx, ddy, dy
250
251	USE indices, &
252	ONLY: nx, nxl, nxlg, nxrg, nxr, ny, nyn, nys, nyng, nysg, nz, nzb, &
253	nzt, wall_flags_0
254
255	USE kinds
256
257	USE lpm_collision_kernels_mod, &
258	ONLY: init_kernels
259
260	USE netcdf_interface, &
261	ONLY: netcdf_data_format
262
263	USE particle_attributes, &
264	ONLY: alloc_factor, bc_par_b, bc_par_lr, bc_par_ns, bc_par_t, &
265	block_offset, block_offset_def, collision_kernel, &
266	curvature_solution_effects, density_ratio, grid_particles, &
267	isf,i_splitting_mode, initial_weighting_factor, ibc_par_b, &
268	ibc_par_lr, ibc_par_ns, ibc_par_t, iran_part, &
269	last_particle_release_time, log_z_z0, &
270	max_number_of_particle_groups, min_nr_particle, &
271	number_concentration, &
272	number_particles_per_gridbox, number_of_particles, &
273	number_of_particle_groups, number_of_sublayers, &
274	offset_ocean_nzt, offset_ocean_nzt_m1, &
275	particles, particle_advection_start, particle_groups, &
276	particle_groups_type, particles_per_point, &
277	particle_type, pdx, pdy, pdz, prt_count, psb, psl, psn, psr, &
278	pss, pst, radius, random_start_position, &
279	read_particles_from_restartfile, seed_follows_topography, &
280	sgs_wf_part, sort_count, splitting_function, splitting_mode, &
281	total_number_of_particles, use_sgs_for_particles, &
282	write_particle_statistics, zero_particle, z0_av_global
283
284	USE pegrid
285
286	USE random_function_mod, &
287	ONLY: random_function
288
289	USE surface_mod, &
290	ONLY: get_topography_top_index_ji, surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
291
292	USE pmc_particle_interface, &
293	ONLY: pmcp_g_init
294
295	IMPLICIT NONE
296
297	PRIVATE
298
299	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: PHASE_INIT = 1 !<
300	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER, PUBLIC :: PHASE_RELEASE = 2 !<
301
302	INTERFACE lpm_init
303	MODULE PROCEDURE lpm_init
304	END INTERFACE lpm_init
305
306	INTERFACE lpm_create_particle
307	MODULE PROCEDURE lpm_create_particle
308	END INTERFACE lpm_create_particle
309
310	PUBLIC lpm_init, lpm_create_particle
311
312	CONTAINS
313
314	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
315	! Description:
316	! ------------
317	!> @todo Missing subroutine description.
318	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
319	SUBROUTINE lpm_init
320
321	USE lpm_collision_kernels_mod, &
322	ONLY: init_kernels
323
324	USE pmc_interface, &
325	ONLY: nested_run
326
327	IMPLICIT NONE
328
329	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
330	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
331	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
332
333	REAL(wp) :: div !<
334	REAL(wp) :: height_int !<
335	REAL(wp) :: height_p !<
336	REAL(wp) :: z_p !<
337	REAL(wp) :: z0_av_local !<
338
339
340	!
341	!-- In case of oceans runs, the vertical index calculations need an offset,
342	!-- because otherwise the k indices will become negative
343	IF ( ocean_mode ) THEN
344	offset_ocean_nzt = nzt
345	offset_ocean_nzt_m1 = nzt - 1
346	ENDIF
347
348	!
349	!-- Define block offsets for dividing a gridcell in 8 sub cells
350	!-- See documentation for List of subgrid boxes
351	!-- See pack_and_sort in lpm_pack_arrays.f90 for assignment of the subgrid boxes
352	block_offset(0) = block_offset_def ( 0, 0, 0)
353	block_offset(1) = block_offset_def ( 0, 0,-1)
354	block_offset(2) = block_offset_def ( 0,-1, 0)
355	block_offset(3) = block_offset_def ( 0,-1,-1)
356	block_offset(4) = block_offset_def (-1, 0, 0)
357	block_offset(5) = block_offset_def (-1, 0,-1)
358	block_offset(6) = block_offset_def (-1,-1, 0)
359	block_offset(7) = block_offset_def (-1,-1,-1)
360	!
361	!-- Check the number of particle groups.
362	IF ( number_of_particle_groups > max_number_of_particle_groups ) THEN
363	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'max_number_of_particle_groups =', &
364	max_number_of_particle_groups , &
365	'&number_of_particle_groups reset to ', &
366	max_number_of_particle_groups
367	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0213', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
368	number_of_particle_groups = max_number_of_particle_groups
369	ENDIF
370	!
371	!-- Check if downward-facing walls exist. This case, reflection boundary
372	!-- conditions (as well as subgrid-scale velocities) may do not work
373	!-- propably (not realized so far).
374	IF ( surf_def_h(1)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
375	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Overhanging topography do not work '// &
376	'with particles'
377	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0212', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
378
379	ENDIF
380
381	!
382	!-- Set default start positions, if necessary
383	IF ( psl(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psl(1) = 0.0_wp
384	IF ( psr(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psr(1) = ( nx +1 ) * dx
385	IF ( pss(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) pss(1) = 0.0_wp
386	IF ( psn(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psn(1) = ( ny +1 ) * dy
387	IF ( psb(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psb(1) = zu(nz/2)
388	IF ( pst(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) pst(1) = psb(1)
389
390	IF ( pdx(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdx(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdx(1) = dx
391	IF ( pdy(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdy(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdy(1) = dy
392	IF ( pdz(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdz(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdz(1) = zu(2) - zu(1)
393
394	!
395	!-- If number_particles_per_gridbox is set, the parametres pdx, pdy and pdz are
396	!-- calculated diagnostically. Therfore an isotropic distribution is prescribed.
397	IF ( number_particles_per_gridbox /= -1 .AND. &
398	number_particles_per_gridbox >= 1 ) THEN
399	pdx(1) = (( dx * dy * ( zu(2) - zu(1) ) ) / &
400	REAL(number_particles_per_gridbox))**0.3333333_wp
401	!
402	!-- Ensure a smooth value (two significant digits) of distance between
403	!-- particles (pdx, pdy, pdz).
404	div = 1000.0_wp
405	DO WHILE ( pdx(1) < div )
406	div = div / 10.0_wp
407	ENDDO
408	pdx(1) = NINT( pdx(1) * 100.0_wp / div ) * div / 100.0_wp
409	pdy(1) = pdx(1)
410	pdz(1) = pdx(1)
411
412	ENDIF
413
414	DO j = 2, number_of_particle_groups
415	IF ( psl(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psl(j) = psl(j-1)
416	IF ( psr(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psr(j) = psr(j-1)
417	IF ( pss(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) pss(j) = pss(j-1)
418	IF ( psn(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psn(j) = psn(j-1)
419	IF ( psb(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psb(j) = psb(j-1)
420	IF ( pst(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) pst(j) = pst(j-1)
421	IF ( pdx(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdx(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdx(j) = pdx(j-1)
422	IF ( pdy(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdy(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdy(j) = pdy(j-1)
423	IF ( pdz(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdz(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdz(j) = pdz(j-1)
424	ENDDO
425
426	!
427	!-- Allocate arrays required for calculating particle SGS velocities.
428	!-- Initialize prefactor required for stoachastic Weil equation.
429	IF ( use_sgs_for_particles .AND. .NOT. cloud_droplets ) THEN
430	ALLOCATE( de_dx(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
431	de_dy(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
432	de_dz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
433
434	sgs_wf_part = 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp
435	ENDIF
436
437	!
438	!-- Allocate array required for logarithmic vertical interpolation of
439	!-- horizontal particle velocities between the surface and the first vertical
440	!-- grid level. In order to avoid repeated CPU cost-intensive CALLS of
441	!-- intrinsic FORTRAN procedure LOG(z/z0), LOG(z/z0) is precalculated for
442	!-- several heights. Splitting into 20 sublayers turned out to be sufficient.
443	!-- To obtain exact height levels of particles, linear interpolation is applied
444	!-- (see lpm_advec.f90).
445	IF ( constant_flux_layer ) THEN
446
447	ALLOCATE ( log_z_z0(0:number_of_sublayers) )
448	z_p = zu(nzb+1) - zw(nzb)
449
450	!
451	!-- Calculate horizontal mean value of z0 used for logartihmic
452	!-- interpolation. Note: this is not exact for heterogeneous z0.
453	!-- However, sensitivity studies showed that the effect is
454	!-- negligible.
455	z0_av_local = SUM( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) + SUM( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) + &
456	SUM( surf_usm_h%z0 )
457	z0_av_global = 0.0_wp
458
459	#if defined( __parallel )
460	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE(z0_av_local, z0_av_global, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
461	comm2d, ierr )
462	#else
463	z0_av_global = z0_av_local
464	#endif
465
466	z0_av_global = z0_av_global / ( ( ny + 1 ) * ( nx + 1 ) )
467	!
468	!-- Horizontal wind speed is zero below and at z0
469	log_z_z0(0) = 0.0_wp
470	!
471	!-- Calculate vertical depth of the sublayers
472	height_int = ( z_p - z0_av_global ) / REAL( number_of_sublayers, KIND=wp )
473	!
474	!-- Precalculate LOG(z/z0)
475	height_p = z0_av_global
476	DO k = 1, number_of_sublayers
477
478	height_p = height_p + height_int
479	log_z_z0(k) = LOG( height_p / z0_av_global )
480
481	ENDDO
482
483	ENDIF
484
485	!
486	!-- Check boundary condition and set internal variables
487	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_b )
488
489	CASE ( 'absorb' )
490	ibc_par_b = 1
491
492	CASE ( 'reflect' )
493	ibc_par_b = 2
494
495	CASE DEFAULT
496	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
497	'bc_par_b = "', TRIM( bc_par_b ), '"'
498	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0217', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
499
500	END SELECT
501	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_t )
502
503	CASE ( 'absorb' )
504	ibc_par_t = 1
505
506	CASE ( 'reflect' )
507	ibc_par_t = 2
508
509	CASE ( 'nested' )
510	ibc_par_t = 3
511
512	CASE DEFAULT
513	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
514	'bc_par_t = "', TRIM( bc_par_t ), '"'
515	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0218', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
516
517	END SELECT
518	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_lr )
519
520	CASE ( 'cyclic' )
521	ibc_par_lr = 0
522
523	CASE ( 'absorb' )
524	ibc_par_lr = 1
525
526	CASE ( 'reflect' )
527	ibc_par_lr = 2
528
529	CASE ( 'nested' )
530	ibc_par_lr = 3
531
532	CASE DEFAULT
533	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
534	'bc_par_lr = "', TRIM( bc_par_lr ), '"'
535	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0219', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
536
537	END SELECT
538	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_ns )
539
540	CASE ( 'cyclic' )
541	ibc_par_ns = 0
542
543	CASE ( 'absorb' )
544	ibc_par_ns = 1
545
546	CASE ( 'reflect' )
547	ibc_par_ns = 2
548
549	CASE ( 'nested' )
550	ibc_par_ns = 3
551
552	CASE DEFAULT
553	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
554	'bc_par_ns = "', TRIM( bc_par_ns ), '"'
555	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0220', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
556
557	END SELECT
558	SELECT CASE ( splitting_mode )
559
560	CASE ( 'const' )
561	i_splitting_mode = 1
562
563	CASE ( 'cl_av' )
564	i_splitting_mode = 2
565
566	CASE ( 'gb_av' )
567	i_splitting_mode = 3
568
569	CASE DEFAULT
570	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown splitting_mode = "', &
571	TRIM( splitting_mode ), '"'
572	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0146', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
573
574	END SELECT
575	SELECT CASE ( splitting_function )
576
577	CASE ( 'gamma' )
578	isf = 1
579
580	CASE ( 'log' )
581	isf = 2
582
583	CASE ( 'exp' )
584	isf = 3
585
586	CASE DEFAULT
587	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown splitting function = "', &
588	TRIM( splitting_function ), '"'
589	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0147', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
590
591	END SELECT
592
593
594	!
595	!-- Initialize collision kernels
596	IF ( collision_kernel /= 'none' ) CALL init_kernels
597
598	!
599	!-- For the first model run of a possible job chain initialize the
600	!-- particles, otherwise read the particle data from restart file.
601	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) == 'read_restart_data' &
602	.AND. read_particles_from_restartfile ) THEN
603
604	CALL lpm_read_restart_file
605
606	ELSE
607
608	!
609	!-- Allocate particle arrays and set attributes of the initial set of
610	!-- particles, which can be also periodically released at later times.
611	ALLOCATE( prt_count(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
612	grid_particles(nzb+1:nzt,nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
613
614	number_of_particles = 0
615
616	sort_count = 0
617	prt_count = 0
618
619	!
620	!-- initialize counter for particle IDs
621	grid_particles%id_counter = 1
622
623	!
624	!-- Initialize all particles with dummy values (otherwise errors may
625	!-- occur within restart runs). The reason for this is still not clear
626	!-- and may be presumably caused by errors in the respective user-interface.
627	zero_particle = particle_type( 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
628	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
629	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
630	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
631	0, 0, 0_idp, .FALSE., -1 )
632
633	particle_groups = particle_groups_type( 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp )
634
635	!
636	!-- Set values for the density ratio and radius for all particle
637	!-- groups, if necessary
638	IF ( density_ratio(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) density_ratio(1) = 0.0_wp
639	IF ( radius(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) radius(1) = 0.0_wp
640	DO i = 2, number_of_particle_groups
641	IF ( density_ratio(i) == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
642	density_ratio(i) = density_ratio(i-1)
643	ENDIF
644	IF ( radius(i) == 9999999.9_wp ) radius(i) = radius(i-1)
645	ENDDO
646
647	DO i = 1, number_of_particle_groups
648	IF ( density_ratio(i) /= 0.0_wp .AND. radius(i) == 0 ) THEN
649	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'particle group #', i, ' has a', &
650	'density ratio /= 0 but radius = 0'
651	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0215', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
652	ENDIF
653	particle_groups(i)%density_ratio = density_ratio(i)
654	particle_groups(i)%radius = radius(i)
655	ENDDO
656
657	!
658	!-- Set a seed value for the random number generator to be exclusively
659	!-- used for the particle code. The generated random numbers should be
660	!-- different on the different PEs.
661	iran_part = iran_part + myid
662
663	!
664	!-- Create the particle set, and set the initial particles
665	CALL lpm_create_particle( phase_init )
666	last_particle_release_time = particle_advection_start
667
668	!
669	!-- User modification of initial particles
670	CALL user_lpm_init
671
672	!
673	!-- Open file for statistical informations about particle conditions
674	IF ( write_particle_statistics ) THEN
675	CALL check_open( 80 )
676	WRITE ( 80, 8000 ) current_timestep_number, simulated_time, &
677	number_of_particles
678	CALL close_file( 80 )
679	ENDIF
680
681	ENDIF
682
683	IF ( nested_run ) CALL pmcp_g_init
684
685	!
686	!-- To avoid programm abort, assign particles array to the local version of
687	!-- first grid cell
688	number_of_particles = prt_count(nzb+1,nys,nxl)
689	particles => grid_particles(nzb+1,nys,nxl)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
690	!
691	!-- Formats
692	8000 FORMAT (I6,1X,F7.2,4X,I10,71X,I10)
693
694	END SUBROUTINE lpm_init
695
696	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
697	! Description:
698	! ------------
699	!> @todo Missing subroutine description.
700	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
701	SUBROUTINE lpm_create_particle (phase)
702
703	USE arrays_3d, &
704	ONLY: zw
705	USE lpm_exchange_horiz_mod, &
706	ONLY: lpm_exchange_horiz, lpm_move_particle, realloc_particles_array
707
708	USE lpm_pack_and_sort_mod, &
709	ONLY: lpm_sort_in_subboxes
710
711	USE particle_attributes, &
712	ONLY: deleted_particles
713
714	IMPLICIT NONE
715
716	INTEGER(iwp) :: alloc_size !< relative increase of allocated memory for particles
717	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop variable ( particle groups )
718	INTEGER(iwp) :: ip !< index variable along x
719	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop variable ( particles per point )
720	INTEGER(iwp) :: jp !< index variable along y
721	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
722	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_surf !< index of surface grid point
723	INTEGER(iwp) :: kp !< index variable along z
724	INTEGER(iwp) :: loop_stride !< loop variable for initialization
725	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !< loop variable ( number of particles )
726	INTEGER(iwp) :: new_size !< new size of allocated memory for particles
727
728	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: phase !< mode of inititialization
729
730	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: local_count !< start address of new particle
731	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: local_start !< start address of new particle
732
733	LOGICAL :: first_stride !< flag for initialization
734
735	REAL(wp) :: pos_x !< increment for particle position in x
736	REAL(wp) :: pos_y !< increment for particle position in y
737	REAL(wp) :: pos_z !< increment for particle position in z
738	REAL(wp) :: rand_contr !< dummy argument for random position
739
740	TYPE(particle_type),TARGET :: tmp_particle !< temporary particle used for initialization
741
742	!
743	!-- Calculate particle positions and store particle attributes, if
744	!-- particle is situated on this PE
745	DO loop_stride = 1, 2
746	first_stride = (loop_stride == 1)
747	IF ( first_stride ) THEN
748	local_count = 0 ! count number of particles
749	ELSE
750	local_count = prt_count ! Start address of new particles
751	ENDIF
752
753	!
754	!-- Calculate initial_weighting_factor diagnostically
755	IF ( number_concentration /= -1.0_wp .AND. number_concentration > 0.0_wp ) THEN
756	initial_weighting_factor = number_concentration * &
757	pdx(1) * pdy(1) * pdz(1)
758	END IF
759
760	n = 0
761	DO i = 1, number_of_particle_groups
762
763	pos_z = psb(i)
764
765	DO WHILE ( pos_z <= pst(i) )
766
767	IF ( pos_z >= zw(0) .AND. pos_z < zw(nzt) ) THEN
768
769
770	pos_y = pss(i)
771
772	DO WHILE ( pos_y <= psn(i) )
773
774	IF ( pos_y >= nys * dy .AND. &
775	pos_y < ( nyn + 1 ) * dy ) THEN
776
777	pos_x = psl(i)
778
779	xloop: DO WHILE ( pos_x <= psr(i) )
780
781	IF ( pos_x >= nxl * dx .AND. &
782	pos_x < ( nxr + 1) * dx ) THEN
783
784	DO j = 1, particles_per_point
785
786
787	n = n + 1
788	tmp_particle%x = pos_x
789	tmp_particle%y = pos_y
790	tmp_particle%z = pos_z
791	tmp_particle%age = 0.0_wp
792	tmp_particle%age_m = 0.0_wp
793	tmp_particle%dt_sum = 0.0_wp
794	tmp_particle%e_m = 0.0_wp
795	tmp_particle%rvar1 = 0.0_wp
796	tmp_particle%rvar2 = 0.0_wp
797	tmp_particle%rvar3 = 0.0_wp
798	tmp_particle%speed_x = 0.0_wp
799	tmp_particle%speed_y = 0.0_wp
800	tmp_particle%speed_z = 0.0_wp
801	tmp_particle%origin_x = pos_x
802	tmp_particle%origin_y = pos_y
803	tmp_particle%origin_z = pos_z
804	IF ( curvature_solution_effects ) THEN
805	tmp_particle%aux1 = 0.0_wp ! dry aerosol radius
806	tmp_particle%aux2 = dt_3d ! last Rosenbrock timestep
807	ELSE
808	tmp_particle%aux1 = 0.0_wp ! free to use
809	tmp_particle%aux2 = 0.0_wp ! free to use
810	ENDIF
811	tmp_particle%radius = particle_groups(i)%radius
812	tmp_particle%weight_factor = initial_weighting_factor
813	tmp_particle%class = 1
814	tmp_particle%group = i
815	tmp_particle%id = 0_idp
816	tmp_particle%particle_mask = .TRUE.
817	tmp_particle%block_nr = -1
818	!
819	!-- Determine the grid indices of the particle position
820	ip = INT( tmp_particle%x * ddx )
821	jp = INT( tmp_particle%y * ddy )
822	kp = INT( tmp_particle%z / dz(1) + 1 + offset_ocean_nzt )
823	DO WHILE( zw(kp) < tmp_particle%z )
824	kp = kp + 1
825	ENDDO
826	DO WHILE( zw(kp-1) > tmp_particle%z )
827	kp = kp - 1
828	ENDDO
829	!
830	!-- Determine surface level. Therefore, check for
831	!-- upward-facing wall on w-grid.
832	k_surf = get_topography_top_index_ji( jp, ip, 'w' )
833
834	IF ( seed_follows_topography ) THEN
835	!
836	!-- Particle height is given relative to topography
837	kp = kp + k_surf
838	tmp_particle%z = tmp_particle%z + zw(k_surf)
839	!-- Skip particle release if particle position is
840	!-- above model top, or within topography in case
841	!-- of overhanging structures.
842	IF ( kp > nzt .OR. &
843	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(kp,jp,ip), 0 ) ) THEN
844	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
845	CYCLE xloop
846	ENDIF
847	!
848	!-- Skip particle release if particle position is
849	!-- below surface, or within topography in case
850	!-- of overhanging structures.
851	ELSEIF ( .NOT. seed_follows_topography .AND. &
852	tmp_particle%z <= zw(k_surf) .OR. &
853	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(kp,jp,ip), 0 ) )&
854	THEN
855	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
856	CYCLE xloop
857	ENDIF
858
859	local_count(kp,jp,ip) = local_count(kp,jp,ip) + 1
860
861	IF ( .NOT. first_stride ) THEN
862	IF ( ip < nxl .OR. jp < nys .OR. kp < nzb+1 ) THEN
863	write(6,*) 'xl ',ip,jp,kp,nxl,nys,nzb+1
864	ENDIF
865	IF ( ip > nxr .OR. jp > nyn .OR. kp > nzt ) THEN
866	write(6,*) 'xu ',ip,jp,kp,nxr,nyn,nzt
867	ENDIF
868	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(local_count(kp,jp,ip)) = tmp_particle
869
870	ENDIF
871	ENDDO
872
873	ENDIF
874
875	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
876
877	ENDDO xloop
878
879	ENDIF
880
881	pos_y = pos_y + pdy(i)
882
883	ENDDO
884
885	ENDIF
886
887	pos_z = pos_z + pdz(i)
888
889	ENDDO
890
891	ENDDO
892
893	IF ( first_stride ) THEN
894	DO ip = nxl, nxr
895	DO jp = nys, nyn
896	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
897	IF ( phase == PHASE_INIT ) THEN
898	IF ( local_count(kp,jp,ip) > 0 ) THEN
899	alloc_size = MAX( INT( local_count(kp,jp,ip) * &
900	( 1.0_wp + alloc_factor / 100.0_wp ) ), &
901	min_nr_particle )
902	ELSE
903	alloc_size = min_nr_particle
904	ENDIF
905	ALLOCATE(grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:alloc_size))
906	DO n = 1, alloc_size
907	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(n) = zero_particle
908	ENDDO
909	ELSEIF ( phase == PHASE_RELEASE ) THEN
910	IF ( local_count(kp,jp,ip) > 0 ) THEN
911	new_size = local_count(kp,jp,ip) + prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
912	alloc_size = MAX( INT( new_size * ( 1.0_wp + &
913	alloc_factor / 100.0_wp ) ), min_nr_particle )
914	IF( alloc_size > SIZE( grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles) ) THEN
915	CALL realloc_particles_array(ip,jp,kp,alloc_size)
916	ENDIF
917	ENDIF
918	ENDIF
919	ENDDO
920	ENDDO
921	ENDDO
922	ENDIF
923
924	ENDDO
925
926
927
928	local_start = prt_count+1
929	prt_count = local_count
930
931	!
932	!-- Calculate particle IDs
933	DO ip = nxl, nxr
934	DO jp = nys, nyn
935	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
936	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
937	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
938	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
939
940	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
941
942	particles(n)%id = 10000_idp*3 grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter + &
943	10000_idp*2 kp + 10000_idp * jp + ip
944	!
945	!-- Count the number of particles that have been released before
946	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter = &
947	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter + 1
948
949	ENDDO
950
951	ENDDO
952	ENDDO
953	ENDDO
954
955	!
956	!-- Initialize aerosol background spectrum
957	IF ( curvature_solution_effects ) THEN
958	CALL lpm_init_aerosols(local_start)
959	ENDIF
960
961	!
962	!-- Add random fluctuation to particle positions.
963	IF ( random_start_position ) THEN
964	DO ip = nxl, nxr
965	DO jp = nys, nyn
966	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
967	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
968	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
969	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
970	!
971	!-- Move only new particles. Moreover, limit random fluctuation
972	!-- in order to prevent that particles move more than one grid box,
973	!-- which would lead to problems concerning particle exchange
974	!-- between processors in case pdx/pdy are larger than dx/dy,
975	!-- respectively.
976	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles
977	IF ( psl(particles(n)%group) /= psr(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
978	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
979	pdx(particles(n)%group)
980	particles(n)%x = particles(n)%x + &
981	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dx, rand_contr ), &
982	ABS( rand_contr ) < dx &
983	)
984	ENDIF
985	IF ( pss(particles(n)%group) /= psn(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
986	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
987	pdy(particles(n)%group)
988	particles(n)%y = particles(n)%y + &
989	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dy, rand_contr ), &
990	ABS( rand_contr ) < dy &
991	)
992	ENDIF
993	IF ( psb(particles(n)%group) /= pst(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
994	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
995	pdz(particles(n)%group)
996	particles(n)%z = particles(n)%z + &
997	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dzw(kp), rand_contr ), &
998	ABS( rand_contr ) < dzw(kp) &
999	)
1000	ENDIF
1001	ENDDO
1002	!
1003	!-- Identify particles located outside the model domain and reflect
1004	!-- or absorb them if necessary.
1005	CALL lpm_boundary_conds( 'bottom/top', i, j, k )
1006	!
1007	!-- Furthermore, remove particles located in topography. Note, as
1008	!-- the particle speed is still zero at this point, wall
1009	!-- reflection boundary conditions will not work in this case.
1010	particles => &
1011	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
1012	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles
1013	i = particles(n)%x * ddx
1014	j = particles(n)%y * ddy
1015	k = particles(n)%z / dz(1) + 1 + offset_ocean_nzt
1016	DO WHILE( zw(k) < particles(n)%z )
1017	k = k + 1
1018	ENDDO
1019	DO WHILE( zw(k-1) > particles(n)%z )
1020	k = k - 1
1021	ENDDO
1022	!
1023	!-- Check if particle is within topography
1024	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) THEN
1025	particles(n)%particle_mask = .FALSE.
1026	deleted_particles = deleted_particles + 1
1027	ENDIF
1028
1029	ENDDO
1030	ENDDO
1031	ENDDO
1032	ENDDO
1033	!
1034	!-- Exchange particles between grid cells and processors
1035	CALL lpm_move_particle
1036	CALL lpm_exchange_horiz
1037
1038	ENDIF
1039	!
1040	!-- In case of random_start_position, delete particles identified by
1041	!-- lpm_exchange_horiz and lpm_boundary_conds. Then sort particles into blocks,
1042	!-- which is needed for a fast interpolation of the LES fields on the particle
1043	!-- position.
1044	CALL lpm_sort_in_subboxes
1045
1046	!
1047	!-- Determine the current number of particles
1048	DO ip = nxl, nxr
1049	DO jp = nys, nyn
1050	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
1051	number_of_particles = number_of_particles &
1052	+ prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
1053	ENDDO
1054	ENDDO
1055	ENDDO
1056	!
1057	!-- Calculate the number of particles of the total domain
1058	#if defined( __parallel )
1059	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
1060	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( number_of_particles, total_number_of_particles, 1, &
1061	MPI_INTEGER, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1062	#else
1063	total_number_of_particles = number_of_particles
1064	#endif
1065
1066	RETURN
1067
1068	END SUBROUTINE lpm_create_particle
1069
1070	SUBROUTINE lpm_init_aerosols(local_start)
1071
1072	USE arrays_3d, &
1073	ONLY: hyp, pt, q, exner
1074
1075	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
1076	ONLY: molecular_weight_of_solute, molecular_weight_of_water, magnus, &
1077	pi, rd_d_rv, rho_l, r_v, rho_s, vanthoff
1078
1079	USE kinds
1080
1081	USE particle_attributes, &
1082	ONLY: aero_species, aero_type, aero_weight, log_sigma, na, rm
1083
1084	IMPLICIT NONE
1085
1086	REAL(wp) :: afactor !< curvature effects
1087	REAL(wp) :: bfactor !< solute effects
1088	REAL(wp) :: dlogr !< logarithmic width of radius bin
1089	REAL(wp) :: e_a !< vapor pressure
1090	REAL(wp) :: e_s !< saturation vapor pressure
1091	REAL(wp) :: rmin = 0.005e-6_wp !< minimum aerosol radius
1092	REAL(wp) :: rmax = 10.0e-6_wp !< maximum aerosol radius
1093	REAL(wp) :: r_mid !< mean radius of bin
1094	REAL(wp) :: r_l !< left radius of bin
1095	REAL(wp) :: r_r !< right radius of bin
1096	REAL(wp) :: sigma !< surface tension
1097	REAL(wp) :: t_int !< temperature
1098
1099	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), INTENT(IN) :: local_start !<
1100
1101	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !<
1102	INTEGER(iwp) :: ip !<
1103	INTEGER(iwp) :: jp !<
1104	INTEGER(iwp) :: kp !<
1105
1106	!
1107	!-- Set constants for different aerosol species
1108	IF ( TRIM(aero_species) .EQ. 'nacl' ) THEN
1109	molecular_weight_of_solute = 0.05844_wp
1110	rho_s = 2165.0_wp
1111	vanthoff = 2.0_wp
1112	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_species) .EQ. 'c3h4o4' ) THEN
1113	molecular_weight_of_solute = 0.10406_wp
1114	rho_s = 1600.0_wp
1115	vanthoff = 1.37_wp
1116	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_species) .EQ. 'nh4o3' ) THEN
1117	molecular_weight_of_solute = 0.08004_wp
1118	rho_s = 1720.0_wp
1119	vanthoff = 2.31_wp
1120	ELSE
1121	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown aerosol species ', &
1122	'aero_species = "', TRIM( aero_species ), '"'
1123	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0470', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1124	ENDIF
1125	!
1126	!-- The following typical aerosol spectra are taken from Jaenicke (1993):
1127	!-- Tropospheric aerosols. Published in Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions.
1128	IF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'polar' ) THEN
1129	na = (/ 2.17e1, 1.86e-1, 3.04e-4 /) * 1.0E6
1130	rm = (/ 0.0689, 0.375, 4.29 /) * 1.0E-6
1131	log_sigma = (/ 0.245, 0.300, 0.291 /)
1132	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'background' ) THEN
1133	na = (/ 1.29e2, 5.97e1, 6.35e1 /) * 1.0E6
1134	rm = (/ 0.0036, 0.127, 0.259 /) * 1.0E-6
1135	log_sigma = (/ 0.645, 0.253, 0.425 /)
1136	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'maritime' ) THEN
1137	na = (/ 1.33e2, 6.66e1, 3.06e0 /) * 1.0E6
1138	rm = (/ 0.0039, 0.133, 0.29 /) * 1.0E-6
1139	log_sigma = (/ 0.657, 0.210, 0.396 /)
1140	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'continental' ) THEN
1141	na = (/ 3.20e3, 2.90e3, 3.00e-1 /) * 1.0E6
1142	rm = (/ 0.01, 0.058, 0.9 /) * 1.0E-6
1143	log_sigma = (/ 0.161, 0.217, 0.380 /)
1144	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'desert' ) THEN
1145	na = (/ 7.26e2, 1.14e3, 1.78e-1 /) * 1.0E6
1146	rm = (/ 0.001, 0.0188, 10.8 /) * 1.0E-6
1147	log_sigma = (/ 0.247, 0.770, 0.438 /)
1148	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'rural' ) THEN
1149	na = (/ 6.65e3, 1.47e2, 1.99e3 /) * 1.0E6
1150	rm = (/ 0.00739, 0.0269, 0.0419 /) * 1.0E-6
1151	log_sigma = (/ 0.225, 0.557, 0.266 /)
1152	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'urban' ) THEN
1153	na = (/ 9.93e4, 1.11e3, 3.64e4 /) * 1.0E6
1154	rm = (/ 0.00651, 0.00714, 0.0248 /) * 1.0E-6
1155	log_sigma = (/ 0.245, 0.666, 0.337 /)
1156	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'user' ) THEN
1157	CONTINUE
1158	ELSE
1159	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown aerosol type ', &
1160	'aero_type = "', TRIM( aero_type ), '"'
1161	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0459', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1162	ENDIF
1163
1164	DO ip = nxl, nxr
1165	DO jp = nys, nyn
1166	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
1167
1168	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
1169	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
1170	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
1171
1172	dlogr = ( LOG10(rmax) - LOG10(rmin) ) / ( number_of_particles - local_start(kp,jp,ip) + 1 )
1173	!
1174	!-- Initialize the aerosols with a predefined spectral distribution
1175	!-- of the dry radius (logarithmically increasing bins) and a varying
1176	!-- weighting factor
1177	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
1178
1179	r_l = 10.0*( LOG10( rmin ) + (n-1) dlogr )
1180	r_r = 10.0*( LOG10( rmin ) + n dlogr )
1181	r_mid = SQRT( r_l * r_r )
1182
1183	particles(n)%aux1 = r_mid
1184	particles(n)%weight_factor = &
1185	( na(1) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(1) ) * &
1186	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(1) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(1)**2 ) ) + &
1187	na(2) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(2) ) * &
1188	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(2) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(2)**2 ) ) + &
1189	na(3) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(3) ) * &
1190	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(3) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(3)**2 ) ) &
1191	) * ( LOG10(r_r) - LOG10(r_l) ) * ( dx * dy * dzw(kp) )
1192
1193	!
1194	!-- Multiply weight_factor with the namelist parameter aero_weight
1195	!-- to increase or decrease the number of simulated aerosols
1196	particles(n)%weight_factor = particles(n)%weight_factor * aero_weight
1197
1198	IF ( particles(n)%weight_factor - FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp) &
1199	.GT. random_function( iran_part ) ) THEN
1200	particles(n)%weight_factor = FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp) + 1.0_wp
1201	ELSE
1202	particles(n)%weight_factor = FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp)
1203	ENDIF
1204	!
1205	!-- Unnecessary particles will be deleted
1206	IF ( particles(n)%weight_factor .LE. 0.0 ) particles(n)%particle_mask = .FALSE.
1207
1208	ENDDO
1209	!
1210	!-- Set particle radius to equilibrium radius based on the environmental
1211	!-- supersaturation (Khvorostyanov and Curry, 2007, JGR). This avoids
1212	!-- the sometimes lengthy growth toward their equilibrium radius within
1213	!-- the simulation.
1214	t_int = pt(kp,jp,ip) * exner(kp)
1215
1216	e_s = magnus( t_int )
1217	e_a = q(kp,jp,ip) * hyp(kp) / ( q(kp,jp,ip) + rd_d_rv )
1218
1219	sigma = 0.0761_wp - 0.000155_wp * ( t_int - 273.15_wp )
1220	afactor = 2.0_wp * sigma / ( rho_l * r_v * t_int )
1221
1222	bfactor = vanthoff * molecular_weight_of_water * &
1223	rho_s / ( molecular_weight_of_solute * rho_l )
1224	!
1225	!-- The formula is only valid for subsaturated environments. For
1226	!-- supersaturations higher than -5 %, the supersaturation is set to -5%.
1227	IF ( e_a / e_s >= 0.95_wp ) e_a = 0.95_wp * e_s
1228
1229	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
1230	!
1231	!-- For details on this equation, see Eq. (14) of Khvorostyanov and
1232	!-- Curry (2007, JGR)
1233	particles(n)%radius = bfactor*0.3333333_wp &
1234	particles(n)%aux1 / ( 1.0_wp - e_a / e_s )**0.3333333_wp / &
1235	( 1.0_wp + ( afactor / ( 3.0_wp * bfactor*0.3333333_wp &
1236	particles(n)%aux1 ) ) / &
1237	( 1.0_wp - e_a / e_s )**0.6666666_wp &
1238	)
1239
1240	ENDDO
1241
1242	ENDDO
1243	ENDDO
1244	ENDDO
1245
1246	END SUBROUTINE lpm_init_aerosols
1247
1248	END MODULE lpm_init_mod

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