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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/lpm_init.f90 @ 3288

Last change on this file since 3288 was 3274, checked in by knoop, 6 years ago
Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
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1	!> @file lpm_init.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2018 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: lpm_init.f90 3274 2018-09-24 15:42:55Z suehring $
27	! Modularization of all bulk cloud physics code components
28	!
29	! 3241 2018-09-12 15:02:00Z raasch
30	! unused variables removed
31	!
32	! 3065 2018-06-12 07:03:02Z Giersch
33	! dz was replaced by dzw or dz(1) to allow for right vertical stretching
34	!
35	! 3049 2018-05-29 13:52:36Z Giersch
36	! Error messages revised
37	!
38	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
39	! Error message revised
40	!
41	! 3039 2018-05-24 13:13:11Z schwenkel
42	! bugfix for lcm with grid stretching
43	!
44	! 2967 2018-04-13 11:22:08Z raasch
45	! nesting routine is only called if nesting is switched on
46	!
47	! 2954 2018-04-09 14:35:46Z schwenkel
48	! Bugfix for particle initialization in case of ocean
49	!
50	! 2801 2018-02-14 16:01:55Z thiele
51	! Introduce particle transfer in nested models.
52	!
53	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
54	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
55	!
56	! 2701 2017-12-15 15:40:50Z suehring
57	! Changes from last commit documented
58	!
59	! 2698 2017-12-14 18:46:24Z suehring
60	! Grid indices passed to lpm_boundary_conds. (responsible Philipp Thiele)
61	!
62	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
63	! Change in file header (GPL part)
64	!
65	! 2628 2017-11-20 12:40:38Z schwenkel
66	! Enabled particle advection with grid stretching.
67	!
68	! 2608 2017-11-13 14:04:26Z schwenkel
69	! Calculation of magnus equation in external module (diagnostic_quantities_mod).
70	!
71	! 2606 2017-11-10 10:36:31Z schwenkel
72	! Changed particle box locations: center of particle box now coincides
73	! with scalar grid point of same index.
74	! Renamed module and subroutines: lpm_pack_arrays_mod -> lpm_pack_and_sort_mod
75	! lpm_pack_all_arrays -> lpm_sort_in_subboxes, lpm_pack_arrays -> lpm_pack
76	! lpm_sort -> lpm_sort_timeloop_done
77	!
78	! 2375 2017-08-29 14:10:28Z schwenkel
79	! Initialization of chemical aerosol composition
80	!
81	! 2346 2017-08-09 16:39:17Z suehring
82	! Bugfix, correct determination of topography top index
83	!
84	! 2318 2017-07-20 17:27:44Z suehring
85	! Get topography top index via Function call
86	!
87	! 2317 2017-07-20 17:27:19Z suehring
88	! Extended particle data type. Aerosol initialization improved.
89	!
90	! 2305 2017-07-06 11:18:47Z hoffmann
91	! Improved calculation of particle IDs.
92	!
93	! 2274 2017-06-09 13:27:48Z Giersch
94	! Changed error messages
95	!
96	! 2265 2017-06-08 16:58:28Z schwenkel
97	! Unused variables removed.
98	!
99	! 2263 2017-06-08 14:59:01Z schwenkel
100	! Implemented splitting and merging algorithm
101	!
102	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
103	!
104	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
105	! Adjustments according to new topography realization
106	!
107	!
108	! 2223 2017-05-15 16:38:09Z suehring
109	! Add check for particle release at model top
110	!
111	! 2182 2017-03-17 14:27:40Z schwenkel
112	! Added parameters for simplified particle initialization.
113	!
114	! 2122 2017-01-18 12:22:54Z hoffmann
115	! Improved initialization of equilibrium aerosol radii
116	! Calculation of particle ID
117	!
118	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
119	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
120	!
121	! 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
122	! Bugfix in determining initial particle height and grid index in case of
123	! seed_follows_topography.
124	! Bugfix concerning random positions, ensure that particles do not move more
125	! than one grid length.
126	! Bugfix logarithmic interpolation.
127	! Initial setting of sgs_wf_part.
128	!
129	! 1890 2016-04-22 08:52:11Z hoffmann
130	! Initialization of aerosol equilibrium radius not possible in supersaturated
131	! environments. Therefore, a maximum supersaturation of -1 % is assumed during
132	! initialization.
133	!
134	! 1873 2016-04-18 14:50:06Z maronga
135	! Module renamed (removed _mod
136	!
137	! 1871 2016-04-15 11:46:09Z hoffmann
138	! Initialization of aerosols added.
139	!
140	! 1850 2016-04-08 13:29:27Z maronga
141	! Module renamed
142	!
143	! 1831 2016-04-07 13:15:51Z hoffmann
144	! curvature_solution_effects moved to particle_attributes
145	!
146	! 1822 2016-04-07 07:49:42Z hoffmann
147	! Unused variables removed.
148	!
149	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
150	! netcdf module added
151	!
152	! 1725 2015-11-17 13:01:51Z hoffmann
153	! Bugfix: Processor-dependent seed for random function is generated before it is
154	! used.
155	!
156	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
157	! Renamed prandtl_layer to constant_flux_layer.
158	!
159	! 1685 2015-10-08 07:32:13Z raasch
160	! bugfix concerning vertical index offset in case of ocean
161	!
162	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
163	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
164	!
165	! 1575 2015-03-27 09:56:27Z raasch
166	! initial vertical particle position is allowed to follow the topography
167	!
168	! 1359 2014-04-11 17:15:14Z hoffmann
169	! New particle structure integrated.
170	! Kind definition added to all floating point numbers.
171	! lpm_init changed form a subroutine to a module.
172	!
173	! 1327 2014-03-21 11:00:16Z raasch
174	! -netcdf_output
175	!
176	! 1322 2014-03-20 16:38:49Z raasch
177	! REAL functions provided with KIND-attribute
178	!
179	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
180	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
181	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
182	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
183	! revision history before 2012 removed,
184	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
185	! all variable declaration statements
186	! bugfix: #if defined( __parallel ) added
187	!
188	! 1314 2014-03-14 18:25:17Z suehring
189	! Vertical logarithmic interpolation of horizontal particle speed for particles
190	! between roughness height and first vertical grid level.
191	!
192	! 1092 2013-02-02 11:24:22Z raasch
193	! unused variables removed
194	!
195	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
196	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
197	!
198	! 849 2012-03-15 10:35:09Z raasch
199	! routine renamed: init_particles -> lpm_init
200	! de_dx, de_dy, de_dz are allocated here (instead of automatic arrays in
201	! advec_particles),
202	! sort_particles renamed lpm_sort_arrays, user_init_particles renamed lpm_init
203	!
204	! 828 2012-02-21 12:00:36Z raasch
205	! call of init_kernels, particle feature color renamed class
206	!
207	! 824 2012-02-17 09:09:57Z raasch
208	! particle attributes speed_x\|y\|z_sgs renamed rvar1\|2\|3,
209	! array particles implemented as pointer
210	!
211	! 667 2010-12-23 12:06:00Z suehring/gryschka
212	! nxl-1, nxr+1, nys-1, nyn+1 replaced by nxlg, nxrg, nysg, nyng for allocation
213	! of arrays.
214	!
215	! Revision 1.1 1999/11/25 16:22:38 raasch
216	! Initial revision
217	!
218	!
219	! Description:
220	! ------------
221	!> This routine initializes a set of particles and their attributes (position,
222	!> radius, ..) which are used by the Lagrangian particle model (see lpm).
223	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
224	MODULE lpm_init_mod
225
226	USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING
227
228	USE arrays_3d, &
229	ONLY: de_dx, de_dy, de_dz, dzw, zu, zw
230
231	USE control_parameters, &
232	ONLY: cloud_droplets, constant_flux_layer, current_timestep_number, &
233	dt_3d, dz, initializing_actions, message_string, ocean, &
234	simulated_time
235
236	USE grid_variables, &
237	ONLY: ddx, dx, ddy, dy
238
239	USE indices, &
240	ONLY: nx, nxl, nxlg, nxrg, nxr, ny, nyn, nys, nyng, nysg, nz, nzb, &
241	nzt, wall_flags_0
242
243	USE kinds
244
245	USE lpm_collision_kernels_mod, &
246	ONLY: init_kernels
247
248	USE netcdf_interface, &
249	ONLY: netcdf_data_format
250
251	USE particle_attributes, &
252	ONLY: alloc_factor, bc_par_b, bc_par_lr, bc_par_ns, bc_par_t, &
253	block_offset, block_offset_def, collision_kernel, &
254	curvature_solution_effects, density_ratio, grid_particles, &
255	isf,i_splitting_mode, initial_weighting_factor, ibc_par_b, &
256	ibc_par_lr, ibc_par_ns, ibc_par_t, iran_part, log_z_z0, &
257	max_number_of_particle_groups, min_nr_particle, &
258	number_concentration, &
259	number_particles_per_gridbox, number_of_particles, &
260	number_of_particle_groups, number_of_sublayers, &
261	offset_ocean_nzt, offset_ocean_nzt_m1, &
262	particles, particle_advection_start, particle_groups, &
263	particle_groups_type, particles_per_point, &
264	particle_type, pdx, pdy, pdz, prt_count, psb, psl, psn, psr, &
265	pss, pst, radius, random_start_position, &
266	read_particles_from_restartfile, seed_follows_topography, &
267	sgs_wf_part, sort_count, splitting_function, splitting_mode, &
268	total_number_of_particles, use_sgs_for_particles, &
269	write_particle_statistics, zero_particle, z0_av_global
270
271	USE pegrid
272
273	USE random_function_mod, &
274	ONLY: random_function
275
276	USE surface_mod, &
277	ONLY: get_topography_top_index_ji, surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
278
279	USE pmc_particle_interface, &
280	ONLY: pmcp_g_init
281
282	IMPLICIT NONE
283
284	PRIVATE
285
286	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: PHASE_INIT = 1 !<
287	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER, PUBLIC :: PHASE_RELEASE = 2 !<
288
289	INTERFACE lpm_init
290	MODULE PROCEDURE lpm_init
291	END INTERFACE lpm_init
292
293	INTERFACE lpm_create_particle
294	MODULE PROCEDURE lpm_create_particle
295	END INTERFACE lpm_create_particle
296
297	PUBLIC lpm_init, lpm_create_particle
298
299	CONTAINS
300
301	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
302	! Description:
303	! ------------
304	!> @todo Missing subroutine description.
305	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
306	SUBROUTINE lpm_init
307
308	USE lpm_collision_kernels_mod, &
309	ONLY: init_kernels
310
311	USE pmc_interface, &
312	ONLY: nested_run
313
314	IMPLICIT NONE
315
316	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
317	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
318	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
319
320	REAL(wp) :: div !<
321	REAL(wp) :: height_int !<
322	REAL(wp) :: height_p !<
323	REAL(wp) :: z_p !<
324	REAL(wp) :: z0_av_local !<
325
326
327	!
328	!-- In case of oceans runs, the vertical index calculations need an offset,
329	!-- because otherwise the k indices will become negative
330	IF ( ocean ) THEN
331	offset_ocean_nzt = nzt
332	offset_ocean_nzt_m1 = nzt - 1
333	ENDIF
334
335	!
336	!-- Define block offsets for dividing a gridcell in 8 sub cells
337	!-- See documentation for List of subgrid boxes
338	!-- See pack_and_sort in lpm_pack_arrays.f90 for assignment of the subgrid boxes
339	block_offset(0) = block_offset_def ( 0, 0, 0)
340	block_offset(1) = block_offset_def ( 0, 0,-1)
341	block_offset(2) = block_offset_def ( 0,-1, 0)
342	block_offset(3) = block_offset_def ( 0,-1,-1)
343	block_offset(4) = block_offset_def (-1, 0, 0)
344	block_offset(5) = block_offset_def (-1, 0,-1)
345	block_offset(6) = block_offset_def (-1,-1, 0)
346	block_offset(7) = block_offset_def (-1,-1,-1)
347	!
348	!-- Check the number of particle groups.
349	IF ( number_of_particle_groups > max_number_of_particle_groups ) THEN
350	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'max_number_of_particle_groups =', &
351	max_number_of_particle_groups , &
352	'&number_of_particle_groups reset to ', &
353	max_number_of_particle_groups
354	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0213', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
355	number_of_particle_groups = max_number_of_particle_groups
356	ENDIF
357	!
358	!-- Check if downward-facing walls exist. This case, reflection boundary
359	!-- conditions (as well as subgrid-scale velocities) may do not work
360	!-- propably (not realized so far).
361	IF ( surf_def_h(1)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
362	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Overhanging topography do not work '// &
363	'with particles'
364	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0212', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
365
366	ENDIF
367
368	!
369	!-- Set default start positions, if necessary
370	IF ( psl(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psl(1) = 0.0_wp
371	IF ( psr(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psr(1) = ( nx +1 ) * dx
372	IF ( pss(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) pss(1) = 0.0_wp
373	IF ( psn(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psn(1) = ( ny +1 ) * dy
374	IF ( psb(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psb(1) = zu(nz/2)
375	IF ( pst(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) pst(1) = psb(1)
376
377	IF ( pdx(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdx(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdx(1) = dx
378	IF ( pdy(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdy(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdy(1) = dy
379	IF ( pdz(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdz(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdz(1) = zu(2) - zu(1)
380
381	!
382	!-- If number_particles_per_gridbox is set, the parametres pdx, pdy and pdz are
383	!-- calculated diagnostically. Therfore an isotropic distribution is prescribed.
384	IF ( number_particles_per_gridbox /= -1 .AND. &
385	number_particles_per_gridbox >= 1 ) THEN
386	pdx(1) = (( dx * dy * ( zu(2) - zu(1) ) ) / &
387	REAL(number_particles_per_gridbox))**0.3333333_wp
388	!
389	!-- Ensure a smooth value (two significant digits) of distance between
390	!-- particles (pdx, pdy, pdz).
391	div = 1000.0_wp
392	DO WHILE ( pdx(1) < div )
393	div = div / 10.0_wp
394	ENDDO
395	pdx(1) = NINT( pdx(1) * 100.0_wp / div ) * div / 100.0_wp
396	pdy(1) = pdx(1)
397	pdz(1) = pdx(1)
398
399	ENDIF
400
401	DO j = 2, number_of_particle_groups
402	IF ( psl(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psl(j) = psl(j-1)
403	IF ( psr(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psr(j) = psr(j-1)
404	IF ( pss(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) pss(j) = pss(j-1)
405	IF ( psn(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psn(j) = psn(j-1)
406	IF ( psb(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psb(j) = psb(j-1)
407	IF ( pst(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) pst(j) = pst(j-1)
408	IF ( pdx(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdx(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdx(j) = pdx(j-1)
409	IF ( pdy(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdy(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdy(j) = pdy(j-1)
410	IF ( pdz(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdz(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdz(j) = pdz(j-1)
411	ENDDO
412
413	!
414	!-- Allocate arrays required for calculating particle SGS velocities.
415	!-- Initialize prefactor required for stoachastic Weil equation.
416	IF ( use_sgs_for_particles .AND. .NOT. cloud_droplets ) THEN
417	ALLOCATE( de_dx(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
418	de_dy(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
419	de_dz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
420
421	sgs_wf_part = 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp
422	ENDIF
423
424	!
425	!-- Allocate array required for logarithmic vertical interpolation of
426	!-- horizontal particle velocities between the surface and the first vertical
427	!-- grid level. In order to avoid repeated CPU cost-intensive CALLS of
428	!-- intrinsic FORTRAN procedure LOG(z/z0), LOG(z/z0) is precalculated for
429	!-- several heights. Splitting into 20 sublayers turned out to be sufficient.
430	!-- To obtain exact height levels of particles, linear interpolation is applied
431	!-- (see lpm_advec.f90).
432	IF ( constant_flux_layer ) THEN
433
434	ALLOCATE ( log_z_z0(0:number_of_sublayers) )
435	z_p = zu(nzb+1) - zw(nzb)
436
437	!
438	!-- Calculate horizontal mean value of z0 used for logartihmic
439	!-- interpolation. Note: this is not exact for heterogeneous z0.
440	!-- However, sensitivity studies showed that the effect is
441	!-- negligible.
442	z0_av_local = SUM( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) + SUM( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) + &
443	SUM( surf_usm_h%z0 )
444	z0_av_global = 0.0_wp
445
446	#if defined( __parallel )
447	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE(z0_av_local, z0_av_global, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
448	comm2d, ierr )
449	#else
450	z0_av_global = z0_av_local
451	#endif
452
453	z0_av_global = z0_av_global / ( ( ny + 1 ) * ( nx + 1 ) )
454	!
455	!-- Horizontal wind speed is zero below and at z0
456	log_z_z0(0) = 0.0_wp
457	!
458	!-- Calculate vertical depth of the sublayers
459	height_int = ( z_p - z0_av_global ) / REAL( number_of_sublayers, KIND=wp )
460	!
461	!-- Precalculate LOG(z/z0)
462	height_p = z0_av_global
463	DO k = 1, number_of_sublayers
464
465	height_p = height_p + height_int
466	log_z_z0(k) = LOG( height_p / z0_av_global )
467
468	ENDDO
469
470	ENDIF
471
472	!
473	!-- Check boundary condition and set internal variables
474	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_b )
475
476	CASE ( 'absorb' )
477	ibc_par_b = 1
478
479	CASE ( 'reflect' )
480	ibc_par_b = 2
481
482	CASE DEFAULT
483	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
484	'bc_par_b = "', TRIM( bc_par_b ), '"'
485	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0217', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
486
487	END SELECT
488	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_t )
489
490	CASE ( 'absorb' )
491	ibc_par_t = 1
492
493	CASE ( 'reflect' )
494	ibc_par_t = 2
495
496	CASE ( 'nested' )
497	ibc_par_t = 3
498
499	CASE DEFAULT
500	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
501	'bc_par_t = "', TRIM( bc_par_t ), '"'
502	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0218', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
503
504	END SELECT
505	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_lr )
506
507	CASE ( 'cyclic' )
508	ibc_par_lr = 0
509
510	CASE ( 'absorb' )
511	ibc_par_lr = 1
512
513	CASE ( 'reflect' )
514	ibc_par_lr = 2
515
516	CASE ( 'nested' )
517	ibc_par_lr = 3
518
519	CASE DEFAULT
520	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
521	'bc_par_lr = "', TRIM( bc_par_lr ), '"'
522	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0219', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
523
524	END SELECT
525	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_ns )
526
527	CASE ( 'cyclic' )
528	ibc_par_ns = 0
529
530	CASE ( 'absorb' )
531	ibc_par_ns = 1
532
533	CASE ( 'reflect' )
534	ibc_par_ns = 2
535
536	CASE ( 'nested' )
537	ibc_par_ns = 3
538
539	CASE DEFAULT
540	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
541	'bc_par_ns = "', TRIM( bc_par_ns ), '"'
542	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0220', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
543
544	END SELECT
545	SELECT CASE ( splitting_mode )
546
547	CASE ( 'const' )
548	i_splitting_mode = 1
549
550	CASE ( 'cl_av' )
551	i_splitting_mode = 2
552
553	CASE ( 'gb_av' )
554	i_splitting_mode = 3
555
556	CASE DEFAULT
557	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown splitting_mode = "', &
558	TRIM( splitting_mode ), '"'
559	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0146', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
560
561	END SELECT
562	SELECT CASE ( splitting_function )
563
564	CASE ( 'gamma' )
565	isf = 1
566
567	CASE ( 'log' )
568	isf = 2
569
570	CASE ( 'exp' )
571	isf = 3
572
573	CASE DEFAULT
574	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown splitting function = "', &
575	TRIM( splitting_function ), '"'
576	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0147', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
577
578	END SELECT
579
580
581	!
582	!-- Initialize collision kernels
583	IF ( collision_kernel /= 'none' ) CALL init_kernels
584
585	!
586	!-- For the first model run of a possible job chain initialize the
587	!-- particles, otherwise read the particle data from restart file.
588	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) == 'read_restart_data' &
589	.AND. read_particles_from_restartfile ) THEN
590
591	CALL lpm_read_restart_file
592
593	ELSE
594
595	!
596	!-- Allocate particle arrays and set attributes of the initial set of
597	!-- particles, which can be also periodically released at later times.
598	ALLOCATE( prt_count(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
599	grid_particles(nzb+1:nzt,nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
600
601	number_of_particles = 0
602
603	sort_count = 0
604	prt_count = 0
605
606	!
607	!-- initialize counter for particle IDs
608	grid_particles%id_counter = 1
609
610	!
611	!-- Initialize all particles with dummy values (otherwise errors may
612	!-- occur within restart runs). The reason for this is still not clear
613	!-- and may be presumably caused by errors in the respective user-interface.
614	zero_particle = particle_type( 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
615	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
616	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
617	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
618	0, 0, 0_idp, .FALSE., -1 )
619
620	particle_groups = particle_groups_type( 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp )
621
622	!
623	!-- Set values for the density ratio and radius for all particle
624	!-- groups, if necessary
625	IF ( density_ratio(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) density_ratio(1) = 0.0_wp
626	IF ( radius(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) radius(1) = 0.0_wp
627	DO i = 2, number_of_particle_groups
628	IF ( density_ratio(i) == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
629	density_ratio(i) = density_ratio(i-1)
630	ENDIF
631	IF ( radius(i) == 9999999.9_wp ) radius(i) = radius(i-1)
632	ENDDO
633
634	DO i = 1, number_of_particle_groups
635	IF ( density_ratio(i) /= 0.0_wp .AND. radius(i) == 0 ) THEN
636	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'particle group #', i, ' has a', &
637	'density ratio /= 0 but radius = 0'
638	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0215', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
639	ENDIF
640	particle_groups(i)%density_ratio = density_ratio(i)
641	particle_groups(i)%radius = radius(i)
642	ENDDO
643
644	!
645	!-- Set a seed value for the random number generator to be exclusively
646	!-- used for the particle code. The generated random numbers should be
647	!-- different on the different PEs.
648	iran_part = iran_part + myid
649
650	CALL lpm_create_particle (PHASE_INIT)
651	!
652	!-- User modification of initial particles
653	CALL user_lpm_init
654
655	!
656	!-- Open file for statistical informations about particle conditions
657	IF ( write_particle_statistics ) THEN
658	CALL check_open( 80 )
659	WRITE ( 80, 8000 ) current_timestep_number, simulated_time, &
660	number_of_particles
661	CALL close_file( 80 )
662	ENDIF
663
664	ENDIF
665
666	IF ( nested_run ) CALL pmcp_g_init
667
668	!
669	!-- To avoid programm abort, assign particles array to the local version of
670	!-- first grid cell
671	number_of_particles = prt_count(nzb+1,nys,nxl)
672	particles => grid_particles(nzb+1,nys,nxl)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
673	!
674	!-- Formats
675	8000 FORMAT (I6,1X,F7.2,4X,I10,71X,I10)
676
677	END SUBROUTINE lpm_init
678
679	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
680	! Description:
681	! ------------
682	!> @todo Missing subroutine description.
683	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
684	SUBROUTINE lpm_create_particle (phase)
685
686	USE arrays_3d, &
687	ONLY: zw
688	USE lpm_exchange_horiz_mod, &
689	ONLY: lpm_exchange_horiz, lpm_move_particle, realloc_particles_array
690
691	USE lpm_pack_and_sort_mod, &
692	ONLY: lpm_sort_in_subboxes
693
694	USE particle_attributes, &
695	ONLY: deleted_particles
696
697	IMPLICIT NONE
698
699	INTEGER(iwp) :: alloc_size !< relative increase of allocated memory for particles
700	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop variable ( particle groups )
701	INTEGER(iwp) :: ip !< index variable along x
702	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop variable ( particles per point )
703	INTEGER(iwp) :: jp !< index variable along y
704	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
705	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_surf !< index of surface grid point
706	INTEGER(iwp) :: kp !< index variable along z
707	INTEGER(iwp) :: loop_stride !< loop variable for initialization
708	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !< loop variable ( number of particles )
709	INTEGER(iwp) :: new_size !< new size of allocated memory for particles
710
711	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: phase !< mode of inititialization
712
713	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: local_count !< start address of new particle
714	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: local_start !< start address of new particle
715
716	LOGICAL :: first_stride !< flag for initialization
717
718	REAL(wp) :: pos_x !< increment for particle position in x
719	REAL(wp) :: pos_y !< increment for particle position in y
720	REAL(wp) :: pos_z !< increment for particle position in z
721	REAL(wp) :: rand_contr !< dummy argument for random position
722
723	TYPE(particle_type),TARGET :: tmp_particle !< temporary particle used for initialization
724
725	!
726	!-- Calculate particle positions and store particle attributes, if
727	!-- particle is situated on this PE
728	DO loop_stride = 1, 2
729	first_stride = (loop_stride == 1)
730	IF ( first_stride ) THEN
731	local_count = 0 ! count number of particles
732	ELSE
733	local_count = prt_count ! Start address of new particles
734	ENDIF
735
736	!
737	!-- Calculate initial_weighting_factor diagnostically
738	IF ( number_concentration /= -1.0_wp .AND. number_concentration > 0.0_wp ) THEN
739	initial_weighting_factor = number_concentration * 1.0E6_wp * &
740	pdx(1) * pdy(1) * pdz(1)
741	END IF
742
743	n = 0
744	DO i = 1, number_of_particle_groups
745
746	pos_z = psb(i)
747
748	DO WHILE ( pos_z <= pst(i) )
749
750	IF ( pos_z >= zw(0) .AND. pos_z < zw(nzt) ) THEN
751
752
753	pos_y = pss(i)
754
755	DO WHILE ( pos_y <= psn(i) )
756
757	IF ( pos_y >= nys * dy .AND. &
758	pos_y < ( nyn + 1 ) * dy ) THEN
759
760	pos_x = psl(i)
761
762	xloop: DO WHILE ( pos_x <= psr(i) )
763
764	IF ( pos_x >= nxl * dx .AND. &
765	pos_x < ( nxr + 1) * dx ) THEN
766
767	DO j = 1, particles_per_point
768
769
770	n = n + 1
771	tmp_particle%x = pos_x
772	tmp_particle%y = pos_y
773	tmp_particle%z = pos_z
774	tmp_particle%age = 0.0_wp
775	tmp_particle%age_m = 0.0_wp
776	tmp_particle%dt_sum = 0.0_wp
777	tmp_particle%e_m = 0.0_wp
778	tmp_particle%rvar1 = 0.0_wp
779	tmp_particle%rvar2 = 0.0_wp
780	tmp_particle%rvar3 = 0.0_wp
781	tmp_particle%speed_x = 0.0_wp
782	tmp_particle%speed_y = 0.0_wp
783	tmp_particle%speed_z = 0.0_wp
784	tmp_particle%origin_x = pos_x
785	tmp_particle%origin_y = pos_y
786	tmp_particle%origin_z = pos_z
787	IF ( curvature_solution_effects ) THEN
788	tmp_particle%aux1 = 0.0_wp ! dry aerosol radius
789	tmp_particle%aux2 = dt_3d ! last Rosenbrock timestep
790	ELSE
791	tmp_particle%aux1 = 0.0_wp ! free to use
792	tmp_particle%aux2 = 0.0_wp ! free to use
793	ENDIF
794	tmp_particle%radius = particle_groups(i)%radius
795	tmp_particle%weight_factor = initial_weighting_factor
796	tmp_particle%class = 1
797	tmp_particle%group = i
798	tmp_particle%id = 0_idp
799	tmp_particle%particle_mask = .TRUE.
800	tmp_particle%block_nr = -1
801	!
802	!-- Determine the grid indices of the particle position
803	ip = tmp_particle%x * ddx
804	jp = tmp_particle%y * ddy
805	kp = tmp_particle%z / dz(1) + 1 + offset_ocean_nzt
806	DO WHILE( zw(kp) < tmp_particle%z )
807	kp = kp + 1
808	ENDDO
809	DO WHILE( zw(kp-1) > tmp_particle%z )
810	kp = kp - 1
811	ENDDO
812	!
813	!-- Determine surface level. Therefore, check for
814	!-- upward-facing wall on w-grid.
815	k_surf = get_topography_top_index_ji( jp, ip, 'w' )
816
817	IF ( seed_follows_topography ) THEN
818	!
819	!-- Particle height is given relative to topography
820	kp = kp + k_surf
821	tmp_particle%z = tmp_particle%z + zw(k_surf)
822	!-- Skip particle release if particle position is
823	!-- above model top, or within topography in case
824	!-- of overhanging structures.
825	IF ( kp > nzt .OR. &
826	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(kp,jp,ip), 0 ) ) THEN
827	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
828	CYCLE xloop
829	ENDIF
830	!
831	!-- Skip particle release if particle position is
832	!-- below surface, or within topography in case
833	!-- of overhanging structures.
834	ELSEIF ( .NOT. seed_follows_topography .AND. &
835	tmp_particle%z <= zw(k_surf) .OR. &
836	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(kp,jp,ip), 0 ) )&
837	THEN
838	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
839	CYCLE xloop
840	ENDIF
841
842	local_count(kp,jp,ip) = local_count(kp,jp,ip) + 1
843
844	IF ( .NOT. first_stride ) THEN
845	IF ( ip < nxl .OR. jp < nys .OR. kp < nzb+1 ) THEN
846	write(6,*) 'xl ',ip,jp,kp,nxl,nys,nzb+1
847	ENDIF
848	IF ( ip > nxr .OR. jp > nyn .OR. kp > nzt ) THEN
849	write(6,*) 'xu ',ip,jp,kp,nxr,nyn,nzt
850	ENDIF
851	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(local_count(kp,jp,ip)) = tmp_particle
852
853	ENDIF
854	ENDDO
855
856	ENDIF
857
858	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
859
860	ENDDO xloop
861
862	ENDIF
863
864	pos_y = pos_y + pdy(i)
865
866	ENDDO
867
868	ENDIF
869
870	pos_z = pos_z + pdz(i)
871
872	ENDDO
873
874	ENDDO
875
876	IF ( first_stride ) THEN
877	DO ip = nxl, nxr
878	DO jp = nys, nyn
879	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
880	IF ( phase == PHASE_INIT ) THEN
881	IF ( local_count(kp,jp,ip) > 0 ) THEN
882	alloc_size = MAX( INT( local_count(kp,jp,ip) * &
883	( 1.0_wp + alloc_factor / 100.0_wp ) ), &
884	min_nr_particle )
885	ELSE
886	alloc_size = min_nr_particle
887	ENDIF
888	ALLOCATE(grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:alloc_size))
889	DO n = 1, alloc_size
890	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(n) = zero_particle
891	ENDDO
892	ELSEIF ( phase == PHASE_RELEASE ) THEN
893	IF ( local_count(kp,jp,ip) > 0 ) THEN
894	new_size = local_count(kp,jp,ip) + prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
895	alloc_size = MAX( INT( new_size * ( 1.0_wp + &
896	alloc_factor / 100.0_wp ) ), min_nr_particle )
897	IF( alloc_size > SIZE( grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles) ) THEN
898	CALL realloc_particles_array(ip,jp,kp,alloc_size)
899	ENDIF
900	ENDIF
901	ENDIF
902	ENDDO
903	ENDDO
904	ENDDO
905	ENDIF
906
907	ENDDO
908
909
910
911	local_start = prt_count+1
912	prt_count = local_count
913
914	!
915	!-- Calculate particle IDs
916	DO ip = nxl, nxr
917	DO jp = nys, nyn
918	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
919	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
920	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
921	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
922
923	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
924
925	particles(n)%id = 10000_idp*3 grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter + &
926	10000_idp*2 kp + 10000_idp * jp + ip
927	!
928	!-- Count the number of particles that have been released before
929	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter = &
930	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter + 1
931
932	ENDDO
933
934	ENDDO
935	ENDDO
936	ENDDO
937
938	!
939	!-- Initialize aerosol background spectrum
940	IF ( curvature_solution_effects ) THEN
941	CALL lpm_init_aerosols(local_start)
942	ENDIF
943
944	!
945	!-- Add random fluctuation to particle positions.
946	IF ( random_start_position ) THEN
947	DO ip = nxl, nxr
948	DO jp = nys, nyn
949	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
950	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
951	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
952	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
953	!
954	!-- Move only new particles. Moreover, limit random fluctuation
955	!-- in order to prevent that particles move more than one grid box,
956	!-- which would lead to problems concerning particle exchange
957	!-- between processors in case pdx/pdy are larger than dx/dy,
958	!-- respectively.
959	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles
960	IF ( psl(particles(n)%group) /= psr(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
961	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
962	pdx(particles(n)%group)
963	particles(n)%x = particles(n)%x + &
964	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dx, rand_contr ), &
965	ABS( rand_contr ) < dx &
966	)
967	ENDIF
968	IF ( pss(particles(n)%group) /= psn(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
969	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
970	pdy(particles(n)%group)
971	particles(n)%y = particles(n)%y + &
972	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dy, rand_contr ), &
973	ABS( rand_contr ) < dy &
974	)
975	ENDIF
976	IF ( psb(particles(n)%group) /= pst(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
977	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
978	pdz(particles(n)%group)
979	particles(n)%z = particles(n)%z + &
980	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dzw(kp), rand_contr ), &
981	ABS( rand_contr ) < dzw(kp) &
982	)
983	ENDIF
984	ENDDO
985	!
986	!-- Identify particles located outside the model domain and reflect
987	!-- or absorb them if necessary.
988	CALL lpm_boundary_conds( 'bottom/top', i, j, k )
989	!
990	!-- Furthermore, remove particles located in topography. Note, as
991	!-- the particle speed is still zero at this point, wall
992	!-- reflection boundary conditions will not work in this case.
993	particles => &
994	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
995	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles
996	i = particles(n)%x * ddx
997	j = particles(n)%y * ddy
998	k = particles(n)%z / dz(1) + 1 + offset_ocean_nzt
999	DO WHILE( zw(k) < particles(n)%z )
1000	k = k + 1
1001	ENDDO
1002	DO WHILE( zw(k-1) > particles(n)%z )
1003	k = k - 1
1004	ENDDO
1005	!
1006	!-- Check if particle is within topography
1007	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) THEN
1008	particles(n)%particle_mask = .FALSE.
1009	deleted_particles = deleted_particles + 1
1010	ENDIF
1011
1012	ENDDO
1013	ENDDO
1014	ENDDO
1015	ENDDO
1016	!
1017	!-- Exchange particles between grid cells and processors
1018	CALL lpm_move_particle
1019	CALL lpm_exchange_horiz
1020
1021	ENDIF
1022	!
1023	!-- In case of random_start_position, delete particles identified by
1024	!-- lpm_exchange_horiz and lpm_boundary_conds. Then sort particles into blocks,
1025	!-- which is needed for a fast interpolation of the LES fields on the particle
1026	!-- position.
1027	CALL lpm_sort_in_subboxes
1028
1029	!
1030	!-- Determine the current number of particles
1031	DO ip = nxl, nxr
1032	DO jp = nys, nyn
1033	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
1034	number_of_particles = number_of_particles &
1035	+ prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
1036	ENDDO
1037	ENDDO
1038	ENDDO
1039	!
1040	!-- Calculate the number of particles of the total domain
1041	#if defined( __parallel )
1042	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
1043	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( number_of_particles, total_number_of_particles, 1, &
1044	MPI_INTEGER, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1045	#else
1046	total_number_of_particles = number_of_particles
1047	#endif
1048
1049	RETURN
1050
1051	END SUBROUTINE lpm_create_particle
1052
1053	SUBROUTINE lpm_init_aerosols(local_start)
1054
1055	USE arrays_3d, &
1056	ONLY: hyp, pt, q, exner
1057
1058	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
1059	ONLY: molecular_weight_of_solute, molecular_weight_of_water, magnus, &
1060	pi, rho_l, r_v, rho_s, vanthoff
1061
1062	USE kinds
1063
1064	USE particle_attributes, &
1065	ONLY: aero_species, aero_type, aero_weight, log_sigma, na, rm
1066
1067	IMPLICIT NONE
1068
1069	REAL(wp) :: afactor !< curvature effects
1070	REAL(wp) :: bfactor !< solute effects
1071	REAL(wp) :: dlogr !< logarithmic width of radius bin
1072	REAL(wp) :: e_a !< vapor pressure
1073	REAL(wp) :: e_s !< saturation vapor pressure
1074	REAL(wp) :: rmin = 0.005e-6_wp !< minimum aerosol radius
1075	REAL(wp) :: rmax = 10.0e-6_wp !< maximum aerosol radius
1076	REAL(wp) :: r_mid !< mean radius of bin
1077	REAL(wp) :: r_l !< left radius of bin
1078	REAL(wp) :: r_r !< right radius of bin
1079	REAL(wp) :: sigma !< surface tension
1080	REAL(wp) :: t_int !< temperature
1081
1082	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), INTENT(IN) :: local_start !<
1083
1084	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !<
1085	INTEGER(iwp) :: ip !<
1086	INTEGER(iwp) :: jp !<
1087	INTEGER(iwp) :: kp !<
1088
1089	!
1090	!-- Set constants for different aerosol species
1091	IF ( TRIM(aero_species) .EQ. 'nacl' ) THEN
1092	molecular_weight_of_solute = 0.05844_wp
1093	rho_s = 2165.0_wp
1094	vanthoff = 2.0_wp
1095	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_species) .EQ. 'c3h4o4' ) THEN
1096	molecular_weight_of_solute = 0.10406_wp
1097	rho_s = 1600.0_wp
1098	vanthoff = 1.37_wp
1099	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_species) .EQ. 'nh4o3' ) THEN
1100	molecular_weight_of_solute = 0.08004_wp
1101	rho_s = 1720.0_wp
1102	vanthoff = 2.31_wp
1103	ELSE
1104	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown aerosol species ', &
1105	'aero_species = "', TRIM( aero_species ), '"'
1106	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0470', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1107	ENDIF
1108	!
1109	!-- The following typical aerosol spectra are taken from Jaenicke (1993):
1110	!-- Tropospheric aerosols. Published in Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions.
1111	IF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'polar' ) THEN
1112	na = (/ 2.17e1, 1.86e-1, 3.04e-4 /) * 1.0E6
1113	rm = (/ 0.0689, 0.375, 4.29 /) * 1.0E-6
1114	log_sigma = (/ 0.245, 0.300, 0.291 /)
1115	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'background' ) THEN
1116	na = (/ 1.29e2, 5.97e1, 6.35e1 /) * 1.0E6
1117	rm = (/ 0.0036, 0.127, 0.259 /) * 1.0E-6
1118	log_sigma = (/ 0.645, 0.253, 0.425 /)
1119	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'maritime' ) THEN
1120	na = (/ 1.33e2, 6.66e1, 3.06e0 /) * 1.0E6
1121	rm = (/ 0.0039, 0.133, 0.29 /) * 1.0E-6
1122	log_sigma = (/ 0.657, 0.210, 0.396 /)
1123	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'continental' ) THEN
1124	na = (/ 3.20e3, 2.90e3, 3.00e-1 /) * 1.0E6
1125	rm = (/ 0.01, 0.058, 0.9 /) * 1.0E-6
1126	log_sigma = (/ 0.161, 0.217, 0.380 /)
1127	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'desert' ) THEN
1128	na = (/ 7.26e2, 1.14e3, 1.78e-1 /) * 1.0E6
1129	rm = (/ 0.001, 0.0188, 10.8 /) * 1.0E-6
1130	log_sigma = (/ 0.247, 0.770, 0.438 /)
1131	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'rural' ) THEN
1132	na = (/ 6.65e3, 1.47e2, 1.99e3 /) * 1.0E6
1133	rm = (/ 0.00739, 0.0269, 0.0419 /) * 1.0E-6
1134	log_sigma = (/ 0.225, 0.557, 0.266 /)
1135	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'urban' ) THEN
1136	na = (/ 9.93e4, 1.11e3, 3.64e4 /) * 1.0E6
1137	rm = (/ 0.00651, 0.00714, 0.0248 /) * 1.0E-6
1138	log_sigma = (/ 0.245, 0.666, 0.337 /)
1139	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'user' ) THEN
1140	CONTINUE
1141	ELSE
1142	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown aerosol type ', &
1143	'aero_type = "', TRIM( aero_type ), '"'
1144	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0459', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1145	ENDIF
1146
1147	DO ip = nxl, nxr
1148	DO jp = nys, nyn
1149	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
1150
1151	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
1152	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
1153	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
1154
1155	dlogr = ( LOG10(rmax) - LOG10(rmin) ) / ( number_of_particles - local_start(kp,jp,ip) + 1 )
1156	!
1157	!-- Initialize the aerosols with a predefined spectral distribution
1158	!-- of the dry radius (logarithmically increasing bins) and a varying
1159	!-- weighting factor
1160	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
1161
1162	r_l = 10.0*( LOG10( rmin ) + (n-1) dlogr )
1163	r_r = 10.0*( LOG10( rmin ) + n dlogr )
1164	r_mid = SQRT( r_l * r_r )
1165
1166	particles(n)%aux1 = r_mid
1167	particles(n)%weight_factor = &
1168	( na(1) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(1) ) * &
1169	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(1) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(1)**2 ) ) + &
1170	na(2) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(2) ) * &
1171	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(2) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(2)**2 ) ) + &
1172	na(3) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(3) ) * &
1173	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(3) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(3)**2 ) ) &
1174	) * ( LOG10(r_r) - LOG10(r_l) ) * ( dx * dy * dzw(kp) )
1175
1176	!
1177	!-- Multiply weight_factor with the namelist parameter aero_weight
1178	!-- to increase or decrease the number of simulated aerosols
1179	particles(n)%weight_factor = particles(n)%weight_factor * aero_weight
1180
1181	IF ( particles(n)%weight_factor - FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp) &
1182	.GT. random_function( iran_part ) ) THEN
1183	particles(n)%weight_factor = FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp) + 1.0
1184	ELSE
1185	particles(n)%weight_factor = FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp)
1186	ENDIF
1187	!
1188	!-- Unnecessary particles will be deleted
1189	IF ( particles(n)%weight_factor .LE. 0.0 ) particles(n)%particle_mask = .FALSE.
1190
1191	ENDDO
1192	!
1193	!-- Set particle radius to equilibrium radius based on the environmental
1194	!-- supersaturation (Khvorostyanov and Curry, 2007, JGR). This avoids
1195	!-- the sometimes lengthy growth toward their equilibrium radius within
1196	!-- the simulation.
1197	t_int = pt(kp,jp,ip) * exner(kp)
1198
1199	e_s = magnus( t_int )
1200	e_a = q(kp,jp,ip) * hyp(kp) / ( q(kp,jp,ip) + 0.622_wp )
1201
1202	sigma = 0.0761_wp - 0.000155_wp * ( t_int - 273.15_wp )
1203	afactor = 2.0_wp * sigma / ( rho_l * r_v * t_int )
1204
1205	bfactor = vanthoff * molecular_weight_of_water * &
1206	rho_s / ( molecular_weight_of_solute * rho_l )
1207	!
1208	!-- The formula is only valid for subsaturated environments. For
1209	!-- supersaturations higher than -5 %, the supersaturation is set to -5%.
1210	IF ( e_a / e_s >= 0.95_wp ) e_a = 0.95_wp * e_s
1211
1212	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
1213	!
1214	!-- For details on this equation, see Eq. (14) of Khvorostyanov and
1215	!-- Curry (2007, JGR)
1216	particles(n)%radius = bfactor*0.3333333_wp &
1217	particles(n)%aux1 / ( 1.0_wp - e_a / e_s )**0.3333333_wp / &
1218	( 1.0_wp + ( afactor / ( 3.0_wp * bfactor*0.3333333_wp &
1219	particles(n)%aux1 ) ) / &
1220	( 1.0_wp - e_a / e_s )**0.6666666_wp &
1221	)
1222
1223	ENDDO
1224
1225	ENDDO
1226	ENDDO
1227	ENDDO
1228
1229	END SUBROUTINE lpm_init_aerosols
1230
1231	END MODULE lpm_init_mod

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