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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/lpm_init.f90 @ 2956

Last change on this file since 2956 was 2954, checked in by schwenkel, 7 years ago
Bugfix for particle initialization in case of ocean
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1	!> @file lpm_init.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2018 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: lpm_init.f90 2954 2018-04-09 14:35:46Z Giersch $
27	! Bugfix for particle initialization in case of ocean
28	!
29	! 2801 2018-02-14 16:01:55Z thiele
30	! Introduce particle transfer in nested models.
31	!
32	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
33	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
34	!
35	! 2701 2017-12-15 15:40:50Z suehring
36	! Changes from last commit documented
37	!
38	! 2698 2017-12-14 18:46:24Z suehring
39	! Grid indices passed to lpm_boundary_conds. (responsible Philipp Thiele)
40	!
41	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
42	! Change in file header (GPL part)
43	!
44	! 2628 2017-11-20 12:40:38Z schwenkel
45	! Enabled particle advection with grid stretching.
46	!
47	! 2608 2017-11-13 14:04:26Z schwenkel
48	! Calculation of magnus equation in external module (diagnostic_quantities_mod).
49	!
50	! 2606 2017-11-10 10:36:31Z schwenkel
51	! Changed particle box locations: center of particle box now coincides
52	! with scalar grid point of same index.
53	! Renamed module and subroutines: lpm_pack_arrays_mod -> lpm_pack_and_sort_mod
54	! lpm_pack_all_arrays -> lpm_sort_in_subboxes, lpm_pack_arrays -> lpm_pack
55	! lpm_sort -> lpm_sort_timeloop_done
56	!
57	! 2375 2017-08-29 14:10:28Z schwenkel
58	! Initialization of chemical aerosol composition
59	!
60	! 2346 2017-08-09 16:39:17Z suehring
61	! Bugfix, correct determination of topography top index
62	!
63	! 2318 2017-07-20 17:27:44Z suehring
64	! Get topography top index via Function call
65	!
66	! 2317 2017-07-20 17:27:19Z suehring
67	! Extended particle data type. Aerosol initialization improved.
68	!
69	! 2305 2017-07-06 11:18:47Z hoffmann
70	! Improved calculation of particle IDs.
71	!
72	! 2274 2017-06-09 13:27:48Z Giersch
73	! Changed error messages
74	!
75	! 2265 2017-06-08 16:58:28Z schwenkel
76	! Unused variables removed.
77	!
78	! 2263 2017-06-08 14:59:01Z schwenkel
79	! Implemented splitting and merging algorithm
80	!
81	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
82	!
83	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
84	! Adjustments according to new topography realization
85	!
86	!
87	! 2223 2017-05-15 16:38:09Z suehring
88	! Add check for particle release at model top
89	!
90	! 2182 2017-03-17 14:27:40Z schwenkel
91	! Added parameters for simplified particle initialization.
92	!
93	! 2122 2017-01-18 12:22:54Z hoffmann
94	! Improved initialization of equilibrium aerosol radii
95	! Calculation of particle ID
96	!
97	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
98	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
99	!
100	! 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
101	! Bugfix in determining initial particle height and grid index in case of
102	! seed_follows_topography.
103	! Bugfix concerning random positions, ensure that particles do not move more
104	! than one grid length.
105	! Bugfix logarithmic interpolation.
106	! Initial setting of sgs_wf_part.
107	!
108	! 1890 2016-04-22 08:52:11Z hoffmann
109	! Initialization of aerosol equilibrium radius not possible in supersaturated
110	! environments. Therefore, a maximum supersaturation of -1 % is assumed during
111	! initialization.
112	!
113	! 1873 2016-04-18 14:50:06Z maronga
114	! Module renamed (removed _mod
115	!
116	! 1871 2016-04-15 11:46:09Z hoffmann
117	! Initialization of aerosols added.
118	!
119	! 1850 2016-04-08 13:29:27Z maronga
120	! Module renamed
121	!
122	! 1831 2016-04-07 13:15:51Z hoffmann
123	! curvature_solution_effects moved to particle_attributes
124	!
125	! 1822 2016-04-07 07:49:42Z hoffmann
126	! Unused variables removed.
127	!
128	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
129	! netcdf module added
130	!
131	! 1725 2015-11-17 13:01:51Z hoffmann
132	! Bugfix: Processor-dependent seed for random function is generated before it is
133	! used.
134	!
135	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
136	! Renamed prandtl_layer to constant_flux_layer.
137	!
138	! 1685 2015-10-08 07:32:13Z raasch
139	! bugfix concerning vertical index offset in case of ocean
140	!
141	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
142	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
143	!
144	! 1575 2015-03-27 09:56:27Z raasch
145	! initial vertical particle position is allowed to follow the topography
146	!
147	! 1359 2014-04-11 17:15:14Z hoffmann
148	! New particle structure integrated.
149	! Kind definition added to all floating point numbers.
150	! lpm_init changed form a subroutine to a module.
151	!
152	! 1327 2014-03-21 11:00:16Z raasch
153	! -netcdf_output
154	!
155	! 1322 2014-03-20 16:38:49Z raasch
156	! REAL functions provided with KIND-attribute
157	!
158	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
159	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
160	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
161	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
162	! revision history before 2012 removed,
163	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
164	! all variable declaration statements
165	! bugfix: #if defined( __parallel ) added
166	!
167	! 1314 2014-03-14 18:25:17Z suehring
168	! Vertical logarithmic interpolation of horizontal particle speed for particles
169	! between roughness height and first vertical grid level.
170	!
171	! 1092 2013-02-02 11:24:22Z raasch
172	! unused variables removed
173	!
174	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
175	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
176	!
177	! 849 2012-03-15 10:35:09Z raasch
178	! routine renamed: init_particles -> lpm_init
179	! de_dx, de_dy, de_dz are allocated here (instead of automatic arrays in
180	! advec_particles),
181	! sort_particles renamed lpm_sort_arrays, user_init_particles renamed lpm_init
182	!
183	! 828 2012-02-21 12:00:36Z raasch
184	! call of init_kernels, particle feature color renamed class
185	!
186	! 824 2012-02-17 09:09:57Z raasch
187	! particle attributes speed_x\|y\|z_sgs renamed rvar1\|2\|3,
188	! array particles implemented as pointer
189	!
190	! 667 2010-12-23 12:06:00Z suehring/gryschka
191	! nxl-1, nxr+1, nys-1, nyn+1 replaced by nxlg, nxrg, nysg, nyng for allocation
192	! of arrays.
193	!
194	! Revision 1.1 1999/11/25 16:22:38 raasch
195	! Initial revision
196	!
197	!
198	! Description:
199	! ------------
200	!> This routine initializes a set of particles and their attributes (position,
201	!> radius, ..) which are used by the Lagrangian particle model (see lpm).
202	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
203	MODULE lpm_init_mod
204
205	USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING
206
207	USE arrays_3d, &
208	ONLY: de_dx, de_dy, de_dz, zu, zw
209
210	USE control_parameters, &
211	ONLY: cloud_droplets, constant_flux_layer, current_timestep_number, &
212	dt_3d, dz, initializing_actions, message_string, ocean, &
213	simulated_time
214
215	USE grid_variables, &
216	ONLY: ddx, dx, ddy, dy
217
218	USE indices, &
219	ONLY: nx, nxl, nxlg, nxrg, nxr, ny, nyn, nys, nyng, nysg, nz, nzb, &
220	nzt, wall_flags_0
221
222	USE kinds
223
224	USE lpm_collision_kernels_mod, &
225	ONLY: init_kernels
226
227	USE netcdf_interface, &
228	ONLY: netcdf_data_format
229
230	USE particle_attributes, &
231	ONLY: alloc_factor, bc_par_b, bc_par_lr, bc_par_ns, bc_par_t, &
232	block_offset, block_offset_def, collision_kernel, &
233	curvature_solution_effects, density_ratio, grid_particles, &
234	isf,i_splitting_mode, initial_weighting_factor, ibc_par_b, &
235	ibc_par_lr, ibc_par_ns, ibc_par_t, iran_part, log_z_z0, &
236	max_number_of_particle_groups, min_nr_particle, &
237	number_concentration, &
238	number_particles_per_gridbox, number_of_particles, &
239	number_of_particle_groups, number_of_sublayers, &
240	offset_ocean_nzt, offset_ocean_nzt_m1, &
241	particles, particle_advection_start, particle_groups, &
242	particle_groups_type, particles_per_point, &
243	particle_type, pdx, pdy, pdz, prt_count, psb, psl, psn, psr, &
244	pss, pst, radius, random_start_position, &
245	read_particles_from_restartfile, seed_follows_topography, &
246	sgs_wf_part, sort_count, splitting_function, splitting_mode, &
247	total_number_of_particles, use_sgs_for_particles, &
248	write_particle_statistics, zero_particle, z0_av_global
249
250	USE pegrid
251
252	USE random_function_mod, &
253	ONLY: random_function
254
255	USE surface_mod, &
256	ONLY: get_topography_top_index_ji, surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
257
258	USE pmc_particle_interface, &
259	ONLY: pmcp_g_init
260
261	IMPLICIT NONE
262
263	PRIVATE
264
265	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: PHASE_INIT = 1 !<
266	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER, PUBLIC :: PHASE_RELEASE = 2 !<
267
268	INTERFACE lpm_init
269	MODULE PROCEDURE lpm_init
270	END INTERFACE lpm_init
271
272	INTERFACE lpm_create_particle
273	MODULE PROCEDURE lpm_create_particle
274	END INTERFACE lpm_create_particle
275
276	PUBLIC lpm_init, lpm_create_particle
277
278	CONTAINS
279
280	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
281	! Description:
282	! ------------
283	!> @todo Missing subroutine description.
284	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
285	SUBROUTINE lpm_init
286
287	USE lpm_collision_kernels_mod, &
288	ONLY: init_kernels
289
290	IMPLICIT NONE
291
292	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
293	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
294	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
295
296	REAL(wp) :: div !<
297	REAL(wp) :: height_int !<
298	REAL(wp) :: height_p !<
299	REAL(wp) :: z_p !<
300	REAL(wp) :: z0_av_local !<
301
302
303	!
304	!-- In case of oceans runs, the vertical index calculations need an offset,
305	!-- because otherwise the k indices will become negative
306	IF ( ocean ) THEN
307	offset_ocean_nzt = nzt
308	offset_ocean_nzt_m1 = nzt - 1
309	ENDIF
310
311	!
312	!-- Define block offsets for dividing a gridcell in 8 sub cells
313	!-- See documentation for List of subgrid boxes
314	!-- See pack_and_sort in lpm_pack_arrays.f90 for assignment of the subgrid boxes
315	block_offset(0) = block_offset_def ( 0, 0, 0)
316	block_offset(1) = block_offset_def ( 0, 0,-1)
317	block_offset(2) = block_offset_def ( 0,-1, 0)
318	block_offset(3) = block_offset_def ( 0,-1,-1)
319	block_offset(4) = block_offset_def (-1, 0, 0)
320	block_offset(5) = block_offset_def (-1, 0,-1)
321	block_offset(6) = block_offset_def (-1,-1, 0)
322	block_offset(7) = block_offset_def (-1,-1,-1)
323	!
324	!-- Check the number of particle groups.
325	IF ( number_of_particle_groups > max_number_of_particle_groups ) THEN
326	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'max_number_of_particle_groups =', &
327	max_number_of_particle_groups , &
328	'&number_of_particle_groups reset to ', &
329	max_number_of_particle_groups
330	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0213', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
331	number_of_particle_groups = max_number_of_particle_groups
332	ENDIF
333	!
334	!-- Check if downward-facing walls exist. This case, reflection boundary
335	!-- conditions (as well as subgrid-scale velocities) may do not work
336	!-- propably (not realized so far).
337	IF ( surf_def_h(1)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
338	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Overhanging topography do not work '// &
339	'with particles'
340	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0212', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
341
342	ENDIF
343
344	!
345	!-- Set default start positions, if necessary
346	IF ( psl(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psl(1) = 0.0_wp
347	IF ( psr(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psr(1) = ( nx +1 ) * dx
348	IF ( pss(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) pss(1) = 0.0_wp
349	IF ( psn(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psn(1) = ( ny +1 ) * dy
350	IF ( psb(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psb(1) = zu(nz/2)
351	IF ( pst(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) pst(1) = psb(1)
352
353	IF ( pdx(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdx(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdx(1) = dx
354	IF ( pdy(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdy(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdy(1) = dy
355	IF ( pdz(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdz(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdz(1) = zu(2) - zu(1)
356
357	!
358	!-- If number_particles_per_gridbox is set, the parametres pdx, pdy and pdz are
359	!-- calculated diagnostically. Therfore an isotropic distribution is prescribed.
360	IF ( number_particles_per_gridbox /= -1 .AND. &
361	number_particles_per_gridbox >= 1 ) THEN
362	pdx(1) = (( dx * dy * ( zu(2) - zu(1) ) ) / &
363	REAL(number_particles_per_gridbox))**0.3333333_wp
364	!
365	!-- Ensure a smooth value (two significant digits) of distance between
366	!-- particles (pdx, pdy, pdz).
367	div = 1000.0_wp
368	DO WHILE ( pdx(1) < div )
369	div = div / 10.0_wp
370	ENDDO
371	pdx(1) = NINT( pdx(1) * 100.0_wp / div ) * div / 100.0_wp
372	pdy(1) = pdx(1)
373	pdz(1) = pdx(1)
374
375	ENDIF
376
377	DO j = 2, number_of_particle_groups
378	IF ( psl(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psl(j) = psl(j-1)
379	IF ( psr(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psr(j) = psr(j-1)
380	IF ( pss(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) pss(j) = pss(j-1)
381	IF ( psn(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psn(j) = psn(j-1)
382	IF ( psb(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psb(j) = psb(j-1)
383	IF ( pst(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) pst(j) = pst(j-1)
384	IF ( pdx(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdx(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdx(j) = pdx(j-1)
385	IF ( pdy(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdy(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdy(j) = pdy(j-1)
386	IF ( pdz(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdz(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdz(j) = pdz(j-1)
387	ENDDO
388
389	!
390	!-- Allocate arrays required for calculating particle SGS velocities.
391	!-- Initialize prefactor required for stoachastic Weil equation.
392	IF ( use_sgs_for_particles .AND. .NOT. cloud_droplets ) THEN
393	ALLOCATE( de_dx(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
394	de_dy(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
395	de_dz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
396
397	sgs_wf_part = 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp
398	ENDIF
399
400	!
401	!-- Allocate array required for logarithmic vertical interpolation of
402	!-- horizontal particle velocities between the surface and the first vertical
403	!-- grid level. In order to avoid repeated CPU cost-intensive CALLS of
404	!-- intrinsic FORTRAN procedure LOG(z/z0), LOG(z/z0) is precalculated for
405	!-- several heights. Splitting into 20 sublayers turned out to be sufficient.
406	!-- To obtain exact height levels of particles, linear interpolation is applied
407	!-- (see lpm_advec.f90).
408	IF ( constant_flux_layer ) THEN
409
410	ALLOCATE ( log_z_z0(0:number_of_sublayers) )
411	z_p = zu(nzb+1) - zw(nzb)
412
413	!
414	!-- Calculate horizontal mean value of z0 used for logartihmic
415	!-- interpolation. Note: this is not exact for heterogeneous z0.
416	!-- However, sensitivity studies showed that the effect is
417	!-- negligible.
418	z0_av_local = SUM( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) + SUM( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) + &
419	SUM( surf_usm_h%z0 )
420	z0_av_global = 0.0_wp
421
422	#if defined( __parallel )
423	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE(z0_av_local, z0_av_global, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
424	comm2d, ierr )
425	#else
426	z0_av_global = z0_av_local
427	#endif
428
429	z0_av_global = z0_av_global / ( ( ny + 1 ) * ( nx + 1 ) )
430	!
431	!-- Horizontal wind speed is zero below and at z0
432	log_z_z0(0) = 0.0_wp
433	!
434	!-- Calculate vertical depth of the sublayers
435	height_int = ( z_p - z0_av_global ) / REAL( number_of_sublayers, KIND=wp )
436	!
437	!-- Precalculate LOG(z/z0)
438	height_p = z0_av_global
439	DO k = 1, number_of_sublayers
440
441	height_p = height_p + height_int
442	log_z_z0(k) = LOG( height_p / z0_av_global )
443
444	ENDDO
445
446	ENDIF
447
448	!
449	!-- Check boundary condition and set internal variables
450	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_b )
451
452	CASE ( 'absorb' )
453	ibc_par_b = 1
454
455	CASE ( 'reflect' )
456	ibc_par_b = 2
457
458	CASE DEFAULT
459	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
460	'bc_par_b = "', TRIM( bc_par_b ), '"'
461	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0217', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
462
463	END SELECT
464	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_t )
465
466	CASE ( 'absorb' )
467	ibc_par_t = 1
468
469	CASE ( 'reflect' )
470	ibc_par_t = 2
471
472	CASE ( 'nested' )
473	ibc_par_t = 3
474
475	CASE DEFAULT
476	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
477	'bc_par_t = "', TRIM( bc_par_t ), '"'
478	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0218', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
479
480	END SELECT
481	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_lr )
482
483	CASE ( 'cyclic' )
484	ibc_par_lr = 0
485
486	CASE ( 'absorb' )
487	ibc_par_lr = 1
488
489	CASE ( 'reflect' )
490	ibc_par_lr = 2
491
492	CASE ( 'nested' )
493	ibc_par_lr = 3
494
495	CASE DEFAULT
496	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
497	'bc_par_lr = "', TRIM( bc_par_lr ), '"'
498	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0219', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
499
500	END SELECT
501	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_ns )
502
503	CASE ( 'cyclic' )
504	ibc_par_ns = 0
505
506	CASE ( 'absorb' )
507	ibc_par_ns = 1
508
509	CASE ( 'reflect' )
510	ibc_par_ns = 2
511
512	CASE ( 'nested' )
513	ibc_par_ns = 3
514
515	CASE DEFAULT
516	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
517	'bc_par_ns = "', TRIM( bc_par_ns ), '"'
518	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0220', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
519
520	END SELECT
521	SELECT CASE ( splitting_mode )
522
523	CASE ( 'const' )
524	i_splitting_mode = 1
525
526	CASE ( 'cl_av' )
527	i_splitting_mode = 2
528
529	CASE ( 'gb_av' )
530	i_splitting_mode = 3
531
532	CASE DEFAULT
533	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown splitting condition ', &
534	'splitting_mode = "', TRIM( splitting_mode ), '"'
535	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0146', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
536
537	END SELECT
538	SELECT CASE ( splitting_function )
539
540	CASE ( 'gamma' )
541	isf = 1
542
543	CASE ( 'log' )
544	isf = 2
545
546	CASE ( 'exp' )
547	isf = 3
548
549	CASE DEFAULT
550	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown splitting function ', &
551	'splitting_function = "', TRIM( splitting_function ), '"'
552	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0147', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
553
554	END SELECT
555
556
557	!
558	!-- Initialize collision kernels
559	IF ( collision_kernel /= 'none' ) CALL init_kernels
560
561	!
562	!-- For the first model run of a possible job chain initialize the
563	!-- particles, otherwise read the particle data from restart file.
564	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) == 'read_restart_data' &
565	.AND. read_particles_from_restartfile ) THEN
566
567	CALL lpm_read_restart_file
568
569	ELSE
570
571	!
572	!-- Allocate particle arrays and set attributes of the initial set of
573	!-- particles, which can be also periodically released at later times.
574	ALLOCATE( prt_count(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
575	grid_particles(nzb+1:nzt,nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
576
577	number_of_particles = 0
578
579	sort_count = 0
580	prt_count = 0
581
582	!
583	!-- initialize counter for particle IDs
584	grid_particles%id_counter = 1
585
586	!
587	!-- Initialize all particles with dummy values (otherwise errors may
588	!-- occur within restart runs). The reason for this is still not clear
589	!-- and may be presumably caused by errors in the respective user-interface.
590	zero_particle = particle_type( 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
591	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
592	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
593	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
594	0, 0, 0_idp, .FALSE., -1 )
595
596	particle_groups = particle_groups_type( 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp )
597
598	!
599	!-- Set values for the density ratio and radius for all particle
600	!-- groups, if necessary
601	IF ( density_ratio(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) density_ratio(1) = 0.0_wp
602	IF ( radius(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) radius(1) = 0.0_wp
603	DO i = 2, number_of_particle_groups
604	IF ( density_ratio(i) == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
605	density_ratio(i) = density_ratio(i-1)
606	ENDIF
607	IF ( radius(i) == 9999999.9_wp ) radius(i) = radius(i-1)
608	ENDDO
609
610	DO i = 1, number_of_particle_groups
611	IF ( density_ratio(i) /= 0.0_wp .AND. radius(i) == 0 ) THEN
612	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'particle group #', i, 'has a', &
613	'density ratio /= 0 but radius = 0'
614	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0215', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
615	ENDIF
616	particle_groups(i)%density_ratio = density_ratio(i)
617	particle_groups(i)%radius = radius(i)
618	ENDDO
619
620	!
621	!-- Set a seed value for the random number generator to be exclusively
622	!-- used for the particle code. The generated random numbers should be
623	!-- different on the different PEs.
624	iran_part = iran_part + myid
625
626	CALL lpm_create_particle (PHASE_INIT)
627	!
628	!-- User modification of initial particles
629	CALL user_lpm_init
630
631	!
632	!-- Open file for statistical informations about particle conditions
633	IF ( write_particle_statistics ) THEN
634	CALL check_open( 80 )
635	WRITE ( 80, 8000 ) current_timestep_number, simulated_time, &
636	number_of_particles
637	CALL close_file( 80 )
638	ENDIF
639
640	ENDIF
641
642	CALL pmcp_g_init
643
644	!
645	!-- To avoid programm abort, assign particles array to the local version of
646	!-- first grid cell
647	number_of_particles = prt_count(nzb+1,nys,nxl)
648	particles => grid_particles(nzb+1,nys,nxl)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
649	!
650	!-- Formats
651	8000 FORMAT (I6,1X,F7.2,4X,I10,71X,I10)
652
653	END SUBROUTINE lpm_init
654
655	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
656	! Description:
657	! ------------
658	!> @todo Missing subroutine description.
659	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
660	SUBROUTINE lpm_create_particle (phase)
661
662	USE arrays_3d, &
663	ONLY: zw
664	USE lpm_exchange_horiz_mod, &
665	ONLY: lpm_exchange_horiz, lpm_move_particle, realloc_particles_array
666
667	USE lpm_pack_and_sort_mod, &
668	ONLY: lpm_sort_in_subboxes
669
670	USE particle_attributes, &
671	ONLY: deleted_particles
672
673	IMPLICIT NONE
674
675	INTEGER(iwp) :: alloc_size !< relative increase of allocated memory for particles
676	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop variable ( particle groups )
677	INTEGER(iwp) :: ip !< index variable along x
678	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop variable ( particles per point )
679	INTEGER(iwp) :: jp !< index variable along y
680	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
681	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_surf !< index of surface grid point
682	INTEGER(iwp) :: kp !< index variable along z
683	INTEGER(iwp) :: loop_stride !< loop variable for initialization
684	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !< loop variable ( number of particles )
685	INTEGER(iwp) :: new_size !< new size of allocated memory for particles
686
687	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: phase !< mode of inititialization
688
689	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: local_count !< start address of new particle
690	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: local_start !< start address of new particle
691
692	LOGICAL :: first_stride !< flag for initialization
693
694	REAL(wp) :: pos_x !< increment for particle position in x
695	REAL(wp) :: pos_y !< increment for particle position in y
696	REAL(wp) :: pos_z !< increment for particle position in z
697	REAL(wp) :: rand_contr !< dummy argument for random position
698
699	TYPE(particle_type),TARGET :: tmp_particle !< temporary particle used for initialization
700
701	!
702	!-- Calculate particle positions and store particle attributes, if
703	!-- particle is situated on this PE
704	DO loop_stride = 1, 2
705	first_stride = (loop_stride == 1)
706	IF ( first_stride ) THEN
707	local_count = 0 ! count number of particles
708	ELSE
709	local_count = prt_count ! Start address of new particles
710	ENDIF
711
712	!
713	!-- Calculate initial_weighting_factor diagnostically
714	IF ( number_concentration /= -1.0_wp .AND. number_concentration > 0.0_wp ) THEN
715	initial_weighting_factor = number_concentration * 1.0E6_wp * &
716	pdx(1) * pdy(1) * pdz(1)
717	END IF
718
719	n = 0
720	DO i = 1, number_of_particle_groups
721
722	pos_z = psb(i)
723
724	DO WHILE ( pos_z <= pst(i) )
725
726	IF ( pos_z >= zw(0) .AND. pos_z < zw(nzt) ) THEN
727
728
729	pos_y = pss(i)
730
731	DO WHILE ( pos_y <= psn(i) )
732
733	IF ( pos_y >= nys * dy .AND. &
734	pos_y < ( nyn + 1 ) * dy ) THEN
735
736	pos_x = psl(i)
737
738	xloop: DO WHILE ( pos_x <= psr(i) )
739
740	IF ( pos_x >= nxl * dx .AND. &
741	pos_x < ( nxr + 1) * dx ) THEN
742
743	DO j = 1, particles_per_point
744
745
746	n = n + 1
747	tmp_particle%x = pos_x
748	tmp_particle%y = pos_y
749	tmp_particle%z = pos_z
750	tmp_particle%age = 0.0_wp
751	tmp_particle%age_m = 0.0_wp
752	tmp_particle%dt_sum = 0.0_wp
753	tmp_particle%e_m = 0.0_wp
754	tmp_particle%rvar1 = 0.0_wp
755	tmp_particle%rvar2 = 0.0_wp
756	tmp_particle%rvar3 = 0.0_wp
757	tmp_particle%speed_x = 0.0_wp
758	tmp_particle%speed_y = 0.0_wp
759	tmp_particle%speed_z = 0.0_wp
760	tmp_particle%origin_x = pos_x
761	tmp_particle%origin_y = pos_y
762	tmp_particle%origin_z = pos_z
763	IF ( curvature_solution_effects ) THEN
764	tmp_particle%aux1 = 0.0_wp ! dry aerosol radius
765	tmp_particle%aux2 = dt_3d ! last Rosenbrock timestep
766	ELSE
767	tmp_particle%aux1 = 0.0_wp ! free to use
768	tmp_particle%aux2 = 0.0_wp ! free to use
769	ENDIF
770	tmp_particle%radius = particle_groups(i)%radius
771	tmp_particle%weight_factor = initial_weighting_factor
772	tmp_particle%class = 1
773	tmp_particle%group = i
774	tmp_particle%id = 0_idp
775	tmp_particle%particle_mask = .TRUE.
776	tmp_particle%block_nr = -1
777	!
778	!-- Determine the grid indices of the particle position
779	ip = tmp_particle%x * ddx
780	jp = tmp_particle%y * ddy
781	kp = tmp_particle%z / dz + 1 + offset_ocean_nzt
782	DO WHILE( zw(kp) < tmp_particle%z )
783	kp = kp + 1
784	ENDDO
785	DO WHILE( zw(kp-1) > tmp_particle%z )
786	kp = kp - 1
787	ENDDO
788	!
789	!-- Determine surface level. Therefore, check for
790	!-- upward-facing wall on w-grid.
791	k_surf = get_topography_top_index_ji( jp, ip, 'w' )
792
793	IF ( seed_follows_topography ) THEN
794	!
795	!-- Particle height is given relative to topography
796	kp = kp + k_surf
797	tmp_particle%z = tmp_particle%z + zw(k_surf)
798	!-- Skip particle release if particle position is
799	!-- above model top, or within topography in case
800	!-- of overhanging structures.
801	IF ( kp > nzt .OR. &
802	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(kp,jp,ip), 0 ) ) THEN
803	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
804	CYCLE xloop
805	ENDIF
806	!
807	!-- Skip particle release if particle position is
808	!-- below surface, or within topography in case
809	!-- of overhanging structures.
810	ELSEIF ( .NOT. seed_follows_topography .AND. &
811	tmp_particle%z <= zw(k_surf) .OR. &
812	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(kp,jp,ip), 0 ) )&
813	THEN
814	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
815	CYCLE xloop
816	ENDIF
817
818	local_count(kp,jp,ip) = local_count(kp,jp,ip) + 1
819
820	IF ( .NOT. first_stride ) THEN
821	IF ( ip < nxl .OR. jp < nys .OR. kp < nzb+1 ) THEN
822	write(6,*) 'xl ',ip,jp,kp,nxl,nys,nzb+1
823	ENDIF
824	IF ( ip > nxr .OR. jp > nyn .OR. kp > nzt ) THEN
825	write(6,*) 'xu ',ip,jp,kp,nxr,nyn,nzt
826	ENDIF
827	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(local_count(kp,jp,ip)) = tmp_particle
828
829	ENDIF
830	ENDDO
831
832	ENDIF
833
834	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
835
836	ENDDO xloop
837
838	ENDIF
839
840	pos_y = pos_y + pdy(i)
841
842	ENDDO
843
844	ENDIF
845
846	pos_z = pos_z + pdz(i)
847
848	ENDDO
849
850	ENDDO
851
852	IF ( first_stride ) THEN
853	DO ip = nxl, nxr
854	DO jp = nys, nyn
855	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
856	IF ( phase == PHASE_INIT ) THEN
857	IF ( local_count(kp,jp,ip) > 0 ) THEN
858	alloc_size = MAX( INT( local_count(kp,jp,ip) * &
859	( 1.0_wp + alloc_factor / 100.0_wp ) ), &
860	min_nr_particle )
861	ELSE
862	alloc_size = min_nr_particle
863	ENDIF
864	ALLOCATE(grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:alloc_size))
865	DO n = 1, alloc_size
866	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(n) = zero_particle
867	ENDDO
868	ELSEIF ( phase == PHASE_RELEASE ) THEN
869	IF ( local_count(kp,jp,ip) > 0 ) THEN
870	new_size = local_count(kp,jp,ip) + prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
871	alloc_size = MAX( INT( new_size * ( 1.0_wp + &
872	alloc_factor / 100.0_wp ) ), min_nr_particle )
873	IF( alloc_size > SIZE( grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles) ) THEN
874	CALL realloc_particles_array(ip,jp,kp,alloc_size)
875	ENDIF
876	ENDIF
877	ENDIF
878	ENDDO
879	ENDDO
880	ENDDO
881	ENDIF
882
883	ENDDO
884
885
886
887	local_start = prt_count+1
888	prt_count = local_count
889
890	!
891	!-- Calculate particle IDs
892	DO ip = nxl, nxr
893	DO jp = nys, nyn
894	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
895	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
896	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
897	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
898
899	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
900
901	particles(n)%id = 10000_idp*3 grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter + &
902	10000_idp*2 kp + 10000_idp * jp + ip
903	!
904	!-- Count the number of particles that have been released before
905	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter = &
906	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter + 1
907
908	ENDDO
909
910	ENDDO
911	ENDDO
912	ENDDO
913
914	!
915	!-- Initialize aerosol background spectrum
916	IF ( curvature_solution_effects ) THEN
917	CALL lpm_init_aerosols(local_start)
918	ENDIF
919
920	!
921	!-- Add random fluctuation to particle positions.
922	IF ( random_start_position ) THEN
923	DO ip = nxl, nxr
924	DO jp = nys, nyn
925	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
926	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
927	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
928	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
929	!
930	!-- Move only new particles. Moreover, limit random fluctuation
931	!-- in order to prevent that particles move more than one grid box,
932	!-- which would lead to problems concerning particle exchange
933	!-- between processors in case pdx/pdy are larger than dx/dy,
934	!-- respectively.
935	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles
936	IF ( psl(particles(n)%group) /= psr(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
937	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
938	pdx(particles(n)%group)
939	particles(n)%x = particles(n)%x + &
940	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dx, rand_contr ), &
941	ABS( rand_contr ) < dx &
942	)
943	ENDIF
944	IF ( pss(particles(n)%group) /= psn(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
945	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
946	pdy(particles(n)%group)
947	particles(n)%y = particles(n)%y + &
948	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dy, rand_contr ), &
949	ABS( rand_contr ) < dy &
950	)
951	ENDIF
952	IF ( psb(particles(n)%group) /= pst(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
953	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
954	pdz(particles(n)%group)
955	particles(n)%z = particles(n)%z + &
956	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dz, rand_contr ), &
957	ABS( rand_contr ) < dz &
958	)
959	ENDIF
960	ENDDO
961	!
962	!-- Identify particles located outside the model domain and reflect
963	!-- or absorb them if necessary.
964	CALL lpm_boundary_conds( 'bottom/top', i, j, k )
965	!
966	!-- Furthermore, remove particles located in topography. Note, as
967	!-- the particle speed is still zero at this point, wall
968	!-- reflection boundary conditions will not work in this case.
969	particles => &
970	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
971	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles
972	i = particles(n)%x * ddx
973	j = particles(n)%y * ddy
974	k = particles(n)%z / dz + 1 + offset_ocean_nzt
975	DO WHILE( zw(k) < particles(n)%z )
976	k = k + 1
977	ENDDO
978	DO WHILE( zw(k-1) > particles(n)%z )
979	k = k - 1
980	ENDDO
981	!
982	!-- Check if particle is within topography
983	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) THEN
984	particles(n)%particle_mask = .FALSE.
985	deleted_particles = deleted_particles + 1
986	ENDIF
987
988	ENDDO
989	ENDDO
990	ENDDO
991	ENDDO
992	!
993	!-- Exchange particles between grid cells and processors
994	CALL lpm_move_particle
995	CALL lpm_exchange_horiz
996
997	ENDIF
998	!
999	!-- In case of random_start_position, delete particles identified by
1000	!-- lpm_exchange_horiz and lpm_boundary_conds. Then sort particles into blocks,
1001	!-- which is needed for a fast interpolation of the LES fields on the particle
1002	!-- position.
1003	CALL lpm_sort_in_subboxes
1004
1005	!
1006	!-- Determine the current number of particles
1007	DO ip = nxl, nxr
1008	DO jp = nys, nyn
1009	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
1010	number_of_particles = number_of_particles &
1011	+ prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
1012	ENDDO
1013	ENDDO
1014	ENDDO
1015	!
1016	!-- Calculate the number of particles of the total domain
1017	#if defined( __parallel )
1018	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
1019	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( number_of_particles, total_number_of_particles, 1, &
1020	MPI_INTEGER, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1021	#else
1022	total_number_of_particles = number_of_particles
1023	#endif
1024
1025	RETURN
1026
1027	END SUBROUTINE lpm_create_particle
1028
1029	SUBROUTINE lpm_init_aerosols(local_start)
1030
1031	USE arrays_3d, &
1032	ONLY: hyp, pt, q
1033
1034	USE cloud_parameters, &
1035	ONLY: l_d_rv, molecular_weight_of_solute, &
1036	molecular_weight_of_water, rho_l, r_v, rho_s, vanthoff
1037
1038	USE constants, &
1039	ONLY: pi
1040
1041	USE diagnostic_quantities_mod, &
1042	ONLY: magnus
1043
1044
1045	USE kinds
1046
1047	USE particle_attributes, &
1048	ONLY: aero_species, aero_type, aero_weight, log_sigma, na, rm
1049
1050	IMPLICIT NONE
1051
1052	REAL(wp) :: afactor !< curvature effects
1053	REAL(wp) :: bfactor !< solute effects
1054	REAL(wp) :: dlogr !< logarithmic width of radius bin
1055	REAL(wp) :: e_a !< vapor pressure
1056	REAL(wp) :: e_s !< saturation vapor pressure
1057	REAL(wp) :: rmin = 0.005e-6_wp !< minimum aerosol radius
1058	REAL(wp) :: rmax = 10.0e-6_wp !< maximum aerosol radius
1059	REAL(wp) :: r_mid !< mean radius of bin
1060	REAL(wp) :: r_l !< left radius of bin
1061	REAL(wp) :: r_r !< right radius of bin
1062	REAL(wp) :: sigma !< surface tension
1063	REAL(wp) :: t_int !< temperature
1064
1065	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), INTENT(IN) :: local_start !<
1066
1067	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !<
1068	INTEGER(iwp) :: ip !<
1069	INTEGER(iwp) :: jp !<
1070	INTEGER(iwp) :: kp !<
1071
1072	!
1073	!-- Set constants for different aerosol species
1074	IF ( TRIM(aero_species) .EQ. 'nacl' ) THEN
1075	molecular_weight_of_solute = 0.05844_wp
1076	rho_s = 2165.0_wp
1077	vanthoff = 2.0_wp
1078	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_species) .EQ. 'c3h4o4' ) THEN
1079	molecular_weight_of_solute = 0.10406_wp
1080	rho_s = 1600.0_wp
1081	vanthoff = 1.37_wp
1082	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_species) .EQ. 'nh4o3' ) THEN
1083	molecular_weight_of_solute = 0.08004_wp
1084	rho_s = 1720.0_wp
1085	vanthoff = 2.31_wp
1086	ELSE
1087	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown aerosol species ', &
1088	'aero_species = "', TRIM( aero_species ), '"'
1089	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0470', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1090	ENDIF
1091	!
1092	!-- The following typical aerosol spectra are taken from Jaenicke (1993):
1093	!-- Tropospheric aerosols. Published in Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions.
1094	IF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'polar' ) THEN
1095	na = (/ 2.17e1, 1.86e-1, 3.04e-4 /) * 1.0E6
1096	rm = (/ 0.0689, 0.375, 4.29 /) * 1.0E-6
1097	log_sigma = (/ 0.245, 0.300, 0.291 /)
1098	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'background' ) THEN
1099	na = (/ 1.29e2, 5.97e1, 6.35e1 /) * 1.0E6
1100	rm = (/ 0.0036, 0.127, 0.259 /) * 1.0E-6
1101	log_sigma = (/ 0.645, 0.253, 0.425 /)
1102	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'maritime' ) THEN
1103	na = (/ 1.33e2, 6.66e1, 3.06e0 /) * 1.0E6
1104	rm = (/ 0.0039, 0.133, 0.29 /) * 1.0E-6
1105	log_sigma = (/ 0.657, 0.210, 0.396 /)
1106	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'continental' ) THEN
1107	na = (/ 3.20e3, 2.90e3, 3.00e-1 /) * 1.0E6
1108	rm = (/ 0.01, 0.058, 0.9 /) * 1.0E-6
1109	log_sigma = (/ 0.161, 0.217, 0.380 /)
1110	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'desert' ) THEN
1111	na = (/ 7.26e2, 1.14e3, 1.78e-1 /) * 1.0E6
1112	rm = (/ 0.001, 0.0188, 10.8 /) * 1.0E-6
1113	log_sigma = (/ 0.247, 0.770, 0.438 /)
1114	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'rural' ) THEN
1115	na = (/ 6.65e3, 1.47e2, 1.99e3 /) * 1.0E6
1116	rm = (/ 0.00739, 0.0269, 0.0419 /) * 1.0E-6
1117	log_sigma = (/ 0.225, 0.557, 0.266 /)
1118	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'urban' ) THEN
1119	na = (/ 9.93e4, 1.11e3, 3.64e4 /) * 1.0E6
1120	rm = (/ 0.00651, 0.00714, 0.0248 /) * 1.0E-6
1121	log_sigma = (/ 0.245, 0.666, 0.337 /)
1122	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'user' ) THEN
1123	CONTINUE
1124	ELSE
1125	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown aerosol type ', &
1126	'aero_type = "', TRIM( aero_type ), '"'
1127	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0459', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1128	ENDIF
1129
1130	DO ip = nxl, nxr
1131	DO jp = nys, nyn
1132	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
1133
1134	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
1135	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
1136	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
1137
1138	dlogr = ( LOG10(rmax) - LOG10(rmin) ) / ( number_of_particles - local_start(kp,jp,ip) + 1 )
1139	!
1140	!-- Initialize the aerosols with a predefined spectral distribution
1141	!-- of the dry radius (logarithmically increasing bins) and a varying
1142	!-- weighting factor
1143	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
1144
1145	r_l = 10.0*( LOG10( rmin ) + (n-1) dlogr )
1146	r_r = 10.0*( LOG10( rmin ) + n dlogr )
1147	r_mid = SQRT( r_l * r_r )
1148
1149	particles(n)%aux1 = r_mid
1150	particles(n)%weight_factor = &
1151	( na(1) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(1) ) * &
1152	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(1) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(1)**2 ) ) + &
1153	na(2) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(2) ) * &
1154	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(2) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(2)**2 ) ) + &
1155	na(3) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(3) ) * &
1156	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(3) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(3)**2 ) ) &
1157	) * ( LOG10(r_r) - LOG10(r_l) ) * ( dx * dy * dz )
1158
1159	!
1160	!-- Multiply weight_factor with the namelist parameter aero_weight
1161	!-- to increase or decrease the number of simulated aerosols
1162	particles(n)%weight_factor = particles(n)%weight_factor * aero_weight
1163
1164	IF ( particles(n)%weight_factor - FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp) &
1165	.GT. random_function( iran_part ) ) THEN
1166	particles(n)%weight_factor = FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp) + 1.0
1167	ELSE
1168	particles(n)%weight_factor = FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp)
1169	ENDIF
1170	!
1171	!-- Unnecessary particles will be deleted
1172	IF ( particles(n)%weight_factor .LE. 0.0 ) particles(n)%particle_mask = .FALSE.
1173
1174	ENDDO
1175	!
1176	!-- Set particle radius to equilibrium radius based on the environmental
1177	!-- supersaturation (Khvorostyanov and Curry, 2007, JGR). This avoids
1178	!-- the sometimes lengthy growth toward their equilibrium radius within
1179	!-- the simulation.
1180	t_int = pt(kp,jp,ip) * ( hyp(kp) / 100000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
1181
1182	e_s = magnus( t_int )
1183	e_a = q(kp,jp,ip) * hyp(kp) / ( q(kp,jp,ip) + 0.622_wp )
1184
1185	sigma = 0.0761_wp - 0.000155_wp * ( t_int - 273.15_wp )
1186	afactor = 2.0_wp * sigma / ( rho_l * r_v * t_int )
1187
1188	bfactor = vanthoff * molecular_weight_of_water * &
1189	rho_s / ( molecular_weight_of_solute * rho_l )
1190	!
1191	!-- The formula is only valid for subsaturated environments. For
1192	!-- supersaturations higher than -5 %, the supersaturation is set to -5%.
1193	IF ( e_a / e_s >= 0.95_wp ) e_a = 0.95_wp * e_s
1194
1195	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
1196	!
1197	!-- For details on this equation, see Eq. (14) of Khvorostyanov and
1198	!-- Curry (2007, JGR)
1199	particles(n)%radius = bfactor*0.3333333_wp &
1200	particles(n)%aux1 / ( 1.0_wp - e_a / e_s )**0.3333333_wp / &
1201	( 1.0_wp + ( afactor / ( 3.0_wp * bfactor*0.3333333_wp &
1202	particles(n)%aux1 ) ) / &
1203	( 1.0_wp - e_a / e_s )**0.6666666_wp &
1204	)
1205
1206	ENDDO
1207
1208	ENDDO
1209	ENDDO
1210	ENDDO
1211
1212	END SUBROUTINE lpm_init_aerosols
1213
1214	END MODULE lpm_init_mod

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