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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model_mod.f90 @ 1832

Last change on this file since 1832 was 1827, checked in by maronga, 9 years ago
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1	!> @file land_surface_model_mod.f90
2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
8	!
9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
12	!
13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
15	!
16	! Copyright 1997-2016 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
18	!
19	! Current revisions:
20	! -----------------
21	!
22	!
23	! Former revisions:
24	! -----------------
25	! $Id: land_surface_model_mod.f90 1827 2016-04-07 12:12:23Z hoffmann $
26	!
27	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
28	! Cleanup after modularization
29	!
30	! 1817 2016-04-06 15:44:20Z maronga
31	! Added interface for lsm_init_arrays. Added subroutines for check_parameters,
32	! header, and parin. Renamed some subroutines.
33	!
34	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
35	! Bugfix: calculate lambda_surface based on temperature gradient between skin
36	! layer and soil layer instead of Obukhov length
37	! Changed: moved calculation of surface specific humidity to energy balance solver
38	! New: water surfaces are available by using a fixed sea surface temperature.
39	! The roughness lengths are calculated dynamically using the Charnock
40	! parameterization. This involves the new roughness length for moisture z0q.
41	! New: modified solution of the energy balance solver and soil model for
42	! paved surfaces (i.e. asphalt concrete).
43	! Syntax layout improved.
44	! Changed: parameter dewfall removed.
45	!
46	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
47	! netcdf variables moved to netcdf module
48	!
49	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
50	! Bugfix: set tm_soil_m to zero after allocation. Added parameter
51	! unscheduled_radiation_calls to control calls of the radiation model based on
52	! the skin temperature change during one time step (preliminary version). Set
53	! qsws_soil_eb to zero at model start (previously set to qsws_eb). Removed MAX
54	! function as it cannot be vectorized.
55	!
56	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
57	! Renamed pt_1 and qv_1 to pt1 and qv1.
58	! Bugfix: set initial values for t_surface_p in case of restart runs
59	! Bugfix: zero resistance caused crash when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
60	! Bugfix: calculation of rad_net when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
61	! Added todo action
62	!
63	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
64	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
65	!
66	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
67	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
68	! Replaced rif with ol
69	!
70	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
71	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
72	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
73	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
74	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
75	!
76	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
77	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
78	!
79	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
80	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
81	!
82	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
83	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
84	!
85	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
86	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
87	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
88	!
89	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
90	! Added output of r_a and r_s
91	!
92	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
93	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
94	! profile
95	!
96	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
97	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
98	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
99	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
100	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
101	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
102	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
103	! calculation
104	!
105	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
106	!
107	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
108	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
109	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
110	! Added support for dry runs.
111	!
112	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
113	! Initial revision
114	!
115	!
116	! Description:
117	! ------------
118	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
119	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
120	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
121	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
122	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
123	!>
124	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
125	!> skin layer.
126	!> @todo Improve surface water parameterization
127	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
128	!> nzt_soil=3)).
129	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
130	!> with considerable precipitation.
131	!> @todo Fix crashes with radiation_scheme == 'constant'
132	!>
133	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
134	!> become too thin.
135	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
136	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
137
138	USE arrays_3d, &
139	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, z0h, &
140	z0q
141
142	USE cloud_parameters, &
143	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, prr, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
144
145	USE control_parameters, &
146	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
147	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
148	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, &
149	rho_surface, roughness_length, surface_pressure, &
150	timestep_scheme, tsc, z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
151
152	USE indices, &
153	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
154
155	USE kinds
156
157	USE pegrid
158
159	USE radiation_model_mod, &
160	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
161	rad_lw_out, rad_lw_out_change_0, sigma_sb, &
162	unscheduled_radiation_calls
163
164	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
165	USE radiation_model_mod, &
166	ONLY: rrtm_idrv
167	#endif
168
169	USE statistics, &
170	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
171
172	IMPLICIT NONE
173
174	!
175	!-- LSM model constants
176	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
177	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
178	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
179
180	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
181	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
182	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
183	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
184	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
185	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
186	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
187	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
188	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
189
190
191	!
192	!-- LSM variables
193	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< NAMELIST veg_type_2d
194	soil_type = 3 !< NAMELIST soil_type_2d
195
196	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: soil_type_2d, & !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-7: generic (see list)
197	veg_type_2d !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
198
199	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: water_surface, & !< flag parameter for water surfaces (classes 14+15)
200	pave_surface, & !< flag parameter for pavements (asphalt etc.) (class 20)
201	building_surface !< flag parameter indicating that the surface element is covered by buildings (no LSM actions, not implemented yet)
202
203	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
204	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
205	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
206
207	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
208	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
209	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
210	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
211	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
212	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
213	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
214	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
215	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
216	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
217	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
218	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
219	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
220	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
221	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
222	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
223	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
224	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
225	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
226	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
227	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
228	pave_depth = 9999999.9_wp, & !< depth of the pavement
229	pave_heat_capacity = 1.94E6_wp, & !< volumetric heat capacity of pavement (e.g. roads)
230	pave_heat_conductivity = 1.00_wp, & !< heat conductivity for pavements (e.g. roads)
231	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
232	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
233	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
234	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
235	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
236	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
237	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
238	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
239	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
240	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
241	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
242	z0q_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0q (lsm_par)
243
244	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
245	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
246	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
247	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
248	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
249	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
250	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
251	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
252
253	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
254	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
255	283.0_wp /), &
256	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
257	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
258
259	#if defined( __nopointer )
260	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
261	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
262	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
263	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
264	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
265	#else
266	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
267	t_surface_p, &
268	m_liq_eb, &
269	m_liq_eb_p
270
271	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
272	m_liq_eb_av, &
273	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
274	#endif
275
276	!
277	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
278	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
279	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
280
281	!
282	!-- Energy balance variables
283	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
284	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
285	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
286	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
287	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
288	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
289	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
290	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
291	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
292	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
293	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
294	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
295	lai, & !< leaf area index
296	lai_av, & !< average of lai
297	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
298	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
299	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
300	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
301	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
302	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
303	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
304	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
305	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
306	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
307	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
308	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
309	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
310	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
311	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
312	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
313	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
314	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
315	r_a_av, & !< average of r_a
316	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
317	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
318	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
319	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
320	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
321	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
322	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
323	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
324
325
326	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
327	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
328	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
329	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
330	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
331
332	#if defined( __nopointer )
333	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
334	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
335	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
336	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
337	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
338	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
339	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
340	#else
341	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
342	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
343	m_soil, m_soil_p
344
345	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
346	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
347	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
348	#endif
349
350
351	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
352	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
353	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
354	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
355
356
357	!
358	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
359	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:20), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
360	'user defined ', & ! 0
361	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
362	'short grass ', & ! 2
363	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
364	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
365	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
366	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
367	'tall grass ', & ! 7
368	'desert ', & ! 8
369	'tundra ', & ! 9
370	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
371	'semidesert ', & ! 11
372	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
373	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
374	'inland water ', & ! 14
375	'ocean ', & ! 15
376	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
377	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
378	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
379	'interrupted forest ', & ! 19
380	'pavements/roads ' & ! 20
381	/)
382
383	!
384	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
385	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
386	'user defined', & ! 0
387	'coarse ', & ! 1
388	'medium ', & ! 2
389	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
390	'fine ', & ! 4
391	'very fine ', & ! 5
392	'organic ', & ! 6
393	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
394	/)
395	!
396	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
397
398	!
399	!-- Land surface parameters I
400	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
401	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
402	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
403	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
404	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
405	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
406	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
407	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
408	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
409	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
410	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
411	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
412	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
413	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
414	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
415	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
416	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
417	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
418	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
419	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
420	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
421	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
422	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
423
424	!
425	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h, z0q
426	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
427	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
428	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
429	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
430	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
431	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
432	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
433	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
434	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
435	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
436	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
437	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
438	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
439	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
440	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
441	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
442	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
443	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
444	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
445	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, & ! 19
446	1.0E-4_wp, 1.0E-5_wp, 1.0E-5_wp & ! 20
447	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
448
449	!
450	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
451	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
452	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
453	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
454	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
455	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
456	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
457	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
458	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
459	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
460	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
461	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
462	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
463	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
464	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
465	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
466	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
467	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
468	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
469	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
470	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
471	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
472	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
473
474	!
475	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
476	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
477	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
478	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
479	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
480	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
481	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
482	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
483	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
484	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
485	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
486	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
487	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
488	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
489	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
490	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
491	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
492	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
493	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
494	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
495	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 19
496	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
497	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
498
499	!
500	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
501
502	!
503	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
504	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
505	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
506	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
507	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
508	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
509	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
510	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
511	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
512	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
513
514	!
515	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
516	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
517	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
518	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
519	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
520	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
521	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
522	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
523	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
524	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
525
526
527	SAVE
528
529
530	PRIVATE
531
532
533	!
534	!-- Public functions
535	PUBLIC lsm_check_data_output, lsm_check_data_output_pr, &
536	lsm_check_parameters, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_header, lsm_init, &
537	lsm_init_arrays, lsm_parin, lsm_soil_model, lsm_swap_timelevel
538	!
539	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
540	PUBLIC land_surface, skip_time_do_lsm
541
542	!
543	!-- Public grid variables
544	PUBLIC nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil, zs
545
546	!
547	!-- Public 2D output variables
548	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
549	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
550	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
551	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
552
553	!
554	!-- Public prognostic variables
555	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
556
557
558	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
559	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output
560	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
561
562	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
563	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output_pr
564	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
565
566	INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
567	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_parameters
568	END INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
569
570	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
571	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
572	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
573
574	INTERFACE lsm_header
575	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_header
576	END INTERFACE lsm_header
577
578	INTERFACE lsm_init
579	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init
580	END INTERFACE lsm_init
581
582	INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
583	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init_arrays
584	END INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
585
586	INTERFACE lsm_parin
587	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_parin
588	END INTERFACE lsm_parin
589
590	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
591	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
592	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
593
594	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
595	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
596	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
597
598	CONTAINS
599
600	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
601	! Description:
602	! ------------
603	!> Check data output for land surface model
604	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
605	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output( var, unit, i, ilen, k )
606
607
608	USE control_parameters, &
609	ONLY: data_output, message_string
610
611	IMPLICIT NONE
612
613	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
614	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
615
616	INTEGER(iwp) :: i
617	INTEGER(iwp) :: ilen
618	INTEGER(iwp) :: k
619
620	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
621
622	CASE ( 'm_soil' )
623	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
624	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
625	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
626	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
627	ENDIF
628	unit = 'm3/m3'
629
630	CASE ( 't_soil' )
631	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
632	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
633	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
634	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
635	ENDIF
636	unit = 'K'
637
638	CASE ( 'lai', 'c_liq', 'c_soil', 'c_veg', 'ghf_eb', 'm_liq_eb',&
639	'qsws_eb', 'qsws_liq_eb', 'qsws_soil_eb', 'qsws_veg_eb', &
640	'r_a', 'r_s', 'shf_eb*' )
641	IF ( k == 0 .OR. data_output(i)(ilen-2:ilen) /= '_xy' ) THEN
642	message_string = 'illegal value for data_output: "' // &
643	TRIM( var ) // '" & only 2d-horizontal ' // &
644	'cross sections are allowed for this value'
645	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0111', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
646	ENDIF
647	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'lai*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
648	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
649	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
650	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
651	ENDIF
652	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
653	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
654	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
655	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
656	ENDIF
657	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
658	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
659	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
660	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
661	ENDIF
662	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
663	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
664	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
665	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
666	ENDIF
667	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
668	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
669	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
670	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
671	ENDIF
672	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
673	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
674	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
675	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
676	ENDIF
677	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
678	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
679	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
680	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
681	ENDIF
682	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
683	THEN
684	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
685	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
686	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
687	ENDIF
688	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
689	THEN
690	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
691	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
692	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
693	ENDIF
694	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
695	THEN
696	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
697	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
698	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
699	ENDIF
700	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
701	THEN
702	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
703	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
704	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
705	ENDIF
706	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
707	THEN
708	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
709	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
710	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
711	ENDIF
712
713	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'lai*' ) unit = 'none'
714	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' ) unit = 'none'
715	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*') unit = 'none'
716	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' ) unit = 'none'
717	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
718	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'm'
719	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
720	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
721	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
722	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
723	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*') unit = 's/m'
724	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*') unit = 's/m'
725	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'shf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
726
727	CASE DEFAULT
728	unit = 'illegal'
729
730	END SELECT
731
732
733	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output
734
735	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr( variable, var_count, unit, dopr_unit )
736
737	USE control_parameters, &
738	ONLY: data_output_pr, message_string
739
740	USE indices
741
742	USE profil_parameter
743
744	USE statistics
745
746	IMPLICIT NONE
747
748	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
749	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
750	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: dopr_unit !< local value of dopr_unit
751
752	INTEGER(iwp) :: user_pr_index !<
753	INTEGER(iwp) :: var_count !<
754
755	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
756
757	CASE ( 't_soil', '#t_soil' )
758	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
759	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
760	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
761	'not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
762	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
763	ELSE
764	dopr_index(var_count) = 89
765	dopr_unit = 'K'
766	hom(0:nzs-1,2,89,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
767	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
768	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 90
769	hom(0:nzs-1,2,90,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
770	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
771	ENDIF
772	unit = dopr_unit
773	ENDIF
774
775	CASE ( 'm_soil', '#m_soil' )
776	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
777	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
778	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
779	' not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
780	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
781	ELSE
782	dopr_index(var_count) = 91
783	dopr_unit = 'm3/m3'
784	hom(0:nzs-1,2,91,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
785	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
786	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 92
787	hom(0:nzs-1,2,92,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
788	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
789	ENDIF
790	unit = dopr_unit
791	ENDIF
792
793
794	CASE DEFAULT
795	unit = 'illegal'
796
797	END SELECT
798
799
800	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr
801
802
803	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
804	! Description:
805	! ------------
806	!> Check parameters routine for land surface model
807	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
808	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
809
810	USE control_parameters, &
811	ONLY: bc_pt_b, bc_q_b, constant_flux_layer, message_string, &
812	most_method, topography
813
814	USE radiation_model_mod, &
815	ONLY: radiation
816
817
818	IMPLICIT NONE
819
820
821	!
822	!-- Dirichlet boundary conditions are required as the surface fluxes are
823	!-- calculated from the temperature/humidity gradients in the land surface
824	!-- model
825	IF ( bc_pt_b == 'neumann' .OR. bc_q_b == 'neumann' ) THEN
826	message_string = 'lsm requires setting of'// &
827	'bc_pt_b = "dirichlet" and '// &
828	'bc_q_b = "dirichlet"'
829	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0399', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
830	ENDIF
831
832	IF ( .NOT. constant_flux_layer ) THEN
833	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
834	'constant_flux_layer = .T.'
835	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
836	ENDIF
837
838	IF ( topography /= 'flat' ) THEN
839	message_string = 'lsm cannot be used ' // &
840	'in combination with topography /= "flat"'
841	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0415', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
842	ENDIF
843
844	IF ( ( veg_type == 14 .OR. veg_type == 15 ) .AND. &
845	most_method == 'lookup' ) THEN
846	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'veg_type = ', veg_type, ' is not ', &
847	'allowed in combination with ', &
848	'most_method = ', most_method
849	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0417', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
850	ENDIF
851
852	IF ( veg_type == 0 ) THEN
853	IF ( SUM( root_fraction ) /= 1.0_wp ) THEN
854	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
855	'requires setting of root_fraction(0:3)'// &
856	'/= 9999999.9 and SUM(root_fraction) = 1'
857	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
858	ENDIF
859
860	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
861	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user defined)'// &
862	'requires setting of min_canopy_resistance'// &
863	'/= 9999999.9'
864	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
865	ENDIF
866
867	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
868	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
869	'requires setting of leaf_area_index'// &
870	'/= 9999999.9'
871	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
872	ENDIF
873
874	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
875	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
876	'requires setting of vegetation_coverage'// &
877	'/= 9999999.9'
878	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
879	ENDIF
880
881	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp) THEN
882	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
883	'requires setting of'// &
884	'canopy_resistance_coefficient /= 9999999.9'
885	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
886	ENDIF
887
888	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
889	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
890	'requires setting of lambda_surface_stable'// &
891	'/= 9999999.9'
892	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
893	ENDIF
894
895	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
896	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
897	'requires setting of lambda_surface_unstable'// &
898	'/= 9999999.9'
899	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
900	ENDIF
901
902	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
903	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
904	'requires setting of f_shortwave_incoming'// &
905	'/= 9999999.9'
906	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
907	ENDIF
908
909	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
910	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
911	'requires setting of z0_eb'// &
912	'/= 9999999.9'
913	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
914	ENDIF
915
916	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
917	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
918	'requires setting of z0h_eb'// &
919	'/= 9999999.9'
920	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
921	ENDIF
922
923
924	ENDIF
925
926	IF ( soil_type == 0 ) THEN
927
928	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
929	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
930	'requires setting of alpha_vangenuchten'// &
931	'/= 9999999.9'
932	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
933	ENDIF
934
935	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
936	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
937	'requires setting of l_vangenuchten'// &
938	'/= 9999999.9'
939	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
940	ENDIF
941
942	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
943	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
944	'requires setting of n_vangenuchten'// &
945	'/= 9999999.9'
946	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
947	ENDIF
948
949	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
950	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
951	'requires setting of hydraulic_conductivity'// &
952	'/= 9999999.9'
953	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
954	ENDIF
955
956	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
957	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
958	'requires setting of saturation_moisture'// &
959	'/= 9999999.9'
960	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
961	ENDIF
962
963	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
964	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
965	'requires setting of field_capacity'// &
966	'/= 9999999.9'
967	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
968	ENDIF
969
970	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
971	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
972	'requires setting of wilting_point'// &
973	'/= 9999999.9'
974	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
975	ENDIF
976
977	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
978	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
979	'requires setting of residual_moisture'// &
980	'/= 9999999.9'
981	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
982	ENDIF
983
984	ENDIF
985
986	IF ( .NOT. radiation ) THEN
987	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
988	'radiation = .T.'
989	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
990	ENDIF
991
992
993	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
994
995	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
996	! Description:
997	! ------------
998	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
999	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1000	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1001
1002
1003	IMPLICIT NONE
1004
1005	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1006	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1007	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
1008
1009	REAL(wp) :: c_surface_tmp,& !< temporary variable for storing the volumetric heat capacity of the surface
1010	f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
1011	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
1012	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
1013	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
1014	e, & !< water vapour pressure
1015	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
1016	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
1017	tend, & !< tendency
1018	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
1019	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
1020	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
1021	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
1022	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
1023	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
1024	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
1025	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
1026	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
1027	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
1028	pt1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
1029	qv1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
1030
1031	!
1032	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
1033	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
1034
1035	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1036	DO j = nysg, nyng
1037	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1038
1039	!
1040	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification between skin layer and soil
1041	IF ( .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1042
1043	c_surface_tmp = c_surface
1044
1045	IF ( t_surface(j,i) >= t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)) THEN
1046	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
1047	ELSE
1048	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
1049	ENDIF
1050	ELSE
1051
1052	c_surface_tmp = pave_heat_capacity * dz_soil(nzb_soil) * 0.5_wp
1053	lambda_surface = pave_heat_conductivity * ddz_soil(nzb_soil)
1054
1055	ENDIF
1056
1057	!
1058	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
1059	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
1060	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
1061	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
1062	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1063	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
1064	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
1065	ELSE
1066	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
1067	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i)
1068	ENDIF
1069
1070	r_a(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
1071
1072	!
1073	!-- Make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero
1074	IF ( ABS(r_a(j,i)) < 1.0E-10_wp ) r_a(j,i) = 1.0E-10_wp
1075
1076	!
1077	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
1078	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
1079
1080	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
1081	!-- night)
1082	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
1083	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
1084	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
1085	+ 1.0_wp)) )
1086	ELSE
1087	f1 = 1.0_wp
1088	ENDIF
1089
1090
1091	!
1092	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
1093	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
1094	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
1095	m_total = 0.0_wp
1096	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1097	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
1098	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
1099	ENDDO
1100
1101	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1102	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1103	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1104	f2 = 1.0_wp
1105	ELSE
1106	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1107	ENDIF
1108
1109	!
1110	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1111	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1112	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1113
1114	!
1115	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1116	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1117	!
1118	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1119	e = qv1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1120	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1121	ELSE
1122	f3 = 1.0_wp
1123	ENDIF
1124
1125	!
1126	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1127	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1128	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1129	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1130	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1131
1132	!
1133	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1134	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1135	IF ( soil_type_2d(j,i) /= 7 ) THEN
1136	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1137	m_res(j,i)
1138	ELSE
1139	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1140	ENDIF
1141
1142	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1143	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1144	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1145
1146	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1147
1148	!
1149	!-- Calculate the maximum possible liquid water amount on plants and
1150	!-- bare surface. For vegetated surfaces, a maximum depth of 0.2 mm is
1151	!-- assumed, while paved surfaces might hold up 1 mm of water. The
1152	!-- liquid water fraction for paved surfaces is calculated after
1153	!-- Noilhan & Planton (1989), while the ECMWF formulation is used for
1154	!-- vegetated surfaces and bare soils.
1155	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1156	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * 5.0_wp
1157	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, (m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max)**0.67 )
1158	ELSE
1159	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * ( c_veg(j,i) * lai(j,i) &
1160	+ (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) )
1161	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max )
1162	ENDIF
1163
1164	!
1165	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1166	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1167
1168	!
1169	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1170	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1171	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 ) THEN
1172	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1173	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1174	ENDIF
1175
1176	!
1177	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1178	!-- In case of water surface, set vegetation and soil fluxes to zero.
1179	!-- For pavements, only evaporation of liquid water is possible.
1180	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1181	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1182	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1183	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv / r_a(j,i)
1184	ELSEIF ( pave_surface (j,i) ) THEN
1185	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1186	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1187	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1188	ELSE
1189	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1190	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1191	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1192	r_soil(j,i))
1193	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1194	ENDIF
1195	!
1196	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1197	!-- transpirate.
1198	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1199	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1200	! ENDIF
1201
1202	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1203	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1204
1205	!
1206	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1207	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1208	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1209	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1210
1211	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
1212
1213	!
1214	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1215	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
1216
1217	!
1218	!-- Calculate new skin temperature
1219	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1220	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1221	!
1222	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1223	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1224	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1225	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s &
1226	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1227	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1228
1229	!
1230	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1231	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
1232	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1233	#else
1234
1235	!
1236	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1237	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1238	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
1239	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 &
1240	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
1241	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1242
1243	!
1244	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1245	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1246	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1247
1248	#endif
1249	ELSE
1250
1251	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1252	!
1253	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1254	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1255	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1256	+ f_shf * pt1 + lambda_surface &
1257	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1258
1259	!
1260	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1261	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1262	#else
1263
1264	!
1265	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1266	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1267	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt1 &
1268	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1269
1270	!
1271	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1272	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1273	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1274	#endif
1275	ENDIF
1276
1277	tend = 0.0_wp
1278
1279	!
1280	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1281	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1282	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface_tmp * &
1283	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface_tmp + coef_2 &
1284	* dt_3d * tsc(2) )
1285
1286	!
1287	!-- Add RK3 term
1288	IF ( c_surface_tmp /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1289
1290	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1291	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1292
1293	!
1294	!-- Calculate true tendency
1295	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1296	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1297	!
1298	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1299	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1300	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1301	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1302	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1303	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1304	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1305	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1306	ENDIF
1307	ENDIF
1308	ENDIF
1309
1310	!
1311	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is possible to
1312	!-- update the radiative fluxes independently from the prescribed
1313	!-- radiation call frequency. This effectively prevents oscillations,
1314	!-- especially when setting skip_time_do_radiation /= 0. The threshold
1315	!-- value of 0.2 used here is just a first guess. This method should be
1316	!-- revised in the future as tests have shown that the threshold is
1317	!-- often reached, when no oscillations would occur (causes immense
1318	!-- computing time for the radiation code).
1319	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp .AND. &
1320	unscheduled_radiation_calls ) THEN
1321	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
1322	ENDIF
1323
1324	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1325
1326	!
1327	!-- Calculate fluxes
1328	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1329	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1330	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1331	- rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) * t_surface_p(j,i)
1332
1333	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
1334	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
1335	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1336	+ rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1337	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
1338	ENDIF
1339	#else
1340	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1341	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
1342	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1343	#endif
1344
1345	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1346	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1347
1348	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - pt(k,j,i) )
1349
1350	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
1351
1352	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1353	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1354	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1355
1356	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
1357
1358	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv1 - q_s &
1359	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1360	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1361
1362	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv1 - q_s &
1363	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1364	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1365
1366	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv1 - q_s &
1367	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1368	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1369	ENDIF
1370
1371	!
1372	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1373	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1374	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1375	ELSE
1376	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1377	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1378	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1379	ENDIF
1380
1381	!
1382	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1383	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1384	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1385	!
1386	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
1387	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
1388	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1389	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1390
1391	!
1392	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
1393	!-- Otherwise, add the water to soil. In case of
1394	!-- pavements, the exceeding water amount is implicitely removed
1395	!-- as runoff as qsws_soil_eb is then not used in the soil model
1396	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1397	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1398	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1399	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1400	ELSE
1401	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1402	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1403	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1404	ENDIF
1405
1406	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
1407	!-- coverage.
1408	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
1409	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1410	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1411	ENDIF
1412
1413	!
1414	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1415	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1416
1417	!
1418	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1419	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1420	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1421	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1422	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1423	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1424	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1425	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1426	ENDIF
1427
1428	!
1429	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1430	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1431	!-- plant
1432	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1433	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1434	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1435	ENDIF
1436	ENDIF
1437
1438	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1439
1440	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1441	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1442
1443	!
1444	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1445	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1446	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1447
1448	!
1449	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1450	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1451	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1452
1453
1454	!
1455	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1456	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1457	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1458	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1459	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1460	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1461	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1462	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1463	ENDIF
1464	ENDIF
1465
1466	ENDIF
1467
1468	ENDDO
1469	ENDDO
1470
1471	!
1472	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
1473	!-- least one processor reached the threshold change in skin temperature
1474	IF ( unscheduled_radiation_calls .AND. intermediate_timestep_count &
1475	== intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) THEN
1476	#if defined( __parallel )
1477	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
1478	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
1479	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
1480	#else
1481	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
1482	#endif
1483	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
1484	ENDIF
1485
1486	!
1487	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1488	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1489	CALL calc_q_surface
1490	ENDIF
1491
1492	!
1493	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
1494	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
1495
1496
1497	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1498
1499	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1500	! Description:
1501	! ------------
1502	!> Header output for land surface model
1503	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1504	SUBROUTINE lsm_header ( io )
1505
1506
1507	IMPLICIT NONE
1508
1509	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: t_soil_chr !< String for soil temperature profile
1510	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: roots_chr !< String for root profile
1511	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: vertical_index_chr !< String for the vertical index
1512	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: m_soil_chr !< String for soil moisture
1513	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: soil_depth_chr !< String for soil depth
1514	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !< Temporary string
1515
1516	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< Loop index over soil layers
1517
1518	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
1519
1520	t_soil_chr = ''
1521	m_soil_chr = ''
1522	soil_depth_chr = ''
1523	roots_chr = ''
1524	vertical_index_chr = ''
1525
1526	i = 1
1527	DO i = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1528	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_temperature(i)
1529	t_soil_chr = TRIM( t_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1530
1531	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_moisture(i)
1532	m_soil_chr = TRIM( m_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1533
1534	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') - zs(i)
1535	soil_depth_chr = TRIM( soil_depth_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1536
1537	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') root_fraction(i)
1538	roots_chr = TRIM( roots_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1539
1540	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I10,7X)') i
1541	vertical_index_chr = TRIM( vertical_index_chr ) // ' ' // &
1542	TRIM( coor_chr )
1543	ENDDO
1544
1545	!
1546	!-- Write land surface model header
1547	WRITE( io, 1 )
1548	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1549	WRITE( io, 2 )
1550	ELSE
1551	WRITE( io, 3 )
1552	ENDIF
1553
1554	WRITE( io, 4 ) TRIM( veg_type_name(veg_type) ), &
1555	TRIM (soil_type_name(soil_type) )
1556	WRITE( io, 5 ) TRIM( soil_depth_chr ), TRIM( t_soil_chr ), &
1557	TRIM( m_soil_chr ), TRIM( roots_chr ), &
1558	TRIM( vertical_index_chr )
1559
1560	1 FORMAT (//' Land surface model information:'/ &
1561	' ------------------------------'/)
1562	2 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is closed (water content is conserved', &
1563	', default)')
1564	3 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is open (water content is not conserved)')
1565	4 FORMAT (' --> Land surface type : ',A,/ &
1566	' --> Soil porosity type : ',A)
1567	5 FORMAT (/' Initial soil temperature and moisture profile:'// &
1568	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
1569	' Temperature: ',A,' K'/ &
1570	' Moisture: ',A,' m3/m3'/ &
1571	' Root fraction: ',A,' '/ &
1572	' Grid point: ',A)
1573
1574	END SUBROUTINE lsm_header
1575
1576
1577	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1578	! Description:
1579	! ------------
1580	!> Initialization of the land surface model
1581	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1582	SUBROUTINE lsm_init
1583
1584
1585	IMPLICIT NONE
1586
1587	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1588	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1589	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1590
1591	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
1592
1593
1594	!
1595	!-- Calculate Exner function
1596	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
1597
1598
1599	!
1600	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
1601	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
1602	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
1603	ENDIF
1604
1605	!
1606	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
1607	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
1608	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
1609	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
1610	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
1611
1612	!
1613	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
1614	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
1615	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
1616	tm_soil_m = 0.0_wp
1617	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
1618	c_liq = 0.0_wp
1619
1620	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
1621	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
1622
1623	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1624	qsws_eb = rho_lv * qsws
1625	ELSE
1626	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
1627	ENDIF
1628
1629	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
1630	qsws_soil_eb = 0.0_wp
1631	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
1632
1633	r_a = 50.0_wp
1634	r_s = 50.0_wp
1635	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
1636	r_soil = 0.0_wp
1637
1638	!
1639	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
1640	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1641	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1642	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1643
1644	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
1645	!
1646	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
1647	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1648	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1649	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1650
1651	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
1652	ENDIF
1653
1654	!
1655	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
1656	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
1657	!-- at the centers
1658	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
1659
1660	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
1661	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
1662	ENDDO
1663	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
1664
1665	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1666	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
1667	ENDDO
1668	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
1669
1670	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
1671	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
1672
1673	!
1674	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
1675	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
1676	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
1677	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
1678
1679	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1680	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
1681	ENDIF
1682
1683	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1684	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
1685	ENDIF
1686
1687	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1688	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
1689	ENDIF
1690
1691	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1692	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
1693	ENDIF
1694
1695	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1696	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
1697	ENDIF
1698
1699	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1700	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
1701	ENDIF
1702
1703	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1704	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
1705	ENDIF
1706
1707	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1708	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
1709	ENDIF
1710
1711	ENDIF
1712
1713	!
1714	!-- Map values to the respective 2D arrays
1715	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
1716	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
1717	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
1718	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
1719	m_sat = saturation_moisture
1720	m_fc = field_capacity
1721	m_wilt = wilting_point
1722	m_res = residual_moisture
1723	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
1724
1725	!
1726	!-- Initial run actions
1727	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
1728
1729	t_soil = 0.0_wp
1730	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
1731	m_soil = 0.0_wp
1732
1733	!
1734	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
1735	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
1736	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
1737	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1738	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
1739	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
1740	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
1741	ENDDO
1742	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
1743
1744	!
1745	!-- Calculate surface temperature
1746	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
1747
1748	!
1749	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value
1750	!-- for the first time step
1751	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1752	DO j = nysg, nyng
1753	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1754
1755	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1756	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
1757	ELSE
1758	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
1759	ENDIF
1760
1761	!
1762	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
1763	IF ( pt1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt1 = pt1 + 1.0E-10_wp
1764
1765	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
1766	ts(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
1767	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
1768	ENDDO
1769	ENDDO
1770
1771	!
1772	!-- Actions for restart runs
1773	ELSE
1774
1775	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1776	DO j = nysg, nyng
1777	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1778	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
1779	ENDDO
1780	ENDDO
1781
1782	ENDIF
1783
1784	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1785	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
1786	ENDDO
1787
1788	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
1789	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1790	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
1791	ENDIF
1792	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1793	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
1794	ENDIF
1795	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1796	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
1797	ENDIF
1798	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1799	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
1800	ENDIF
1801	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1802	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
1803	ENDIF
1804	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1805	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
1806	ENDIF
1807	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1808	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
1809	ENDIF
1810	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1811	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
1812	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
1813	ENDIF
1814	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1815	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
1816	ENDIF
1817	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1818	z0q_eb = roughness_par(2,veg_type)
1819	ENDIF
1820	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / ( z0_eb + 1.0E-20_wp )
1821
1822	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
1823	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1824	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
1825	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
1826	ENDDO
1827	ENDIF
1828
1829	ELSE
1830
1831	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1832	z0_eb = roughness_length
1833	ENDIF
1834	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1835	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
1836	ENDIF
1837	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1838	z0q_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
1839	ENDIF
1840
1841	ENDIF
1842
1843	!
1844	!-- For surfaces covered with pavement, set depth of the pavement (with dry
1845	!-- soil below). The depth must be greater than the first soil layer depth
1846	IF ( veg_type == 20 ) THEN
1847	IF ( pave_depth == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1848	pave_depth = zs(nzb_soil)
1849	ELSE
1850	pave_depth = MAX( zs(nzb_soil), pave_depth )
1851	ENDIF
1852	ENDIF
1853
1854	!
1855	!-- Map vegetation and soil types to 2D array to allow for heterogeneous
1856	!-- surfaces via user interface see below
1857	veg_type_2d = veg_type
1858	soil_type_2d = soil_type
1859
1860	!
1861	!-- Map vegetation parameters to the respective 2D arrays
1862	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
1863	lai = leaf_area_index
1864	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
1865	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
1866	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
1867	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
1868	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
1869	z0 = z0_eb
1870	z0h = z0h_eb
1871	z0q = z0q_eb
1872
1873	!
1874	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
1875	CALL user_init_land_surface
1876
1877	!
1878	!-- Set flag parameter if vegetation type was set to a water surface. Also
1879	!-- set temperature to a constant value in all "soil" layers.
1880	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1881	DO j = nysg, nyng
1882	IF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 14 .OR. veg_type_2d(j,i) == 15 ) THEN
1883	water_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
1884	ELSEIF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 20 ) THEN
1885	pave_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
1886	m_soil(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1887	ENDIF
1888
1889	ENDDO
1890	ENDDO
1891
1892	!
1893	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
1894	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
1895
1896	t_soil_p = t_soil
1897	m_soil_p = m_soil
1898	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
1899	t_surface_p = t_surface
1900
1901
1902
1903	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
1904	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
1905	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
1906	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
1907	statistic_regions+1 )
1908	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
1909	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
1910	statistic_regions+1 )
1911
1912	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init
1913
1914
1915	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1916	! Description:
1917	! ------------
1918	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
1919	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1920	SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
1921
1922
1923	IMPLICIT NONE
1924
1925	!
1926	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
1927	#if defined( __nopointer )
1928	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1929	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1930	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1931	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1932	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1933	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1934	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1935	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1936	#else
1937	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1938	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1939	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1940	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1941	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1942	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1943	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1944	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1945	#endif
1946
1947	!
1948	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
1949	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1950	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1951	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1952	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1953
1954	!
1955	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
1956	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1957	ALLOCATE ( building_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1958	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1959	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1960	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1961	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1962	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1963	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1964	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1965	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1966	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1967	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1968	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1969	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1970	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1971	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1972	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1973	ALLOCATE ( pave_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1974	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1975	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1976	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1977	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1978	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1979	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1980	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1981	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1982	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1983	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1984	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1985	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1986	ALLOCATE ( soil_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1987	ALLOCATE ( veg_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1988	ALLOCATE ( water_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1989
1990	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
1991	!
1992	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
1993	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1994	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
1995	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
1996	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
1997	#endif
1998
1999
2000	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
2001
2002
2003	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2004	! Description:
2005	! ------------
2006	!> Parin for &lsmpar for land surface model
2007	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2008	SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
2009
2010
2011	IMPLICIT NONE
2012
2013	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
2014
2015	NAMELIST /lsm_par/ alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, &
2016	canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
2017	conserve_water_content, &
2018	f_shortwave_incoming, field_capacity, &
2019	hydraulic_conductivity, &
2020	lambda_surface_stable, &
2021	lambda_surface_unstable, leaf_area_index, &
2022	l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
2023	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, &
2024	pave_depth, pave_heat_capacity, &
2025	pave_heat_conductivity, &
2026	residual_moisture, root_fraction, &
2027	saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
2028	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, &
2029	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, wilting_point,&
2030	zs, z0_eb, z0h_eb, z0q_eb
2031
2032	line = ' '
2033
2034	!
2035	!-- Try to find land surface model package
2036	REWIND ( 11 )
2037	line = ' '
2038	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&lsm_par' ) == 0 )
2039	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
2040	ENDDO
2041	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
2042
2043	!
2044	!-- Read user-defined namelist
2045	READ ( 11, lsm_par )
2046
2047	!
2048	!-- Set flag that indicates that the land surface model is switched on
2049	land_surface = .TRUE.
2050
2051	10 CONTINUE
2052
2053
2054	END SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
2055
2056
2057	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2058	! Description:
2059	! ------------
2060	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
2061	!> temperature and water content.
2062	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2063	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
2064
2065
2066	IMPLICIT NONE
2067
2068	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2069	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2070	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2071
2072	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
2073
2074	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
2075	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
2076	tend !< tendency
2077
2078	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2079	DO j = nysg, nyng
2080
2081	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2082	rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
2083	lambda_temp(nzb_soil) = pave_heat_conductivity
2084	ENDIF
2085
2086	IF ( .NOT. water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2087	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2088
2089
2090	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) <= pave_depth ) THEN
2091
2092	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
2093	lambda_temp(k) = pave_heat_conductivity
2094
2095	ELSE
2096	!
2097	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking
2098	!-- into account water content
2099	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
2100	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
2101
2102	!
2103	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
2104	!-- layers
2105	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
2106	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
2107
2108	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) &
2109	/ m_sat(j,i)))
2110
2111	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
2112	lambda_h_dry
2113	ENDIF
2114
2115	ENDDO
2116
2117	!
2118	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
2119	!-- using linear interpolation. For pavement surface, the
2120	!-- true pavement depth is considered
2121	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
2122	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) < pave_depth &
2123	.AND. zs(k+1) > pave_depth ) THEN
2124	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) / dz_soil(k+1) &
2125	* lambda_temp(k) &
2126	+ ( 1.0_wp - ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) &
2127	/ dz_soil(k+1) ) * lambda_temp(k+1)
2128	ELSE
2129	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
2130	* 0.5_wp
2131	ENDIF
2132	ENDDO
2133	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138	!
2139	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
2140	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
2141
2142	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
2143	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
2144	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
2145	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
2146
2147	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
2148	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
2149	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
2150	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
2151	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
2152	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
2153	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
2154	* ddz_soil(k) &
2155	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
2156
2157	ENDDO
2158
2159	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
2160	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
2161	* tend(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) &
2162	+ tsc(3) &
2163	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
2164
2165	!
2166	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
2167	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
2168	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
2169	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2170	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
2171	ENDDO
2172	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
2173	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
2174	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2175	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
2176	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
2177	ENDDO
2178	ENDIF
2179	ENDIF
2180
2181
2182	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2183
2184	!
2185	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
2186	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
2187	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), &
2188	m_wilt(j,i) ) / m_sat(j,i) )**( &
2189	b_ch + 2.0_wp )
2190
2191	!
2192	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
2193	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
2194	!
2195	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
2196	!-- (1980)
2197	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
2198	MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), m_wilt(j,i) ) ) )**( &
2199	n_vg(j,i) / (n_vg(j,i) - 1.0_wp ) ) - 1.0_wp &
2200	)**( 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) / alpha_vg(j,i)
2201
2202
2203	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
2204	( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )n_vg(j,i))( &
2205	1.0_wp - 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) - ( &
2206	alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )**( n_vg(j,i) &
2207	- 1.0_wp) )**2 ) &
2208	/ ( ( 1.0_wp + ( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg &
2209	)n_vg(j,i) )( ( 1.0_wp - 1.0_wp &
2210	/ n_vg(j,i) ) *( l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp) ) )
2211
2212	!
2213	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
2214	ELSE
2215	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( m_soil(k,j,i) &
2216	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
2217	ENDIF
2218
2219	ENDDO
2220
2221	!
2222	!-- Prognostic equation for soil moisture content. Only performed,
2223	!-- when humidity is enabled in the atmosphere and the surface type
2224	!-- is not pavement (implies dry soil below).
2225	IF ( humidity .AND. .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2226	!
2227	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
2228	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
2229	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
2230	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
2231
2232	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
2233	* 0.5_wp
2234	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
2235	* 0.5_wp
2236
2237	ENDDO
2238
2239	!
2240	!
2241	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved),
2242	!-- set hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be
2243	!-- lost in the bottom layer.
2244	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
2245	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
2246	ELSE
2247	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
2248	ENDIF
2249
2250	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l
2251	!-- * l_v)) ensures the mass conservation for water. The
2252	!-- transpiration of plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by
2253	!-- the roots in the soil. The scheme takes into account the
2254	!-- availability of water in the soil layers as well as the root
2255	!-- fraction in the respective layer. Layer with moisture below
2256	!-- wilting point will not contribute, which reflects the
2257	!-- preference of plants to take water from moister layers.
2258
2259	!
2260	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of
2261	!-- root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
2262	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
2263	!-- additional check.
2264	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2265	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
2266	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
2267	ENDIF
2268	ENDDO
2269
2270	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
2271	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2272	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
2273	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) &
2274	/ m_total
2275	ELSE
2276	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
2277	ENDIF
2278	ENDDO
2279	ENDIF
2280
2281	!
2282	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil.
2283	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
2284
2285	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
2286	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
2287	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
2288	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
2289	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
2290	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
2291
2292	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
2293	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
2294	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) &
2295	- gamma_w(k,j,i) &
2296	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
2297	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
2298	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
2299	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
2300	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
2301
2302	ENDDO
2303	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
2304	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
2305	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
2306	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
2307	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
2308	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
2309	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
2310	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
2311	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
2312
2313	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
2314	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
2315	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
2316
2317	!
2318	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
2319	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2320	IF ( m_soil_p(k,j,i) < 0.0_wp ) m_soil_p(k,j,i) = 0.0_wp
2321	ENDDO
2322
2323	!
2324	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
2325	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
2326	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
2327	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2328	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
2329	ENDDO
2330	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
2331	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
2332	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2333	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp&
2334	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
2335	ENDDO
2336	ENDIF
2337	ENDIF
2338
2339	ENDIF
2340
2341	ENDIF
2342
2343	ENDDO
2344	ENDDO
2345
2346	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
2347
2348
2349	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2350	! Description:
2351	! ------------
2352	!> Swapping of timelevels
2353	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2354	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
2355
2356	IMPLICIT NONE
2357
2358	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
2359
2360	#if defined( __nopointer )
2361
2362	t_surface = t_surface_p
2363	t_soil = t_soil_p
2364	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2365	m_soil = m_soil_p
2366	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
2367	ENDIF
2368
2369	#else
2370
2371	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
2372
2373	CASE ( 0 )
2374
2375	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
2376	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
2377	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2378	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
2379	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
2380	ENDIF
2381
2382
2383	CASE ( 1 )
2384
2385	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
2386	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
2387	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2388	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
2389	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
2390	ENDIF
2391
2392	END SELECT
2393	#endif
2394
2395	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
2396
2397
2398	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2399	! Description:
2400	! ------------
2401	!> Calculation of roughness length for open water (lakes, ocean). The
2402	!> parameterization follows Charnock (1955). Two different implementations
2403	!> are available: as in ECMWF-IFS (Beljaars 1994) or as in FLake (Subin et al.
2404	!> 2012)
2405	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2406	SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
2407
2408	USE control_parameters, &
2409	ONLY: g, kappa, molecular_viscosity
2410
2411	IMPLICIT NONE
2412
2413	INTEGER :: i !< running index
2414	INTEGER :: j !< running index
2415
2416	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: alpha_ch = 0.018_wp !< Charnock constant (0.01-0.11). Use 0.01 for FLake and 0.018 for ECMWF
2417	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: pr_number = 0.71_wp !< molecular Prandtl number in the Charnock parameterization (differs from prandtl_number)
2418	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: sc_number = 0.66_wp !< molecular Schmidt number in the Charnock parameterization
2419	! REAL(wp) :: re_0 !< near-surface roughness Reynolds number
2420
2421
2422	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2423	DO j = nysg, nyng
2424	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2425
2426	!
2427	!-- Disabled: FLake parameterization. Ideally, the Charnock
2428	!-- coefficient should depend on the water depth and the fetch
2429	!-- length
2430	! re_0 = z0(j,i) * us(j,i) / molecular_viscosity
2431	!
2432	! z0(j,i) = MAX( 0.1_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i), &
2433	! alpha_ch * us(j,i) / g )
2434	!
2435	! z0h(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 3.2_wp ) )
2436	! z0q(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 4.2_wp ) )
2437
2438	!
2439	!-- Set minimum roughness length for u* > 0.2
2440	! IF ( us(j,i) > 0.2_wp ) THEN
2441	! z0h(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0h(j,i) )
2442	! z0q(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0q(j,i) )
2443	! ENDIF
2444
2445	!
2446	!-- ECMWF IFS model parameterization after Beljaars (1994). At low
2447	!-- wind speed, the sea surface becomes aerodynamically smooth and
2448	!-- the roughness scales with the viscosity. At high wind speed, the
2449	!-- Charnock relation is used.
2450	z0(j,i) = ( 0.11_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i) ) &
2451	+ ( alpha_ch * us(j,i)**2 / g )
2452
2453	z0h(j,i) = 0.40_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
2454	z0q(j,i) = 0.62_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
2455
2456	ENDIF
2457	ENDDO
2458	ENDDO
2459
2460	END SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
2461
2462
2463	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2464	! Description:
2465	! ------------
2466	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the skin layer (surface). It is assumend
2467	!> that the skin is always saturated.
2468	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2469	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
2470
2471	IMPLICIT NONE
2472
2473	INTEGER :: i !< running index
2474	INTEGER :: j !< running index
2475	INTEGER :: k !< running index
2476
2477	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
2478
2479	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2480	DO j = nysg, nyng
2481	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
2482
2483	!
2484	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
2485	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
2486	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
2487
2488	!
2489	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
2490	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
2491
2492	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
2493
2494	!
2495	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
2496	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
2497	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
2498	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
2499	ELSE
2500	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
2501	* q(k+1,j,i)
2502	ENDIF
2503
2504	!
2505	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
2506	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
2507
2508	ENDDO
2509	ENDDO
2510
2511	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
2512
2513
2514	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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