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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model_mod.f90 @ 1970

Last change on this file since 1970 was 1967, checked in by maronga, 8 years ago
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[1817]	1	!> @file land_surface_model_mod.f90
[1496]	2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	3	! This file is part of PALM.
	4	!
	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
	6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
	7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
	8	!
	9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	12	!
	13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	15	!
[1818]	16	! Copyright 1997-2016 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[1496]	17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	18	!
	19	! Current revisions:
	20	! -----------------
[1789]	21	!
[1967]	22	!
[1789]	23	! Former revisions:
	24	! -----------------
	25	! $Id: land_surface_model_mod.f90 1967 2016-07-18 11:56:58Z suehring $
	26	!
[1967]	27	! 1966 2016-07-18 11:54:18Z maronga
	28	! Bugfix: calculation of m_total in soil model was not set to zero at model start
	29	!
[1950]	30	! 1949 2016-06-17 07:19:16Z maronga
	31	! Bugfix: calculation of qsws_soil_eb with precipitation = .TRUE. gave
	32	! qsws_soil_eb = 0 due to a typo
	33	!
[1857]	34	! 1856 2016-04-13 12:56:17Z maronga
	35	! Bugfix: for water surfaces, the initial water surface temperature is set equal
	36	! to the intital skin temperature. Moreover, the minimum value of r_a is now
	37	! 1.0 to avoid too large fluxes at the first model time step
	38	!
[1851]	39	! 1849 2016-04-08 11:33:18Z hoffmann
	40	! prr moved to arrays_3d
[1852]	41	!
[1827]	42	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
	43	! Cleanup after modularization
	44	!
[1818]	45	! 1817 2016-04-06 15:44:20Z maronga
	46	! Added interface for lsm_init_arrays. Added subroutines for check_parameters,
	47	! header, and parin. Renamed some subroutines.
	48	!
[1789]	49	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
[1788]	50	! Bugfix: calculate lambda_surface based on temperature gradient between skin
	51	! layer and soil layer instead of Obukhov length
	52	! Changed: moved calculation of surface specific humidity to energy balance solver
	53	! New: water surfaces are available by using a fixed sea surface temperature.
	54	! The roughness lengths are calculated dynamically using the Charnock
	55	! parameterization. This involves the new roughness length for moisture z0q.
	56	! New: modified solution of the energy balance solver and soil model for
	57	! paved surfaces (i.e. asphalt concrete).
	58	! Syntax layout improved.
	59	! Changed: parameter dewfall removed.
[1758]	60	!
[1784]	61	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
	62	! netcdf variables moved to netcdf module
	63	!
[1758]	64	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
[1757]	65	! Bugfix: set tm_soil_m to zero after allocation. Added parameter
	66	! unscheduled_radiation_calls to control calls of the radiation model based on
	67	! the skin temperature change during one time step (preliminary version). Set
	68	! qsws_soil_eb to zero at model start (previously set to qsws_eb). Removed MAX
	69	! function as it cannot be vectorized.
[1710]	70	!
	71	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
[1709]	72	! Renamed pt_1 and qv_1 to pt1 and qv1.
	73	! Bugfix: set initial values for t_surface_p in case of restart runs
	74	! Bugfix: zero resistance caused crash when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
	75	! Bugfix: calculation of rad_net when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
	76	! Added todo action
[1698]	77	!
	78	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
	79	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
	80	!
	81	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
[1692]	82	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
[1696]	83	! Replaced rif with ol
	84	!
[1692]	85	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
[1691]	86	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
	87	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
	88	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
	89	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
[1552]	90	!
[1683]	91	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
	92	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
	93	!
[1591]	94	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
	95	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
	96	!
[1586]	97	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
	98	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
	99	!
[1572]	100	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
	101	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
	102	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
	103	!
[1556]	104	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
	105	! Added output of r_a and r_s
	106	!
[1554]	107	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
	108	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
	109	! profile
	110	!
[1552]	111	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
[1551]	112	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
	113	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
	114	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
	115	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
	116	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
	117	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
	118	! calculation
[1496]	119	!
[1514]	120	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
[1496]	121	!
[1501]	122	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
	123	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
	124	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
	125	! Added support for dry runs.
	126	!
[1497]	127	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
	128	! Initial revision
	129	!
[1496]	130	!
	131	! Description:
	132	! ------------
[1682]	133	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
	134	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
	135	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
	136	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
	137	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
	138	!>
[1691]	139	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
[1709]	140	!> skin layer.
[1788]	141	!> @todo Improve surface water parameterization
[1691]	142	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
	143	!> nzt_soil=3)).
	144	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
	145	!> with considerable precipitation.
[1709]	146	!> @todo Fix crashes with radiation_scheme == 'constant'
[1682]	147	!>
[1709]	148	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
	149	!> become too thin.
[1496]	150	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	151	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
	152
[1691]	153	USE arrays_3d, &
[1849]	154	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, prr, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, &
	155	z0h, z0q
[1496]	156
[1691]	157	USE cloud_parameters, &
[1849]	158	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
[1496]	159
[1691]	160	USE control_parameters, &
	161	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
	162	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
[1817]	163	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, &
	164	rho_surface, roughness_length, surface_pressure, &
	165	timestep_scheme, tsc, z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
[1496]	166
[1691]	167	USE indices, &
	168	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
[1496]	169
[1691]	170	USE kinds
[1496]	171
[1691]	172	USE pegrid
[1496]	173
[1691]	174	USE radiation_model_mod, &
	175	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
[1757]	176	rad_lw_out, rad_lw_out_change_0, sigma_sb, &
	177	unscheduled_radiation_calls
[1691]	178
	179	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
	180	USE radiation_model_mod, &
[1709]	181	ONLY: rrtm_idrv
[1691]	182	#endif
[1496]	183
[1691]	184	USE statistics, &
	185	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
	186
[1496]	187	IMPLICIT NONE
	188
	189	!
	190	!-- LSM model constants
[1682]	191	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
	192	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
	193	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
[1496]	194
	195	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
[1551]	196	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
	197	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
[1496]	198	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
	199	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
	200	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
[1551]	201	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
	202	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
[1496]	203	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
	204
	205
	206	!
	207	!-- LSM variables
[1788]	208	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< NAMELIST veg_type_2d
	209	soil_type = 3 !< NAMELIST soil_type_2d
[1496]	210
[1788]	211	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: soil_type_2d, & !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-7: generic (see list)
	212	veg_type_2d !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
	213
	214	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: water_surface, & !< flag parameter for water surfaces (classes 14+15)
	215	pave_surface, & !< flag parameter for pavements (asphalt etc.) (class 20)
	216	building_surface !< flag parameter indicating that the surface element is covered by buildings (no LSM actions, not implemented yet)
	217
[1691]	218	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
	219	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
	220	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
[1496]	221
	222	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
	223	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
[1682]	224	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
	225	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
	226	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
	227	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
	228	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
	229	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
	230	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
	231	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
	232	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
	233	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
[1691]	234	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
[1682]	235	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
	236	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
	237	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
	238	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
	239	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
	240	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
	241	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
	242	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
[1788]	243	pave_depth = 9999999.9_wp, & !< depth of the pavement
	244	pave_heat_capacity = 1.94E6_wp, & !< volumetric heat capacity of pavement (e.g. roads)
	245	pave_heat_conductivity = 1.00_wp, & !< heat conductivity for pavements (e.g. roads)
[1682]	246	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
	247	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
	248	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
	249	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
	250	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
	251	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
[1691]	252	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
[1682]	253	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
	254	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
	255	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
[1788]	256	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
	257	z0q_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0q (lsm_par)
[1496]	258
[1551]	259	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
[1691]	260	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
	261	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
	262	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
[1551]	263	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
[1682]	264	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
	265	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
	266	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
[1496]	267
[1551]	268	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
[1691]	269	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
	270	283.0_wp /), &
	271	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
	272	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
[1496]	273
	274	#if defined( __nopointer )
[1682]	275	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
	276	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
	277	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
	278	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
	279	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
[1496]	280	#else
[1551]	281	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
	282	t_surface_p, &
	283	m_liq_eb, &
	284	m_liq_eb_p
[1496]	285
[1551]	286	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
	287	m_liq_eb_av, &
	288	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
[1496]	289	#endif
	290
	291	!
	292	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
[1682]	293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
	294	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
[1496]	295
	296	!
	297	!-- Energy balance variables
[1691]	298	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1682]	299	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
	300	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
	301	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
	302	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
	303	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
	304	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
	305	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
	306	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
	307	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
	308	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
	309	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
	310	lai, & !< leaf area index
	311	lai_av, & !< average of lai
[1691]	312	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
	313	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
[1682]	314	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
	315	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
	316	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
	317	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
	318	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
	319	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
	320	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
	321	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
	322	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
	323	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
	324	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
	325	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
	326	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
	327	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
	328	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
	329	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
[1709]	330	r_a_av, & !< average of r_a
[1682]	331	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
[1691]	332	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
[1682]	333	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
	334	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
[1691]	335	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
[1682]	336	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
	337	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
	338	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
[1496]	339
[1691]	340
[1496]	341	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1788]	342	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
[1682]	343	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
[1788]	344	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
[1682]	345	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
[1496]	346
	347	#if defined( __nopointer )
	348	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1682]	349	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
	350	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
	351	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
	352	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
	353	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
	354	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
[1496]	355	#else
	356	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
[1551]	357	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
[1496]	358	m_soil, m_soil_p
	359
	360	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1551]	361	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
	362	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
[1496]	363	#endif
	364
	365
	366	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1757]	367	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
	368	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
[1682]	369	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
[1496]	370
[1551]	371
[1496]	372	!
[1551]	373	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
[1788]	374	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:20), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
[1590]	375	'user defined ', & ! 0
	376	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
	377	'short grass ', & ! 2
[1585]	378	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
	379	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
[1590]	380	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
	381	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
	382	'tall grass ', & ! 7
	383	'desert ', & ! 8
	384	'tundra ', & ! 9
	385	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
	386	'semidesert ', & ! 11
	387	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
	388	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
	389	'inland water ', & ! 14
	390	'ocean ', & ! 15
	391	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
	392	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
	393	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
[1788]	394	'interrupted forest ', & ! 19
	395	'pavements/roads ' & ! 20
[1585]	396	/)
[1496]	397
	398	!
[1551]	399	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
[1585]	400	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
	401	'user defined', & ! 0
[1590]	402	'coarse ', & ! 1
	403	'medium ', & ! 2
	404	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
	405	'fine ', & ! 4
	406	'very fine ', & ! 5
	407	'organic ', & ! 6
	408	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
[1585]	409	/)
[1551]	410	!
	411	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
	412
	413	!
	414	!-- Land surface parameters I
	415	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
[1788]	416	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1585]	417	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
	418	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
	419	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	420	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	421	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	422	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
	423	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
	424	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	425	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	426	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
	427	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
	428	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	429	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
	430	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	431	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	432	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
	433	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
	434	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
[1788]	435	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
	436	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
	437	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
[1496]	438
	439	!
[1788]	440	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h, z0q
	441	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
	442	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
	443	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
	444	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
	445	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
	446	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
	447	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
	448	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
	449	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
	450	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
	451	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
	452	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
	453	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
	454	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
	455	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	456	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	457	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
	458	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
	459	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
	460	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, & ! 19
	461	1.0E-4_wp, 1.0E-5_wp, 1.0E-5_wp & ! 20
	462	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
[1496]	463
	464	!
[1551]	465	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
[1788]	466	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1585]	467	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
	468	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
	469	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	470	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	471	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	472	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
	473	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
	474	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	475	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
	476	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
	477	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
	478	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	479	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
[1788]	480	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	481	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
[1585]	482	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
	483	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
	484	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
[1788]	485	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
	486	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
	487	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
[1496]	488
	489	!
	490	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
[1788]	491	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1585]	492	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
	493	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
	494	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
	495	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
	496	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
	497	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
	498	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
	499	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	500	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	501	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
	502	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
	503	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	504	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
	505	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	506	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	507	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
	508	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
	509	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
[1788]	510	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 19
	511	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
	512	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
[1496]	513
	514	!
	515	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
[1551]	516
[1496]	517	!
[1551]	518	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
[1585]	519	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	520	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
	521	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
	522	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
	523	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
	524	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	525	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
	526	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
	527	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	528
	529	!
	530	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
[1585]	531	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	532	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
	533	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
	534	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
	535	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
	536	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	537	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
	538	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
	539	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	540
	541
	542	SAVE
	543
	544
	545	PRIVATE
	546
[1817]	547
[1551]	548	!
[1817]	549	!-- Public functions
	550	PUBLIC lsm_check_data_output, lsm_check_data_output_pr, &
	551	lsm_check_parameters, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_header, lsm_init, &
[1826]	552	lsm_init_arrays, lsm_parin, lsm_soil_model, lsm_swap_timelevel
[1817]	553	!
[1551]	554	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
[1826]	555	PUBLIC land_surface, skip_time_do_lsm
[1496]	556
[1551]	557	!
[1783]	558	!-- Public grid variables
	559	PUBLIC nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil, zs
[1496]	560
[1551]	561	!
	562	!-- Public 2D output variables
	563	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
	564	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
	565	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
[1555]	566	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
[1551]	567
	568	!
	569	!-- Public prognostic variables
	570	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
	571
[1496]	572
[1817]	573	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
	574	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output
	575	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
	576
	577	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
	578	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output_pr
	579	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
	580
	581	INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
	582	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_parameters
	583	END INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
	584
[1496]	585	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	586	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
	587	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	588
[1817]	589	INTERFACE lsm_header
	590	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_header
	591	END INTERFACE lsm_header
	592
	593	INTERFACE lsm_init
	594	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init
	595	END INTERFACE lsm_init
	596
	597	INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
	598	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init_arrays
	599	END INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
	600
	601	INTERFACE lsm_parin
	602	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_parin
	603	END INTERFACE lsm_parin
	604
[1496]	605	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	606	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
	607	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	608
[1551]	609	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
	610	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
	611	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
[1496]	612
	613	CONTAINS
	614
	615	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	616	! Description:
	617	! ------------
[1817]	618	!> Check data output for land surface model
[1496]	619	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1817]	620	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output( var, unit, i, ilen, k )
	621
	622
	623	USE control_parameters, &
	624	ONLY: data_output, message_string
[1496]	625
	626	IMPLICIT NONE
	627
[1817]	628	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
	629	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
[1496]	630
[1817]	631	INTEGER(iwp) :: i
	632	INTEGER(iwp) :: ilen
	633	INTEGER(iwp) :: k
[1496]	634
[1817]	635	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
[1496]	636
[1817]	637	CASE ( 'm_soil' )
	638	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	639	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	640	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	641	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	642	ENDIF
	643	unit = 'm3/m3'
	644
	645	CASE ( 't_soil' )
	646	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	647	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	648	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	649	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	650	ENDIF
	651	unit = 'K'
	652
[1826]	653	CASE ( 'lai', 'c_liq', 'c_soil', 'c_veg', 'ghf_eb', 'm_liq_eb',&
	654	'qsws_eb', 'qsws_liq_eb', 'qsws_soil_eb', 'qsws_veg_eb', &
[1817]	655	'r_a', 'r_s', 'shf_eb*' )
	656	IF ( k == 0 .OR. data_output(i)(ilen-2:ilen) /= '_xy' ) THEN
	657	message_string = 'illegal value for data_output: "' // &
	658	TRIM( var ) // '" & only 2d-horizontal ' // &
	659	'cross sections are allowed for this value'
	660	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0111', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	661	ENDIF
[1826]	662	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'lai*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	663	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	664	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	665	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	666	ENDIF
[1817]	667	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	668	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	669	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	670	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	671	ENDIF
	672	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	673	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	674	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	675	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	676	ENDIF
	677	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	678	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	679	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	680	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	681	ENDIF
	682	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	683	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	684	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	685	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	686	ENDIF
	687	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	688	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	689	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	690	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	691	ENDIF
	692	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	693	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	694	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	695	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	696	ENDIF
	697	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
	698	THEN
	699	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	700	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	701	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	702	ENDIF
	703	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
	704	THEN
	705	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	706	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	707	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	708	ENDIF
	709	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
	710	THEN
	711	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	712	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	713	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	714	ENDIF
	715	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
	716	THEN
	717	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	718	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	719	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	720	ENDIF
	721	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
	722	THEN
	723	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	724	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	725	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	726	ENDIF
[1496]	727
[1826]	728	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'lai*' ) unit = 'none'
[1817]	729	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' ) unit = 'none'
	730	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*') unit = 'none'
	731	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' ) unit = 'none'
	732	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
	733	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'm'
	734	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
	735	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
	736	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
	737	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
	738	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*') unit = 's/m'
	739	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*') unit = 's/m'
	740	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'shf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
	741
	742	CASE DEFAULT
	743	unit = 'illegal'
[1500]	744
[1817]	745	END SELECT
[1551]	746
	747
[1817]	748	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output
[1551]	749
[1817]	750	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr( variable, var_count, unit, dopr_unit )
	751
	752	USE control_parameters, &
	753	ONLY: data_output_pr, message_string
[1551]	754
[1817]	755	USE indices
[1691]	756
[1817]	757	USE profil_parameter
[1551]	758
[1817]	759	USE statistics
[1551]	760
[1817]	761	IMPLICIT NONE
	762
	763	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
	764	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
	765	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: dopr_unit !< local value of dopr_unit
	766
	767	INTEGER(iwp) :: user_pr_index !<
	768	INTEGER(iwp) :: var_count !<
[1551]	769
[1817]	770	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
	771
	772	CASE ( 't_soil', '#t_soil' )
	773	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	774	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
	775	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
	776	'not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
	777	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	778	ELSE
	779	dopr_index(var_count) = 89
	780	dopr_unit = 'K'
	781	hom(0:nzs-1,2,89,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
	782	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
	783	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 90
	784	hom(0:nzs-1,2,90,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
	785	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
	786	ENDIF
	787	unit = dopr_unit
	788	ENDIF
[1551]	789
[1817]	790	CASE ( 'm_soil', '#m_soil' )
	791	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	792	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
	793	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
	794	' not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
	795	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	796	ELSE
	797	dopr_index(var_count) = 91
	798	dopr_unit = 'm3/m3'
	799	hom(0:nzs-1,2,91,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
	800	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
	801	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 92
	802	hom(0:nzs-1,2,92,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
	803	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
	804	ENDIF
	805	unit = dopr_unit
	806	ENDIF
[1551]	807
	808
[1817]	809	CASE DEFAULT
	810	unit = 'illegal'
[1500]	811
[1817]	812	END SELECT
[1496]	813
	814
[1817]	815	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr
	816
	817
	818	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	819	! Description:
	820	! ------------
	821	!> Check parameters routine for land surface model
	822	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	823	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
[1496]	824
[1817]	825	USE control_parameters, &
	826	ONLY: bc_pt_b, bc_q_b, constant_flux_layer, message_string, &
	827	most_method, topography
	828
	829	USE radiation_model_mod, &
	830	ONLY: radiation
	831
	832
	833	IMPLICIT NONE
	834
	835
[1496]	836	!
[1817]	837	!-- Dirichlet boundary conditions are required as the surface fluxes are
	838	!-- calculated from the temperature/humidity gradients in the land surface
	839	!-- model
	840	IF ( bc_pt_b == 'neumann' .OR. bc_q_b == 'neumann' ) THEN
	841	message_string = 'lsm requires setting of'// &
	842	'bc_pt_b = "dirichlet" and '// &
	843	'bc_q_b = "dirichlet"'
	844	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0399', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	845	ENDIF
[1496]	846
[1817]	847	IF ( .NOT. constant_flux_layer ) THEN
	848	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
	849	'constant_flux_layer = .T.'
	850	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1496]	851	ENDIF
	852
[1817]	853	IF ( topography /= 'flat' ) THEN
	854	message_string = 'lsm cannot be used ' // &
	855	'in combination with topography /= "flat"'
	856	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0415', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	857	ENDIF
[1496]	858
[1817]	859	IF ( ( veg_type == 14 .OR. veg_type == 15 ) .AND. &
	860	most_method == 'lookup' ) THEN
	861	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'veg_type = ', veg_type, ' is not ', &
	862	'allowed in combination with ', &
	863	'most_method = ', most_method
	864	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0417', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	865	ENDIF
[1496]	866
[1817]	867	IF ( veg_type == 0 ) THEN
	868	IF ( SUM( root_fraction ) /= 1.0_wp ) THEN
	869	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	870	'requires setting of root_fraction(0:3)'// &
	871	'/= 9999999.9 and SUM(root_fraction) = 1'
	872	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	873	ENDIF
[1551]	874
[1817]	875	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	876	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user defined)'// &
	877	'requires setting of min_canopy_resistance'// &
	878	'/= 9999999.9'
	879	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	880	ENDIF
	881
[1817]	882	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	883	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	884	'requires setting of leaf_area_index'// &
	885	'/= 9999999.9'
	886	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	887	ENDIF
	888
[1817]	889	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	890	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	891	'requires setting of vegetation_coverage'// &
	892	'/= 9999999.9'
	893	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	894	ENDIF
	895
[1817]	896	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp) THEN
	897	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	898	'requires setting of'// &
	899	'canopy_resistance_coefficient /= 9999999.9'
	900	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	901	ENDIF
	902
[1817]	903	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	904	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	905	'requires setting of lambda_surface_stable'// &
	906	'/= 9999999.9'
	907	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	908	ENDIF
	909
[1817]	910	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	911	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	912	'requires setting of lambda_surface_unstable'// &
	913	'/= 9999999.9'
	914	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	915	ENDIF
	916
[1817]	917	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	918	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	919	'requires setting of f_shortwave_incoming'// &
	920	'/= 9999999.9'
	921	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	922	ENDIF
	923
[1817]	924	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	925	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	926	'requires setting of z0_eb'// &
	927	'/= 9999999.9'
	928	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	929	ENDIF
	930
[1817]	931	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	932	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	933	'requires setting of z0h_eb'// &
	934	'/= 9999999.9'
	935	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	936	ENDIF
[1496]	937
[1551]	938
	939	ENDIF
	940
[1817]	941	IF ( soil_type == 0 ) THEN
[1496]	942
[1817]	943	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	944	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	945	'requires setting of alpha_vangenuchten'// &
	946	'/= 9999999.9'
	947	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	948	ENDIF
[1817]	949
	950	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	951	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	952	'requires setting of l_vangenuchten'// &
	953	'/= 9999999.9'
	954	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	955	ENDIF
[1817]	956
	957	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	958	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	959	'requires setting of n_vangenuchten'// &
	960	'/= 9999999.9'
	961	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	962	ENDIF
[1817]	963
	964	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	965	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	966	'requires setting of hydraulic_conductivity'// &
	967	'/= 9999999.9'
	968	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	969	ENDIF
[1817]	970
	971	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	972	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	973	'requires setting of saturation_moisture'// &
	974	'/= 9999999.9'
	975	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	976	ENDIF
[1817]	977
	978	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	979	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	980	'requires setting of field_capacity'// &
	981	'/= 9999999.9'
	982	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	983	ENDIF
[1496]	984
[1817]	985	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	986	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	987	'requires setting of wilting_point'// &
	988	'/= 9999999.9'
	989	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	990	ENDIF
[1496]	991
[1817]	992	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	993	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	994	'requires setting of residual_moisture'// &
	995	'/= 9999999.9'
	996	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1553]	997	ENDIF
	998
[1496]	999	ENDIF
	1000
[1817]	1001	IF ( .NOT. radiation ) THEN
	1002	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
	1003	'radiation = .T.'
	1004	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1788]	1005	ENDIF
[1817]	1006
	1007
	1008	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
	1009
[1496]	1010	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1011	! Description:
	1012	! ------------
[1682]	1013	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
[1496]	1014	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1015	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	1016
	1017
	1018	IMPLICIT NONE
	1019
[1682]	1020	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1021	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1022	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
[1496]	1023
[1788]	1024	REAL(wp) :: c_surface_tmp,& !< temporary variable for storing the volumetric heat capacity of the surface
	1025	f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
[1682]	1026	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
	1027	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
	1028	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
	1029	e, & !< water vapour pressure
	1030	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
	1031	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
	1032	tend, & !< tendency
	1033	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
	1034	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
	1035	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
	1036	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
	1037	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
	1038	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
	1039	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
	1040	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
	1041	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
[1691]	1042	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
[1709]	1043	pt1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
	1044	qv1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
[1496]	1045
	1046	!
	1047	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
	1048	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
	1049
[1691]	1050	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1051	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1500]	1052	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
[1496]	1053
	1054	!
[1788]	1055	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification between skin layer and soil
	1056	IF ( .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	1057
	1058	c_surface_tmp = c_surface
	1059
	1060	IF ( t_surface(j,i) >= t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)) THEN
	1061	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
	1062	ELSE
	1063	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
	1064	ENDIF
[1496]	1065	ELSE
[1788]	1066
	1067	c_surface_tmp = pave_heat_capacity * dz_soil(nzb_soil) * 0.5_wp
	1068	lambda_surface = pave_heat_conductivity * ddz_soil(nzb_soil)
	1069
[1496]	1070	ENDIF
[1500]	1071
[1496]	1072	!
[1500]	1073	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
	1074	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
	1075	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
	1076	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
[1691]	1077	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
[1709]	1078	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
	1079	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	1080	ELSE
[1709]	1081	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
	1082	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	1083	ENDIF
[1496]	1084
[1709]	1085	r_a(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
[1691]	1086
[1496]	1087	!
[1856]	1088	!-- Make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero for neutral
	1089	!-- stratification
	1090	IF ( ABS(r_a(j,i)) < 1.0_wp ) r_a(j,i) = 1.0_wp
[1709]	1091
	1092	!
[1496]	1093	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
	1094	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
	1095
[1551]	1096	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
	1097	!-- night)
[1585]	1098	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
[1709]	1099	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
	1100	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
[1585]	1101	+ 1.0_wp)) )
[1551]	1102	ELSE
	1103	f1 = 1.0_wp
	1104	ENDIF
[1496]	1105
[1709]	1106
[1496]	1107	!
[1551]	1108	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
	1109	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
	1110	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
[1496]	1111	m_total = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1112	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	1113	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
	1114	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
[1496]	1115	ENDDO
	1116
[1788]	1117	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1496]	1118	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
[1691]	1119	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1120	f2 = 1.0_wp
[1496]	1121	ELSE
	1122	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
	1123	ENDIF
	1124
	1125	!
	1126	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1551]	1127	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
	1128	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	1129
	1130	!
	1131	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
[1551]	1132	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1133	!
	1134	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
[1709]	1135	e = qv1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
[1551]	1136	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
[1496]	1137	ELSE
	1138	f3 = 1.0_wp
	1139	ENDIF
	1140
	1141	!
[1551]	1142	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
	1143	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
[1496]	1144	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
[1551]	1145	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
	1146	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
[1496]	1147
	1148	!
[1551]	1149	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
	1150	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
[1788]	1151	IF ( soil_type_2d(j,i) /= 7 ) THEN
[1551]	1152	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
	1153	m_res(j,i)
	1154	ELSE
	1155	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
	1156	ENDIF
[1496]	1157
[1551]	1158	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
[1513]	1159	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
[1551]	1160	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
[1496]	1161
	1162	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
	1163
	1164	!
[1788]	1165	!-- Calculate the maximum possible liquid water amount on plants and
	1166	!-- bare surface. For vegetated surfaces, a maximum depth of 0.2 mm is
	1167	!-- assumed, while paved surfaces might hold up 1 mm of water. The
	1168	!-- liquid water fraction for paved surfaces is calculated after
	1169	!-- Noilhan & Planton (1989), while the ECMWF formulation is used for
	1170	!-- vegetated surfaces and bare soils.
	1171	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	1172	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * 5.0_wp
	1173	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, (m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max)**0.67 )
	1174	ELSE
	1175	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * ( c_veg(j,i) * lai(j,i) &
	1176	+ (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) )
	1177	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max )
	1178	ENDIF
[1496]	1179
[1551]	1180	!
	1181	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
[1496]	1182	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
[1500]	1183
	1184	!
[1551]	1185	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
	1186	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
[1788]	1187	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 ) THEN
[1551]	1188	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
	1189	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1190	ENDIF
[1496]	1191
	1192	!
	1193	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
[1788]	1194	!-- In case of water surface, set vegetation and soil fluxes to zero.
	1195	!-- For pavements, only evaporation of liquid water is possible.
	1196	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	1197	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1198	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
	1199	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv / r_a(j,i)
	1200	ELSEIF ( pave_surface (j,i) ) THEN
	1201	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1202	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
	1203	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
	1204	ELSE
	1205	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
	1206	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
	1207	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
[1551]	1208	r_soil(j,i))
[1788]	1209	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
	1210	ENDIF
[1500]	1211	!
	1212	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
	1213	!-- transpirate.
[1691]	1214	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1215	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1216	! ENDIF
[1496]	1217
[1551]	1218	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
	1219	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
	1220
	1221	!
[1496]	1222	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
[1571]	1223	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
[1551]	1224	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
	1225	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
[1496]	1226
[1571]	1227	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
[1496]	1228
	1229	!
	1230	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
[1691]	1231	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
[1496]	1232
[1788]	1233	!
	1234	!-- Calculate new skin temperature
[1500]	1235	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1691]	1236	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1496]	1237	!
[1500]	1238	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1239	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1240	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1241	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1242	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1243	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1496]	1244
	1245	!
[1500]	1246	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1247	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
[1691]	1248	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
	1249	#else
[1496]	1250
[1691]	1251	!
	1252	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
	1253	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1254	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
[1709]	1255	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 &
[1691]	1256	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
	1257	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
	1258
	1259	!
[1709]	1260	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
	1261	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
	1262	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1263
	1264	#endif
[1500]	1265	ELSE
	1266
[1691]	1267	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1500]	1268	!
	1269	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1270	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1271	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1272	+ f_shf * pt1 + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1273	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1500]	1274
	1275	!
	1276	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1277	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1278	#else
	1279
	1280	!
	1281	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
	1282	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
[1709]	1283	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt1 &
[1691]	1284	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
	1285
	1286	!
	1287	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1571]	1288	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
[1551]	1289	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1290	#endif
[1500]	1291	ENDIF
	1292
[1496]	1293	tend = 0.0_wp
	1294
	1295	!
[1551]	1296	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
[1496]	1297	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
[1788]	1298	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface_tmp * &
	1299	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface_tmp + coef_2 &
	1300	* dt_3d * tsc(2) )
	1301
[1496]	1302	!
	1303	!-- Add RK3 term
[1788]	1304	IF ( c_surface_tmp /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1305
[1691]	1306	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1307	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
	1308
[1496]	1309	!
[1691]	1310	!-- Calculate true tendency
	1311	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1312	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
[1496]	1313	!
[1691]	1314	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	1315	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1316	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
	1317	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
	1318	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1319	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
	1320	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1321	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
	1322	ENDIF
[1496]	1323	ENDIF
	1324	ENDIF
	1325
	1326	!
[1757]	1327	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is possible to
	1328	!-- update the radiative fluxes independently from the prescribed
	1329	!-- radiation call frequency. This effectively prevents oscillations,
	1330	!-- especially when setting skip_time_do_radiation /= 0. The threshold
	1331	!-- value of 0.2 used here is just a first guess. This method should be
	1332	!-- revised in the future as tests have shown that the threshold is
	1333	!-- often reached, when no oscillations would occur (causes immense
	1334	!-- computing time for the radiation code).
[1788]	1335	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp .AND. &
[1757]	1336	unscheduled_radiation_calls ) THEN
[1691]	1337	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
	1338	ENDIF
	1339
	1340	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
	1341
	1342	!
[1496]	1343	!-- Calculate fluxes
[1691]	1344	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1709]	1345	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1346	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1347	- rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) * t_surface_p(j,i)
[1691]	1348
	1349	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
	1350	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
	1351	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1352	+ rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1353	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
	1354	ENDIF
	1355	#else
	1356	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1357	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
	1358	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
	1359	#endif
	1360
[1551]	1361	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
	1362	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
[1496]	1363
[1709]	1364	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - pt(k,j,i) )
[1691]	1365
	1366	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
	1367
[1500]	1368	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1709]	1369	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
[1571]	1370	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1496]	1371
[1691]	1372	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
	1373
[1709]	1374	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1375	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1376	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1377
[1709]	1378	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1379	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1380	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1381
[1709]	1382	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1383	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1384	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1500]	1385	ENDIF
[1788]	1386
[1500]	1387	!
	1388	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
[1691]	1389	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	1390	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
[1496]	1391	ELSE
[1788]	1392	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
[1571]	1393	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
[1551]	1394	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
[1496]	1395	ENDIF
	1396
	1397	!
	1398	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
[1500]	1399	!-- evaporation of liquid water
	1400	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1496]	1401	!
[1571]	1402	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
	1403	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
[1500]	1404	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
	1405	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
[1571]	1406
	1407	!
	1408	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
[1788]	1409	!-- Otherwise, add the water to soil. In case of
	1410	!-- pavements, the exceeding water amount is implicitely removed
	1411	!-- as runoff as qsws_soil_eb is then not used in the soil model
[1691]	1412	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
[1571]	1413	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
[1691]	1414	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1415	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1416	ELSE
	1417	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
[1691]	1418	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1419	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1420	ENDIF
	1421
	1422	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
	1423	!-- coverage.
[1949]	1424	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) + (1.0_wp &
[1691]	1425	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1426	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
[1496]	1427	ENDIF
[1691]	1428
[1500]	1429	!
	1430	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
[1691]	1431	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1432
[1500]	1433	!
[1551]	1434	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
	1435	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
	1436	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
	1437	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
[1691]	1438	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
[1551]	1439	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
	1440	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
[1949]	1441
[1551]	1442	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1443	ENDIF
[1496]	1444
	1445	!
[1551]	1446	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
	1447	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
[1500]	1448	!-- plant
[1691]	1449	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	1450	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
	1451	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1452	ENDIF
	1453	ENDIF
[1496]	1454
[1551]	1455	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
[1496]	1456
[1551]	1457	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
	1458	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
[1496]	1459
	1460	!
[1500]	1461	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
	1462	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1463	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
[1496]	1464
	1465	!
[1500]	1466	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
	1467	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1468	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
[1496]	1469
	1470
	1471	!
[1551]	1472	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
[1500]	1473	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1474	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1475	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
[1500]	1476	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1477	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1478	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1479	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
[1500]	1480	ENDIF
[1496]	1481	ENDIF
	1482
[1500]	1483	ENDIF
	1484
[1496]	1485	ENDDO
[1500]	1486	ENDDO
[1496]	1487
[1691]	1488	!
	1489	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
[1757]	1490	!-- least one processor reached the threshold change in skin temperature
[1788]	1491	IF ( unscheduled_radiation_calls .AND. intermediate_timestep_count &
[1757]	1492	== intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) THEN
[1697]	1493	#if defined( __parallel )
[1691]	1494	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
	1495	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
	1496	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
	1497	#else
	1498	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
	1499	#endif
	1500	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
	1501	ENDIF
	1502
[1788]	1503	!
	1504	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
	1505	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1506	CALL calc_q_surface
	1507	ENDIF
[1691]	1508
[1788]	1509	!
	1510	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
	1511	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
	1512
	1513
[1496]	1514	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	1515
[1817]	1516	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1517	! Description:
	1518	! ------------
	1519	!> Header output for land surface model
	1520	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1521	SUBROUTINE lsm_header ( io )
[1496]	1522
[1817]	1523
	1524	IMPLICIT NONE
	1525
	1526	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: t_soil_chr !< String for soil temperature profile
	1527	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: roots_chr !< String for root profile
	1528	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: vertical_index_chr !< String for the vertical index
	1529	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: m_soil_chr !< String for soil moisture
	1530	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: soil_depth_chr !< String for soil depth
	1531	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !< Temporary string
	1532
	1533	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< Loop index over soil layers
	1534
	1535	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
	1536
	1537	t_soil_chr = ''
	1538	m_soil_chr = ''
	1539	soil_depth_chr = ''
	1540	roots_chr = ''
	1541	vertical_index_chr = ''
	1542
	1543	i = 1
	1544	DO i = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1545	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_temperature(i)
	1546	t_soil_chr = TRIM( t_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	1547
	1548	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_moisture(i)
	1549	m_soil_chr = TRIM( m_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	1550
	1551	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') - zs(i)
	1552	soil_depth_chr = TRIM( soil_depth_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	1553
	1554	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') root_fraction(i)
	1555	roots_chr = TRIM( roots_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	1556
	1557	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I10,7X)') i
	1558	vertical_index_chr = TRIM( vertical_index_chr ) // ' ' // &
	1559	TRIM( coor_chr )
	1560	ENDDO
	1561
	1562	!
	1563	!-- Write land surface model header
	1564	WRITE( io, 1 )
	1565	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
	1566	WRITE( io, 2 )
	1567	ELSE
	1568	WRITE( io, 3 )
	1569	ENDIF
	1570
	1571	WRITE( io, 4 ) TRIM( veg_type_name(veg_type) ), &
	1572	TRIM (soil_type_name(soil_type) )
	1573	WRITE( io, 5 ) TRIM( soil_depth_chr ), TRIM( t_soil_chr ), &
	1574	TRIM( m_soil_chr ), TRIM( roots_chr ), &
	1575	TRIM( vertical_index_chr )
	1576
	1577	1 FORMAT (//' Land surface model information:'/ &
	1578	' ------------------------------'/)
[1826]	1579	2 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is closed (water content is conserved', &
	1580	', default)')
	1581	3 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is open (water content is not conserved)')
	1582	4 FORMAT (' --> Land surface type : ',A,/ &
	1583	' --> Soil porosity type : ',A)
[1817]	1584	5 FORMAT (/' Initial soil temperature and moisture profile:'// &
	1585	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
	1586	' Temperature: ',A,' K'/ &
	1587	' Moisture: ',A,' m3/m3'/ &
	1588	' Root fraction: ',A,' '/ &
[1826]	1589	' Grid point: ',A)
[1817]	1590
	1591	END SUBROUTINE lsm_header
	1592
	1593
[1496]	1594	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1595	! Description:
	1596	! ------------
[1817]	1597	!> Initialization of the land surface model
	1598	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1599	SUBROUTINE lsm_init
	1600
	1601
	1602	IMPLICIT NONE
	1603
	1604	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1605	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1606	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
	1607
	1608	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
	1609
	1610
	1611	!
	1612	!-- Calculate Exner function
	1613	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
	1614
	1615
	1616	!
	1617	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
	1618	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
	1619	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
	1620	ENDIF
	1621
	1622	!
	1623	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
	1624	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
	1625	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
	1626	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
	1627	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
	1628
	1629	!
	1630	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
	1631	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
	1632	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
	1633	tm_soil_m = 0.0_wp
	1634	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
	1635	c_liq = 0.0_wp
	1636
	1637	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
	1638	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
	1639
	1640	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1826]	1641	qsws_eb = rho_lv * qsws
[1817]	1642	ELSE
	1643	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
	1644	ENDIF
	1645
	1646	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
	1647	qsws_soil_eb = 0.0_wp
	1648	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
	1649
	1650	r_a = 50.0_wp
	1651	r_s = 50.0_wp
	1652	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
	1653	r_soil = 0.0_wp
	1654
	1655	!
	1656	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
	1657	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1658	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1659	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1660
	1661	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
	1662	!
	1663	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
	1664	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1665	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1666	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1667
	1668	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
	1669	ENDIF
	1670
	1671	!
	1672	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
	1673	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
	1674	!-- at the centers
	1675	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
	1676
	1677	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
	1678	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
	1679	ENDDO
	1680	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
	1681
	1682	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
	1683	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
	1684	ENDDO
	1685	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
	1686
	1687	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
	1688	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
	1689
	1690	!
	1691	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
	1692	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
	1693	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
	1694	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
	1695
	1696	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1697	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	1698	ENDIF
	1699
	1700	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1701	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	1702	ENDIF
	1703
	1704	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1705	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	1706	ENDIF
	1707
	1708	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1709	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	1710	ENDIF
	1711
	1712	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1713	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	1714	ENDIF
	1715
	1716	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1717	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	1718	ENDIF
	1719
	1720	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1721	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	1722	ENDIF
	1723
	1724	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1725	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	1726	ENDIF
	1727
	1728	ENDIF
	1729
	1730	!
	1731	!-- Map values to the respective 2D arrays
	1732	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
	1733	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
	1734	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
	1735	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
	1736	m_sat = saturation_moisture
	1737	m_fc = field_capacity
	1738	m_wilt = wilting_point
	1739	m_res = residual_moisture
	1740	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
	1741
	1742	!
	1743	!-- Initial run actions
	1744	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
	1745
	1746	t_soil = 0.0_wp
	1747	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
	1748	m_soil = 0.0_wp
	1749
	1750	!
	1751	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
	1752	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
	1753	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
	1754	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1755	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
	1756	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
	1757	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
	1758	ENDDO
	1759	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
	1760
	1761	!
	1762	!-- Calculate surface temperature
	1763	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
	1764
	1765	!
	1766	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value
	1767	!-- for the first time step
	1768	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1769	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1770	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	1771
	1772	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1773	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
	1774	ELSE
	1775	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
	1776	ENDIF
	1777
	1778	!
	1779	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
	1780	IF ( pt1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt1 = pt1 + 1.0E-10_wp
	1781
	1782	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
	1783	ts(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
	1784	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
	1785	ENDDO
	1786	ENDDO
	1787
	1788	!
	1789	!-- Actions for restart runs
	1790	ELSE
	1791
	1792	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1793	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1794	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	1795	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
	1796	ENDDO
	1797	ENDDO
	1798
	1799	ENDIF
	1800
	1801	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1802	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
	1803	ENDDO
	1804
	1805	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
	1806	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1807	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
	1808	ENDIF
	1809	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1810	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
	1811	ENDIF
	1812	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1813	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
	1814	ENDIF
	1815	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1816	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
	1817	ENDIF
	1818	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1819	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
	1820	ENDIF
	1821	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1822	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
	1823	ENDIF
	1824	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1825	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
	1826	ENDIF
	1827	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1828	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	1829	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	1830	ENDIF
	1831	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1832	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
	1833	ENDIF
	1834	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1835	z0q_eb = roughness_par(2,veg_type)
	1836	ENDIF
	1837	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / ( z0_eb + 1.0E-20_wp )
	1838
	1839	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
	1840	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1841	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	1842	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	1843	ENDDO
	1844	ENDIF
	1845
	1846	ELSE
	1847
	1848	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1849	z0_eb = roughness_length
	1850	ENDIF
	1851	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1852	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
	1853	ENDIF
	1854	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1855	z0q_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
	1856	ENDIF
	1857
	1858	ENDIF
	1859
	1860	!
	1861	!-- For surfaces covered with pavement, set depth of the pavement (with dry
	1862	!-- soil below). The depth must be greater than the first soil layer depth
	1863	IF ( veg_type == 20 ) THEN
	1864	IF ( pave_depth == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1865	pave_depth = zs(nzb_soil)
	1866	ELSE
	1867	pave_depth = MAX( zs(nzb_soil), pave_depth )
	1868	ENDIF
	1869	ENDIF
	1870
	1871	!
	1872	!-- Map vegetation and soil types to 2D array to allow for heterogeneous
	1873	!-- surfaces via user interface see below
	1874	veg_type_2d = veg_type
	1875	soil_type_2d = soil_type
	1876
	1877	!
	1878	!-- Map vegetation parameters to the respective 2D arrays
	1879	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
	1880	lai = leaf_area_index
	1881	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
	1882	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
	1883	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
	1884	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
	1885	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
	1886	z0 = z0_eb
	1887	z0h = z0h_eb
	1888	z0q = z0q_eb
	1889
	1890	!
	1891	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
	1892	CALL user_init_land_surface
	1893
	1894	!
	1895	!-- Set flag parameter if vegetation type was set to a water surface. Also
	1896	!-- set temperature to a constant value in all "soil" layers.
	1897	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1898	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1899	IF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 14 .OR. veg_type_2d(j,i) == 15 ) THEN
	1900	water_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
[1856]	1901	t_soil(:,j,i) = t_surface(j,i)
[1817]	1902	ELSEIF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 20 ) THEN
	1903	pave_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
	1904	m_soil(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
	1905	ENDIF
	1906
	1907	ENDDO
	1908	ENDDO
	1909
	1910	!
	1911	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
	1912	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
	1913
	1914	t_soil_p = t_soil
	1915	m_soil_p = m_soil
	1916	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
	1917	t_surface_p = t_surface
	1918
	1919
	1920
	1921	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
	1922	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
	1923	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	1924	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	1925	statistic_regions+1 )
	1926	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	1927	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	1928	statistic_regions+1 )
	1929
	1930	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init
	1931
	1932
	1933	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1934	! Description:
	1935	! ------------
	1936	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
	1937	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1938	SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
	1939
	1940
	1941	IMPLICIT NONE
	1942
	1943	!
	1944	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
	1945	#if defined( __nopointer )
	1946	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1947	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1948	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1949	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1950	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1951	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1952	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1953	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1954	#else
	1955	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1956	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1957	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1958	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1959	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1960	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1961	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1962	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1963	#endif
	1964
	1965	!
	1966	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
	1967	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1968	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1969	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1970	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1971
	1972	!
	1973	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
	1974	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1975	ALLOCATE ( building_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1976	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1977	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1978	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1979	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1980	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1981	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1982	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1983	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1984	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1985	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1986	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1987	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1988	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1989	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1990	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1991	ALLOCATE ( pave_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1992	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1993	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1994	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1995	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1996	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1997	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1998	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1999	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2000	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2001	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2002	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2003	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2004	ALLOCATE ( soil_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2005	ALLOCATE ( veg_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2006	ALLOCATE ( water_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	2007
	2008	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
	2009	!
	2010	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
	2011	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
	2012	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	2013	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	2014	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
	2015	#endif
	2016
	2017
	2018	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
	2019
	2020
	2021	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2022	! Description:
	2023	! ------------
	2024	!> Parin for &lsmpar for land surface model
	2025	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2026	SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
	2027
	2028
	2029	IMPLICIT NONE
	2030
	2031	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
	2032
	2033	NAMELIST /lsm_par/ alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, &
	2034	canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
	2035	conserve_water_content, &
	2036	f_shortwave_incoming, field_capacity, &
	2037	hydraulic_conductivity, &
	2038	lambda_surface_stable, &
	2039	lambda_surface_unstable, leaf_area_index, &
	2040	l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
	2041	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, &
	2042	pave_depth, pave_heat_capacity, &
	2043	pave_heat_conductivity, &
	2044	residual_moisture, root_fraction, &
	2045	saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
	2046	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, &
	2047	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, wilting_point,&
	2048	zs, z0_eb, z0h_eb, z0q_eb
	2049
	2050	line = ' '
	2051
	2052	!
	2053	!-- Try to find land surface model package
	2054	REWIND ( 11 )
	2055	line = ' '
	2056	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&lsm_par' ) == 0 )
	2057	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
	2058	ENDDO
	2059	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
	2060
	2061	!
	2062	!-- Read user-defined namelist
	2063	READ ( 11, lsm_par )
	2064
	2065	!
	2066	!-- Set flag that indicates that the land surface model is switched on
	2067	land_surface = .TRUE.
	2068
	2069	10 CONTINUE
	2070
	2071
	2072	END SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
	2073
	2074
	2075	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2076	! Description:
	2077	! ------------
[1682]	2078	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
	2079	!> temperature and water content.
[1496]	2080	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2081	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	2082
	2083
	2084	IMPLICIT NONE
	2085
[1682]	2086	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	2087	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	2088	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1496]	2089
[1682]	2090	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
[1496]	2091
[1682]	2092	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
[1691]	2093	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
	2094	tend !< tendency
[1496]	2095
[1691]	2096	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	2097	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1788]	2098
	2099	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	2100	rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
	2101	lambda_temp(nzb_soil) = pave_heat_conductivity
	2102	ENDIF
	2103
	2104	IF ( .NOT. water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	2105	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	2106
	2107
	2108	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) <= pave_depth ) THEN
	2109
	2110	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
	2111	lambda_temp(k) = pave_heat_conductivity
	2112
	2113	ELSE
[1496]	2114	!
[1788]	2115	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking
	2116	!-- into account water content
	2117	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
	2118	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
[1496]	2119
	2120	!
[1788]	2121	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
	2122	!-- layers
	2123	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
	2124	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
[1691]	2125
[1817]	2126	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) &
	2127	/ m_sat(j,i)))
[1691]	2128
[1788]	2129	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
	2130	lambda_h_dry
	2131	ENDIF
[1496]	2132
[1788]	2133	ENDDO
[1496]	2134
	2135	!
[1788]	2136	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
	2137	!-- using linear interpolation. For pavement surface, the
	2138	!-- true pavement depth is considered
	2139	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
	2140	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) < pave_depth &
	2141	.AND. zs(k+1) > pave_depth ) THEN
	2142	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) / dz_soil(k+1) &
	2143	* lambda_temp(k) &
	2144	+ ( 1.0_wp - ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) &
	2145	/ dz_soil(k+1) ) * lambda_temp(k+1)
	2146	ELSE
	2147	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
	2148	* 0.5_wp
	2149	ENDIF
	2150	ENDDO
	2151	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
[1496]	2152
[1788]	2153
	2154
	2155
[1496]	2156	!
[1788]	2157	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
	2158	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
[1496]	2159
[1788]	2160	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
	2161	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
	2162	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
	2163	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1691]	2164
[1788]	2165	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
	2166	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
	2167	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
	2168	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
	2169	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
	2170	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
	2171	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
	2172	* ddz_soil(k) &
	2173	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
[1691]	2174
[1788]	2175	ENDDO
[1691]	2176
[1788]	2177	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
	2178	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
	2179	* tend(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) &
	2180	+ tsc(3) &
	2181	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
[1496]	2182
	2183	!
[1788]	2184	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	2185	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	2186	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
	2187	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	2188	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
	2189	ENDDO
	2190	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	2191	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
	2192	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	2193	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
[1551]	2194	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
[1788]	2195	ENDDO
	2196	ENDIF
[1496]	2197	ENDIF
	2198
	2199
[1788]	2200	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	2201
[1496]	2202	!
[1788]	2203	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
	2204	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
	2205	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), &
	2206	m_wilt(j,i) ) / m_sat(j,i) )**( &
	2207	b_ch + 2.0_wp )
[1496]	2208
	2209	!
[1788]	2210	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
	2211	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
[1551]	2212	!
[1788]	2213	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
	2214	!-- (1980)
	2215	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
	2216	MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), m_wilt(j,i) ) ) )**( &
	2217	n_vg(j,i) / (n_vg(j,i) - 1.0_wp ) ) - 1.0_wp &
	2218	)**( 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) / alpha_vg(j,i)
[1496]	2219
[1691]	2220
[1788]	2221	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
	2222	( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )n_vg(j,i))( &
	2223	1.0_wp - 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) - ( &
	2224	alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )**( n_vg(j,i) &
	2225	- 1.0_wp) )**2 ) &
	2226	/ ( ( 1.0_wp + ( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg &
	2227	)n_vg(j,i) )( ( 1.0_wp - 1.0_wp &
	2228	/ n_vg(j,i) ) *( l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp) ) )
[1496]	2229
[1551]	2230	!
[1788]	2231	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
	2232	ELSE
	2233	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( m_soil(k,j,i) &
	2234	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
	2235	ENDIF
[1551]	2236
[1788]	2237	ENDDO
[1496]	2238
	2239	!
[1788]	2240	!-- Prognostic equation for soil moisture content. Only performed,
	2241	!-- when humidity is enabled in the atmosphere and the surface type
	2242	!-- is not pavement (implies dry soil below).
	2243	IF ( humidity .AND. .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	2244	!
	2245	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
	2246	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
	2247	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
	2248	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	2249
[1788]	2250	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
	2251	* 0.5_wp
	2252	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
	2253	* 0.5_wp
[1496]	2254
[1788]	2255	ENDDO
[1496]	2256
	2257	!
	2258	!
[1817]	2259	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved),
	2260	!-- set hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be
	2261	!-- lost in the bottom layer.
[1788]	2262	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
	2263	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
	2264	ELSE
	2265	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
	2266	ENDIF
[1496]	2267
[1817]	2268	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l
	2269	!-- * l_v)) ensures the mass conservation for water. The
	2270	!-- transpiration of plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by
	2271	!-- the roots in the soil. The scheme takes into account the
	2272	!-- availability of water in the soil layers as well as the root
	2273	!-- fraction in the respective layer. Layer with moisture below
	2274	!-- wilting point will not contribute, which reflects the
	2275	!-- preference of plants to take water from moister layers.
[1496]	2276
	2277	!
[1817]	2278	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of
	2279	!-- root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
	2280	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
	2281	!-- additional check.
[1966]	2282	m_total = 0.0_wp
[1691]	2283	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1788]	2284	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
	2285	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
	2286	ENDIF
	2287	ENDDO
[1496]	2288
[1788]	2289	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	2290	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	2291	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
[1817]	2292	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) &
	2293	/ m_total
[1788]	2294	ELSE
	2295	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
	2296	ENDIF
	2297	ENDDO
	2298	ENDIF
	2299
[1496]	2300	!
[1788]	2301	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil.
	2302	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
	2303
	2304	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
[1551]	2305	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
[1691]	2306	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
[1788]	2307	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
	2308	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
	2309	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1496]	2310
[1788]	2311	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
	2312	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
	2313	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) &
	2314	- gamma_w(k,j,i) &
	2315	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
	2316	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
	2317	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
	2318	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
	2319	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
[1496]	2320
[1788]	2321	ENDDO
	2322	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	2323	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
	2324	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	2325	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
	2326	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
	2327	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
	2328	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
	2329	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
	2330	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
[1496]	2331
[1788]	2332	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
	2333	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
	2334	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
	2335
[1496]	2336	!
[1788]	2337	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
	2338	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	2339	IF ( m_soil_p(k,j,i) < 0.0_wp ) m_soil_p(k,j,i) = 0.0_wp
	2340	ENDDO
[1496]	2341
	2342	!
[1788]	2343	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	2344	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	2345	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
	2346	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	2347	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
	2348	ENDDO
	2349	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	2350	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
	2351	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	2352	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp&
[1496]	2353	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
[1788]	2354	ENDDO
	2355	ENDIF
[1496]	2356	ENDIF
[1788]	2357
[1496]	2358	ENDIF
	2359
	2360	ENDIF
	2361
	2362	ENDDO
	2363	ENDDO
	2364
[1788]	2365	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	2366
[1817]	2367
	2368	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2369	! Description:
	2370	! ------------
	2371	!> Swapping of timelevels
	2372	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2373	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
[1788]	2374
[1817]	2375	IMPLICIT NONE
	2376
	2377	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
	2378
	2379	#if defined( __nopointer )
	2380
	2381	t_surface = t_surface_p
	2382	t_soil = t_soil_p
	2383	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	2384	m_soil = m_soil_p
	2385	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
	2386	ENDIF
	2387
	2388	#else
	2389
	2390	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
	2391
	2392	CASE ( 0 )
	2393
	2394	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	2395	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
	2396	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	2397	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	2398	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
	2399	ENDIF
	2400
	2401
	2402	CASE ( 1 )
	2403
	2404	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
	2405	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
	2406	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	2407	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
	2408	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
	2409	ENDIF
	2410
	2411	END SELECT
	2412	#endif
	2413
	2414	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
	2415
	2416
[1788]	2417	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2418	! Description:
	2419	! ------------
	2420	!> Calculation of roughness length for open water (lakes, ocean). The
	2421	!> parameterization follows Charnock (1955). Two different implementations
	2422	!> are available: as in ECMWF-IFS (Beljaars 1994) or as in FLake (Subin et al.
	2423	!> 2012)
	2424	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2425	SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
	2426
	2427	USE control_parameters, &
	2428	ONLY: g, kappa, molecular_viscosity
	2429
	2430	IMPLICIT NONE
	2431
	2432	INTEGER :: i !< running index
	2433	INTEGER :: j !< running index
	2434
	2435	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: alpha_ch = 0.018_wp !< Charnock constant (0.01-0.11). Use 0.01 for FLake and 0.018 for ECMWF
	2436	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: pr_number = 0.71_wp !< molecular Prandtl number in the Charnock parameterization (differs from prandtl_number)
	2437	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: sc_number = 0.66_wp !< molecular Schmidt number in the Charnock parameterization
	2438	! REAL(wp) :: re_0 !< near-surface roughness Reynolds number
	2439
	2440
	2441	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	2442	DO j = nysg, nyng
	2443	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	2444
[1496]	2445	!
[1788]	2446	!-- Disabled: FLake parameterization. Ideally, the Charnock
	2447	!-- coefficient should depend on the water depth and the fetch
	2448	!-- length
	2449	! re_0 = z0(j,i) * us(j,i) / molecular_viscosity
	2450	!
	2451	! z0(j,i) = MAX( 0.1_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i), &
	2452	! alpha_ch * us(j,i) / g )
	2453	!
	2454	! z0h(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 3.2_wp ) )
	2455	! z0q(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 4.2_wp ) )
[1496]	2456
[1788]	2457	!
	2458	!-- Set minimum roughness length for u* > 0.2
	2459	! IF ( us(j,i) > 0.2_wp ) THEN
	2460	! z0h(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0h(j,i) )
	2461	! z0q(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0q(j,i) )
	2462	! ENDIF
[1496]	2463
[1788]	2464	!
	2465	!-- ECMWF IFS model parameterization after Beljaars (1994). At low
	2466	!-- wind speed, the sea surface becomes aerodynamically smooth and
	2467	!-- the roughness scales with the viscosity. At high wind speed, the
	2468	!-- Charnock relation is used.
	2469	z0(j,i) = ( 0.11_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i) ) &
	2470	+ ( alpha_ch * us(j,i)**2 / g )
[1496]	2471
[1788]	2472	z0h(j,i) = 0.40_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
	2473	z0q(j,i) = 0.62_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
[1496]	2474
[1788]	2475	ENDIF
	2476	ENDDO
	2477	ENDDO
	2478
	2479	END SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
	2480
	2481
[1496]	2482	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2483	! Description:
	2484	! ------------
[1788]	2485	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the skin layer (surface). It is assumend
	2486	!> that the skin is always saturated.
[1496]	2487	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1551]	2488	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	2489
	2490	IMPLICIT NONE
	2491
[1682]	2492	INTEGER :: i !< running index
	2493	INTEGER :: j !< running index
	2494	INTEGER :: k !< running index
[1788]	2495
[1682]	2496	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
[1496]	2497
[1691]	2498	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	2499	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1496]	2500	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	2501
	2502	!
	2503	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1691]	2504	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
	2505	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	2506
	2507	!
	2508	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
	2509	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
	2510
	2511	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
	2512
	2513	!
	2514	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
[1691]	2515	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	2516	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	2517	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
	2518	ELSE
	2519	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	2520	* q(k+1,j,i)
	2521	ENDIF
[1496]	2522
[1691]	2523	!
	2524	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
	2525	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
	2526
[1496]	2527	ENDDO
	2528	ENDDO
	2529
[1551]	2530	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	2531
[1788]	2532
[1496]	2533	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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