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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model_mod.f90 @ 1848

Last change on this file since 1848 was 1827, checked in by maronga, 8 years ago
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[1817]	1	!> @file land_surface_model_mod.f90
[1496]	2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	3	! This file is part of PALM.
	4	!
	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
	6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
	7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
	8	!
	9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	12	!
	13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	15	!
[1818]	16	! Copyright 1997-2016 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[1496]	17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	18	!
	19	! Current revisions:
	20	! -----------------
[1789]	21	!
[1827]	22	!
[1789]	23	! Former revisions:
	24	! -----------------
	25	! $Id: land_surface_model_mod.f90 1827 2016-04-07 12:12:23Z witha $
	26	!
[1827]	27	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
	28	! Cleanup after modularization
	29	!
[1818]	30	! 1817 2016-04-06 15:44:20Z maronga
	31	! Added interface for lsm_init_arrays. Added subroutines for check_parameters,
	32	! header, and parin. Renamed some subroutines.
	33	!
[1789]	34	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
[1788]	35	! Bugfix: calculate lambda_surface based on temperature gradient between skin
	36	! layer and soil layer instead of Obukhov length
	37	! Changed: moved calculation of surface specific humidity to energy balance solver
	38	! New: water surfaces are available by using a fixed sea surface temperature.
	39	! The roughness lengths are calculated dynamically using the Charnock
	40	! parameterization. This involves the new roughness length for moisture z0q.
	41	! New: modified solution of the energy balance solver and soil model for
	42	! paved surfaces (i.e. asphalt concrete).
	43	! Syntax layout improved.
	44	! Changed: parameter dewfall removed.
[1758]	45	!
[1784]	46	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
	47	! netcdf variables moved to netcdf module
	48	!
[1758]	49	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
[1757]	50	! Bugfix: set tm_soil_m to zero after allocation. Added parameter
	51	! unscheduled_radiation_calls to control calls of the radiation model based on
	52	! the skin temperature change during one time step (preliminary version). Set
	53	! qsws_soil_eb to zero at model start (previously set to qsws_eb). Removed MAX
	54	! function as it cannot be vectorized.
[1710]	55	!
	56	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
[1709]	57	! Renamed pt_1 and qv_1 to pt1 and qv1.
	58	! Bugfix: set initial values for t_surface_p in case of restart runs
	59	! Bugfix: zero resistance caused crash when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
	60	! Bugfix: calculation of rad_net when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
	61	! Added todo action
[1698]	62	!
	63	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
	64	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
	65	!
	66	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
[1692]	67	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
[1696]	68	! Replaced rif with ol
	69	!
[1692]	70	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
[1691]	71	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
	72	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
	73	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
	74	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
[1552]	75	!
[1683]	76	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
	77	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
	78	!
[1591]	79	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
	80	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
	81	!
[1586]	82	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
	83	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
	84	!
[1572]	85	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
	86	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
	87	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
	88	!
[1556]	89	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
	90	! Added output of r_a and r_s
	91	!
[1554]	92	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
	93	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
	94	! profile
	95	!
[1552]	96	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
[1551]	97	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
	98	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
	99	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
	100	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
	101	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
	102	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
	103	! calculation
[1496]	104	!
[1514]	105	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
[1496]	106	!
[1501]	107	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
	108	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
	109	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
	110	! Added support for dry runs.
	111	!
[1497]	112	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
	113	! Initial revision
	114	!
[1496]	115	!
	116	! Description:
	117	! ------------
[1682]	118	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
	119	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
	120	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
	121	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
	122	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
	123	!>
[1691]	124	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
[1709]	125	!> skin layer.
[1788]	126	!> @todo Improve surface water parameterization
[1691]	127	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
	128	!> nzt_soil=3)).
	129	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
	130	!> with considerable precipitation.
[1709]	131	!> @todo Fix crashes with radiation_scheme == 'constant'
[1682]	132	!>
[1709]	133	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
	134	!> become too thin.
[1496]	135	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	136	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
	137
[1691]	138	USE arrays_3d, &
[1788]	139	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, z0h, &
	140	z0q
[1496]	141
[1691]	142	USE cloud_parameters, &
	143	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, prr, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
[1496]	144
[1691]	145	USE control_parameters, &
	146	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
	147	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
[1817]	148	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, &
	149	rho_surface, roughness_length, surface_pressure, &
	150	timestep_scheme, tsc, z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
[1496]	151
[1691]	152	USE indices, &
	153	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
[1496]	154
[1691]	155	USE kinds
[1496]	156
[1691]	157	USE pegrid
[1496]	158
[1691]	159	USE radiation_model_mod, &
	160	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
[1757]	161	rad_lw_out, rad_lw_out_change_0, sigma_sb, &
	162	unscheduled_radiation_calls
[1691]	163
	164	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
	165	USE radiation_model_mod, &
[1709]	166	ONLY: rrtm_idrv
[1691]	167	#endif
[1496]	168
[1691]	169	USE statistics, &
	170	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
	171
[1496]	172	IMPLICIT NONE
	173
	174	!
	175	!-- LSM model constants
[1682]	176	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
	177	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
	178	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
[1496]	179
	180	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
[1551]	181	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
	182	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
[1496]	183	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
	184	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
	185	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
[1551]	186	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
	187	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
[1496]	188	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
	189
	190
	191	!
	192	!-- LSM variables
[1788]	193	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< NAMELIST veg_type_2d
	194	soil_type = 3 !< NAMELIST soil_type_2d
[1496]	195
[1788]	196	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: soil_type_2d, & !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-7: generic (see list)
	197	veg_type_2d !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
	198
	199	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: water_surface, & !< flag parameter for water surfaces (classes 14+15)
	200	pave_surface, & !< flag parameter for pavements (asphalt etc.) (class 20)
	201	building_surface !< flag parameter indicating that the surface element is covered by buildings (no LSM actions, not implemented yet)
	202
[1691]	203	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
	204	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
	205	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
[1496]	206
	207	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
	208	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
[1682]	209	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
	210	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
	211	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
	212	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
	213	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
	214	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
	215	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
	216	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
	217	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
	218	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
[1691]	219	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
[1682]	220	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
	221	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
	222	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
	223	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
	224	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
	225	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
	226	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
	227	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
[1788]	228	pave_depth = 9999999.9_wp, & !< depth of the pavement
	229	pave_heat_capacity = 1.94E6_wp, & !< volumetric heat capacity of pavement (e.g. roads)
	230	pave_heat_conductivity = 1.00_wp, & !< heat conductivity for pavements (e.g. roads)
[1682]	231	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
	232	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
	233	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
	234	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
	235	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
	236	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
[1691]	237	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
[1682]	238	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
	239	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
	240	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
[1788]	241	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
	242	z0q_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0q (lsm_par)
[1496]	243
[1551]	244	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
[1691]	245	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
	246	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
	247	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
[1551]	248	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
[1682]	249	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
	250	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
	251	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
[1496]	252
[1551]	253	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
[1691]	254	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
	255	283.0_wp /), &
	256	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
	257	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
[1496]	258
	259	#if defined( __nopointer )
[1682]	260	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
	261	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
	262	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
	263	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
	264	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
[1496]	265	#else
[1551]	266	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
	267	t_surface_p, &
	268	m_liq_eb, &
	269	m_liq_eb_p
[1496]	270
[1551]	271	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
	272	m_liq_eb_av, &
	273	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
[1496]	274	#endif
	275
	276	!
	277	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
[1682]	278	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
	279	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
[1496]	280
	281	!
	282	!-- Energy balance variables
[1691]	283	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1682]	284	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
	285	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
	286	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
	287	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
	288	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
	289	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
	290	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
	291	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
	292	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
	293	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
	294	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
	295	lai, & !< leaf area index
	296	lai_av, & !< average of lai
[1691]	297	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
	298	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
[1682]	299	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
	300	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
	301	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
	302	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
	303	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
	304	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
	305	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
	306	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
	307	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
	308	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
	309	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
	310	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
	311	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
	312	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
	313	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
	314	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
[1709]	315	r_a_av, & !< average of r_a
[1682]	316	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
[1691]	317	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
[1682]	318	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
	319	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
[1691]	320	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
[1682]	321	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
	322	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
	323	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
[1496]	324
[1691]	325
[1496]	326	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1788]	327	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
[1682]	328	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
[1788]	329	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
[1682]	330	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
[1496]	331
	332	#if defined( __nopointer )
	333	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1682]	334	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
	335	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
	336	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
	337	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
	338	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
	339	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
[1496]	340	#else
	341	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
[1551]	342	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
[1496]	343	m_soil, m_soil_p
	344
	345	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1551]	346	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
	347	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
[1496]	348	#endif
	349
	350
	351	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1757]	352	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
	353	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
[1682]	354	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
[1496]	355
[1551]	356
[1496]	357	!
[1551]	358	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
[1788]	359	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:20), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
[1590]	360	'user defined ', & ! 0
	361	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
	362	'short grass ', & ! 2
[1585]	363	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
	364	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
[1590]	365	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
	366	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
	367	'tall grass ', & ! 7
	368	'desert ', & ! 8
	369	'tundra ', & ! 9
	370	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
	371	'semidesert ', & ! 11
	372	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
	373	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
	374	'inland water ', & ! 14
	375	'ocean ', & ! 15
	376	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
	377	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
	378	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
[1788]	379	'interrupted forest ', & ! 19
	380	'pavements/roads ' & ! 20
[1585]	381	/)
[1496]	382
	383	!
[1551]	384	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
[1585]	385	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
	386	'user defined', & ! 0
[1590]	387	'coarse ', & ! 1
	388	'medium ', & ! 2
	389	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
	390	'fine ', & ! 4
	391	'very fine ', & ! 5
	392	'organic ', & ! 6
	393	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
[1585]	394	/)
[1551]	395	!
	396	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
	397
	398	!
	399	!-- Land surface parameters I
	400	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
[1788]	401	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1585]	402	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
	403	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
	404	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	405	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	406	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	407	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
	408	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
	409	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	410	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	411	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
	412	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
	413	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	414	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
	415	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	416	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	417	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
	418	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
	419	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
[1788]	420	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
	421	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
	422	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
[1496]	423
	424	!
[1788]	425	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h, z0q
	426	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
	427	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
	428	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
	429	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
	430	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
	431	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
	432	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
	433	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
	434	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
	435	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
	436	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
	437	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
	438	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
	439	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
	440	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	441	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	442	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
	443	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
	444	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
	445	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, & ! 19
	446	1.0E-4_wp, 1.0E-5_wp, 1.0E-5_wp & ! 20
	447	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
[1496]	448
	449	!
[1551]	450	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
[1788]	451	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1585]	452	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
	453	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
	454	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	455	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	456	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	457	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
	458	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
	459	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	460	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
	461	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
	462	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
	463	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	464	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
[1788]	465	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	466	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
[1585]	467	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
	468	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
	469	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
[1788]	470	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
	471	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
	472	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
[1496]	473
	474	!
	475	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
[1788]	476	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1585]	477	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
	478	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
	479	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
	480	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
	481	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
	482	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
	483	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
	484	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	485	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	486	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
	487	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
	488	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	489	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
	490	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	491	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	492	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
	493	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
	494	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
[1788]	495	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 19
	496	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
	497	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
[1496]	498
	499	!
	500	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
[1551]	501
[1496]	502	!
[1551]	503	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
[1585]	504	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	505	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
	506	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
	507	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
	508	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
	509	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	510	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
	511	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
	512	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	513
	514	!
	515	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
[1585]	516	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	517	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
	518	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
	519	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
	520	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
	521	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	522	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
	523	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
	524	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	525
	526
	527	SAVE
	528
	529
	530	PRIVATE
	531
[1817]	532
[1551]	533	!
[1817]	534	!-- Public functions
	535	PUBLIC lsm_check_data_output, lsm_check_data_output_pr, &
	536	lsm_check_parameters, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_header, lsm_init, &
[1826]	537	lsm_init_arrays, lsm_parin, lsm_soil_model, lsm_swap_timelevel
[1817]	538	!
[1551]	539	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
[1826]	540	PUBLIC land_surface, skip_time_do_lsm
[1496]	541
[1551]	542	!
[1783]	543	!-- Public grid variables
	544	PUBLIC nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil, zs
[1496]	545
[1551]	546	!
	547	!-- Public 2D output variables
	548	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
	549	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
	550	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
[1555]	551	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
[1551]	552
	553	!
	554	!-- Public prognostic variables
	555	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
	556
[1496]	557
[1817]	558	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
	559	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output
	560	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
	561
	562	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
	563	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output_pr
	564	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
	565
	566	INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
	567	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_parameters
	568	END INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
	569
[1496]	570	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	571	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
	572	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	573
[1817]	574	INTERFACE lsm_header
	575	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_header
	576	END INTERFACE lsm_header
	577
	578	INTERFACE lsm_init
	579	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init
	580	END INTERFACE lsm_init
	581
	582	INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
	583	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init_arrays
	584	END INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
	585
	586	INTERFACE lsm_parin
	587	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_parin
	588	END INTERFACE lsm_parin
	589
[1496]	590	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	591	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
	592	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	593
[1551]	594	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
	595	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
	596	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
[1496]	597
	598	CONTAINS
	599
	600	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	601	! Description:
	602	! ------------
[1817]	603	!> Check data output for land surface model
[1496]	604	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1817]	605	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output( var, unit, i, ilen, k )
	606
	607
	608	USE control_parameters, &
	609	ONLY: data_output, message_string
[1496]	610
	611	IMPLICIT NONE
	612
[1817]	613	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
	614	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
[1496]	615
[1817]	616	INTEGER(iwp) :: i
	617	INTEGER(iwp) :: ilen
	618	INTEGER(iwp) :: k
[1496]	619
[1817]	620	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
[1496]	621
[1817]	622	CASE ( 'm_soil' )
	623	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	624	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	625	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	626	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	627	ENDIF
	628	unit = 'm3/m3'
	629
	630	CASE ( 't_soil' )
	631	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	632	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	633	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	634	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	635	ENDIF
	636	unit = 'K'
	637
[1826]	638	CASE ( 'lai', 'c_liq', 'c_soil', 'c_veg', 'ghf_eb', 'm_liq_eb',&
	639	'qsws_eb', 'qsws_liq_eb', 'qsws_soil_eb', 'qsws_veg_eb', &
[1817]	640	'r_a', 'r_s', 'shf_eb*' )
	641	IF ( k == 0 .OR. data_output(i)(ilen-2:ilen) /= '_xy' ) THEN
	642	message_string = 'illegal value for data_output: "' // &
	643	TRIM( var ) // '" & only 2d-horizontal ' // &
	644	'cross sections are allowed for this value'
	645	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0111', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	646	ENDIF
[1826]	647	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'lai*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	648	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	649	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	650	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	651	ENDIF
[1817]	652	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	653	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	654	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	655	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	656	ENDIF
	657	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	658	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	659	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	660	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	661	ENDIF
	662	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	663	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	664	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	665	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	666	ENDIF
	667	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	668	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	669	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	670	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	671	ENDIF
	672	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	673	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	674	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	675	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	676	ENDIF
	677	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	678	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	679	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	680	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	681	ENDIF
	682	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
	683	THEN
	684	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	685	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	686	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	687	ENDIF
	688	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
	689	THEN
	690	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	691	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	692	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	693	ENDIF
	694	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
	695	THEN
	696	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	697	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	698	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	699	ENDIF
	700	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
	701	THEN
	702	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	703	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	704	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	705	ENDIF
	706	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
	707	THEN
	708	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
	709	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
	710	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	711	ENDIF
[1496]	712
[1826]	713	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'lai*' ) unit = 'none'
[1817]	714	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' ) unit = 'none'
	715	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*') unit = 'none'
	716	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' ) unit = 'none'
	717	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
	718	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'm'
	719	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
	720	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
	721	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
	722	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
	723	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*') unit = 's/m'
	724	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*') unit = 's/m'
	725	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'shf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
	726
	727	CASE DEFAULT
	728	unit = 'illegal'
[1500]	729
[1817]	730	END SELECT
[1551]	731
	732
[1817]	733	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output
[1551]	734
[1817]	735	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr( variable, var_count, unit, dopr_unit )
	736
	737	USE control_parameters, &
	738	ONLY: data_output_pr, message_string
[1551]	739
[1817]	740	USE indices
[1691]	741
[1817]	742	USE profil_parameter
[1551]	743
[1817]	744	USE statistics
[1551]	745
[1817]	746	IMPLICIT NONE
	747
	748	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
	749	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
	750	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: dopr_unit !< local value of dopr_unit
	751
	752	INTEGER(iwp) :: user_pr_index !<
	753	INTEGER(iwp) :: var_count !<
[1551]	754
[1817]	755	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
	756
	757	CASE ( 't_soil', '#t_soil' )
	758	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	759	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
	760	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
	761	'not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
	762	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	763	ELSE
	764	dopr_index(var_count) = 89
	765	dopr_unit = 'K'
	766	hom(0:nzs-1,2,89,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
	767	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
	768	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 90
	769	hom(0:nzs-1,2,90,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
	770	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
	771	ENDIF
	772	unit = dopr_unit
	773	ENDIF
[1551]	774
[1817]	775	CASE ( 'm_soil', '#m_soil' )
	776	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
	777	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
	778	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
	779	' not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
	780	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	781	ELSE
	782	dopr_index(var_count) = 91
	783	dopr_unit = 'm3/m3'
	784	hom(0:nzs-1,2,91,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
	785	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
	786	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 92
	787	hom(0:nzs-1,2,92,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
	788	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
	789	ENDIF
	790	unit = dopr_unit
	791	ENDIF
[1551]	792
	793
[1817]	794	CASE DEFAULT
	795	unit = 'illegal'
[1500]	796
[1817]	797	END SELECT
[1496]	798
	799
[1817]	800	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr
	801
	802
	803	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	804	! Description:
	805	! ------------
	806	!> Check parameters routine for land surface model
	807	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	808	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
[1496]	809
[1817]	810	USE control_parameters, &
	811	ONLY: bc_pt_b, bc_q_b, constant_flux_layer, message_string, &
	812	most_method, topography
	813
	814	USE radiation_model_mod, &
	815	ONLY: radiation
	816
	817
	818	IMPLICIT NONE
	819
	820
[1496]	821	!
[1817]	822	!-- Dirichlet boundary conditions are required as the surface fluxes are
	823	!-- calculated from the temperature/humidity gradients in the land surface
	824	!-- model
	825	IF ( bc_pt_b == 'neumann' .OR. bc_q_b == 'neumann' ) THEN
	826	message_string = 'lsm requires setting of'// &
	827	'bc_pt_b = "dirichlet" and '// &
	828	'bc_q_b = "dirichlet"'
	829	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0399', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	830	ENDIF
[1496]	831
[1817]	832	IF ( .NOT. constant_flux_layer ) THEN
	833	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
	834	'constant_flux_layer = .T.'
	835	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1496]	836	ENDIF
	837
[1817]	838	IF ( topography /= 'flat' ) THEN
	839	message_string = 'lsm cannot be used ' // &
	840	'in combination with topography /= "flat"'
	841	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0415', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	842	ENDIF
[1496]	843
[1817]	844	IF ( ( veg_type == 14 .OR. veg_type == 15 ) .AND. &
	845	most_method == 'lookup' ) THEN
	846	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'veg_type = ', veg_type, ' is not ', &
	847	'allowed in combination with ', &
	848	'most_method = ', most_method
	849	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0417', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	850	ENDIF
[1496]	851
[1817]	852	IF ( veg_type == 0 ) THEN
	853	IF ( SUM( root_fraction ) /= 1.0_wp ) THEN
	854	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	855	'requires setting of root_fraction(0:3)'// &
	856	'/= 9999999.9 and SUM(root_fraction) = 1'
	857	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	858	ENDIF
[1551]	859
[1817]	860	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	861	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user defined)'// &
	862	'requires setting of min_canopy_resistance'// &
	863	'/= 9999999.9'
	864	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	865	ENDIF
	866
[1817]	867	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	868	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	869	'requires setting of leaf_area_index'// &
	870	'/= 9999999.9'
	871	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	872	ENDIF
	873
[1817]	874	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	875	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	876	'requires setting of vegetation_coverage'// &
	877	'/= 9999999.9'
	878	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	879	ENDIF
	880
[1817]	881	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp) THEN
	882	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	883	'requires setting of'// &
	884	'canopy_resistance_coefficient /= 9999999.9'
	885	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	886	ENDIF
	887
[1817]	888	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	889	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	890	'requires setting of lambda_surface_stable'// &
	891	'/= 9999999.9'
	892	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	893	ENDIF
	894
[1817]	895	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	896	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	897	'requires setting of lambda_surface_unstable'// &
	898	'/= 9999999.9'
	899	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	900	ENDIF
	901
[1817]	902	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	903	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	904	'requires setting of f_shortwave_incoming'// &
	905	'/= 9999999.9'
	906	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	907	ENDIF
	908
[1817]	909	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	910	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	911	'requires setting of z0_eb'// &
	912	'/= 9999999.9'
	913	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	914	ENDIF
	915
[1817]	916	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	917	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	918	'requires setting of z0h_eb'// &
	919	'/= 9999999.9'
	920	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	921	ENDIF
[1496]	922
[1551]	923
	924	ENDIF
	925
[1817]	926	IF ( soil_type == 0 ) THEN
[1496]	927
[1817]	928	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	929	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	930	'requires setting of alpha_vangenuchten'// &
	931	'/= 9999999.9'
	932	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	933	ENDIF
[1817]	934
	935	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	936	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	937	'requires setting of l_vangenuchten'// &
	938	'/= 9999999.9'
	939	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	940	ENDIF
[1817]	941
	942	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	943	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	944	'requires setting of n_vangenuchten'// &
	945	'/= 9999999.9'
	946	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	947	ENDIF
[1817]	948
	949	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	950	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	951	'requires setting of hydraulic_conductivity'// &
	952	'/= 9999999.9'
	953	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	954	ENDIF
[1817]	955
	956	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	957	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	958	'requires setting of saturation_moisture'// &
	959	'/= 9999999.9'
	960	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	961	ENDIF
[1817]	962
	963	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	964	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	965	'requires setting of field_capacity'// &
	966	'/= 9999999.9'
	967	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	968	ENDIF
[1496]	969
[1817]	970	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	971	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	972	'requires setting of wilting_point'// &
	973	'/= 9999999.9'
	974	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1551]	975	ENDIF
[1496]	976
[1817]	977	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	978	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
	979	'requires setting of residual_moisture'// &
	980	'/= 9999999.9'
	981	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1553]	982	ENDIF
	983
[1496]	984	ENDIF
	985
[1817]	986	IF ( .NOT. radiation ) THEN
	987	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
	988	'radiation = .T.'
	989	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1788]	990	ENDIF
[1817]	991
	992
	993	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
	994
[1496]	995	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	996	! Description:
	997	! ------------
[1682]	998	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
[1496]	999	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1000	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	1001
	1002
	1003	IMPLICIT NONE
	1004
[1682]	1005	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1006	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1007	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
[1496]	1008
[1788]	1009	REAL(wp) :: c_surface_tmp,& !< temporary variable for storing the volumetric heat capacity of the surface
	1010	f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
[1682]	1011	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
	1012	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
	1013	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
	1014	e, & !< water vapour pressure
	1015	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
	1016	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
	1017	tend, & !< tendency
	1018	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
	1019	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
	1020	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
	1021	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
	1022	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
	1023	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
	1024	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
	1025	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
	1026	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
[1691]	1027	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
[1709]	1028	pt1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
	1029	qv1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
[1496]	1030
	1031	!
	1032	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
	1033	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
	1034
[1691]	1035	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1036	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1500]	1037	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
[1496]	1038
	1039	!
[1788]	1040	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification between skin layer and soil
	1041	IF ( .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	1042
	1043	c_surface_tmp = c_surface
	1044
	1045	IF ( t_surface(j,i) >= t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)) THEN
	1046	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
	1047	ELSE
	1048	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
	1049	ENDIF
[1496]	1050	ELSE
[1788]	1051
	1052	c_surface_tmp = pave_heat_capacity * dz_soil(nzb_soil) * 0.5_wp
	1053	lambda_surface = pave_heat_conductivity * ddz_soil(nzb_soil)
	1054
[1496]	1055	ENDIF
[1500]	1056
[1496]	1057	!
[1500]	1058	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
	1059	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
	1060	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
	1061	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
[1691]	1062	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
[1709]	1063	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
	1064	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	1065	ELSE
[1709]	1066	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
	1067	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	1068	ENDIF
[1496]	1069
[1709]	1070	r_a(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
[1691]	1071
[1496]	1072	!
[1709]	1073	!-- Make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero
	1074	IF ( ABS(r_a(j,i)) < 1.0E-10_wp ) r_a(j,i) = 1.0E-10_wp
	1075
	1076	!
[1496]	1077	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
	1078	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
	1079
[1551]	1080	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
	1081	!-- night)
[1585]	1082	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
[1709]	1083	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
	1084	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
[1585]	1085	+ 1.0_wp)) )
[1551]	1086	ELSE
	1087	f1 = 1.0_wp
	1088	ENDIF
[1496]	1089
[1709]	1090
[1496]	1091	!
[1551]	1092	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
	1093	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
	1094	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
[1496]	1095	m_total = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1096	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	1097	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
	1098	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
[1496]	1099	ENDDO
	1100
[1788]	1101	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1496]	1102	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
[1691]	1103	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1104	f2 = 1.0_wp
[1496]	1105	ELSE
	1106	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
	1107	ENDIF
	1108
	1109	!
	1110	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1551]	1111	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
	1112	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	1113
	1114	!
	1115	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
[1551]	1116	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1117	!
	1118	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
[1709]	1119	e = qv1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
[1551]	1120	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
[1496]	1121	ELSE
	1122	f3 = 1.0_wp
	1123	ENDIF
	1124
	1125	!
[1551]	1126	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
	1127	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
[1496]	1128	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
[1551]	1129	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
	1130	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
[1496]	1131
	1132	!
[1551]	1133	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
	1134	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
[1788]	1135	IF ( soil_type_2d(j,i) /= 7 ) THEN
[1551]	1136	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
	1137	m_res(j,i)
	1138	ELSE
	1139	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
	1140	ENDIF
[1496]	1141
[1551]	1142	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
[1513]	1143	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
[1551]	1144	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
[1496]	1145
	1146	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
	1147
	1148	!
[1788]	1149	!-- Calculate the maximum possible liquid water amount on plants and
	1150	!-- bare surface. For vegetated surfaces, a maximum depth of 0.2 mm is
	1151	!-- assumed, while paved surfaces might hold up 1 mm of water. The
	1152	!-- liquid water fraction for paved surfaces is calculated after
	1153	!-- Noilhan & Planton (1989), while the ECMWF formulation is used for
	1154	!-- vegetated surfaces and bare soils.
	1155	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	1156	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * 5.0_wp
	1157	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, (m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max)**0.67 )
	1158	ELSE
	1159	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * ( c_veg(j,i) * lai(j,i) &
	1160	+ (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) )
	1161	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max )
	1162	ENDIF
[1496]	1163
[1551]	1164	!
	1165	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
[1496]	1166	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
[1500]	1167
	1168	!
[1551]	1169	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
	1170	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
[1788]	1171	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 ) THEN
[1551]	1172	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
	1173	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1174	ENDIF
[1496]	1175
	1176	!
	1177	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
[1788]	1178	!-- In case of water surface, set vegetation and soil fluxes to zero.
	1179	!-- For pavements, only evaporation of liquid water is possible.
	1180	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	1181	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1182	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
	1183	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv / r_a(j,i)
	1184	ELSEIF ( pave_surface (j,i) ) THEN
	1185	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1186	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
	1187	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
	1188	ELSE
	1189	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
	1190	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
	1191	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
[1551]	1192	r_soil(j,i))
[1788]	1193	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
	1194	ENDIF
[1500]	1195	!
	1196	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
	1197	!-- transpirate.
[1691]	1198	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1199	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1200	! ENDIF
[1496]	1201
[1551]	1202	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
	1203	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
	1204
	1205	!
[1496]	1206	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
[1571]	1207	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
[1551]	1208	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
	1209	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
[1496]	1210
[1571]	1211	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
[1496]	1212
	1213	!
	1214	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
[1691]	1215	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
[1496]	1216
[1788]	1217	!
	1218	!-- Calculate new skin temperature
[1500]	1219	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1691]	1220	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1496]	1221	!
[1500]	1222	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1223	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1224	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1225	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1226	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1227	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1496]	1228
	1229	!
[1500]	1230	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1231	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
[1691]	1232	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
	1233	#else
[1496]	1234
[1691]	1235	!
	1236	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
	1237	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1238	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
[1709]	1239	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 &
[1691]	1240	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
	1241	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
	1242
	1243	!
[1709]	1244	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
	1245	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
	1246	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1247
	1248	#endif
[1500]	1249	ELSE
	1250
[1691]	1251	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1500]	1252	!
	1253	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1254	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1255	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1256	+ f_shf * pt1 + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1257	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1500]	1258
	1259	!
	1260	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1261	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1262	#else
	1263
	1264	!
	1265	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
	1266	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
[1709]	1267	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt1 &
[1691]	1268	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
	1269
	1270	!
	1271	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1571]	1272	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
[1551]	1273	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1274	#endif
[1500]	1275	ENDIF
	1276
[1496]	1277	tend = 0.0_wp
	1278
	1279	!
[1551]	1280	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
[1496]	1281	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
[1788]	1282	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface_tmp * &
	1283	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface_tmp + coef_2 &
	1284	* dt_3d * tsc(2) )
	1285
[1496]	1286	!
	1287	!-- Add RK3 term
[1788]	1288	IF ( c_surface_tmp /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1289
[1691]	1290	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1291	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
	1292
[1496]	1293	!
[1691]	1294	!-- Calculate true tendency
	1295	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1296	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
[1496]	1297	!
[1691]	1298	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	1299	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1300	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
	1301	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
	1302	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1303	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
	1304	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1305	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
	1306	ENDIF
[1496]	1307	ENDIF
	1308	ENDIF
	1309
	1310	!
[1757]	1311	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is possible to
	1312	!-- update the radiative fluxes independently from the prescribed
	1313	!-- radiation call frequency. This effectively prevents oscillations,
	1314	!-- especially when setting skip_time_do_radiation /= 0. The threshold
	1315	!-- value of 0.2 used here is just a first guess. This method should be
	1316	!-- revised in the future as tests have shown that the threshold is
	1317	!-- often reached, when no oscillations would occur (causes immense
	1318	!-- computing time for the radiation code).
[1788]	1319	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp .AND. &
[1757]	1320	unscheduled_radiation_calls ) THEN
[1691]	1321	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
	1322	ENDIF
	1323
	1324	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
	1325
	1326	!
[1496]	1327	!-- Calculate fluxes
[1691]	1328	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1709]	1329	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1330	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1331	- rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) * t_surface_p(j,i)
[1691]	1332
	1333	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
	1334	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
	1335	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1336	+ rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1337	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
	1338	ENDIF
	1339	#else
	1340	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1341	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
	1342	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
	1343	#endif
	1344
[1551]	1345	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
	1346	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
[1496]	1347
[1709]	1348	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - pt(k,j,i) )
[1691]	1349
	1350	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
	1351
[1500]	1352	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1709]	1353	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
[1571]	1354	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1496]	1355
[1691]	1356	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
	1357
[1709]	1358	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1359	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1360	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1361
[1709]	1362	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1363	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1364	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1365
[1709]	1366	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1367	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1368	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1500]	1369	ENDIF
[1788]	1370
[1500]	1371	!
	1372	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
[1691]	1373	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	1374	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
[1496]	1375	ELSE
[1788]	1376	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
[1571]	1377	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
[1551]	1378	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
[1496]	1379	ENDIF
	1380
	1381	!
	1382	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
[1500]	1383	!-- evaporation of liquid water
	1384	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1496]	1385	!
[1571]	1386	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
	1387	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
[1500]	1388	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
	1389	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
[1571]	1390
	1391	!
	1392	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
[1788]	1393	!-- Otherwise, add the water to soil. In case of
	1394	!-- pavements, the exceeding water amount is implicitely removed
	1395	!-- as runoff as qsws_soil_eb is then not used in the soil model
[1691]	1396	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
[1571]	1397	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
[1691]	1398	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1399	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1400	ELSE
	1401	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
[1691]	1402	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1403	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1404	ENDIF
	1405
	1406	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
	1407	!-- coverage.
	1408	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
[1691]	1409	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1410	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
[1496]	1411	ENDIF
[1691]	1412
[1500]	1413	!
	1414	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
[1691]	1415	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1416
[1500]	1417	!
[1551]	1418	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
	1419	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
	1420	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
	1421	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
[1691]	1422	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
[1551]	1423	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
	1424	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
	1425	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1426	ENDIF
[1496]	1427
	1428	!
[1551]	1429	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
	1430	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
[1500]	1431	!-- plant
[1691]	1432	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	1433	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
	1434	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1435	ENDIF
	1436	ENDIF
[1496]	1437
[1551]	1438	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
[1496]	1439
[1551]	1440	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
	1441	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
[1496]	1442
	1443	!
[1500]	1444	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
	1445	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1446	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
[1496]	1447
	1448	!
[1500]	1449	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
	1450	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1451	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
[1496]	1452
	1453
	1454	!
[1551]	1455	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
[1500]	1456	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1457	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1458	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
[1500]	1459	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1460	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1461	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1462	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
[1500]	1463	ENDIF
[1496]	1464	ENDIF
	1465
[1500]	1466	ENDIF
	1467
[1496]	1468	ENDDO
[1500]	1469	ENDDO
[1496]	1470
[1691]	1471	!
	1472	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
[1757]	1473	!-- least one processor reached the threshold change in skin temperature
[1788]	1474	IF ( unscheduled_radiation_calls .AND. intermediate_timestep_count &
[1757]	1475	== intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) THEN
[1697]	1476	#if defined( __parallel )
[1691]	1477	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
	1478	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
	1479	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
	1480	#else
	1481	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
	1482	#endif
	1483	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
	1484	ENDIF
	1485
[1788]	1486	!
	1487	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
	1488	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1489	CALL calc_q_surface
	1490	ENDIF
[1691]	1491
[1788]	1492	!
	1493	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
	1494	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
	1495
	1496
[1496]	1497	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	1498
[1817]	1499	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1500	! Description:
	1501	! ------------
	1502	!> Header output for land surface model
	1503	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1504	SUBROUTINE lsm_header ( io )
[1496]	1505
[1817]	1506
	1507	IMPLICIT NONE
	1508
	1509	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: t_soil_chr !< String for soil temperature profile
	1510	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: roots_chr !< String for root profile
	1511	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: vertical_index_chr !< String for the vertical index
	1512	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: m_soil_chr !< String for soil moisture
	1513	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: soil_depth_chr !< String for soil depth
	1514	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !< Temporary string
	1515
	1516	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< Loop index over soil layers
	1517
	1518	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
	1519
	1520	t_soil_chr = ''
	1521	m_soil_chr = ''
	1522	soil_depth_chr = ''
	1523	roots_chr = ''
	1524	vertical_index_chr = ''
	1525
	1526	i = 1
	1527	DO i = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1528	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_temperature(i)
	1529	t_soil_chr = TRIM( t_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	1530
	1531	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_moisture(i)
	1532	m_soil_chr = TRIM( m_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	1533
	1534	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') - zs(i)
	1535	soil_depth_chr = TRIM( soil_depth_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	1536
	1537	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') root_fraction(i)
	1538	roots_chr = TRIM( roots_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	1539
	1540	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I10,7X)') i
	1541	vertical_index_chr = TRIM( vertical_index_chr ) // ' ' // &
	1542	TRIM( coor_chr )
	1543	ENDDO
	1544
	1545	!
	1546	!-- Write land surface model header
	1547	WRITE( io, 1 )
	1548	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
	1549	WRITE( io, 2 )
	1550	ELSE
	1551	WRITE( io, 3 )
	1552	ENDIF
	1553
	1554	WRITE( io, 4 ) TRIM( veg_type_name(veg_type) ), &
	1555	TRIM (soil_type_name(soil_type) )
	1556	WRITE( io, 5 ) TRIM( soil_depth_chr ), TRIM( t_soil_chr ), &
	1557	TRIM( m_soil_chr ), TRIM( roots_chr ), &
	1558	TRIM( vertical_index_chr )
	1559
	1560	1 FORMAT (//' Land surface model information:'/ &
	1561	' ------------------------------'/)
[1826]	1562	2 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is closed (water content is conserved', &
	1563	', default)')
	1564	3 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is open (water content is not conserved)')
	1565	4 FORMAT (' --> Land surface type : ',A,/ &
	1566	' --> Soil porosity type : ',A)
[1817]	1567	5 FORMAT (/' Initial soil temperature and moisture profile:'// &
	1568	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
	1569	' Temperature: ',A,' K'/ &
	1570	' Moisture: ',A,' m3/m3'/ &
	1571	' Root fraction: ',A,' '/ &
[1826]	1572	' Grid point: ',A)
[1817]	1573
	1574	END SUBROUTINE lsm_header
	1575
	1576
[1496]	1577	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1578	! Description:
	1579	! ------------
[1817]	1580	!> Initialization of the land surface model
	1581	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1582	SUBROUTINE lsm_init
	1583
	1584
	1585	IMPLICIT NONE
	1586
	1587	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1588	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1589	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
	1590
	1591	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
	1592
	1593
	1594	!
	1595	!-- Calculate Exner function
	1596	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
	1597
	1598
	1599	!
	1600	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
	1601	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
	1602	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
	1603	ENDIF
	1604
	1605	!
	1606	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
	1607	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
	1608	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
	1609	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
	1610	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
	1611
	1612	!
	1613	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
	1614	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
	1615	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
	1616	tm_soil_m = 0.0_wp
	1617	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
	1618	c_liq = 0.0_wp
	1619
	1620	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
	1621	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
	1622
	1623	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1826]	1624	qsws_eb = rho_lv * qsws
[1817]	1625	ELSE
	1626	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
	1627	ENDIF
	1628
	1629	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
	1630	qsws_soil_eb = 0.0_wp
	1631	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
	1632
	1633	r_a = 50.0_wp
	1634	r_s = 50.0_wp
	1635	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
	1636	r_soil = 0.0_wp
	1637
	1638	!
	1639	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
	1640	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1641	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1642	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1643
	1644	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
	1645	!
	1646	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
	1647	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1648	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1649	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1650
	1651	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
	1652	ENDIF
	1653
	1654	!
	1655	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
	1656	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
	1657	!-- at the centers
	1658	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
	1659
	1660	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
	1661	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
	1662	ENDDO
	1663	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
	1664
	1665	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
	1666	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
	1667	ENDDO
	1668	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
	1669
	1670	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
	1671	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
	1672
	1673	!
	1674	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
	1675	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
	1676	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
	1677	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
	1678
	1679	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1680	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	1681	ENDIF
	1682
	1683	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1684	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	1685	ENDIF
	1686
	1687	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1688	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	1689	ENDIF
	1690
	1691	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1692	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	1693	ENDIF
	1694
	1695	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1696	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	1697	ENDIF
	1698
	1699	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1700	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	1701	ENDIF
	1702
	1703	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1704	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	1705	ENDIF
	1706
	1707	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1708	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	1709	ENDIF
	1710
	1711	ENDIF
	1712
	1713	!
	1714	!-- Map values to the respective 2D arrays
	1715	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
	1716	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
	1717	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
	1718	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
	1719	m_sat = saturation_moisture
	1720	m_fc = field_capacity
	1721	m_wilt = wilting_point
	1722	m_res = residual_moisture
	1723	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
	1724
	1725	!
	1726	!-- Initial run actions
	1727	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
	1728
	1729	t_soil = 0.0_wp
	1730	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
	1731	m_soil = 0.0_wp
	1732
	1733	!
	1734	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
	1735	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
	1736	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
	1737	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1738	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
	1739	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
	1740	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
	1741	ENDDO
	1742	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
	1743
	1744	!
	1745	!-- Calculate surface temperature
	1746	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
	1747
	1748	!
	1749	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value
	1750	!-- for the first time step
	1751	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1752	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1753	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	1754
	1755	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1756	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
	1757	ELSE
	1758	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
	1759	ENDIF
	1760
	1761	!
	1762	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
	1763	IF ( pt1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt1 = pt1 + 1.0E-10_wp
	1764
	1765	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
	1766	ts(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
	1767	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
	1768	ENDDO
	1769	ENDDO
	1770
	1771	!
	1772	!-- Actions for restart runs
	1773	ELSE
	1774
	1775	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1776	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1777	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	1778	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
	1779	ENDDO
	1780	ENDDO
	1781
	1782	ENDIF
	1783
	1784	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1785	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
	1786	ENDDO
	1787
	1788	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
	1789	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1790	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
	1791	ENDIF
	1792	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1793	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
	1794	ENDIF
	1795	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1796	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
	1797	ENDIF
	1798	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1799	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
	1800	ENDIF
	1801	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1802	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
	1803	ENDIF
	1804	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1805	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
	1806	ENDIF
	1807	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1808	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
	1809	ENDIF
	1810	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1811	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	1812	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	1813	ENDIF
	1814	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1815	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
	1816	ENDIF
	1817	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1818	z0q_eb = roughness_par(2,veg_type)
	1819	ENDIF
	1820	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / ( z0_eb + 1.0E-20_wp )
	1821
	1822	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
	1823	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1824	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	1825	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	1826	ENDDO
	1827	ENDIF
	1828
	1829	ELSE
	1830
	1831	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1832	z0_eb = roughness_length
	1833	ENDIF
	1834	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1835	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
	1836	ENDIF
	1837	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1838	z0q_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
	1839	ENDIF
	1840
	1841	ENDIF
	1842
	1843	!
	1844	!-- For surfaces covered with pavement, set depth of the pavement (with dry
	1845	!-- soil below). The depth must be greater than the first soil layer depth
	1846	IF ( veg_type == 20 ) THEN
	1847	IF ( pave_depth == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	1848	pave_depth = zs(nzb_soil)
	1849	ELSE
	1850	pave_depth = MAX( zs(nzb_soil), pave_depth )
	1851	ENDIF
	1852	ENDIF
	1853
	1854	!
	1855	!-- Map vegetation and soil types to 2D array to allow for heterogeneous
	1856	!-- surfaces via user interface see below
	1857	veg_type_2d = veg_type
	1858	soil_type_2d = soil_type
	1859
	1860	!
	1861	!-- Map vegetation parameters to the respective 2D arrays
	1862	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
	1863	lai = leaf_area_index
	1864	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
	1865	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
	1866	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
	1867	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
	1868	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
	1869	z0 = z0_eb
	1870	z0h = z0h_eb
	1871	z0q = z0q_eb
	1872
	1873	!
	1874	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
	1875	CALL user_init_land_surface
	1876
	1877	!
	1878	!-- Set flag parameter if vegetation type was set to a water surface. Also
	1879	!-- set temperature to a constant value in all "soil" layers.
	1880	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1881	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1882	IF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 14 .OR. veg_type_2d(j,i) == 15 ) THEN
	1883	water_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
	1884	ELSEIF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 20 ) THEN
	1885	pave_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
	1886	m_soil(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
	1887	ENDIF
	1888
	1889	ENDDO
	1890	ENDDO
	1891
	1892	!
	1893	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
	1894	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
	1895
	1896	t_soil_p = t_soil
	1897	m_soil_p = m_soil
	1898	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
	1899	t_surface_p = t_surface
	1900
	1901
	1902
	1903	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
	1904	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
	1905	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	1906	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	1907	statistic_regions+1 )
	1908	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	1909	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	1910	statistic_regions+1 )
	1911
	1912	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init
	1913
	1914
	1915	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1916	! Description:
	1917	! ------------
	1918	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
	1919	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1920	SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
	1921
	1922
	1923	IMPLICIT NONE
	1924
	1925	!
	1926	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
	1927	#if defined( __nopointer )
	1928	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1929	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1930	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1931	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1932	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1933	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1934	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1935	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1936	#else
	1937	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1938	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1939	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1940	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1941	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1942	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1943	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1944	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1945	#endif
	1946
	1947	!
	1948	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
	1949	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1950	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1951	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1952	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1953
	1954	!
	1955	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
	1956	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1957	ALLOCATE ( building_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1958	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1959	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1960	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1961	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1962	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1963	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1964	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1965	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1966	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1967	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1968	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1969	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1970	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1971	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1972	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1973	ALLOCATE ( pave_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1974	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1975	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1976	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1977	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1978	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1979	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1980	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1981	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1982	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1983	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1984	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1985	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1986	ALLOCATE ( soil_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1987	ALLOCATE ( veg_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1988	ALLOCATE ( water_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	1989
	1990	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
	1991	!
	1992	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
	1993	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
	1994	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	1995	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	1996	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
	1997	#endif
	1998
	1999
	2000	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
	2001
	2002
	2003	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2004	! Description:
	2005	! ------------
	2006	!> Parin for &lsmpar for land surface model
	2007	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2008	SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
	2009
	2010
	2011	IMPLICIT NONE
	2012
	2013	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
	2014
	2015	NAMELIST /lsm_par/ alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, &
	2016	canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
	2017	conserve_water_content, &
	2018	f_shortwave_incoming, field_capacity, &
	2019	hydraulic_conductivity, &
	2020	lambda_surface_stable, &
	2021	lambda_surface_unstable, leaf_area_index, &
	2022	l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
	2023	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, &
	2024	pave_depth, pave_heat_capacity, &
	2025	pave_heat_conductivity, &
	2026	residual_moisture, root_fraction, &
	2027	saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
	2028	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, &
	2029	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, wilting_point,&
	2030	zs, z0_eb, z0h_eb, z0q_eb
	2031
	2032	line = ' '
	2033
	2034	!
	2035	!-- Try to find land surface model package
	2036	REWIND ( 11 )
	2037	line = ' '
	2038	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&lsm_par' ) == 0 )
	2039	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
	2040	ENDDO
	2041	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
	2042
	2043	!
	2044	!-- Read user-defined namelist
	2045	READ ( 11, lsm_par )
	2046
	2047	!
	2048	!-- Set flag that indicates that the land surface model is switched on
	2049	land_surface = .TRUE.
	2050
	2051	10 CONTINUE
	2052
	2053
	2054	END SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
	2055
	2056
	2057	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2058	! Description:
	2059	! ------------
[1682]	2060	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
	2061	!> temperature and water content.
[1496]	2062	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2063	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	2064
	2065
	2066	IMPLICIT NONE
	2067
[1682]	2068	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	2069	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	2070	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1496]	2071
[1682]	2072	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
[1496]	2073
[1682]	2074	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
[1691]	2075	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
	2076	tend !< tendency
[1496]	2077
[1691]	2078	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	2079	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1788]	2080
	2081	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	2082	rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
	2083	lambda_temp(nzb_soil) = pave_heat_conductivity
	2084	ENDIF
	2085
	2086	IF ( .NOT. water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	2087	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	2088
	2089
	2090	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) <= pave_depth ) THEN
	2091
	2092	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
	2093	lambda_temp(k) = pave_heat_conductivity
	2094
	2095	ELSE
[1496]	2096	!
[1788]	2097	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking
	2098	!-- into account water content
	2099	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
	2100	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
[1496]	2101
	2102	!
[1788]	2103	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
	2104	!-- layers
	2105	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
	2106	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
[1691]	2107
[1817]	2108	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) &
	2109	/ m_sat(j,i)))
[1691]	2110
[1788]	2111	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
	2112	lambda_h_dry
	2113	ENDIF
[1496]	2114
[1788]	2115	ENDDO
[1496]	2116
	2117	!
[1788]	2118	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
	2119	!-- using linear interpolation. For pavement surface, the
	2120	!-- true pavement depth is considered
	2121	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
	2122	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) < pave_depth &
	2123	.AND. zs(k+1) > pave_depth ) THEN
	2124	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) / dz_soil(k+1) &
	2125	* lambda_temp(k) &
	2126	+ ( 1.0_wp - ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) &
	2127	/ dz_soil(k+1) ) * lambda_temp(k+1)
	2128	ELSE
	2129	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
	2130	* 0.5_wp
	2131	ENDIF
	2132	ENDDO
	2133	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
[1496]	2134
[1788]	2135
	2136
	2137
[1496]	2138	!
[1788]	2139	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
	2140	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
[1496]	2141
[1788]	2142	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
	2143	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
	2144	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
	2145	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1691]	2146
[1788]	2147	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
	2148	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
	2149	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
	2150	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
	2151	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
	2152	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
	2153	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
	2154	* ddz_soil(k) &
	2155	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
[1691]	2156
[1788]	2157	ENDDO
[1691]	2158
[1788]	2159	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
	2160	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
	2161	* tend(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) &
	2162	+ tsc(3) &
	2163	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
[1496]	2164
	2165	!
[1788]	2166	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	2167	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	2168	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
	2169	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	2170	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
	2171	ENDDO
	2172	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	2173	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
	2174	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	2175	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
[1551]	2176	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
[1788]	2177	ENDDO
	2178	ENDIF
[1496]	2179	ENDIF
	2180
	2181
[1788]	2182	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	2183
[1496]	2184	!
[1788]	2185	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
	2186	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
	2187	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), &
	2188	m_wilt(j,i) ) / m_sat(j,i) )**( &
	2189	b_ch + 2.0_wp )
[1496]	2190
	2191	!
[1788]	2192	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
	2193	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
[1551]	2194	!
[1788]	2195	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
	2196	!-- (1980)
	2197	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
	2198	MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), m_wilt(j,i) ) ) )**( &
	2199	n_vg(j,i) / (n_vg(j,i) - 1.0_wp ) ) - 1.0_wp &
	2200	)**( 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) / alpha_vg(j,i)
[1496]	2201
[1691]	2202
[1788]	2203	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
	2204	( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )n_vg(j,i))( &
	2205	1.0_wp - 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) - ( &
	2206	alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )**( n_vg(j,i) &
	2207	- 1.0_wp) )**2 ) &
	2208	/ ( ( 1.0_wp + ( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg &
	2209	)n_vg(j,i) )( ( 1.0_wp - 1.0_wp &
	2210	/ n_vg(j,i) ) *( l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp) ) )
[1496]	2211
[1551]	2212	!
[1788]	2213	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
	2214	ELSE
	2215	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( m_soil(k,j,i) &
	2216	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
	2217	ENDIF
[1551]	2218
[1788]	2219	ENDDO
[1496]	2220
	2221	!
[1788]	2222	!-- Prognostic equation for soil moisture content. Only performed,
	2223	!-- when humidity is enabled in the atmosphere and the surface type
	2224	!-- is not pavement (implies dry soil below).
	2225	IF ( humidity .AND. .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	2226	!
	2227	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
	2228	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
	2229	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
	2230	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	2231
[1788]	2232	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
	2233	* 0.5_wp
	2234	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
	2235	* 0.5_wp
[1496]	2236
[1788]	2237	ENDDO
[1496]	2238
	2239	!
	2240	!
[1817]	2241	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved),
	2242	!-- set hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be
	2243	!-- lost in the bottom layer.
[1788]	2244	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
	2245	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
	2246	ELSE
	2247	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
	2248	ENDIF
[1496]	2249
[1817]	2250	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l
	2251	!-- * l_v)) ensures the mass conservation for water. The
	2252	!-- transpiration of plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by
	2253	!-- the roots in the soil. The scheme takes into account the
	2254	!-- availability of water in the soil layers as well as the root
	2255	!-- fraction in the respective layer. Layer with moisture below
	2256	!-- wilting point will not contribute, which reflects the
	2257	!-- preference of plants to take water from moister layers.
[1496]	2258
	2259	!
[1817]	2260	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of
	2261	!-- root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
	2262	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
	2263	!-- additional check.
[1691]	2264	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1788]	2265	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
	2266	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
	2267	ENDIF
	2268	ENDDO
[1496]	2269
[1788]	2270	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	2271	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	2272	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
[1817]	2273	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) &
	2274	/ m_total
[1788]	2275	ELSE
	2276	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
	2277	ENDIF
	2278	ENDDO
	2279	ENDIF
	2280
[1496]	2281	!
[1788]	2282	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil.
	2283	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
	2284
	2285	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
[1551]	2286	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
[1691]	2287	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
[1788]	2288	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
	2289	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
	2290	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1496]	2291
[1788]	2292	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
	2293	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
	2294	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) &
	2295	- gamma_w(k,j,i) &
	2296	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
	2297	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
	2298	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
	2299	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
	2300	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
[1496]	2301
[1788]	2302	ENDDO
	2303	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	2304	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
	2305	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	2306	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
	2307	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
	2308	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
	2309	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
	2310	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
	2311	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
[1496]	2312
[1788]	2313	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
	2314	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
	2315	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
	2316
[1496]	2317	!
[1788]	2318	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
	2319	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	2320	IF ( m_soil_p(k,j,i) < 0.0_wp ) m_soil_p(k,j,i) = 0.0_wp
	2321	ENDDO
[1496]	2322
	2323	!
[1788]	2324	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	2325	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	2326	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
	2327	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	2328	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
	2329	ENDDO
	2330	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	2331	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
	2332	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	2333	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp&
[1496]	2334	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
[1788]	2335	ENDDO
	2336	ENDIF
[1496]	2337	ENDIF
[1788]	2338
[1496]	2339	ENDIF
	2340
	2341	ENDIF
	2342
	2343	ENDDO
	2344	ENDDO
	2345
[1788]	2346	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	2347
[1817]	2348
	2349	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2350	! Description:
	2351	! ------------
	2352	!> Swapping of timelevels
	2353	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2354	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
[1788]	2355
[1817]	2356	IMPLICIT NONE
	2357
	2358	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
	2359
	2360	#if defined( __nopointer )
	2361
	2362	t_surface = t_surface_p
	2363	t_soil = t_soil_p
	2364	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	2365	m_soil = m_soil_p
	2366	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
	2367	ENDIF
	2368
	2369	#else
	2370
	2371	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
	2372
	2373	CASE ( 0 )
	2374
	2375	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	2376	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
	2377	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	2378	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	2379	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
	2380	ENDIF
	2381
	2382
	2383	CASE ( 1 )
	2384
	2385	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
	2386	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
	2387	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	2388	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
	2389	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
	2390	ENDIF
	2391
	2392	END SELECT
	2393	#endif
	2394
	2395	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
	2396
	2397
[1788]	2398	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2399	! Description:
	2400	! ------------
	2401	!> Calculation of roughness length for open water (lakes, ocean). The
	2402	!> parameterization follows Charnock (1955). Two different implementations
	2403	!> are available: as in ECMWF-IFS (Beljaars 1994) or as in FLake (Subin et al.
	2404	!> 2012)
	2405	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2406	SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
	2407
	2408	USE control_parameters, &
	2409	ONLY: g, kappa, molecular_viscosity
	2410
	2411	IMPLICIT NONE
	2412
	2413	INTEGER :: i !< running index
	2414	INTEGER :: j !< running index
	2415
	2416	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: alpha_ch = 0.018_wp !< Charnock constant (0.01-0.11). Use 0.01 for FLake and 0.018 for ECMWF
	2417	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: pr_number = 0.71_wp !< molecular Prandtl number in the Charnock parameterization (differs from prandtl_number)
	2418	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: sc_number = 0.66_wp !< molecular Schmidt number in the Charnock parameterization
	2419	! REAL(wp) :: re_0 !< near-surface roughness Reynolds number
	2420
	2421
	2422	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	2423	DO j = nysg, nyng
	2424	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	2425
[1496]	2426	!
[1788]	2427	!-- Disabled: FLake parameterization. Ideally, the Charnock
	2428	!-- coefficient should depend on the water depth and the fetch
	2429	!-- length
	2430	! re_0 = z0(j,i) * us(j,i) / molecular_viscosity
	2431	!
	2432	! z0(j,i) = MAX( 0.1_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i), &
	2433	! alpha_ch * us(j,i) / g )
	2434	!
	2435	! z0h(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 3.2_wp ) )
	2436	! z0q(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 4.2_wp ) )
[1496]	2437
[1788]	2438	!
	2439	!-- Set minimum roughness length for u* > 0.2
	2440	! IF ( us(j,i) > 0.2_wp ) THEN
	2441	! z0h(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0h(j,i) )
	2442	! z0q(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0q(j,i) )
	2443	! ENDIF
[1496]	2444
[1788]	2445	!
	2446	!-- ECMWF IFS model parameterization after Beljaars (1994). At low
	2447	!-- wind speed, the sea surface becomes aerodynamically smooth and
	2448	!-- the roughness scales with the viscosity. At high wind speed, the
	2449	!-- Charnock relation is used.
	2450	z0(j,i) = ( 0.11_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i) ) &
	2451	+ ( alpha_ch * us(j,i)**2 / g )
[1496]	2452
[1788]	2453	z0h(j,i) = 0.40_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
	2454	z0q(j,i) = 0.62_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
[1496]	2455
[1788]	2456	ENDIF
	2457	ENDDO
	2458	ENDDO
	2459
	2460	END SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
	2461
	2462
[1496]	2463	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	2464	! Description:
	2465	! ------------
[1788]	2466	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the skin layer (surface). It is assumend
	2467	!> that the skin is always saturated.
[1496]	2468	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1551]	2469	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	2470
	2471	IMPLICIT NONE
	2472
[1682]	2473	INTEGER :: i !< running index
	2474	INTEGER :: j !< running index
	2475	INTEGER :: k !< running index
[1788]	2476
[1682]	2477	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
[1496]	2478
[1691]	2479	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	2480	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1496]	2481	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	2482
	2483	!
	2484	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1691]	2485	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
	2486	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	2487
	2488	!
	2489	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
	2490	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
	2491
	2492	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
	2493
	2494	!
	2495	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
[1691]	2496	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	2497	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	2498	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
	2499	ELSE
	2500	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	2501	* q(k+1,j,i)
	2502	ENDIF
[1496]	2503
[1691]	2504	!
	2505	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
	2506	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
	2507
[1496]	2508	ENDDO
	2509	ENDDO
	2510
[1551]	2511	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	2512
[1788]	2513
[1496]	2514	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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