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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1777

Last change on this file since 1777 was 1758, checked in by maronga, 9 years ago
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1	!> @file land_surface_model.f90
2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
8	!
9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
12	!
13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
15	!
16	! Copyright 1997-2015 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
18	!
19	! Current revisions:
20	! -----------------
21	!
22	!
23	! Former revisions:
24	! -----------------
25	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1758 2016-02-22 15:53:28Z hoffmann $
26	!
27	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
28	! Bugfix: set tm_soil_m to zero after allocation. Added parameter
29	! unscheduled_radiation_calls to control calls of the radiation model based on
30	! the skin temperature change during one time step (preliminary version). Set
31	! qsws_soil_eb to zero at model start (previously set to qsws_eb). Removed MAX
32	! function as it cannot be vectorized.
33	!
34	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
35	! Renamed pt_1 and qv_1 to pt1 and qv1.
36	! Bugfix: set initial values for t_surface_p in case of restart runs
37	! Bugfix: zero resistance caused crash when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
38	! Bugfix: calculation of rad_net when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
39	! Added todo action
40	!
41	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
42	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
43	!
44	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
45	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
46	! Replaced rif with ol
47	!
48	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
49	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
50	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
51	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
52	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
53	!
54	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
55	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
56	!
57	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
58	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
59	!
60	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
61	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
62	!
63	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
64	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
65	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
66	!
67	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
68	! Added output of r_a and r_s
69	!
70	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
71	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
72	! profile
73	!
74	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
75	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
76	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
77	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
78	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
79	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
80	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
81	! calculation
82	!
83	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
84	!
85	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
86	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
87	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
88	! Added support for dry runs.
89	!
90	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
91	! Initial revision
92	!
93	!
94	! Description:
95	! ------------
96	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
97	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
98	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
99	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
100	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
101	!>
102	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
103	!> skin layer.
104	!> @todo Allow for water surfaces
105	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
106	!> nzt_soil=3)).
107	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
108	!> with considerable precipitation.
109	!> @todo Fix crashes with radiation_scheme == 'constant'
110	!>
111	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
112	!> become too thin.
113	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
114	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
115
116	USE arrays_3d, &
117	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, z0h
118
119	USE cloud_parameters, &
120	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, prr, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
121
122	USE control_parameters, &
123	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
124	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
125	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
126	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
127	z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
128
129	USE indices, &
130	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
131
132	USE kinds
133
134	USE netcdf_control, &
135	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
136
137	USE pegrid
138
139	USE radiation_model_mod, &
140	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
141	rad_lw_out, rad_lw_out_change_0, sigma_sb, &
142	unscheduled_radiation_calls
143
144	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
145	USE radiation_model_mod, &
146	ONLY: rrtm_idrv
147	#endif
148
149	USE statistics, &
150	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
151
152	IMPLICIT NONE
153
154	!
155	!-- LSM model constants
156	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
157	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
158	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
159
160	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !< starting index for timeseries output
161
162	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
163	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
164	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
165
166	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
167
168	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
169	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
170	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
171	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
172	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
173	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
174	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
175	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
176	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
177
178
179	!
180	!-- LSM variables
181	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
182	soil_type = 3 !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
183
184	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
185	dewfall = .TRUE., & !< allow/inhibit dewfall
186	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
187	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
188
189	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
190	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
191	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
192	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
193	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
194	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
195	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
196	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
197	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
198	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
199	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
200	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
201	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
202	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
203	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
204	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
205	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
206	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
207	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
208	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
209	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
210	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
211	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
212	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
213	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
214	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
215	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
216	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
217	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
218	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
219	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
220	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
221
222	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
223	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
224	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
225	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
226	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
227	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
228	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
229	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
230
231	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
232	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
233	283.0_wp /), &
234	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
235	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
236
237	#if defined( __nopointer )
238	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
239	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
240	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
241	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
242	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
243	#else
244	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
245	t_surface_p, &
246	m_liq_eb, &
247	m_liq_eb_p
248
249	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
250	m_liq_eb_av, &
251	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
252	#endif
253
254	!
255	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
256	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
257	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
258
259	!
260	!-- Energy balance variables
261	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
262	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
263	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
264	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
265	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
266	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
267	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
268	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
269	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
270	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
271	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
272	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
273	lai, & !< leaf area index
274	lai_av, & !< average of lai
275	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
276	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
277	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
278	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
279	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
280	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
281	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
282	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
283	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
284	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
285	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
286	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
287	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
288	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
289	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
290	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
291	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
292	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
293	r_a_av, & !< average of r_a
294	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
295	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
296	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
297	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
298	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
299	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
300	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
301	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
302
303
304	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
305	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (?)
306	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
307	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
308	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
309
310	#if defined( __nopointer )
311	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
312	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
313	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
314	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
315	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
316	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
317	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
318	#else
319	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
320	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
321	m_soil, m_soil_p
322
323	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
324	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
325	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
326	#endif
327
328
329	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
330	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
331	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
332	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
333
334
335	!
336	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
337	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
338	'user defined ', & ! 0
339	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
340	'short grass ', & ! 2
341	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
342	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
343	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
344	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
345	'tall grass ', & ! 7
346	'desert ', & ! 8
347	'tundra ', & ! 9
348	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
349	'semidesert ', & ! 11
350	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
351	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
352	'inland water ', & ! 14
353	'ocean ', & ! 15
354	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
355	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
356	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
357	'interrupted forest ' & ! 19
358	/)
359
360	!
361	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
362	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
363	'user defined', & ! 0
364	'coarse ', & ! 1
365	'medium ', & ! 2
366	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
367	'fine ', & ! 4
368	'very fine ', & ! 5
369	'organic ', & ! 6
370	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
371	/)
372	!
373	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
374
375	!
376	!-- Land surface parameters I
377	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
378	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
379	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
380	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
381	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
382	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
383	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
384	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
385	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
386	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
387	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
388	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
389	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
390	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
391	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
392	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
393	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
394	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
395	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
396	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
397	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
398	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
399
400	!
401	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
402	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
403	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
404	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
405	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
406	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
407	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
408	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
409	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
410	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
411	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
412	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
413	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
414	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
415	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
416	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
417	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
418	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
419	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
420	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
421	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
422	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
423
424	!
425	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
426	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
427	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
428	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
429	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
430	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
431	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
432	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
433	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
434	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
435	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
436	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
437	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
438	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
439	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
440	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
441	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
442	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
443	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
444	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
445	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
446	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
447
448	!
449	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
450	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
451	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
452	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
453	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
454	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
455	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
456	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
457	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
458	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
459	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
460	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
461	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
462	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
463	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
464	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
465	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
466	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
467	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
468	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
469	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
470	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
471
472	!
473	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
474
475	!
476	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
477	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
478	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
479	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
480	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
481	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
482	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
483	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
484	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
485	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
486
487	!
488	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
489	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
490	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
491	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
492	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
493	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
494	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
495	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
496	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
497	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
498
499
500	SAVE
501
502
503	PRIVATE
504
505
506	!
507	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
508	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
509	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
510	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
511	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
512	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
513	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
514	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
515	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
516	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, &
517	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, &
518	z0h_eb
519
520	!
521	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
522	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
523	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
524	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
525	zs
526
527	!
528	!-- Public 2D output variables
529	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
530	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
531	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
532	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
533
534	!
535	!-- Public prognostic variables
536	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
537
538	INTERFACE init_lsm
539	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
540	END INTERFACE init_lsm
541
542	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
543	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
544	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
545
546	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
547	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
548	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
549
550	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
551	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
552	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
553
554	CONTAINS
555
556
557	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
558	! Description:
559	! ------------
560	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
561	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
562	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
563
564
565	IMPLICIT NONE
566
567	!
568	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
569	#if defined( __nopointer )
570	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
571	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
572	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
573	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
574	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
575	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
576	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
577	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
578	#else
579	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
580	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
581	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
582	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
583	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
584	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
585	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
586	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
587	#endif
588
589	!
590	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
591	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
592	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
593	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
594	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
595
596	!
597	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
598	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
599	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
600	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
601	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
602	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
603	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
604	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
605	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
606	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
607	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
608	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
609	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
610	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
611	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
612	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
613	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
614	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
615	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
616	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
617	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
618	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
619	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
620	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
621	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
622	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
623	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
624	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
625	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
626
627	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
628	!
629	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
630	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
631	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
632	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
633	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
634	#endif
635
636
637	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
638
639	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
640	! Description:
641	! ------------
642	!> Initialization of the land surface model
643	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
644	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
645
646
647	IMPLICIT NONE
648
649	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
650	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
651	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
652
653	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
654
655
656	!
657	!-- Calculate Exner function
658	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
659
660
661	!
662	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
663	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
664	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
665	ENDIF
666
667	!
668	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
669	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
670	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
671	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
672	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
673
674	!
675	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
676	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
677	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
678	tm_soil_m = 0.0_wp
679	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
680	c_liq = 0.0_wp
681
682	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
683	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
684
685	IF ( humidity ) THEN
686	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
687	ELSE
688	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
689	ENDIF
690
691	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
692	qsws_soil_eb = 0.0_wp
693	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
694
695	r_a = 50.0_wp
696	r_s = 50.0_wp
697	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
698	r_soil = 0.0_wp
699
700	!
701	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
702	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
703	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
704	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
705
706	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
707	!
708	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
709	IF ( humidity ) THEN
710	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
711	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
712
713	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
714	ENDIF
715
716	!
717	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
718	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
719	!-- at the centers
720	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
721
722	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
723	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
724	ENDDO
725	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
726
727	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
728	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
729	ENDDO
730	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
731
732	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
733	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
734
735	!
736	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
737	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
738	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
739	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
740
741	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
742	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
743	ENDIF
744
745	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
746	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
747	ENDIF
748
749	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
750	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
751	ENDIF
752
753	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
754	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
755	ENDIF
756
757	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
758	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
759	ENDIF
760
761	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
762	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
763	ENDIF
764
765	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
766	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
767	ENDIF
768
769	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
770	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
771	ENDIF
772
773	ENDIF
774
775	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
776	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
777	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
778	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
779	m_sat = saturation_moisture
780	m_fc = field_capacity
781	m_wilt = wilting_point
782	m_res = residual_moisture
783	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
784
785	!
786	!-- Initial run actions
787	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
788
789	t_soil = 0.0_wp
790	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
791	m_soil = 0.0_wp
792
793	!
794	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
795	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
796	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
797	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
798	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
799	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
800	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
801	ENDDO
802	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
803
804	!
805	!-- Calculate surface temperature
806	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
807
808	!
809	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
810	!-- the first time step
811	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
812	DO j = nysg, nyng
813	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
814
815	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
816	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
817	ELSE
818	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
819	ENDIF
820
821	!
822	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
823	IF ( pt1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt1 = pt1 + 1.0E-10_wp
824
825	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
826	ts(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
827	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
828	ENDDO
829	ENDDO
830
831	!
832	!-- Actions for restart runs
833	ELSE
834
835	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
836	DO j = nysg, nyng
837	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
838	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
839	ENDDO
840	ENDDO
841
842	ENDIF
843
844	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
845	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
846	ENDDO
847
848	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
849	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
850	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
851	ENDIF
852	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
853	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
854	ENDIF
855	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
856	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
857	ENDIF
858	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
859	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
860	ENDIF
861	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
862	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
863	ENDIF
864	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
865	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
866	ENDIF
867	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
868	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
869	ENDIF
870	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
871	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
872	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
873	ENDIF
874	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
875	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
876	ENDIF
877	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
878
879	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
880	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
881	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
882	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
883	ENDDO
884	ENDIF
885
886	ELSE
887
888	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
889	z0_eb = roughness_length
890	ENDIF
891	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
892	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
893	ENDIF
894
895	ENDIF
896
897	!
898	!-- Initialize vegetation
899	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
900	lai = leaf_area_index
901	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
902	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
903	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
904	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
905	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
906	z0 = z0_eb
907	z0h = z0h_eb
908
909	!
910	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
911	CALL user_init_land_surface
912
913
914	t_soil_p = t_soil
915	m_soil_p = m_soil
916	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
917	t_surface_p = t_surface
918
919
920
921	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
922	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
923	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
924	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
925	statistic_regions+1 )
926	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
927	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
928	statistic_regions+1 )
929
930	!
931	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
932	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
933	dots_num = dots_num + 8
934
935	dots_label(dots_soil) = "ghf_eb"
936	dots_label(dots_soil+1) = "shf_eb"
937	dots_label(dots_soil+2) = "qsws_eb"
938	dots_label(dots_soil+3) = "qsws_liq_eb"
939	dots_label(dots_soil+4) = "qsws_soil_eb"
940	dots_label(dots_soil+5) = "qsws_veg_eb"
941	dots_label(dots_soil+6) = "r_a"
942	dots_label(dots_soil+7) = "r_s"
943
944	dots_unit(dots_soil:dots_soil+5) = "W/m2"
945	dots_unit(dots_soil+6:dots_soil+7) = "s/m"
946
947
948	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
949
950
951
952	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
953	! Description:
954	! ------------
955	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
956	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
957	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
958
959
960	IMPLICIT NONE
961
962	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
963	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
964	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
965
966	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
967	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
968	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
969	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
970	e, & !< water vapour pressure
971	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
972	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
973	tend, & !< tendency
974	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
975	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
976	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
977	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
978	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
979	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
980	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
981	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
982	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
983	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
984	pt1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
985	qv1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
986
987	!
988	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
989	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
990
991	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
992	DO j = nysg, nyng
993	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
994
995	!
996	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
997	IF ( ol(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
998	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
999	ELSE
1000	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
1001	ENDIF
1002
1003	!
1004	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
1005	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
1006	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
1007	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
1008	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1009	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
1010	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
1011	ELSE
1012	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
1013	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i)
1014	ENDIF
1015
1016	r_a(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
1017
1018	!
1019	!-- Make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero
1020	IF ( ABS(r_a(j,i)) < 1.0E-10_wp ) r_a(j,i) = 1.0E-10_wp
1021
1022	!
1023	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
1024	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
1025
1026	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
1027	!-- night)
1028	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
1029	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
1030	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
1031	+ 1.0_wp)) )
1032	ELSE
1033	f1 = 1.0_wp
1034	ENDIF
1035
1036
1037	!
1038	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
1039	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
1040	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
1041	m_total = 0.0_wp
1042	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1043	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
1044	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
1045	ENDDO
1046
1047	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1048	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1049	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1050	f2 = 1.0_wp
1051	ELSE
1052	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1053	ENDIF
1054
1055	!
1056	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1057	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1058	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1059
1060	!
1061	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1062	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1063	!
1064	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1065	e = qv1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1066	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1067	ELSE
1068	f3 = 1.0_wp
1069	ENDIF
1070
1071	!
1072	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1073	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1074	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1075	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1076	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1077
1078	!
1079	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1080	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1081	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1082	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1083	m_res(j,i)
1084	ELSE
1085	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1086	ENDIF
1087
1088	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1089	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1090	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1091
1092	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1093
1094	!
1095	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
1096	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
1097	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
1098
1099
1100	!
1101	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1102	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1103
1104	!
1105	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1106	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1107	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 ) THEN
1108	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1109	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1110	ENDIF
1111
1112	!
1113	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1114	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1115	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1116
1117	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1118	r_soil(j,i))
1119	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1120
1121
1122	!
1123	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1124	!-- transpirate.
1125	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1126	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1127	! ENDIF
1128
1129	!
1130	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
1131	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
1132	!-- air.
1133	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 .AND. .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
1134	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1135	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1136	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
1137	ENDIF
1138
1139	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1140	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1141
1142	!
1143	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1144	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1145	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1146	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1147
1148	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
1149
1150	!
1151	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1152	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
1153
1154	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1155	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1156	!
1157	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1158	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1159	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1160	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s &
1161	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1162	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1163
1164	!
1165	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1166	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
1167	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1168	#else
1169
1170	!
1171	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1172	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1173	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
1174	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 &
1175	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
1176	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1177
1178	!
1179	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1180	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1181	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1182
1183	#endif
1184	ELSE
1185
1186	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1187	!
1188	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1189	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1190	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1191	+ f_shf * pt1 + lambda_surface &
1192	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1193
1194	!
1195	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1196	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1197	#else
1198
1199	!
1200	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1201	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1202	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt1 &
1203	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1204
1205	!
1206	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1207	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1208	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1209	#endif
1210	ENDIF
1211
1212	tend = 0.0_wp
1213
1214	!
1215	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1216	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1217	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
1218	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
1219	* tsc(2) )
1220	!
1221	!-- Add RK3 term
1222	IF ( c_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1223
1224	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1225	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1226
1227	!
1228	!-- Calculate true tendency
1229	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1230	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1231	!
1232	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1233	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1234	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1235	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1236	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1237	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1238	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1239	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1240	ENDIF
1241	ENDIF
1242
1243	ENDIF
1244
1245	!
1246	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is possible to
1247	!-- update the radiative fluxes independently from the prescribed
1248	!-- radiation call frequency. This effectively prevents oscillations,
1249	!-- especially when setting skip_time_do_radiation /= 0. The threshold
1250	!-- value of 0.2 used here is just a first guess. This method should be
1251	!-- revised in the future as tests have shown that the threshold is
1252	!-- often reached, when no oscillations would occur (causes immense
1253	!-- computing time for the radiation code).
1254	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp .AND. &
1255	unscheduled_radiation_calls ) THEN
1256	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
1257	ENDIF
1258
1259	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1260
1261	!
1262	!-- Calculate fluxes
1263	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1264	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1265	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1266	- rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) * t_surface_p(j,i)
1267
1268	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
1269	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
1270	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1271	+ rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1272	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
1273	ENDIF
1274	#else
1275	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1276	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
1277	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1278	#endif
1279
1280
1281	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1282	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1283
1284	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - pt(k,j,i) )
1285
1286	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
1287
1288	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1289	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1290	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1291
1292	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
1293
1294	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv1 - q_s &
1295	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1296	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1297
1298	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv1 - q_s &
1299	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1300	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1301
1302	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv1 - q_s &
1303	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1304	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1305	ENDIF
1306	!
1307	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1308	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1309	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1310	ELSE
1311	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1312	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1313	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1314	ENDIF
1315
1316	!
1317	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1318	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1319	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1320	!
1321	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
1322	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
1323	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1324	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1325
1326	!
1327	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
1328	!-- Otherwise, add the water to bare soil fraction.
1329	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1330	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1331	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1332	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1333	ELSE
1334	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1335	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1336	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1337	ENDIF
1338
1339	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
1340	!-- coverage.
1341	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
1342	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1343	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1344	ENDIF
1345
1346	!
1347	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1348	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1349
1350	!
1351	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1352	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1353	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1354	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1355	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1356	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1357	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1358	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1359	ENDIF
1360
1361	!
1362	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1363	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1364	!-- plant
1365	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1366	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1367	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1368	ENDIF
1369	ENDIF
1370
1371	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1372
1373	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1374	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1375
1376	!
1377	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1378	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1379	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1380
1381	!
1382	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1383	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1384	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1385
1386
1387	!
1388	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1389	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1390	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1391	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1392	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1393	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1394	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1395	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1396	ENDIF
1397	ENDIF
1398
1399	ENDIF
1400
1401	ENDDO
1402	ENDDO
1403
1404	!
1405	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
1406	!-- least one processor reached the threshold change in skin temperature
1407	IF ( unscheduled_radiation_calls .AND. intermediate_timestep_count &
1408	== intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) THEN
1409	#if defined( __parallel )
1410	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
1411	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
1412	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
1413	#else
1414	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
1415	#endif
1416	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
1417	ENDIF
1418
1419
1420	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1421
1422
1423	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1424	! Description:
1425	! ------------
1426	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
1427	!> temperature and water content.
1428	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1429	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1430
1431
1432	IMPLICIT NONE
1433
1434	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1435	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1436	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1437
1438	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
1439
1440	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
1441	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
1442	tend !< tendency
1443
1444	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1445	DO j = nysg, nyng
1446	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1447	!
1448	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
1449	!-- account water content
1450	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
1451	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
1452
1453	!
1454	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
1455	!-- layers
1456	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
1457	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
1458
1459	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
1460
1461	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
1462	lambda_h_dry
1463
1464	ENDDO
1465
1466	!
1467	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
1468	!-- using linear interpolation
1469	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1470	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) * 0.5_wp
1471	ENDDO
1472	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1473
1474	!
1475	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
1476	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1477	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
1478	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
1479	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
1480	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
1486	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
1487	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
1488	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
1489	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
1490	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
1491	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
1492	* ddz_soil(k) &
1493	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1494	ENDDO
1495
1496	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
1497	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
1498	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
1499	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1500
1501	!
1502	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1503	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1504	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1505	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1506	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1507	ENDDO
1508	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1509	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1510	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1511	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1512	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
1513	ENDDO
1514	ENDIF
1515	ENDIF
1516
1517
1518	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1519
1520	!
1521	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
1522	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
1523	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
1524	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
1525
1526	!
1527	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
1528	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1529	!
1530	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
1531	!-- (1980)
1532	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
1533	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
1534	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
1535	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
1536
1537
1538	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
1539	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
1540	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1541	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
1542	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1543	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
1544	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
1545
1546	!
1547	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
1548	ELSE
1549	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
1550	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
1551	ENDIF
1552
1553	ENDDO
1554
1555
1556	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1557	!
1558	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
1559	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
1560	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
1561	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1562
1563	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
1564	* 0.5_wp
1565	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
1566	* 0.5_wp
1567
1568	ENDDO
1569
1570	!
1571	!
1572	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
1573	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
1574	!-- in the bottom layer.
1575	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1576	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1577	ELSE
1578	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
1579	ENDIF
1580
1581	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
1582	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
1583	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
1584	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
1585	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
1586	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
1587	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
1588	!-- take water from moister layers.
1589
1590	!
1591	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of root_extr
1592	!-- = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a positive
1593	!-- transpiration, so that there is no need for an additional check.
1594	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1595	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1596	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
1597	ENDIF
1598	ENDDO
1599
1600	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1601	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1602	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1603	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
1604	ELSE
1605	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
1606	ENDIF
1607	ENDDO
1608	ENDIF
1609
1610	!
1611	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
1612	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1613	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
1614	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
1615	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
1616	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
1617	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
1618	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1619
1620	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
1621	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
1622	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
1623	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
1624	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
1625	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
1626	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
1627	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1628
1629	ENDDO
1630	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1631	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
1632	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1633	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
1634	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
1635	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
1636	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
1637	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
1638	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
1639
1640	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
1641	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
1642	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1643
1644	!
1645	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
1646	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1647	IF ( m_soil_p(k,j,i) < 0.0_wp ) m_soil_p(k,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1648	ENDDO
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653	!
1654	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1655	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1656	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1657	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1658	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1659	ENDDO
1660	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1661	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1662	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1663	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1664	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
1665	ENDDO
1666	ENDIF
1667	ENDIF
1668
1669	ENDIF
1670
1671	ENDDO
1672	ENDDO
1673
1674	!
1675	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1676	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1677	CALL calc_q_surface
1678	ENDIF
1679
1680
1681	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1682
1683
1684	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1685	! Description:
1686	! ------------
1687	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
1688	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1689	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1690
1691	IMPLICIT NONE
1692
1693	INTEGER :: i !< running index
1694	INTEGER :: j !< running index
1695	INTEGER :: k !< running index
1696	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
1697
1698	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1699	DO j = nysg, nyng
1700	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1701
1702	!
1703	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1704	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
1705	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1706
1707	!
1708	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
1709	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1710
1711	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
1712
1713	!
1714	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
1715	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1716	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1717	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
1718	ELSE
1719	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1720	* q(k+1,j,i)
1721	ENDIF
1722
1723	!
1724	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
1725	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
1726
1727	ENDDO
1728	ENDDO
1729
1730	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1731
1732	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1733	! Description:
1734	! ------------
1735	!> Swapping of timelevels
1736	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1737	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
1738
1739	IMPLICIT NONE
1740
1741	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
1742
1743	#if defined( __nopointer )
1744
1745	t_surface = t_surface_p
1746	t_soil = t_soil_p
1747	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1748	m_soil = m_soil_p
1749	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1750	ENDIF
1751
1752	#else
1753
1754	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
1755
1756	CASE ( 0 )
1757
1758	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
1759	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1760	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1761	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
1762	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
1763	ENDIF
1764
1765
1766	CASE ( 1 )
1767
1768	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
1769	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
1770	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1771	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
1772	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
1773	ENDIF
1774
1775	END SELECT
1776	#endif
1777
1778	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
1779
1780
1781	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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