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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1709

Last change on this file since 1709 was 1709, checked in by maronga, 8 years ago
several bugfixes related to the new surface layer routine and land-surface-radiation interaction
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 75.5 KB

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1	!> @file land_surface_model.f90
2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
8	!
9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
12	!
13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
15	!
16	! Copyright 1997-2015 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
18	!
19	! Current revisions:
20	! -----------------
21	! Renamed pt_1 and qv_1 to pt1 and qv1.
22	! Bugfix: set initial values for t_surface_p in case of restart runs
23	! Bugfix: zero resistance caused crash when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
24	! Bugfix: calculation of rad_net when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
25	! Added todo action
26	!
27	! Former revisions:
28	! -----------------
29	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga $
30	!
31	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
32	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
33	!
34	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
35	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
36	! Replaced rif with ol
37	!
38	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
39	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
40	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
41	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
42	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
43	!
44	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
45	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
46	!
47	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
48	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
49	!
50	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
51	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
52	!
53	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
54	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
55	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
56	!
57	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
58	! Added output of r_a and r_s
59	!
60	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
61	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
62	! profile
63	!
64	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
65	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
66	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
67	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
68	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
69	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
70	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
71	! calculation
72	!
73	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
74	!
75	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
76	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
77	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
78	! Added support for dry runs.
79	!
80	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
81	! Initial revision
82	!
83	!
84	! Description:
85	! ------------
86	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
87	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
88	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
89	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
90	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
91	!>
92	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
93	!> skin layer.
94	!> @todo Allow for water surfaces
95	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
96	!> nzt_soil=3)).
97	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
98	!> with considerable precipitation.
99	!> @todo Fix crashes with radiation_scheme == 'constant'
100	!>
101	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
102	!> become too thin.
103	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
104	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
105
106	USE arrays_3d, &
107	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, z0h
108
109	USE cloud_parameters, &
110	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, prr, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
111
112	USE control_parameters, &
113	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
114	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
115	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
116	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
117	z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
118
119	USE indices, &
120	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
121
122	USE kinds
123
124	USE netcdf_control, &
125	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
126
127	USE pegrid
128
129	USE radiation_model_mod, &
130	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
131	rad_lw_out, rad_lw_out_change_0, sigma_sb
132
133	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
134	USE radiation_model_mod, &
135	ONLY: rrtm_idrv
136	#endif
137
138	USE statistics, &
139	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
140
141	IMPLICIT NONE
142
143	!
144	!-- LSM model constants
145	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
146	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
147	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
148
149	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !< starting index for timeseries output
150
151	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
152	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
153	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
154
155	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
156
157	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
158	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
159	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
160	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
161	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
162	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
163	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
164	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
165	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
166
167
168	!
169	!-- LSM variables
170	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
171	soil_type = 3 !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
172
173	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
174	dewfall = .TRUE., & !< allow/inhibit dewfall
175	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
176	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
177
178	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
179	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
180	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
181	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
182	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
183	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
184	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
185	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
186	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
187	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
188	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
189	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
190	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
191	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
192	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
193	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
194	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
195	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
196	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
197	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
198	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
199	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
200	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
201	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
202	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
203	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
204	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
205	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
206	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
207	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
208	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
209	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
210
211	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
212	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
213	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
214	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
215	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
216	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
217	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
218	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
219
220	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
221	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
222	283.0_wp /), &
223	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
224	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
225
226	#if defined( __nopointer )
227	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
228	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
229	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
230	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
231	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
232	#else
233	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
234	t_surface_p, &
235	m_liq_eb, &
236	m_liq_eb_p
237
238	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
239	m_liq_eb_av, &
240	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
241	#endif
242
243	!
244	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
245	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
246	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
247
248	!
249	!-- Energy balance variables
250	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
251	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
252	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
253	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
254	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
255	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
256	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
257	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
258	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
259	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
260	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
261	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
262	lai, & !< leaf area index
263	lai_av, & !< average of lai
264	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
265	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
266	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
267	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
268	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
269	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
270	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
271	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
272	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
273	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
274	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
275	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
276	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
277	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
278	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
279	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
280	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
281	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
282	r_a_av, & !< average of r_a
283	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
284	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
285	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
286	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
287	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
288	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
289	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
290	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
291
292
293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
294	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (?)
295	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
296	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
297	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
298
299	#if defined( __nopointer )
300	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
301	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
302	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
303	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
304	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
305	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
306	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
307	#else
308	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
309	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
310	m_soil, m_soil_p
311
312	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
313	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
314	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
315	#endif
316
317
318	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
319	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
320	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
321	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
322
323
324	!
325	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
326	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
327	'user defined ', & ! 0
328	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
329	'short grass ', & ! 2
330	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
331	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
332	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
333	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
334	'tall grass ', & ! 7
335	'desert ', & ! 8
336	'tundra ', & ! 9
337	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
338	'semidesert ', & ! 11
339	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
340	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
341	'inland water ', & ! 14
342	'ocean ', & ! 15
343	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
344	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
345	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
346	'interrupted forest ' & ! 19
347	/)
348
349	!
350	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
351	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
352	'user defined', & ! 0
353	'coarse ', & ! 1
354	'medium ', & ! 2
355	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
356	'fine ', & ! 4
357	'very fine ', & ! 5
358	'organic ', & ! 6
359	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
360	/)
361	!
362	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
363
364	!
365	!-- Land surface parameters I
366	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
367	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
368	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
369	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
370	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
371	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
372	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
373	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
374	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
375	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
376	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
377	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
378	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
379	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
380	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
381	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
382	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
383	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
384	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
385	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
386	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
387	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
388
389	!
390	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
391	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
392	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
393	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
394	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
395	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
396	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
397	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
398	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
399	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
400	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
401	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
402	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
403	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
404	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
405	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
406	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
407	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
408	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
409	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
410	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
411	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
412
413	!
414	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
415	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
416	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
417	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
418	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
419	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
420	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
421	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
422	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
423	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
424	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
425	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
426	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
427	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
428	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
429	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
430	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
431	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
432	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
433	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
434	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
435	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
436
437	!
438	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
439	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
440	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
441	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
442	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
443	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
444	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
445	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
446	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
447	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
448	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
449	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
450	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
451	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
452	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
453	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
454	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
455	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
456	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
457	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
458	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
459	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
460
461	!
462	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
463
464	!
465	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
466	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
467	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
468	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
469	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
470	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
471	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
472	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
473	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
474	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
475
476	!
477	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
478	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
479	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
480	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
481	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
482	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
483	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
484	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
485	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
486	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
487
488
489	SAVE
490
491
492	PRIVATE
493
494
495	!
496	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
497	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
498	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
499	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
500	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
501	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
502	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
503	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
504	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
505	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, &
506	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, &
507	z0h_eb
508
509	!
510	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
511	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
512	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
513	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
514	zs
515
516	!
517	!-- Public 2D output variables
518	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
519	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
520	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
521	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
522
523	!
524	!-- Public prognostic variables
525	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
526
527	INTERFACE init_lsm
528	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
529	END INTERFACE init_lsm
530
531	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
532	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
533	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
534
535	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
536	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
537	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
538
539	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
540	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
541	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
542
543	CONTAINS
544
545
546	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
547	! Description:
548	! ------------
549	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
550	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
551	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
552
553
554	IMPLICIT NONE
555
556	!
557	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
558	#if defined( __nopointer )
559	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
560	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
561	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
562	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
563	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
564	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
565	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
566	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
567	#else
568	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
569	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
570	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
571	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
572	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
573	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
574	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
575	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
576	#endif
577
578	!
579	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
580	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
581	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
582	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
583	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
584
585	!
586	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
587	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
588	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
589	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
590	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
591	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
592	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
593	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
594	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
595	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
596	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
597	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
598	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
599	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
600	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
601	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
602	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
603	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
604	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
605	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
606	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
607	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
608	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
609	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
610	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
611	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
612	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
613	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
614	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
615
616	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
617	!
618	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
619	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
620	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
621	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
622	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
623	#endif
624
625
626	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
627
628	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
629	! Description:
630	! ------------
631	!> Initialization of the land surface model
632	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
633	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
634
635
636	IMPLICIT NONE
637
638	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
639	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
640	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
641
642	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
643
644
645	!
646	!-- Calculate Exner function
647	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
648
649
650	!
651	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
652	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
653	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
654	ENDIF
655
656	!
657	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
658	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
659	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
660	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
661	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
662
663	!
664	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
665	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
666	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
667	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
668	c_liq = 0.0_wp
669
670	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
671	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
672
673	IF ( humidity ) THEN
674	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
675	ELSE
676	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
677	ENDIF
678
679	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
680	qsws_soil_eb = qsws_eb
681	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
682
683	r_a = 50.0_wp
684	r_s = 50.0_wp
685	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
686	r_soil = 0.0_wp
687
688	!
689	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
690	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
691	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
692	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
693
694	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
695	!
696	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
697	IF ( humidity ) THEN
698	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
699	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
700
701	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
702	ENDIF
703
704	!
705	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
706	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
707	!-- at the centers
708	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
709
710	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
711	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
712	ENDDO
713	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
714
715	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
716	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
717	ENDDO
718	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
719
720	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
721	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
722
723	!
724	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
725	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
726	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
727	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
728
729	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
730	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
731	ENDIF
732
733	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
734	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
735	ENDIF
736
737	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
738	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
739	ENDIF
740
741	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
742	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
743	ENDIF
744
745	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
746	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
747	ENDIF
748
749	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
750	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
751	ENDIF
752
753	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
754	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
755	ENDIF
756
757	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
758	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
759	ENDIF
760
761	ENDIF
762
763	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
764	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
765	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
766	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
767	m_sat = saturation_moisture
768	m_fc = field_capacity
769	m_wilt = wilting_point
770	m_res = residual_moisture
771	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
772
773	!
774	!-- Initial run actions
775	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
776
777	t_soil = 0.0_wp
778	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
779	m_soil = 0.0_wp
780
781	!
782	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
783	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
784	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
785	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
786	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
787	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
788	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
789	ENDDO
790	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
791
792	!
793	!-- Calculate surface temperature
794	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
795
796	!
797	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
798	!-- the first time step
799	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
800	DO j = nysg, nyng
801	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
802
803	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
804	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
805	ELSE
806	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
807	ENDIF
808
809	!
810	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
811	IF ( pt1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt1 = pt1 + 1.0E-10_wp
812
813	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
814	ts(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
815	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
816	ENDDO
817	ENDDO
818
819	!
820	!-- Actions for restart runs
821	ELSE
822
823	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
824	DO j = nysg, nyng
825	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
826	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
827	ENDDO
828	ENDDO
829
830	ENDIF
831
832	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
833	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
834	ENDDO
835
836	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
837	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
838	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
839	ENDIF
840	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
841	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
842	ENDIF
843	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
844	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
845	ENDIF
846	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
847	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
848	ENDIF
849	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
850	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
851	ENDIF
852	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
853	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
854	ENDIF
855	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
856	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
857	ENDIF
858	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
859	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
860	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
861	ENDIF
862	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
863	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
864	ENDIF
865	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
866
867	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
868	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
869	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
870	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
871	ENDDO
872	ENDIF
873
874	ELSE
875
876	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
877	z0_eb = roughness_length
878	ENDIF
879	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
880	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
881	ENDIF
882
883	ENDIF
884
885	!
886	!-- Initialize vegetation
887	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
888	lai = leaf_area_index
889	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
890	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
891	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
892	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
893	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
894	z0 = z0_eb
895	z0h = z0h_eb
896
897	!
898	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
899	CALL user_init_land_surface
900
901
902	t_soil_p = t_soil
903	m_soil_p = m_soil
904	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
905	t_surface_p = t_surface
906
907
908
909	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
910	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
911	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
912	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
913	statistic_regions+1 )
914	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
915	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
916	statistic_regions+1 )
917
918	!
919	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
920	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
921	dots_num = dots_num + 8
922
923	dots_label(dots_soil) = "ghf_eb"
924	dots_label(dots_soil+1) = "shf_eb"
925	dots_label(dots_soil+2) = "qsws_eb"
926	dots_label(dots_soil+3) = "qsws_liq_eb"
927	dots_label(dots_soil+4) = "qsws_soil_eb"
928	dots_label(dots_soil+5) = "qsws_veg_eb"
929	dots_label(dots_soil+6) = "r_a"
930	dots_label(dots_soil+7) = "r_s"
931
932	dots_unit(dots_soil:dots_soil+5) = "W/m2"
933	dots_unit(dots_soil+6:dots_soil+7) = "s/m"
934
935
936	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
937
938
939
940	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
941	! Description:
942	! ------------
943	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
944	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
945	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
946
947
948	IMPLICIT NONE
949
950	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
951	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
952	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
953
954	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
955	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
956	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
957	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
958	e, & !< water vapour pressure
959	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
960	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
961	tend, & !< tendency
962	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
963	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
964	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
965	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
966	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
967	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
968	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
969	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
970	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
971	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
972	pt1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
973	qv1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
974
975	!
976	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
977	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
978
979	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
980	DO j = nysg, nyng
981	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
982
983	!
984	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
985	IF ( ol(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
986	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
987	ELSE
988	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
989	ENDIF
990
991	!
992	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
993	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
994	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
995	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
996	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
997	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
998	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
999	ELSE
1000	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
1001	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i)
1002	ENDIF
1003
1004	r_a(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
1005
1006	!
1007	!-- Make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero
1008	IF ( ABS(r_a(j,i)) < 1.0E-10_wp ) r_a(j,i) = 1.0E-10_wp
1009
1010	!
1011	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
1012	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
1013
1014	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
1015	!-- night)
1016	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
1017	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
1018	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
1019	+ 1.0_wp)) )
1020	ELSE
1021	f1 = 1.0_wp
1022	ENDIF
1023
1024
1025	!
1026	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
1027	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
1028	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
1029	m_total = 0.0_wp
1030	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1031	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
1032	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
1033	ENDDO
1034
1035	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1036	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1037	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1038	f2 = 1.0_wp
1039	ELSE
1040	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1041	ENDIF
1042
1043	!
1044	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1045	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1046	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1047
1048	!
1049	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1050	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1051	!
1052	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1053	e = qv1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1054	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1055	ELSE
1056	f3 = 1.0_wp
1057	ENDIF
1058
1059	!
1060	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1061	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1062	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1063	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1064	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1065
1066	!
1067	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1068	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1069	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1070	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1071	m_res(j,i)
1072	ELSE
1073	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1074	ENDIF
1075
1076	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1077	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1078	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1079
1080	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1081
1082	!
1083	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
1084	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
1085	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
1086
1087
1088	!
1089	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1090	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1091
1092	!
1093	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1094	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1095	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 ) THEN
1096	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1097	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1098	ENDIF
1099
1100	!
1101	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1102	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1103	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1104
1105	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1106	r_soil(j,i))
1107	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1108
1109
1110	!
1111	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1112	!-- transpirate.
1113	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1114	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1115	! ENDIF
1116
1117	!
1118	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
1119	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
1120	!-- air.
1121	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 .AND. .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
1122	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1123	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1124	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
1125	ENDIF
1126
1127	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1128	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1129
1130	!
1131	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1132	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1133	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1134	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1135
1136	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
1137
1138	!
1139	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1140	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
1141
1142	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1143	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1144	!
1145	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1146	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1147	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1148	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s &
1149	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1150	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1151
1152	!
1153	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1154	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
1155	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1156	#else
1157
1158	!
1159	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1160	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1161	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
1162	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 &
1163	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
1164	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1165
1166	!
1167	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1168	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1169	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1170
1171	#endif
1172	ELSE
1173
1174	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1175	!
1176	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1177	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1178	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1179	+ f_shf * pt1 + lambda_surface &
1180	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1181
1182	!
1183	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1184	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1185	#else
1186
1187	!
1188	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1189	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1190	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt1 &
1191	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1192
1193	!
1194	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1195	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1196	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1197	#endif
1198	ENDIF
1199
1200	tend = 0.0_wp
1201
1202	!
1203	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1204	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1205	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
1206	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
1207	* tsc(2) )
1208	!
1209	!-- Add RK3 term
1210	IF ( c_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1211
1212	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1213	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1214
1215	!
1216	!-- Calculate true tendency
1217	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1218	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1219	!
1220	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1221	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1222	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1223	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1224	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1225	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1226	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1227	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1228	ENDIF
1229	ENDIF
1230
1231	ENDIF
1232
1233	!
1234	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is required to
1235	!-- update the radiative fluxes in order to keep the solution stable
1236	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp ) THEN
1237	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
1238	ENDIF
1239
1240	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1241
1242	!
1243	!-- Calculate fluxes
1244	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1245	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1246	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1247	- rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) * t_surface_p(j,i)
1248
1249	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
1250	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
1251	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1252	+ rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1253	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
1254	ENDIF
1255	#else
1256	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1257	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
1258	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1259	#endif
1260
1261
1262	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1263	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1264
1265	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - pt(k,j,i) )
1266
1267	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
1268
1269	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1270	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1271	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1272
1273	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
1274
1275	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv1 - q_s &
1276	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1277	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1278
1279	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv1 - q_s &
1280	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1281	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1282
1283	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv1 - q_s &
1284	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1285	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1286	ENDIF
1287	!
1288	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1289	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1290	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1291	ELSE
1292	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1293	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1294	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1295	ENDIF
1296
1297	!
1298	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1299	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1300	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1301	!
1302	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
1303	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
1304	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1305	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1306
1307	!
1308	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
1309	!-- Otherwise, add the water to bare soil fraction.
1310	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1311	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1312	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1313	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1314	ELSE
1315	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1316	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1317	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1318	ENDIF
1319
1320	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
1321	!-- coverage.
1322	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
1323	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1324	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1325	ENDIF
1326
1327	!
1328	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1329	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1330
1331	!
1332	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1333	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1334	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1335	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1336	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1337	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1338	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1339	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1340	ENDIF
1341
1342	!
1343	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1344	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1345	!-- plant
1346	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1347	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1348	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1349	ENDIF
1350	ENDIF
1351
1352	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1353
1354	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1355	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1356
1357	!
1358	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1359	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1360	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1361
1362	!
1363	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1364	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1365	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1366
1367
1368	!
1369	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1370	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1371	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1372	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1373	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1374	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1375	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1376	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1377	ENDIF
1378	ENDIF
1379
1380	ENDIF
1381
1382	ENDDO
1383	ENDDO
1384
1385	!
1386	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
1387	!-- least one processor
1388	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) &
1389	THEN
1390	#if defined( __parallel )
1391	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
1392	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
1393	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
1394	#else
1395	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
1396	#endif
1397	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
1398	ENDIF
1399
1400
1401	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1402
1403
1404	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1405	! Description:
1406	! ------------
1407	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
1408	!> temperature and water content.
1409	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1410	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1411
1412
1413	IMPLICIT NONE
1414
1415	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1416	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1417	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1418
1419	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
1420
1421	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
1422	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
1423	tend !< tendency
1424
1425	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1426	DO j = nysg, nyng
1427	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1428	!
1429	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
1430	!-- account water content
1431	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
1432	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
1433
1434	!
1435	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
1436	!-- layers
1437	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
1438	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
1439
1440	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
1441
1442	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
1443	lambda_h_dry
1444
1445	ENDDO
1446
1447	!
1448	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
1449	!-- using linear interpolation
1450	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1451	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) * 0.5_wp
1452	ENDDO
1453	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1454
1455	!
1456	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
1457	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1458	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
1459	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
1460	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
1461	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
1467	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
1468	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
1469	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
1470	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
1471	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
1472	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
1473	* ddz_soil(k) &
1474	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1475	ENDDO
1476
1477	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
1478	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
1479	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
1480	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1481
1482	!
1483	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1484	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1485	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1486	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1487	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1488	ENDDO
1489	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1490	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1491	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1492	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1493	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
1494	ENDDO
1495	ENDIF
1496	ENDIF
1497
1498
1499	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1500
1501	!
1502	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
1503	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
1504	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
1505	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
1506
1507	!
1508	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
1509	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1510	!
1511	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
1512	!-- (1980)
1513	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
1514	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
1515	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
1516	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
1517
1518
1519	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
1520	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
1521	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1522	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
1523	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1524	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
1525	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
1526
1527	!
1528	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
1529	ELSE
1530	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
1531	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
1532	ENDIF
1533
1534	ENDDO
1535
1536
1537	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1538	!
1539	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
1540	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
1541	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
1542	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1543
1544	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
1545	* 0.5_wp
1546	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
1547	* 0.5_wp
1548
1549	ENDDO
1550
1551	!
1552	!
1553	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
1554	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
1555	!-- in the bottom layer.
1556	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1557	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1558	ELSE
1559	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
1560	ENDIF
1561
1562	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
1563	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
1564	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
1565	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
1566	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
1567	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
1568	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
1569	!-- take water from moister layers.
1570
1571	!
1572	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of root_extr
1573	!-- = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a positive
1574	!-- transpiration, so that there is no need for an additional check.
1575	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1576	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1577	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
1578	ENDIF
1579	ENDDO
1580
1581	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1582	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1583	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1584	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
1585	ELSE
1586	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
1587	ENDIF
1588	ENDDO
1589	ENDIF
1590
1591	!
1592	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
1593	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1594	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
1595	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
1596	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
1597	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
1598	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
1599	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1600
1601	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
1602	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
1603	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
1604	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
1605	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
1606	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
1607	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
1608	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1609
1610	ENDDO
1611	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1612	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
1613	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1614	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
1615	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
1616	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
1617	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
1618	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
1619	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
1620
1621	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
1622	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
1623	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1624
1625	!
1626	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
1627	m_soil_p(:,j,i) = MAX(m_soil_p(:,j,i),0.0_wp)
1628
1629	!
1630	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1631	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1632	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1633	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1634	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1635	ENDDO
1636	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1637	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1638	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1639	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1640	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
1641	ENDDO
1642	ENDIF
1643	ENDIF
1644
1645	ENDIF
1646
1647	ENDDO
1648	ENDDO
1649
1650	!
1651	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1652	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1653	CALL calc_q_surface
1654	ENDIF
1655
1656
1657	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1658
1659
1660	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1661	! Description:
1662	! ------------
1663	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
1664	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1665	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1666
1667	IMPLICIT NONE
1668
1669	INTEGER :: i !< running index
1670	INTEGER :: j !< running index
1671	INTEGER :: k !< running index
1672	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
1673
1674	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1675	DO j = nysg, nyng
1676	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1677
1678	!
1679	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1680	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
1681	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1682
1683	!
1684	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
1685	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1686
1687	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
1688
1689	!
1690	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
1691	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1692	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1693	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
1694	ELSE
1695	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1696	* q(k+1,j,i)
1697	ENDIF
1698
1699	!
1700	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
1701	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
1702
1703	ENDDO
1704	ENDDO
1705
1706	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1707
1708	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1709	! Description:
1710	! ------------
1711	!> Swapping of timelevels
1712	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1713	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
1714
1715	IMPLICIT NONE
1716
1717	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
1718
1719	#if defined( __nopointer )
1720
1721	t_surface = t_surface_p
1722	t_soil = t_soil_p
1723	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1724	m_soil = m_soil_p
1725	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1726	ENDIF
1727
1728	#else
1729
1730	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
1731
1732	CASE ( 0 )
1733
1734	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
1735	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1736	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1737	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
1738	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
1739	ENDIF
1740
1741
1742	CASE ( 1 )
1743
1744	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
1745	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
1746	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1747	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
1748	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
1749	ENDIF
1750
1751	END SELECT
1752	#endif
1753
1754	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
1755
1756
1757	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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