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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1703

Last change on this file since 1703 was 1698, checked in by raasch, 9 years ago
last commit documented example_cbl_rc updated
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1	!> @file land_surface_model.f90
2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
8	!
9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
12	!
13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
15	!
16	! Copyright 1997-2015 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
18	!
19	! Current revisions:
20	! -----------------
21	!
22	!
23	! Former revisions:
24	! -----------------
25	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1698 2015-10-28 17:26:17Z raasch $
26	!
27	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
28	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
29	!
30	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
31	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
32	! Replaced rif with ol
33	!
34	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
35	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
36	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
37	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
38	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
39	!
40	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
41	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
42	!
43	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
44	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
45	!
46	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
47	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
48	!
49	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
50	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
51	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
52	!
53	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
54	! Added output of r_a and r_s
55	!
56	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
57	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
58	! profile
59	!
60	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
61	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
62	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
63	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
64	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
65	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
66	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
67	! calculation
68	!
69	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
70	!
71	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
72	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
73	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
74	! Added support for dry runs.
75	!
76	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
77	! Initial revision
78	!
79	!
80	! Description:
81	! ------------
82	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
83	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
84	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
85	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
86	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
87	!>
88	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
89	!> surface layer.
90	!> @todo Allow for water surfaces
91	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
92	!> nzt_soil=3)).
93	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
94	!> with considerable precipitation.
95	!>
96	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
97	!> become too thin.
98	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
99	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
100
101	USE arrays_3d, &
102	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, z0h
103
104	USE cloud_parameters, &
105	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, prr, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
106
107	USE control_parameters, &
108	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
109	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
110	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
111	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
112	z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
113
114	USE indices, &
115	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
116
117	USE kinds
118
119	USE netcdf_control, &
120	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
121
122	USE pegrid
123
124	USE radiation_model_mod, &
125	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
126	rad_lw_out, sigma_sb
127
128	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
129	USE radiation_model_mod, &
130	ONLY: rrtm_lwuflx_dt, rrtm_idrv
131	#endif
132
133	USE statistics, &
134	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
135
136	IMPLICIT NONE
137
138	!
139	!-- LSM model constants
140	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
141	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
142	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
143
144	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !< starting index for timeseries output
145
146	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
147	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
148	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
149
150	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
151
152	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
153	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
154	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
155	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
156	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
157	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
158	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
159	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
160	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
161
162
163	!
164	!-- LSM variables
165	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
166	soil_type = 3 !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
167
168	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
169	dewfall = .TRUE., & !< allow/inhibit dewfall
170	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
171	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
172
173	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
174	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
175	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
176	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
177	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
178	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
179	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
180	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
181	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
182	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
183	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
184	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
185	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
186	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
187	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
188	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
189	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
190	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
191	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
192	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
193	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
194	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
195	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
196	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
197	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
198	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
199	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
200	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
201	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
202	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
203	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
204	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
205
206	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
207	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
208	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
209	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
210	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
211	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
212	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
213	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
214
215	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
216	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
217	283.0_wp /), &
218	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
219	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
220
221	#if defined( __nopointer )
222	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
223	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
224	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
225	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
226	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
227	#else
228	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
229	t_surface_p, &
230	m_liq_eb, &
231	m_liq_eb_p
232
233	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
234	m_liq_eb_av, &
235	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
236	#endif
237
238	!
239	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
240	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
241	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
242
243	!
244	!-- Energy balance variables
245	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
246	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
247	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
248	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
249	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
250	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
251	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
252	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
253	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
254	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
255	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
256	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
257	lai, & !< leaf area index
258	lai_av, & !< average of lai
259	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
260	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
261	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
262	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
263	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
264	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
265	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
266	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
267	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
268	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
269	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
270	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
271	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
272	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
273	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
274	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
275	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
276	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
277	r_a_av, & !< avergae of r_a
278	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
279	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
280	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
281	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
282	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
283	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
284	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
285	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
286
287
288	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
289	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (?)
290	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
291	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
292	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
293
294	#if defined( __nopointer )
295	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
296	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
297	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
298	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
299	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
300	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
301	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
302	#else
303	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
304	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
305	m_soil, m_soil_p
306
307	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
308	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
309	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
310	#endif
311
312
313	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
314	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
315	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
316	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
317
318
319	!
320	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
321	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
322	'user defined ', & ! 0
323	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
324	'short grass ', & ! 2
325	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
326	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
327	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
328	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
329	'tall grass ', & ! 7
330	'desert ', & ! 8
331	'tundra ', & ! 9
332	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
333	'semidesert ', & ! 11
334	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
335	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
336	'inland water ', & ! 14
337	'ocean ', & ! 15
338	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
339	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
340	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
341	'interrupted forest ' & ! 19
342	/)
343
344	!
345	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
346	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
347	'user defined', & ! 0
348	'coarse ', & ! 1
349	'medium ', & ! 2
350	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
351	'fine ', & ! 4
352	'very fine ', & ! 5
353	'organic ', & ! 6
354	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
355	/)
356	!
357	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
358
359	!
360	!-- Land surface parameters I
361	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
362	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
363	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
364	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
365	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
366	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
367	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
368	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
369	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
370	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
371	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
372	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
373	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
374	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
375	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
376	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
377	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
378	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
379	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
380	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
381	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
382	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
383
384	!
385	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
386	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
387	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
388	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
389	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
390	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
391	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
392	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
393	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
394	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
395	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
396	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
397	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
398	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
399	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
400	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
401	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
402	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
403	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
404	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
405	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
406	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
407
408	!
409	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
410	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
411	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
412	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
413	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
414	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
415	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
416	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
417	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
418	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
419	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
420	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
421	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
422	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
423	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
424	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
425	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
426	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
427	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
428	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
429	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
430	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
431
432	!
433	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
434	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
435	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
436	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
437	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
438	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
439	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
440	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
441	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
442	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
443	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
444	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
445	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
446	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
447	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
448	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
449	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
450	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
451	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
452	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
453	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
454	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
455
456	!
457	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
458
459	!
460	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
461	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
462	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
463	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
464	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
465	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
466	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
467	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
468	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
469	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
470
471	!
472	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
473	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
474	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
475	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
476	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
477	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
478	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
479	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
480	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
481	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
482
483
484	SAVE
485
486
487	PRIVATE
488
489
490	!
491	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
492	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
493	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
494	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
495	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
496	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
497	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
498	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
499	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
500	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, &
501	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, &
502	z0h_eb
503
504	!
505	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
506	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
507	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
508	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
509	zs
510
511	!
512	!-- Public 2D output variables
513	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
514	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
515	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
516	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
517
518	!
519	!-- Public prognostic variables
520	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
521
522	INTERFACE init_lsm
523	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
524	END INTERFACE init_lsm
525
526	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
527	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
528	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
529
530	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
531	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
532	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
533
534	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
535	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
536	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
537
538	CONTAINS
539
540
541	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
542	! Description:
543	! ------------
544	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
545	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
546	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
547
548
549	IMPLICIT NONE
550
551	!
552	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
553	#if defined( __nopointer )
554	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
555	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
556	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
557	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
558	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
559	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
560	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
561	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
562	#else
563	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
564	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
565	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
566	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
567	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
568	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
569	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
570	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
571	#endif
572
573	!
574	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
575	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
576	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
577	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
578	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
579
580	!
581	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
582	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
583	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
584	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
585	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
586	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
587	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
588	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
589	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
590	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
591	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
592	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
593	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
594	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
595	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
596	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
597	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
598	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
599	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
600	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
601	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
602	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
603	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
604	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
605	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
606	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
607	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
608	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
609	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
610
611	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
612	!
613	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
614	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
615	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
616	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
617	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
618	#endif
619
620
621	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
622
623	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
624	! Description:
625	! ------------
626	!> Initialization of the land surface model
627	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
628	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
629
630
631	IMPLICIT NONE
632
633	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
634	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
635	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
636
637	REAL(wp) :: pt_1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
638
639
640	!
641	!-- Calculate Exner function
642	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
643
644
645	!
646	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
647	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
648	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
649	ENDIF
650
651	!
652	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
653	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
654	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
655	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
656	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
657
658	!
659	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
660	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
661	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
662	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
663	c_liq = 0.0_wp
664
665	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
666	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
667
668	IF ( humidity ) THEN
669	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
670	ELSE
671	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
672	ENDIF
673
674	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
675	qsws_soil_eb = qsws_eb
676	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
677
678	r_a = 50.0_wp
679	r_s = 50.0_wp
680	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
681	r_soil = 0.0_wp
682
683	!
684	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
685	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
686	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
687	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
688
689	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
690	!
691	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
692	IF ( humidity ) THEN
693	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
694	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
695
696	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
697	ENDIF
698
699	!
700	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
701	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
702	!-- at the centers
703	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
704
705	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
706	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
707	ENDDO
708	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
709
710	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
711	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
712	ENDDO
713	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
714
715	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
716	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
717
718	!
719	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
720	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
721	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
722	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
723
724	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
725	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
726	ENDIF
727
728	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
729	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
730	ENDIF
731
732	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
733	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
734	ENDIF
735
736	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
737	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
738	ENDIF
739
740	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
741	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
742	ENDIF
743
744	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
745	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
746	ENDIF
747
748	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
749	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
750	ENDIF
751
752	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
753	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
754	ENDIF
755
756	ENDIF
757
758	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
759	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
760	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
761	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
762	m_sat = saturation_moisture
763	m_fc = field_capacity
764	m_wilt = wilting_point
765	m_res = residual_moisture
766	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
767
768	!
769	!-- Initial run actions
770	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
771
772	t_soil = 0.0_wp
773	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
774	m_soil = 0.0_wp
775
776	!
777	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
778	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
779	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
780	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
781	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
782	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
783	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
784	ENDDO
785	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
786
787	!
788	!-- Calculate surface temperature
789	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
790	t_surface_p = t_surface
791
792	!
793	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
794	!-- the first time step
795	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
796	DO j = nysg, nyng
797	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
798
799	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
800	pt_1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
801	ELSE
802	pt_1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
803	ENDIF
804
805	!
806	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
807	IF ( pt_1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt_1 = pt_1 + 1.0E-10_wp
808
809	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
810	ts(j,i) = (pt_1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
811	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
812	ENDDO
813	ENDDO
814
815	!
816	!-- Actions for restart runs
817	ELSE
818
819	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
820	DO j = nysg, nyng
821	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
822	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
823	ENDDO
824	ENDDO
825
826	ENDIF
827
828	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
829	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
830	ENDDO
831
832	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
833	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
834	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
835	ENDIF
836	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
837	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
838	ENDIF
839	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
840	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
841	ENDIF
842	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
843	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
844	ENDIF
845	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
846	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
847	ENDIF
848	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
849	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
850	ENDIF
851	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
852	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
853	ENDIF
854	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
855	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
856	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
857	ENDIF
858	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
859	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
860	ENDIF
861	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
862
863	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
864	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
865	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
866	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
867	ENDDO
868	ENDIF
869
870	ELSE
871
872	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
873	z0_eb = roughness_length
874	ENDIF
875	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
876	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
877	ENDIF
878
879	ENDIF
880
881	!
882	!-- Initialize vegetation
883	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
884	lai = leaf_area_index
885	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
886	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
887	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
888	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
889	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
890	z0 = z0_eb
891	z0h = z0h_eb
892
893	!
894	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
895	CALL user_init_land_surface
896
897
898	t_soil_p = t_soil
899	m_soil_p = m_soil
900	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
901
902	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
903	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
904	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
905	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
906	statistic_regions+1 )
907	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
908	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
909	statistic_regions+1 )
910
911	!
912	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
913	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
914	dots_num = dots_num + 8
915
916	dots_label(dots_soil) = "ghf_eb"
917	dots_label(dots_soil+1) = "shf_eb"
918	dots_label(dots_soil+2) = "qsws_eb"
919	dots_label(dots_soil+3) = "qsws_liq_eb"
920	dots_label(dots_soil+4) = "qsws_soil_eb"
921	dots_label(dots_soil+5) = "qsws_veg_eb"
922	dots_label(dots_soil+6) = "r_a"
923	dots_label(dots_soil+7) = "r_s"
924
925	dots_unit(dots_soil:dots_soil+5) = "W/m2"
926	dots_unit(dots_soil+6:dots_soil+7) = "s/m"
927
928	RETURN
929
930	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
931
932
933
934	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
935	! Description:
936	! ------------
937	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
938	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
939	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
940
941
942	IMPLICIT NONE
943
944	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
945	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
946	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
947
948	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
949	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
950	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
951	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
952	e, & !< water vapour pressure
953	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
954	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
955	tend, & !< tendency
956	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
957	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
958	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
959	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
960	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
961	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
962	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
963	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
964	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
965	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
966	pt_1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
967	qv_1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
968
969	!
970	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
971	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
972
973	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
974	DO j = nysg, nyng
975	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
976
977	!
978	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
979	IF ( ol(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
980	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
981	ELSE
982	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
983	ENDIF
984
985	!
986	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
987	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
988	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
989	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
990	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
991	pt_1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
992	qv_1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
993	ELSE
994	pt_1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
995	qv_1 = q(k+1,j,i)
996	ENDIF
997
998	r_a(j,i) = (pt_1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
999
1000	!
1001	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
1002	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
1003
1004	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
1005	!-- night)
1006	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
1007	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) /&
1008	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
1009	+ 1.0_wp)) )
1010	ELSE
1011	f1 = 1.0_wp
1012	ENDIF
1013
1014	!
1015	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
1016	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
1017	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
1018	m_total = 0.0_wp
1019	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1020	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
1021	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
1022	ENDDO
1023
1024	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1025	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1026	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1027	f2 = 1.0_wp
1028	ELSE
1029	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1030	ENDIF
1031
1032	!
1033	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1034	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1035	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1036
1037	!
1038	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1039	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1040	!
1041	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1042	e = qv_1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1043	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1044	ELSE
1045	f3 = 1.0_wp
1046	ENDIF
1047
1048	!
1049	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1050	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1051	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1052	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1053	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1054
1055	!
1056	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1057	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1058	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1059	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1060	m_res(j,i)
1061	ELSE
1062	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1063	ENDIF
1064
1065	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1066	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1067	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1068
1069	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1070
1071	!
1072	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
1073	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
1074	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
1075
1076
1077	!
1078	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1079	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1080
1081	!
1082	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1083	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1084	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv_1 ) THEN
1085	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1086	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1087	ENDIF
1088
1089	!
1090	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1091	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1092	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1093
1094	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1095	r_soil(j,i))
1096	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1097
1098
1099	!
1100	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1101	!-- transpirate.
1102	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1103	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1104	! ENDIF
1105
1106	!
1107	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
1108	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
1109	!-- air.
1110	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1111	IF ( q_s <= qv_1 ) THEN
1112	IF ( .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
1113	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1114	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1115	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
1116	ENDIF
1117	ENDIF
1118	ENDIF
1119
1120	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1121	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1122
1123	!
1124	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1125	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1126	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1127	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1128
1129	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
1130
1131	!
1132	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1133	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
1134
1135
1136	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1137	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1138	!
1139	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1140	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) &
1141	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1142	+ f_shf * pt_1 + f_qsws * ( qv_1 - q_s &
1143	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1144	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1145
1146	!
1147	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1148	coef_2 = rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
1149	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1150	#else
1151
1152	!
1153	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1154	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1155	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
1156	+ f_shf * pt_1 + f_qsws * ( qv_1 &
1157	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
1158	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1159
1160	!
1161	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1162	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1163	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1164
1165	#endif
1166	ELSE
1167
1168	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1169	!
1170	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1171	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) &
1172	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1173	+ f_shf * pt_1 + lambda_surface &
1174	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1175
1176	!
1177	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1178	coef_2 = rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1179	#else
1180
1181	!
1182	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1183	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1184	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt_1 &
1185	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1186
1187	!
1188	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1189	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1190	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1191	#endif
1192	ENDIF
1193
1194
1195	tend = 0.0_wp
1196
1197	!
1198	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1199	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1200	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
1201	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
1202	* tsc(2) )
1203	!
1204	!-- Add RK3 term
1205	IF ( c_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1206
1207	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1208	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1209
1210	!
1211	!-- Calculate true tendency
1212	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1213	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1214	!
1215	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1216	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1217	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1218	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1219	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1220	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1221	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1222	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1223	ENDIF
1224	ENDIF
1225
1226	ENDIF
1227
1228	!
1229	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is required to
1230	!-- update the radiative fluxes in order to keep the solution stable
1231	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp ) THEN
1232	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
1233	ENDIF
1234
1235	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1236
1237	!
1238	!-- Calculate fluxes
1239	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1240	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) &
1241	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1242	- rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) * t_surface_p(j,i)
1243
1244	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
1245	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
1246	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1247	+ rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) &
1248	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
1249	ENDIF
1250	#else
1251	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1252	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
1253	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1254	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
1255	#endif
1256
1257	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1258	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1259
1260	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt_1 - pt(k,j,i) )
1261
1262	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
1263
1264	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1265	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv_1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1266	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1267
1268	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
1269
1270	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv_1 - q_s &
1271	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1272	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1273
1274	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv_1 - q_s &
1275	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1276	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1277
1278	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv_1 - q_s &
1279	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1280	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1281	ENDIF
1282	!
1283	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1284	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1285	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1286	ELSE
1287	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv_1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1288	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1289	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1290	ENDIF
1291
1292	!
1293	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1294	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1295	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1296	!
1297	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
1298	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
1299	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1300	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1301
1302	!
1303	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
1304	!-- Otherwise, add the water to bare soil fraction.
1305	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1306	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1307	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1308	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1309	ELSE
1310	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1311	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1312	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1313	ENDIF
1314
1315	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
1316	!-- coverage.
1317	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
1318	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1319	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1320	ENDIF
1321
1322	!
1323	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1324	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1325
1326	!
1327	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1328	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1329	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1330	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1331	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1332	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1333	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1334	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1335	ENDIF
1336
1337	!
1338	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1339	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1340	!-- plant
1341	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1342	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1343	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1344	ENDIF
1345	ENDIF
1346
1347	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1348
1349	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1350	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1351
1352	!
1353	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1354	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1355	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1356
1357	!
1358	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1359	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1360	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1361
1362
1363	!
1364	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1365	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1366	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1367	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1368	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1369	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1370	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1371	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1372	ENDIF
1373	ENDIF
1374
1375	ENDIF
1376
1377	ENDDO
1378	ENDDO
1379
1380	!
1381	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
1382	!-- least one processor
1383	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) &
1384	THEN
1385	#if defined( __parallel )
1386	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
1387	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
1388	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
1389	#else
1390	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
1391	#endif
1392	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
1393	ENDIF
1394
1395
1396	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1397
1398
1399	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1400	! Description:
1401	! ------------
1402	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
1403	!> temperature and water content.
1404	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1405	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1406
1407
1408	IMPLICIT NONE
1409
1410	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1411	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1412	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1413
1414	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
1415
1416	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
1417	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
1418	tend !< tendency
1419
1420	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1421	DO j = nysg, nyng
1422	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1423	!
1424	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
1425	!-- account water content
1426	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
1427	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
1428
1429	!
1430	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
1431	!-- layers
1432	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
1433	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
1434
1435	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
1436
1437	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
1438	lambda_h_dry
1439
1440	ENDDO
1441
1442	!
1443	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
1444	!-- using linear interpolation
1445	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1446	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) * 0.5_wp
1447	ENDDO
1448	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1449
1450	!
1451	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
1452	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1453	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
1454	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
1455	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
1456	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
1462	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
1463	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
1464	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
1465	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
1466	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
1467	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
1468	* ddz_soil(k) &
1469	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1470	ENDDO
1471
1472	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
1473	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
1474	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
1475	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1476
1477	!
1478	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1479	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1480	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1481	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1482	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1483	ENDDO
1484	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1485	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1486	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1487	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1488	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
1489	ENDDO
1490	ENDIF
1491	ENDIF
1492
1493
1494	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1495
1496	!
1497	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
1498	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
1499	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
1500	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
1501
1502	!
1503	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
1504	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1505	!
1506	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
1507	!-- (1980)
1508	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
1509	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
1510	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
1511	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
1512
1513
1514	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
1515	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
1516	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1517	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
1518	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1519	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
1520	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
1521
1522	!
1523	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
1524	ELSE
1525	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
1526	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
1527	ENDIF
1528
1529	ENDDO
1530
1531
1532	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1533	!
1534	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
1535	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
1536	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
1537	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1538
1539	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
1540	* 0.5_wp
1541	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
1542	* 0.5_wp
1543
1544	ENDDO
1545
1546	!
1547	!
1548	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
1549	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
1550	!-- in the bottom layer.
1551	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1552	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1553	ELSE
1554	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
1555	ENDIF
1556
1557	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
1558	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
1559	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
1560	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
1561	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
1562	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
1563	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
1564	!-- take water from moister layers.
1565
1566	!
1567	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of root_extr
1568	!-- = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a positive
1569	!-- transpiration, so that there is no need for an additional check.
1570	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1571	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1572	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
1573	ENDIF
1574	ENDDO
1575
1576	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1577	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1578	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1579	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
1580	ELSE
1581	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
1582	ENDIF
1583	ENDDO
1584	ENDIF
1585
1586	!
1587	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
1588	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1589	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
1590	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
1591	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
1592	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
1593	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
1594	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1595
1596	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
1597	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
1598	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
1599	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
1600	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
1601	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
1602	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
1603	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1604
1605	ENDDO
1606	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1607	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
1608	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1609	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
1610	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
1611	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
1612	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
1613	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
1614	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
1615
1616	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
1617	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
1618	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1619
1620	!
1621	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
1622	m_soil_p(:,j,i) = MAX(m_soil_p(:,j,i),0.0_wp)
1623
1624	!
1625	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1626	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1627	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1628	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1629	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1630	ENDDO
1631	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1632	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1633	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1634	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1635	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
1636	ENDDO
1637	ENDIF
1638	ENDIF
1639
1640	ENDIF
1641
1642	ENDDO
1643	ENDDO
1644
1645	!
1646	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1647	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1648	CALL calc_q_surface
1649	ENDIF
1650
1651
1652	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1653
1654
1655	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1656	! Description:
1657	! ------------
1658	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
1659	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1660	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1661
1662	IMPLICIT NONE
1663
1664	INTEGER :: i !< running index
1665	INTEGER :: j !< running index
1666	INTEGER :: k !< running index
1667	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
1668
1669	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1670	DO j = nysg, nyng
1671	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1672
1673	!
1674	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1675	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
1676	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1677
1678	!
1679	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
1680	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1681
1682	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
1683
1684	!
1685	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
1686	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1687	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1688	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
1689	ELSE
1690	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1691	* q(k+1,j,i)
1692	ENDIF
1693
1694	!
1695	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
1696	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
1697
1698	ENDDO
1699	ENDDO
1700
1701	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1702
1703	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1704	! Description:
1705	! ------------
1706	!> Swapping of timelevels
1707	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1708	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
1709
1710	IMPLICIT NONE
1711
1712	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
1713
1714	#if defined( __nopointer )
1715
1716	t_surface = t_surface_p
1717	t_soil = t_soil_p
1718	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1719	m_soil = m_soil_p
1720	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1721	ENDIF
1722
1723	#else
1724
1725	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
1726
1727	CASE ( 0 )
1728
1729	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
1730	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1731	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1732	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
1733	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
1734	ENDIF
1735
1736
1737	CASE ( 1 )
1738
1739	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
1740	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
1741	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1742	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
1743	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
1744	ENDIF
1745
1746	END SELECT
1747	#endif
1748
1749	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
1750
1751
1752	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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