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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1691

Last change on this file since 1691 was 1691, checked in by maronga, 9 years ago
various bugfixes and modifications of the atmosphere-land-surface-radiation interaction. Completely re-written routine to calculate surface fluxes (surface_layer_fluxes.f90) that replaces prandtl_fluxes. Minor formatting corrections and renamings
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 75.0 KB

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1	!> @file land_surface_model.f90
2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
8	!
9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
12	!
13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
15	!
16	! Copyright 1997-2015 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
18	!
19	! Current revisions:
20	! -----------------
21	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
22	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
23	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
24	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
25	!
26	! Former revisions:
27	! -----------------
28	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga $
29	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
30	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
31	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
32	!
33	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
34	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
35	!
36	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
37	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
38	!
39	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
40	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
41	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
42	!
43	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
44	! Added output of r_a and r_s
45	!
46	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
47	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
48	! profile
49	!
50	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
51	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
52	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
53	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
54	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
55	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
56	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
57	! calculation
58	!
59	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
60	!
61	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
62	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
63	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
64	! Added support for dry runs.
65	!
66	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
67	! Initial revision
68	!
69	!
70	! Description:
71	! ------------
72	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
73	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
74	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
75	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
76	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
77	!>
78	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
79	!> surface layer.
80	!> @todo Allow for water surfaces
81	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
82	!> nzt_soil=3)).
83	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
84	!> with considerable precipitation.
85	!>
86	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
87	!> become too thin.
88	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
89	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
90
91	USE arrays_3d, &
92	ONLY: hyp, pt, pt_p, q, q_p, ql, qsws, rif, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, z0h
93
94	USE cloud_parameters, &
95	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, prr, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
96
97	USE control_parameters, &
98	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
99	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
100	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
101	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
102	z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
103
104	USE indices, &
105	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
106
107	USE kinds
108
109	USE netcdf_control, &
110	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
111
112	USE pegrid
113
114	USE radiation_model_mod, &
115	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
116	rad_lw_out, sigma_sb
117
118	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
119	USE radiation_model_mod, &
120	ONLY: rrtm_lwuflx_dt, rrtm_idrv
121	#endif
122
123	USE statistics, &
124	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
125
126	IMPLICIT NONE
127
128	!
129	!-- LSM model constants
130	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
131	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
132	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
133
134	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !< starting index for timeseries output
135
136	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
137	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
138	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
139
140	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
141
142	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
143	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
144	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
145	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
146	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
147	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
148	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
149	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
150	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
151
152
153	!
154	!-- LSM variables
155	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
156	soil_type = 3 !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
157
158	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
159	dewfall = .TRUE., & !< allow/inhibit dewfall
160	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
161	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
162
163	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
164	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
165	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
166	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
167	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
168	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
169	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
170	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
171	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
172	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
173	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
174	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
175	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
176	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
177	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
178	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
179	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
180	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
181	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
182	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
183	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
184	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
185	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
186	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
187	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
188	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
189	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
190	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
191	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
192	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
193	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
194	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
195
196	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
197	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
198	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
199	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
200	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
201	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
202	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
203	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
204
205	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
206	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
207	283.0_wp /), &
208	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
209	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
210
211	#if defined( __nopointer )
212	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
213	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
214	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
215	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
216	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
217	#else
218	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
219	t_surface_p, &
220	m_liq_eb, &
221	m_liq_eb_p
222
223	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
224	m_liq_eb_av, &
225	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
226	#endif
227
228	!
229	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
230	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
231	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
232
233	!
234	!-- Energy balance variables
235	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
236	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
237	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
238	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
239	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
240	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
241	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
242	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
243	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
244	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
245	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
246	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
247	lai, & !< leaf area index
248	lai_av, & !< average of lai
249	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
250	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
251	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
252	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
253	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
254	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
255	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
256	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
257	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
258	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
259	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
260	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
261	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
262	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
263	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
264	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
265	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
266	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
267	r_a_av, & !< avergae of r_a
268	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
269	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
270	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
271	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
272	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
273	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
274	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
275	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
276
277
278	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
279	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (?)
280	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
281	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
282	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
283
284	#if defined( __nopointer )
285	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
286	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
287	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
288	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
289	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
290	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
291	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
292	#else
293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
294	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
295	m_soil, m_soil_p
296
297	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
298	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
299	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
300	#endif
301
302
303	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
304	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
305	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
306	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
307
308
309	!
310	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
311	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
312	'user defined ', & ! 0
313	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
314	'short grass ', & ! 2
315	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
316	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
317	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
318	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
319	'tall grass ', & ! 7
320	'desert ', & ! 8
321	'tundra ', & ! 9
322	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
323	'semidesert ', & ! 11
324	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
325	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
326	'inland water ', & ! 14
327	'ocean ', & ! 15
328	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
329	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
330	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
331	'interrupted forest ' & ! 19
332	/)
333
334	!
335	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
336	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
337	'user defined', & ! 0
338	'coarse ', & ! 1
339	'medium ', & ! 2
340	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
341	'fine ', & ! 4
342	'very fine ', & ! 5
343	'organic ', & ! 6
344	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
345	/)
346	!
347	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
348
349	!
350	!-- Land surface parameters I
351	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
352	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
353	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
354	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
355	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
356	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
357	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
358	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
359	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
360	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
361	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
362	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
363	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
364	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
365	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
366	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
367	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
368	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
369	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
370	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
371	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
372	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
373
374	!
375	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
376	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
377	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
378	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
379	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
380	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
381	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
382	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
383	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
384	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
385	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
386	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
387	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
388	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
389	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
390	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
391	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
392	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
393	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
394	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
395	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
396	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
397
398	!
399	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
400	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
401	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
402	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
403	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
404	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
405	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
406	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
407	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
408	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
409	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
410	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
411	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
412	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
413	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
414	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
415	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
416	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
417	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
418	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
419	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
420	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
421
422	!
423	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
424	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
425	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
426	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
427	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
428	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
429	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
430	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
431	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
432	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
433	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
434	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
435	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
436	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
437	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
438	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
439	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
440	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
441	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
442	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
443	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
444	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
445
446	!
447	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
448
449	!
450	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
451	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
452	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
453	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
454	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
455	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
456	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
457	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
458	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
459	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
460
461	!
462	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
463	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
464	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
465	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
466	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
467	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
468	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
469	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
470	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
471	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
472
473
474	SAVE
475
476
477	PRIVATE
478
479
480	!
481	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
482	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
483	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
484	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
485	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
486	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
487	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
488	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
489	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
490	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, &
491	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, &
492	z0h_eb
493
494	!
495	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
496	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
497	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
498	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
499	zs
500
501	!
502	!-- Public 2D output variables
503	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
504	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
505	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
506	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
507
508	!
509	!-- Public prognostic variables
510	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
511
512	INTERFACE init_lsm
513	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
514	END INTERFACE init_lsm
515
516	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
517	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
518	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
519
520	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
521	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
522	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
523
524	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
525	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
526	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
527
528	CONTAINS
529
530
531	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
532	! Description:
533	! ------------
534	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
535	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
536	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
537
538
539	IMPLICIT NONE
540
541	!
542	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
543	#if defined( __nopointer )
544	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
545	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
546	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
547	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
548	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
549	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
550	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
551	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
552	#else
553	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
554	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
555	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
556	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
557	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
558	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
559	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
560	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
561	#endif
562
563	!
564	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
565	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
566	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
567	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
568	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
569
570	!
571	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
572	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
573	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
574	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
575	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
576	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
577	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
578	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
579	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
580	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
581	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
582	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
583	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
584	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
585	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
586	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
587	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
588	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
589	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
590	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
591	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
592	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
593	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
594	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
595	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
596	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
597	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
598	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
599	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
600
601	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
602	!
603	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
604	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
605	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
606	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
607	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
608	#endif
609
610
611	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
612
613	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
614	! Description:
615	! ------------
616	!> Initialization of the land surface model
617	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
618	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
619
620
621	IMPLICIT NONE
622
623	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
624	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
625	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
626
627	REAL(wp) :: pt_1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
628
629
630	!
631	!-- Calculate Exner function
632	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
633
634
635	!
636	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
637	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
638	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
639	ENDIF
640
641	!
642	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
643	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
644	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
645	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
646	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
647
648	!
649	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
650	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
651	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
652	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
653	c_liq = 0.0_wp
654
655	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
656	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
657
658	IF ( humidity ) THEN
659	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
660	ELSE
661	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
662	ENDIF
663
664	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
665	qsws_soil_eb = qsws_eb
666	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
667
668	r_a = 50.0_wp
669	r_s = 50.0_wp
670	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
671	r_soil = 0.0_wp
672
673	!
674	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
675	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
676	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
677	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
678
679	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
680	!
681	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
682	IF ( humidity ) THEN
683	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
684	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
685
686	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
687	ENDIF
688
689	!
690	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
691	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
692	!-- at the centers
693	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
694
695	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
696	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
697	ENDDO
698	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
699
700	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
701	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
702	ENDDO
703	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
704
705	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
706	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
707
708	!
709	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
710	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
711	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
712	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
713
714	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
715	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
716	ENDIF
717
718	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
719	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
720	ENDIF
721
722	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
723	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
724	ENDIF
725
726	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
727	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
728	ENDIF
729
730	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
731	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
732	ENDIF
733
734	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
735	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
736	ENDIF
737
738	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
739	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
740	ENDIF
741
742	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
743	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
744	ENDIF
745
746	ENDIF
747
748	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
749	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
750	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
751	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
752	m_sat = saturation_moisture
753	m_fc = field_capacity
754	m_wilt = wilting_point
755	m_res = residual_moisture
756	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
757
758	!
759	!-- Initial run actions
760	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
761
762	t_soil = 0.0_wp
763	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
764	m_soil = 0.0_wp
765
766	!
767	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
768	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
769	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
770	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
771	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
772	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
773	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
774	ENDDO
775	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
776
777	!
778	!-- Calculate surface temperature
779	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
780	t_surface_p = t_surface
781
782	!
783	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
784	!-- the first time step
785	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
786	DO j = nysg, nyng
787	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
788
789	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
790	pt_1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
791	ELSE
792	pt_1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
793	ENDIF
794
795	!
796	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
797	IF ( pt_1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt_1 = pt_1 + 1.0E-10_wp
798
799	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
800	ts(j,i) = (pt_1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
801	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
802	ENDDO
803	ENDDO
804
805	!
806	!-- Actions for restart runs
807	ELSE
808
809	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
810	DO j = nysg, nyng
811	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
812	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
813	ENDDO
814	ENDDO
815
816	ENDIF
817
818	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
819	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
820	ENDDO
821
822	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
823	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
824	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
825	ENDIF
826	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
827	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
828	ENDIF
829	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
830	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
831	ENDIF
832	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
833	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
834	ENDIF
835	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
836	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
837	ENDIF
838	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
839	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
840	ENDIF
841	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
842	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
843	ENDIF
844	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
845	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
846	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
847	ENDIF
848	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
849	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
850	ENDIF
851	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
852
853	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
854	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
855	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
856	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
857	ENDDO
858	ENDIF
859
860	ELSE
861
862	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
863	z0_eb = roughness_length
864	ENDIF
865	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
866	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
867	ENDIF
868
869	ENDIF
870
871	!
872	!-- Initialize vegetation
873	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
874	lai = leaf_area_index
875	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
876	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
877	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
878	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
879	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
880	z0 = z0_eb
881	z0h = z0h_eb
882
883	!
884	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
885	CALL user_init_land_surface
886
887
888	t_soil_p = t_soil
889	m_soil_p = m_soil
890	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
891
892	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
893	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
894	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
895	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
896	statistic_regions+1 )
897	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
898	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
899	statistic_regions+1 )
900
901	!
902	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
903	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
904	dots_num = dots_num + 8
905
906	dots_label(dots_soil) = "ghf_eb"
907	dots_label(dots_soil+1) = "shf_eb"
908	dots_label(dots_soil+2) = "qsws_eb"
909	dots_label(dots_soil+3) = "qsws_liq_eb"
910	dots_label(dots_soil+4) = "qsws_soil_eb"
911	dots_label(dots_soil+5) = "qsws_veg_eb"
912	dots_label(dots_soil+6) = "r_a"
913	dots_label(dots_soil+7) = "r_s"
914
915	dots_unit(dots_soil:dots_soil+5) = "W/m2"
916	dots_unit(dots_soil+6:dots_soil+7) = "s/m"
917
918	RETURN
919
920	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
921
922
923
924	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
925	! Description:
926	! ------------
927	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
928	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
929	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
930
931
932	IMPLICIT NONE
933
934	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
935	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
936	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
937
938	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
939	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
940	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
941	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
942	e, & !< water vapour pressure
943	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
944	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
945	tend, & !< tendency
946	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
947	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
948	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
949	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
950	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
951	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
952	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
953	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
954	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
955	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
956	pt_1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
957	qv_1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
958
959	!
960	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
961	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
962
963	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
964	DO j = nysg, nyng
965	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
966
967	!
968	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
969	IF ( rif(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
970	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
971	ELSE
972	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
973	ENDIF
974
975	!
976	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
977	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
978	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
979	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
980	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
981	pt_1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
982	qv_1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
983	ELSE
984	pt_1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
985	qv_1 = q(k+1,j,i)
986	ENDIF
987
988	r_a(j,i) = (pt_1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
989
990	!
991	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
992	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
993
994	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
995	!-- night)
996	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
997	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) /&
998	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
999	+ 1.0_wp)) )
1000	ELSE
1001	f1 = 1.0_wp
1002	ENDIF
1003
1004	!
1005	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
1006	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
1007	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
1008	m_total = 0.0_wp
1009	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1010	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
1011	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
1012	ENDDO
1013
1014	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1015	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1016	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1017	f2 = 1.0_wp
1018	ELSE
1019	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1020	ENDIF
1021
1022	!
1023	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1024	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1025	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1026
1027	!
1028	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1029	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1030	!
1031	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1032	e = qv_1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1033	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1034	ELSE
1035	f3 = 1.0_wp
1036	ENDIF
1037
1038	!
1039	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1040	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1041	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1042	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1043	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1044
1045	!
1046	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1047	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1048	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1049	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1050	m_res(j,i)
1051	ELSE
1052	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1053	ENDIF
1054
1055	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1056	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1057	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1058
1059	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1060
1061	!
1062	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
1063	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
1064	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
1065
1066
1067	!
1068	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1069	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1070
1071	!
1072	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1073	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1074	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv_1 ) THEN
1075	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1076	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1077	ENDIF
1078
1079	!
1080	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1081	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1082	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1083
1084	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1085	r_soil(j,i))
1086	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1087
1088
1089	!
1090	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1091	!-- transpirate.
1092	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1093	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1094	! ENDIF
1095
1096	!
1097	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
1098	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
1099	!-- air.
1100	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1101	IF ( q_s <= qv_1 ) THEN
1102	IF ( .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
1103	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1104	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1105	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
1106	ENDIF
1107	ENDIF
1108	ENDIF
1109
1110	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1111	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1112
1113	!
1114	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1115	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1116	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1117	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1118
1119	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
1120
1121	!
1122	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1123	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
1124
1125
1126	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1127	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1128	!
1129	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1130	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) &
1131	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1132	+ f_shf * pt_1 + f_qsws * ( qv_1 - q_s &
1133	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1134	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1135
1136	!
1137	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1138	coef_2 = rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
1139	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1140	#else
1141
1142	!
1143	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1144	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1145	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
1146	+ f_shf * pt_1 + f_qsws * ( qv_1 &
1147	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
1148	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1149
1150	!
1151	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1152	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1153	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1154
1155	#endif
1156	ELSE
1157
1158	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1159	!
1160	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1161	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) &
1162	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1163	+ f_shf * pt_1 + lambda_surface &
1164	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1165
1166	!
1167	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1168	coef_2 = rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1169	#else
1170
1171	!
1172	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1173	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1174	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt_1 &
1175	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1176
1177	!
1178	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1179	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1180	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1181	#endif
1182	ENDIF
1183
1184
1185	tend = 0.0_wp
1186
1187	!
1188	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1189	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1190	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
1191	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
1192	* tsc(2) )
1193	!
1194	!-- Add RK3 term
1195	IF ( c_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1196
1197	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1198	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1199
1200	!
1201	!-- Calculate true tendency
1202	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1203	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1204	!
1205	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1206	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1207	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1208	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1209	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1210	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1211	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1212	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1213	ENDIF
1214	ENDIF
1215
1216	ENDIF
1217
1218	!
1219	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is required to
1220	!-- update the radiative fluxes in order to keep the solution stable
1221	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp ) THEN
1222	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
1223	ENDIF
1224
1225	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1226
1227	!
1228	!-- Calculate fluxes
1229	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1230	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) &
1231	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1232	- rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) * t_surface_p(j,i)
1233
1234	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
1235	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
1236	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1237	+ rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) &
1238	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
1239	ENDIF
1240	#else
1241	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1242	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
1243	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1244	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
1245	#endif
1246
1247	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1248	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1249
1250	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt_1 - pt(k,j,i) )
1251
1252	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
1253
1254	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1255	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv_1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1256	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1257
1258	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
1259
1260	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv_1 - q_s &
1261	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1262	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1263
1264	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv_1 - q_s &
1265	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1266	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1267
1268	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv_1 - q_s &
1269	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1270	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1271	ENDIF
1272	!
1273	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1274	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1275	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1276	ELSE
1277	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv_1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1278	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1279	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1280	ENDIF
1281
1282	!
1283	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1284	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1285	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1286	!
1287	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
1288	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
1289	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1290	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1291
1292	!
1293	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
1294	!-- Otherwise, add the water to bare soil fraction.
1295	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1296	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1297	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1298	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1299	ELSE
1300	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1301	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1302	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1303	ENDIF
1304
1305	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
1306	!-- coverage.
1307	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
1308	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1309	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1310	ENDIF
1311
1312	!
1313	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1314	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1315
1316	!
1317	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1318	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1319	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1320	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1321	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1322	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1323	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1324	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1325	ENDIF
1326
1327	!
1328	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1329	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1330	!-- plant
1331	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1332	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1333	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1334	ENDIF
1335	ENDIF
1336
1337	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1338
1339	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1340	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1341
1342	!
1343	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1344	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1345	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1346
1347	!
1348	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1349	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1350	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1351
1352
1353	!
1354	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1355	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1356	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1357	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1358	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1359	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1360	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1361	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1362	ENDIF
1363	ENDIF
1364
1365	ENDIF
1366
1367	ENDDO
1368	ENDDO
1369
1370	#if defined( __parallel )
1371	!
1372	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
1373	!-- least one processor
1374	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 )&
1375	THEN
1376
1377	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
1378	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
1379	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
1380	#else
1381	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
1382	#endif
1383	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
1384	ENDIF
1385
1386
1387	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1388
1389
1390	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1391	! Description:
1392	! ------------
1393	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
1394	!> temperature and water content.
1395	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1396	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1397
1398
1399	IMPLICIT NONE
1400
1401	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1402	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1403	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1404
1405	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
1406
1407	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
1408	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
1409	tend !< tendency
1410
1411	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1412	DO j = nysg, nyng
1413	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1414	!
1415	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
1416	!-- account water content
1417	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
1418	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
1419
1420	!
1421	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
1422	!-- layers
1423	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
1424	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
1425
1426	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
1427
1428	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
1429	lambda_h_dry
1430
1431	ENDDO
1432
1433	!
1434	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
1435	!-- using linear interpolation
1436	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1437	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) * 0.5_wp
1438	ENDDO
1439	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1440
1441	!
1442	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
1443	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1444	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
1445	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
1446	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
1447	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
1453	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
1454	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
1455	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
1456	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
1457	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
1458	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
1459	* ddz_soil(k) &
1460	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1461	ENDDO
1462
1463	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
1464	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
1465	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
1466	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1467
1468	!
1469	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1470	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1471	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1472	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1473	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1474	ENDDO
1475	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1476	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1477	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1478	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1479	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
1480	ENDDO
1481	ENDIF
1482	ENDIF
1483
1484
1485	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1486
1487	!
1488	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
1489	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
1490	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
1491	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
1492
1493	!
1494	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
1495	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1496	!
1497	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
1498	!-- (1980)
1499	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
1500	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
1501	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
1502	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
1503
1504
1505	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
1506	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
1507	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1508	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
1509	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1510	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
1511	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
1512
1513	!
1514	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
1515	ELSE
1516	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
1517	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
1518	ENDIF
1519
1520	ENDDO
1521
1522
1523	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1524	!
1525	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
1526	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
1527	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
1528	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1529
1530	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
1531	* 0.5_wp
1532	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
1533	* 0.5_wp
1534
1535	ENDDO
1536
1537	!
1538	!
1539	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
1540	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
1541	!-- in the bottom layer.
1542	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1543	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1544	ELSE
1545	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
1546	ENDIF
1547
1548	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
1549	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
1550	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
1551	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
1552	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
1553	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
1554	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
1555	!-- take water from moister layers.
1556
1557	!
1558	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of root_extr
1559	!-- = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a positive
1560	!-- transpiration, so that there is no need for an additional check.
1561	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1562	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1563	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
1564	ENDIF
1565	ENDDO
1566
1567	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1568	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1569	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1570	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
1571	ELSE
1572	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
1573	ENDIF
1574	ENDDO
1575	ENDIF
1576
1577	!
1578	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
1579	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1580	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
1581	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
1582	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
1583	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
1584	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
1585	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1586
1587	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
1588	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
1589	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
1590	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
1591	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
1592	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
1593	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
1594	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1595
1596	ENDDO
1597	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1598	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
1599	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1600	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
1601	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
1602	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
1603	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
1604	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
1605	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
1606
1607	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
1608	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
1609	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1610
1611	!
1612	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
1613	m_soil_p(:,j,i) = MAX(m_soil_p(:,j,i),0.0_wp)
1614
1615	!
1616	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1617	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1618	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1619	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1620	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1621	ENDDO
1622	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1623	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1624	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1625	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1626	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
1627	ENDDO
1628	ENDIF
1629	ENDIF
1630
1631	ENDIF
1632
1633	ENDDO
1634	ENDDO
1635
1636	!
1637	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1638	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1639	CALL calc_q_surface
1640	ENDIF
1641
1642
1643	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1644
1645
1646	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1647	! Description:
1648	! ------------
1649	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
1650	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1651	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1652
1653	IMPLICIT NONE
1654
1655	INTEGER :: i !< running index
1656	INTEGER :: j !< running index
1657	INTEGER :: k !< running index
1658	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
1659
1660	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1661	DO j = nysg, nyng
1662	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1663
1664	!
1665	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1666	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
1667	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1668
1669	!
1670	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
1671	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1672
1673	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
1674
1675	!
1676	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
1677	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1678	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1679	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
1680	ELSE
1681	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1682	* q(k+1,j,i)
1683	ENDIF
1684
1685	!
1686	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
1687	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
1688
1689	ENDDO
1690	ENDDO
1691
1692	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1693
1694	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1695	! Description:
1696	! ------------
1697	!> Swapping of timelevels
1698	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1699	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
1700
1701	IMPLICIT NONE
1702
1703	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
1704
1705	#if defined( __nopointer )
1706
1707	t_surface = t_surface_p
1708	t_soil = t_soil_p
1709	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1710	m_soil = m_soil_p
1711	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1712	ENDIF
1713
1714	#else
1715
1716	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
1717
1718	CASE ( 0 )
1719
1720	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
1721	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1722	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1723	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
1724	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
1725	ENDIF
1726
1727
1728	CASE ( 1 )
1729
1730	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
1731	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
1732	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1733	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
1734	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
1735	ENDIF
1736
1737	END SELECT
1738	#endif
1739
1740	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
1741
1742
1743	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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