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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1572

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1	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
2
3	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
4	! This file is part of PALM.
5	!
6	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
7	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
8	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2014 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1572 2015-03-12 16:14:19Z maronga $
27	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
28	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
29	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
30	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
31	!
32	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
33	! Added output of r_a and r_s
34	!
35	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
36	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
37	! profile
38	!
39	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
40	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
41	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
42	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
43	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
44	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
45	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
46	! calculation
47	!
48	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
49	!
50	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
51	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
52	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
53	! Added support for dry runs.
54	!
55	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
56	! Initial revision
57	!
58	!
59	! Description:
60	! ------------
61	! Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
62	! surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
63	! scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
64	! H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
65	! DALES and UCLA-LES models.
66	!
67	! To do list:
68	! -----------
69	! - Check dewfall parametrization for fog simulations
70	! - Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the surface layer
71	! - Allow for water surfaces, check performance for bare soils
72	! - Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0, nzt_soil=3))
73	! - Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES with
74	! considerable precipitation
75	!
76	! Notes:
77	! ------
78	! - No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not become
79	! too thin
80	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
81	USE arrays_3d, &
82	ONLY: pt, pt_p, q, q_p, qsws, rif, shf, ts, us, z0, z0h
83
84	USE cloud_parameters, &
85	ONLY: cp, l_d_r, l_v, precipitation_rate, rho_l, r_d, r_v
86
87	USE control_parameters, &
88	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
89	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
90	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
91	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
92	z0h_factor
93
94	USE indices, &
95	ONLY: nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb_s_inner
96
97	USE kinds
98
99	USE netcdf_control, &
100	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
101
102	USE radiation_model_mod, &
103	ONLY: irad_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, sigma_sb
104
105	USE statistics, &
106	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
107
108	IMPLICIT NONE
109
110	!
111	!-- LSM model constants
112	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !: bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
113	nzt_soil = 3, & !: top of the soil model (to be switched)
114	nzs = 4 !: number of soil layers (fixed for now)
115
116	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !: starting index for timeseries output
117
118	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
119	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
120	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
121
122	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
123
124	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
125	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
126	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
127	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
128	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
129	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
130	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
131	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
132	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
133
134
135	!
136	!-- LSM variables
137	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !: vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
138	soil_type = 3 !: soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
139
140	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !: open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
141	dewfall = .TRUE., & !: allow/inhibit dewfall
142	land_surface = .FALSE. !: flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
143
144	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
145	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
146	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST alpha_vg
147	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST g_d
148	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !: Surface (skin) heat capacity
149	drho_l_lv, & !: (rho_l * l_v)**-1
150	exn, & !: value of the Exner function
151	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !: saturation water vapour pressure
152	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_fc
153	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST f_sw_in
154	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
155	ke = 0.0_wp, & !: Kersten number
156	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
157	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
158	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lai
159	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST l_vg
160	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST r_canopy_min
161	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !: NAMELIST r_soil_min
162	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !: weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
163	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST n_vg
164	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !: saturation specific humidity
165	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_res
166	rho_cp, & !: rho_surface * cp
167	rho_lv, & !: rho * l_v
168	rd_d_rv, & !: r_d / r_v
169	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_sat
170	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST c_veg
171	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_wilt
172	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
173	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !: NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
174
175	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
176	ddz_soil, & !: 1/dz_soil
177	ddz_soil_stag, & !: 1/dz_soil_stag
178	dz_soil, & !: soil grid spacing (center-center)
179	dz_soil_stag, & !: soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
180	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !: root extraction
181	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
182	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !: distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
183	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !: soil layer depths (m)
184	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !: soil moisture content (m3/m3)
185
186	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
187	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, &
188	283.0_wp /) !: soil temperature (K)
189
190	#if defined( __nopointer )
191	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !: surface temperature (K)
192	t_surface_p, & !: progn. surface temperature (K)
193	m_liq_eb, & !: liquid water reservoir (m)
194	m_liq_eb_av, & !: liquid water reservoir (m)
195	m_liq_eb_p !: progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
196	#else
197	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
198	t_surface_p, &
199	m_liq_eb, &
200	m_liq_eb_p
201
202	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
203	m_liq_eb_av, &
204	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
205	#endif
206
207	!
208	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
209	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !: surface temperature tendency (K)
210	tm_liq_eb_m !: liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
211
212	!
213	!-- Energy balance variables
214	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
215	alpha_vg, & !: coef. of Van Genuchten
216	c_liq, & !: liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
217	c_liq_av, & !: average of c_liq
218	c_soil_av, & !: average of c_soil
219	c_veg, & !: vegetation coverage
220	c_veg_av, & !: average of c_veg
221	f_sw_in, & !: fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
222	ghf_eb, & !: ground heat flux
223	ghf_eb_av, & !: average of ghf_eb
224	gamma_w_sat, & !: hydraulic conductivity at saturation
225	g_d, & !: coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
226	lai, & !: leaf area index
227	lai_av, & !: average of lai
228	lambda_h_sat, & !: heat conductivity for dry soil
229	lambda_surface_s, & !: coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
230	lambda_surface_u, & !: coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
231	l_vg, & !: coef. of Van Genuchten
232	m_fc, & !: soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
233	m_res, & !: residual soil moisture
234	m_sat, & !: saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
235	m_wilt, & !: soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
236	n_vg, & !: coef. Van Genuchten
237	qsws_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (total)
238	qsws_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_eb
239	qsws_liq_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
240	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_liq_eb
241	qsws_soil_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
242	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_soil_eb
243	qsws_veg_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
244	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_veg_eb
245	r_a, & !: aerodynamic resistance
246	r_a_av, & !: avergae of r_a
247	r_canopy, & !: canopy resistance
248	r_soil, & !: soil resitance
249	r_soil_min, & !: minimum soil resistance
250	r_s, & !: total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
251	r_s_av, & !: avergae of r_s
252	r_canopy_min, & !: minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
253	shf_eb, & !: surface flux of sensible heat
254	shf_eb_av !: average of shf_eb
255
256	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
257	lambda_h, & !: heat conductivity of soil (?)
258	lambda_w, & !: hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
259	gamma_w, & !: hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
260	rho_c_total !: volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
261
262	#if defined( __nopointer )
263	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
264	t_soil, & !: Soil temperature (K)
265	t_soil_av, & !: Average of t_soil
266	t_soil_p, & !: Prog. soil temperature (K)
267	m_soil, & !: Soil moisture (m3/m3)
268	m_soil_av, & !: Average of m_soil
269	m_soil_p !: Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
270	#else
271	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
272	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
273	m_soil, m_soil_p
274
275	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
276	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
277	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
278
279
280	#endif
281
282
283	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
284	tt_soil_m, & !: t_soil storage array
285	tm_soil_m, & !: m_soil storage array
286	root_fr !: root fraction (sum=1)
287
288
289	!
290	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
291	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19) :: veg_type_name = (/ &
292	'user defined', & ! 0
293	'crops, mixed farming', & ! 1
294	'short grass', & ! 2
295	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
296	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
297	'evergreen broadleaf trees' , & ! 5
298	'deciduous broadleaf trees', & ! 6
299	'tall grass', & ! 7
300	'desert', & ! 8
301	'tundra', & ! 9
302	'irrigated crops', & ! 10
303	'semidesert', & ! 11
304	'ice caps and glaciers' , & ! 12
305	'bogs and marshes', & ! 13
306	'inland water', & ! 14
307	'ocean', & ! 15
308	'evergreen shrubs', & ! 16
309	'deciduous shrubs', & ! 17
310	'mixed forest/woodland', & ! 18
311	'interrupted forest' & ! 19
312	/)
313
314	!
315	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
316	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7) :: soil_type_name = (/ &
317	'user defined', & ! 0
318	'coarse', & ! 1
319	'medium', & ! 2
320	'medium-fine', & ! 3
321	'fine', & ! 4
322	'very fine' , & ! 5
323	'organic', & ! 6
324	'loamy (CH)' & ! 7
325	/)
326	!
327	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
328
329	!
330	!-- Land surface parameters I
331	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
332	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19) :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
333	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
334	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
335	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
336	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
337	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
338	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
339	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
340	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
341	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
342	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
343	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
344	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
345	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
346	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
347	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
348	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
349	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
350	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
351	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
352	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
353
354	!
355	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
356	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19) :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
357	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
358	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
359	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
360	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
361	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
362	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
363	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
364	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
365	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
366	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
367	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
368	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
369	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
370	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
371	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
372	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
373	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
374	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
375	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
376	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
377
378	!
379	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
380	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19) :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
381	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
382	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
383	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
384	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
385	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
386	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
387	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
388	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
389	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
390	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
391	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
392	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
393	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
394	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
395	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
396	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
397	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
398	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
399	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
400	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
401
402	!
403	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
404	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19) :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
405	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
406	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
407	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
408	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
409	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
410	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
411	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
412	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
413	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
414	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
415	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
416	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
417	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
418	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
419	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
420	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
421	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
422	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
423	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
424	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
425
426	!
427	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
428
429	!
430	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
431	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7) :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
432	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
433	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
434	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
435	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
436	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
437	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
438	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
439	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
440
441	!
442	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
443	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7) :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
444	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
445	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
446	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
447	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
448	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
449	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
450	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
451	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
452
453
454	SAVE
455
456
457	PRIVATE
458
459
460	!
461	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
462	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
463	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
464	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
465	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
466	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
467	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
468	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
469	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, soil_moisture, &
470	soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, vegetation_coverage, &
471	veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, z0h_eb
472
473	!
474	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
475	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
476	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
477	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
478	zs
479
480
481	!
482	!-- Public 2D output variables
483	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
484	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
485	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
486	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
487
488
489	!
490	!-- Public prognostic variables
491	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
492
493
494	INTERFACE init_lsm
495	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
496	END INTERFACE init_lsm
497
498	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
499	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
500	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
501
502	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
503	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
504	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
505
506	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
507	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
508	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
509
510	CONTAINS
511
512
513	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
514	! Description:
515	! ------------
516	!-- Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
517	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
518	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
519
520
521	IMPLICIT NONE
522
523	!
524	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
525	#if defined( __nopointer )
526	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
527	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
528	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
529	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
530	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
531	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
532	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
533	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
534	#else
535	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
536	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
537	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
538	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
539	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
540	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
541	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
542	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
543	#endif
544
545	!
546	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
547	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
548	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
549	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
550	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
551
552	!
553	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
554	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
555	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
556	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
557	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
558	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
559	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
560	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
561	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
562	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
563	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
564	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
565	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
566	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
567	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
568	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
569	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
570	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
571	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
572	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
573	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
574	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
575	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
576	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
577	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
578	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
579	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
580	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
581	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
582
583	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
584	!
585	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
586	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
587	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
588	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
589	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
590	#endif
591
592
593	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
594
595	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
596	! Description:
597	! ------------
598	!-- Initialization of the land surface model
599	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
600	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
601
602
603	IMPLICIT NONE
604
605	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
606	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
607	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !: running index
608
609
610	!
611	!-- Calculate Exner function
612	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
613
614
615	!
616	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
617	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
618	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
619	ENDIF
620
621	!
622	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
623	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
624	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
625	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
626	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
627
628	!
629	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
630	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
631	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
632	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
633	c_liq = 0.0_wp
634
635	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
636	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
637
638	IF ( humidity ) THEN
639	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
640	ELSE
641	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
642	ENDIF
643
644	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
645	qsws_soil_eb = qsws_eb
646	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
647
648	r_a = 50.0_wp
649	r_s = 50.0_wp
650	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
651	r_soil = 0.0_wp
652
653	!
654	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
655	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
656	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
657	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
658
659	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
660	!
661	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
662	IF ( humidity ) THEN
663	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
664	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
665
666	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
667	ENDIF
668
669	!
670	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
671	!-- the center of the soil layers, whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
672	!-- at the edges (_stag)
673	dz_soil_stag(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
674
675	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
676	dz_soil_stag(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
677	ENDDO
678
679	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
680	dz_soil(k) = 0.5 * (dz_soil_stag(k+1) + dz_soil_stag(k))
681	ENDDO
682	dz_soil(nzt_soil) = dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
683
684	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
685	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
686
687	!
688	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
689	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
690	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
691	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
692
693	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
694	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
695	ENDIF
696
697	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
698	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
699	ENDIF
700
701	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
702	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
703	ENDIF
704
705	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
706	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
707	ENDIF
708
709	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
710	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
711	ENDIF
712
713	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
714	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
715	ENDIF
716
717	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
718	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
719	ENDIF
720
721	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
722	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
723	ENDIF
724
725	ENDIF
726
727	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
728	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
729	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
730	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
731	m_sat = saturation_moisture
732	m_fc = field_capacity
733	m_wilt = wilting_point
734	m_res = residual_moisture
735	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
736
737	!
738	!-- Initial run actions
739	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
740
741	t_soil = 0.0_wp
742	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
743	m_soil = 0.0_wp
744
745	!
746	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
747	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
748	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
749	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
750	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
751	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
752	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
753	ENDDO
754	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
755
756	!
757	!-- Calculate surface temperature
758	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
759
760	!
761	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
762	!-- the first time step
763	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
764	DO j = nysg, nyng
765	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
766
767	!
768	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
769	IF ( pt(k+1,j,i) == pt(k,j,i) ) pt(k+1,j,i) = pt(k+1,j,i) &
770	+ 1.0E-10_wp
771
772	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
773	ts(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
774	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
775	ENDDO
776	ENDDO
777
778	!
779	!-- Actions for restart runs
780	ELSE
781
782	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
783	DO j = nysg, nyng
784	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
785	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
786	ENDDO
787	ENDDO
788
789	ENDIF
790
791	!
792	!-- Calculate saturation soil heat conductivity
793	lambda_h_sat(:,:) = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(:,:)) * &
794	lambda_h_water ** m_sat(:,:)
795
796
797
798
799	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
800	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
801	ENDDO
802
803	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
804	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
805	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
806	ENDIF
807	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
808	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
809	ENDIF
810	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
811	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
812	ENDIF
813	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
814	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
815	ENDIF
816	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
817	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
818	ENDIF
819	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
820	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
821	ENDIF
822	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
823	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
824	ENDIF
825	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
826	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
827	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
828	ENDIF
829	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
830	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
831	ENDIF
832	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
833
834	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
835	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
836	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
837	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
838	ENDDO
839	ENDIF
840
841	ELSE
842
843	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
844	z0_eb = roughness_length
845	ENDIF
846	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
847	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
848	ENDIF
849
850	ENDIF
851
852	!
853	!-- Initialize vegetation
854	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
855	lai = leaf_area_index
856	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
857	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
858	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
859	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
860	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
861	z0 = z0_eb
862	z0h = z0h_eb
863
864	!
865	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
866	CALL user_init_land_surface
867
868
869	t_soil_p = t_soil
870	m_soil_p = m_soil
871	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
872
873	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
874	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
875	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
876	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
877	statistic_regions+1 )
878	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
879	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
880	statistic_regions+1 )
881
882	!
883	!-- Calculate humidity at the surface
884	IF ( humidity ) THEN
885	CALL calc_q_surface
886	ENDIF
887
888
889
890	!
891	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
892	dots_label(dots_num+1) = "ghf_eb"
893	dots_label(dots_num+2) = "shf_eb"
894	dots_label(dots_num+3) = "qsws_eb"
895	dots_label(dots_num+4) = "qsws_liq_eb"
896	dots_label(dots_num+5) = "qsws_soil_eb"
897	dots_label(dots_num+6) = "qsws_veg_eb"
898	dots_unit(dots_num+1:dots_num+6) = "W/m2"
899
900	dots_label(dots_num+7) = "r_a"
901	dots_label(dots_num+8) = "r_s"
902	dots_unit(dots_num+7:dots_num+8) = "s/m"
903
904	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
905	dots_num = dots_num + 8
906
907
908	RETURN
909
910	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
911
912
913
914	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
915	! Description:
916	! ------------
917	! Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
918	!
919	! Note: surface fluxes are calculated in the land surface model, but these are
920	! not used in the atmospheric code. The fluxes are calculated afterwards in
921	! prandtl_fluxes using the surface values of temperature and humidity as
922	! provided by the land surface model. In this way, the fluxes in the land
923	! surface model are not equal to the ones calculated in prandtl_fluxes
924	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
925	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
926
927
928	IMPLICIT NONE
929
930	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
931	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
932	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !: running index
933
934	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !: resistance correction term 1
935	f2, & !: resistance correction term 2
936	f3, & !: resistance correction term 3
937	m_min, & !: minimum soil moisture
938	T_1, & !: actual temperature at first grid point
939	e, & !: water vapour pressure
940	e_s, & !: water vapour saturation pressure
941	e_s_dt, & !: derivate of e_s with respect to T
942	tend, & !: tendency
943	dq_s_dt, & !: derivate of q_s with respect to T
944	coef_1, & !: coef. for prognostic equation
945	coef_2, & !: coef. for prognostic equation
946	f_qsws, & !: factor for qsws_eb
947	f_qsws_veg, & !: factor for qsws_veg_eb
948	f_qsws_soil, & !: factor for qsws_soil_eb
949	f_qsws_liq, & !: factor for qsws_liq_eb
950	f_shf, & !: factor for shf_eb
951	lambda_surface, & !: Current value of lambda_surface
952	m_liq_eb_max !: maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
953
954
955	!
956	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
957	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
958
959
960	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
961	DO j = nysg, nyng
962	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
963
964	!
965	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
966	IF ( rif(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
967	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
968	ELSE
969	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
970	ENDIF
971
972	!
973	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
974	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
975	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
976	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
977	r_a(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + &
978	1.0E-20_wp)
979
980	!
981	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
982	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
983
984	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
985	!-- night)
986	IF ( irad_scheme /= 0 ) THEN
987	f1 = MIN(1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
988	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(j,i) + 1.0_wp) ))
989	ELSE
990	f1 = 1.0_wp
991	ENDIF
992
993	!
994	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
995	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
996	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
997	m_total = 0.0_wp
998	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
999	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
1000	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
1001	ENDDO
1002
1003	IF ( m_total .GT. m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total .LT. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1004	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1005	ELSEIF ( m_total .GE. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1006	f2 = 1.0_wp
1007	ELSE
1008	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1009	ENDIF
1010
1011	!
1012	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1013	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1014	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1015
1016	!
1017	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1018	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1019	!
1020	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1021	e = q_p(k+1,j,i) * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1022	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1023	ELSE
1024	f3 = 1.0_wp
1025	ENDIF
1026
1027	!
1028	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1029	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1030	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1031	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1032	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1033
1034	!
1035	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1036	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1037	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1038	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1039	m_res(j,i)
1040	ELSE
1041	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1042	ENDIF
1043
1044	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1045	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1046	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1047
1048	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1049
1050	!
1051	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
1052	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
1053	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
1054
1055
1056	!
1057	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1058	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1059
1060	!
1061	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1062	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1063	IF ( humidity .AND. dewfall .AND. q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
1064	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1065	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1066	ENDIF
1067
1068	!
1069	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1070	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1071	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1072
1073	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1074	r_soil(j,i))
1075	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1076
1077
1078	!
1079	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1080	!-- transpirate.
1081	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .LT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1082	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1083	! ENDIF
1084
1085	!
1086	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
1087	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
1088	!-- air.
1089	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1090	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
1091	IF ( .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
1092	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1093	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1094	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
1095	ENDIF
1096	ENDIF
1097	ENDIF
1098
1099	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1100	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1101
1102	!
1103	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1104	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1105	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1106	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1107
1108	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
1109
1110	T_1 = pt_p(k+1,j,i) * exn
1111
1112	!
1113	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1114	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 4
1115
1116	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1117
1118	!
1119	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1120	coef_1 = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
1121	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1122	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1123	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1124
1125	!
1126	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1127	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1128	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1129
1130	ELSE
1131
1132	!
1133	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1134	coef_1 = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
1135	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + lambda_surface &
1136	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1137
1138	!
1139	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1140	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1141	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1142
1143	ENDIF
1144
1145	tend = 0.0_wp
1146
1147	!
1148	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1149	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1150	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
1151	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
1152	* tsc(2) )
1153	!
1154	!-- Add RK3 term
1155	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1156	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1157
1158	!
1159	!-- Calculate true tendency
1160	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1161	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1162	!
1163	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1164	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1165	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1166	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1167	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1168	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1169	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1170	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1171	ENDIF
1172	ENDIF
1173
1174	pt_p(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1175	!
1176	!-- Calculate fluxes
1177	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1178	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
1179	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1180	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1181	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1182	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt_p(k+1,j,i) - pt_p(k,j,i) )
1183
1184	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1185	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1186	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1187
1188	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1189	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1190	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1191
1192	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1193	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1194	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1195
1196	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1197	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1198	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1199	ENDIF
1200
1201	!
1202	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1203	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) .EQ. 0.0_wp ) THEN
1204	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1205	ELSE
1206	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1207	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1208	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1209	ENDIF
1210
1211	!
1212	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1213	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1214	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1215	!
1216	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
1217	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
1218	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1219	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1220
1221	!
1222	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
1223	!-- Otherwise, add the water to bare soil fraction.
1224	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) .EQ. m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1225	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1226	+ c_veg(j,i) * precipitation_rate(j,i) &
1227	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1228	ELSE
1229	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1230	+ c_veg(j,i) * precipitation_rate(j,i) &
1231	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1232	ENDIF
1233
1234	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
1235	!-- coverage.
1236	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
1237	- c_veg(j,i)) * precipitation_rate(j,i) &
1238	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1239	ENDIF
1240	!
1241	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1242	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i)) THEN
1243	!
1244	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1245	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1246	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1247	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1248	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) .EQ. m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1249	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1250	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1251	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1252	ENDIF
1253
1254	!
1255	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1256	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1257	!-- plant
1258	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) .LT. 0.0_wp ) THEN
1259	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1260	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1261	ENDIF
1262	ENDIF
1263
1264	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1265
1266	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1267	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1268
1269	!
1270	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1271	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1272	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1273
1274	!
1275	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1276	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1277	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1278
1279
1280	!
1281	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1282	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1283	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1284	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1285	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1286	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1287	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1288	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1289	ENDIF
1290	ENDIF
1291
1292	ENDIF
1293
1294	ENDDO
1295	ENDDO
1296
1297	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1298
1299
1300	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1301	! Description:
1302	! ------------
1303	!
1304	! Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
1305	! temperature and water content.
1306	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1307	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1308
1309
1310	IMPLICIT NONE
1311
1312	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
1313	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
1314	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !: running index
1315
1316	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !: Van Genuchten coef. h
1317
1318	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !: temp. gamma
1319	lambda_temp, & !: temp. lambda
1320	tend !: tendency
1321
1322	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1323	DO j = nysg, nyng
1324	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1325	!
1326	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
1327	!-- account water content
1328	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
1329	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
1330
1331	!
1332	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
1333	!-- layers
1334	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
1335	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat(j,i) + lambda_h_dry) + &
1336	lambda_h_dry
1337
1338	ENDDO
1339
1340	!
1341	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
1342	!-- using linear interpolation
1343	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1344
1345	lambda_h(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
1346	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
1347	* 0.5 * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1348
1349	ENDDO
1350	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1351
1352	!
1353	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
1354	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1355	tend(0) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
1356	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
1357	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil) &
1358	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1359
1360	DO k = 1, nzt_soil
1361	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
1362	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
1363	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
1364	* ddz_soil(k) &
1365	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
1366	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
1367	* ddz_soil(k-1) &
1368	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1369	ENDDO
1370
1371	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
1372	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
1373	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
1374	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1375
1376	!
1377	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1378	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1379	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1380	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1381	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1382	ENDDO
1383	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1384	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1385	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1386	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1387	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
1388	ENDDO
1389	ENDIF
1390	ENDIF
1391
1392
1393	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1394
1395	!
1396	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
1397	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
1398	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
1399	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
1400
1401	!
1402	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
1403	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1404	!
1405	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
1406	!-- (1980)
1407	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
1408	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
1409	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
1410	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
1411
1412	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
1413	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
1414	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1415	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
1416	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1417	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
1418	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
1419
1420	!
1421	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
1422	ELSE
1423	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
1424	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
1425	ENDIF
1426
1427	ENDDO
1428
1429
1430	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1431	!
1432	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
1433	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
1434	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
1435	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1436
1437	lambda_w(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
1438	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
1439	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1440	gamma_w(k,j,i) = gamma_temp(k) + &
1441	( gamma_temp(k+1) - gamma_temp(k) ) &
1442	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1443
1444	ENDDO
1445
1446	!
1447	!
1448	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
1449	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
1450	!-- in the bottom layer.
1451	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1452	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1453	ELSE
1454	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1455	ENDIF
1456
1457	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
1458	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
1459	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
1460	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
1461	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
1462	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
1463	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
1464	!-- take water from moister layers.
1465
1466	!
1467	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, modified so that the
1468	!-- sum of root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
1469	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
1470	!-- additional check.
1471
1472	m_total = 0.0_wp
1473	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1474	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1475	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
1476	ENDIF
1477	ENDDO
1478
1479	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1480	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1481	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
1482	ELSE
1483	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
1484	ENDIF
1485	ENDDO
1486
1487	!
1488	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
1489	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1490	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
1491	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
1492	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
1493	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
1494	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
1495	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1496
1497	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
1498	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
1499	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
1500	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
1501	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k-1) &
1502	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
1503	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
1504	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1505
1506	ENDDO
1507	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1508	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
1509	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1510	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
1511	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil-1) &
1512	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
1513	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
1514	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
1515	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
1516
1517	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
1518	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
1519	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1520
1521	!
1522	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
1523	m_soil_p(:,j,i) = MAX(m_soil_p(:,j,i),0.0_wp)
1524
1525	!
1526	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1527	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1528	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1529	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1530	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1531	ENDDO
1532	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1533	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1534	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1535	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1536	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
1537	ENDDO
1538	ENDIF
1539	ENDIF
1540
1541	ENDIF
1542
1543	ENDDO
1544	ENDDO
1545
1546	!
1547	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1548	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1549	CALL calc_q_surface
1550	ENDIF
1551
1552
1553	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1554
1555
1556	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1557	! Description:
1558	! ------------
1559	! Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
1560	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1561	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1562
1563	IMPLICIT NONE
1564
1565	INTEGER :: i !: running index
1566	INTEGER :: j !: running index
1567	INTEGER :: k !: running index
1568	REAL(wp) :: resistance !: aerodynamic and soil resistance term
1569
1570	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1571	DO j = nysg, nyng
1572	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1573
1574	!
1575	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1576	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1577	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) &
1578	- 35.86_wp ) )
1579
1580	!
1581	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
1582	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1583
1584
1585	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
1586
1587	!
1588	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
1589	q_p(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1590	* q_p(k+1,j,i)
1591
1592	ENDDO
1593	ENDDO
1594
1595	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1596
1597	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1598	! Description:
1599	! ------------
1600	! Swapping of timelevels
1601	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1602	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
1603
1604	IMPLICIT NONE
1605
1606	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
1607
1608	#if defined( __nopointer )
1609
1610	t_surface = t_surface_p
1611	t_soil = t_soil_p
1612	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1613	m_soil = m_soil_p
1614	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1615	ENDIF
1616
1617	#else
1618
1619	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
1620
1621	CASE ( 0 )
1622
1623	t_surface = t_surface_p
1624	t_soil = t_soil_p
1625	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1626	m_soil = m_soil_p
1627	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1628	ENDIF
1629
1630
1631	CASE ( 1 )
1632
1633	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
1634	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1635	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1636	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
1637	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
1638	ENDIF
1639
1640	END SELECT
1641	#endif
1642
1643	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
1644
1645
1646	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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