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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1586

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1	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
2
3	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
4	! This file is part of PALM.
5	!
6	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
7	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
8	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2014 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1586 2015-04-30 07:11:33Z maronga $
27	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
28	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
29	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
30	!
31	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
32	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
33	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
34	!
35	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
36	! Added output of r_a and r_s
37	!
38	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
39	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
40	! profile
41	!
42	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
43	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
44	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
45	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
46	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
47	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
48	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
49	! calculation
50	!
51	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
52	!
53	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
54	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
55	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
56	! Added support for dry runs.
57	!
58	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
59	! Initial revision
60	!
61	!
62	! Description:
63	! ------------
64	! Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
65	! surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
66	! scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
67	! H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
68	! DALES and UCLA-LES models.
69	!
70	! To do list:
71	! -----------
72	! - Check dewfall parametrization for fog simulations
73	! - Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the surface layer
74	! - Allow for water surfaces, check performance for bare soils
75	! - Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0, nzt_soil=3))
76	! - Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES with
77	! considerable precipitation
78	!
79	! Notes:
80	! ------
81	! - No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not become
82	! too thin
83	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
84	USE arrays_3d, &
85	ONLY: pt, pt_p, q_p, qsws, rif, shf, ts, us, z0, z0h
86
87	USE cloud_parameters, &
88	ONLY: cp, l_d_r, l_v, precipitation_rate, rho_l, r_d, r_v
89
90	USE control_parameters, &
91	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
92	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
93	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
94	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
95	z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
96
97	USE indices, &
98	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
99
100	USE kinds
101
102	USE netcdf_control, &
103	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
104
105	USE radiation_model_mod, &
106	ONLY: radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, sigma_sb
107
108	USE statistics, &
109	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
110
111	IMPLICIT NONE
112
113	!
114	!-- LSM model constants
115	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !: bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
116	nzt_soil = 3, & !: top of the soil model (to be switched)
117	nzs = 4 !: number of soil layers (fixed for now)
118
119	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !: starting index for timeseries output
120
121	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
122	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
123	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
124
125	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
126
127	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
128	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
129	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
130	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
131	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
132	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
133	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
134	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
135	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
136
137
138	!
139	!-- LSM variables
140	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !: vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
141	soil_type = 3 !: soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
142
143	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !: open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
144	dewfall = .TRUE., & !: allow/inhibit dewfall
145	land_surface = .FALSE. !: flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
146
147	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
148	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
149	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST alpha_vg
150	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST g_d
151	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !: Surface (skin) heat capacity
152	drho_l_lv, & !: (rho_l * l_v)**-1
153	exn, & !: value of the Exner function
154	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !: saturation water vapour pressure
155	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_fc
156	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST f_sw_in
157	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
158	ke = 0.0_wp, & !: Kersten number
159	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
160	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
161	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lai
162	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST l_vg
163	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST r_canopy_min
164	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !: NAMELIST r_soil_min
165	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !: weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
166	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST n_vg
167	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !: saturation specific humidity
168	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_res
169	rho_cp, & !: rho_surface * cp
170	rho_lv, & !: rho * l_v
171	rd_d_rv, & !: r_d / r_v
172	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_sat
173	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST c_veg
174	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_wilt
175	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
176	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !: NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
177
178	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
179	ddz_soil, & !: 1/dz_soil
180	ddz_soil_stag, & !: 1/dz_soil_stag
181	dz_soil, & !: soil grid spacing (center-center)
182	dz_soil_stag, & !: soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
183	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !: root extraction
184	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
185	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !: distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
186	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !: soil layer depths (m)
187	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !: soil moisture content (m3/m3)
188
189	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
190	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, &
191	283.0_wp /) !: soil temperature (K)
192
193	#if defined( __nopointer )
194	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !: surface temperature (K)
195	t_surface_p, & !: progn. surface temperature (K)
196	m_liq_eb, & !: liquid water reservoir (m)
197	m_liq_eb_av, & !: liquid water reservoir (m)
198	m_liq_eb_p !: progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
199	#else
200	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
201	t_surface_p, &
202	m_liq_eb, &
203	m_liq_eb_p
204
205	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
206	m_liq_eb_av, &
207	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
208	#endif
209
210	!
211	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
212	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !: surface temperature tendency (K)
213	tm_liq_eb_m !: liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
214
215	!
216	!-- Energy balance variables
217	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
218	alpha_vg, & !: coef. of Van Genuchten
219	c_liq, & !: liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
220	c_liq_av, & !: average of c_liq
221	c_soil_av, & !: average of c_soil
222	c_veg, & !: vegetation coverage
223	c_veg_av, & !: average of c_veg
224	f_sw_in, & !: fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
225	ghf_eb, & !: ground heat flux
226	ghf_eb_av, & !: average of ghf_eb
227	gamma_w_sat, & !: hydraulic conductivity at saturation
228	g_d, & !: coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
229	lai, & !: leaf area index
230	lai_av, & !: average of lai
231	lambda_h_sat, & !: heat conductivity for dry soil
232	lambda_surface_s, & !: coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
233	lambda_surface_u, & !: coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
234	l_vg, & !: coef. of Van Genuchten
235	m_fc, & !: soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
236	m_res, & !: residual soil moisture
237	m_sat, & !: saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
238	m_wilt, & !: soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
239	n_vg, & !: coef. Van Genuchten
240	qsws_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (total)
241	qsws_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_eb
242	qsws_liq_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
243	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_liq_eb
244	qsws_soil_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
245	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_soil_eb
246	qsws_veg_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
247	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_veg_eb
248	rad_net_l, & !: local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
249	r_a, & !: aerodynamic resistance
250	r_a_av, & !: avergae of r_a
251	r_canopy, & !: canopy resistance
252	r_soil, & !: soil resitance
253	r_soil_min, & !: minimum soil resistance
254	r_s, & !: total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
255	r_s_av, & !: avergae of r_s
256	r_canopy_min, & !: minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
257	shf_eb, & !: surface flux of sensible heat
258	shf_eb_av !: average of shf_eb
259
260	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
261	lambda_h, & !: heat conductivity of soil (?)
262	lambda_w, & !: hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
263	gamma_w, & !: hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
264	rho_c_total !: volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
265
266	#if defined( __nopointer )
267	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
268	t_soil, & !: Soil temperature (K)
269	t_soil_av, & !: Average of t_soil
270	t_soil_p, & !: Prog. soil temperature (K)
271	m_soil, & !: Soil moisture (m3/m3)
272	m_soil_av, & !: Average of m_soil
273	m_soil_p !: Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
274	#else
275	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
276	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
277	m_soil, m_soil_p
278
279	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
280	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
281	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
282	#endif
283
284
285	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
286	tt_soil_m, & !: t_soil storage array
287	tm_soil_m, & !: m_soil storage array
288	root_fr !: root fraction (sum=1)
289
290
291	!
292	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
293	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
294	'user defined', & ! 0
295	'crops, mixed farming', & ! 1
296	'short grass', & ! 2
297	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
298	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
299	'evergreen broadleaf trees' , & ! 5
300	'deciduous broadleaf trees', & ! 6
301	'tall grass', & ! 7
302	'desert', & ! 8
303	'tundra', & ! 9
304	'irrigated crops', & ! 10
305	'semidesert', & ! 11
306	'ice caps and glaciers' , & ! 12
307	'bogs and marshes', & ! 13
308	'inland water', & ! 14
309	'ocean', & ! 15
310	'evergreen shrubs', & ! 16
311	'deciduous shrubs', & ! 17
312	'mixed forest/woodland', & ! 18
313	'interrupted forest' & ! 19
314	/)
315
316	!
317	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
318	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
319	'user defined', & ! 0
320	'coarse', & ! 1
321	'medium', & ! 2
322	'medium-fine', & ! 3
323	'fine', & ! 4
324	'very fine' , & ! 5
325	'organic', & ! 6
326	'loamy (CH)' & ! 7
327	/)
328	!
329	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
330
331	!
332	!-- Land surface parameters I
333	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
334	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
335	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
336	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
337	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
338	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
339	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
340	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
341	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
342	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
343	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
344	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
345	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
346	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
347	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
348	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
349	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
350	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
351	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
352	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
353	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
354	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
355
356	!
357	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
358	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
359	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
360	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
361	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
362	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
363	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
364	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
365	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
366	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
367	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
368	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
369	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
370	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
371	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
372	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
373	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
374	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
375	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
376	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
377	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
378	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
379
380	!
381	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
382	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
383	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
384	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
385	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
386	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
387	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
388	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
389	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
390	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
391	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
392	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
393	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
394	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
395	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
396	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
397	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
398	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
399	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
400	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
401	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
402	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
403
404	!
405	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
406	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
407	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
408	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
409	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
410	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
411	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
412	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
413	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
414	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
415	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
416	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
417	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
418	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
419	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
420	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
421	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
422	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
423	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
424	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
425	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
426	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
427
428	!
429	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
430
431	!
432	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
433	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
434	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
435	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
436	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
437	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
438	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
439	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
440	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
441	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
442
443	!
444	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
445	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
446	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
447	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
448	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
449	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
450	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
451	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
452	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
453	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
454
455
456	SAVE
457
458
459	PRIVATE
460
461
462	!
463	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
464	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
465	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
466	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
467	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
468	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
469	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
470	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
471	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, soil_moisture, &
472	soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, vegetation_coverage, &
473	veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, z0h_eb
474
475	!
476	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
477	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
478	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
479	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
480	zs
481
482
483	!
484	!-- Public 2D output variables
485	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
486	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
487	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
488	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
489
490
491	!
492	!-- Public prognostic variables
493	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
494
495	INTERFACE init_lsm
496	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
497	END INTERFACE init_lsm
498
499	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
500	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
501	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
502
503	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
504	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
505	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
506
507	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
508	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
509	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
510
511	CONTAINS
512
513
514	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
515	! Description:
516	! ------------
517	!-- Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
518	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
519	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
520
521
522	IMPLICIT NONE
523
524	!
525	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
526	#if defined( __nopointer )
527	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
528	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
529	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
530	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
531	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
532	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
533	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
534	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
535	#else
536	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
537	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
538	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
539	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
540	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
541	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
542	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
543	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
544	#endif
545
546	!
547	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
548	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
549	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
550	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
551	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
552
553	!
554	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
555	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
556	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
557	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
558	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
559	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
560	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
561	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
562	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
563	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
564	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
565	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
566	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
567	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
568	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
569	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
570	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
571	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
572	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
573	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
574	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
575	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
576	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
577	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
578	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
579	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
580	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
581	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
582	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
583	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
584
585	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
586	!
587	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
588	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
589	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
590	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
591	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
592	#endif
593
594
595	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
596
597	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
598	! Description:
599	! ------------
600	!-- Initialization of the land surface model
601	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
602	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
603
604
605	IMPLICIT NONE
606
607	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
608	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
609	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !: running index
610
611
612	!
613	!-- Calculate Exner function
614	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
615
616
617	!
618	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
619	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
620	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
621	ENDIF
622
623	!
624	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
625	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
626	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
627	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
628	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
629
630	!
631	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
632	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
633	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
634	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
635	c_liq = 0.0_wp
636
637	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
638	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
639
640	IF ( humidity ) THEN
641	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
642	ELSE
643	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
644	ENDIF
645
646	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
647	qsws_soil_eb = qsws_eb
648	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
649
650	r_a = 50.0_wp
651	r_s = 50.0_wp
652	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
653	r_soil = 0.0_wp
654
655	!
656	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
657	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
658	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
659	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
660
661	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
662	!
663	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
664	IF ( humidity ) THEN
665	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
666	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
667
668	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
669	ENDIF
670
671	!
672	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
673	!-- the center of the soil layers, whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
674	!-- at the edges (_stag)
675	dz_soil_stag(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
676
677	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
678	dz_soil_stag(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
679	ENDDO
680
681	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
682	dz_soil(k) = 0.5 * (dz_soil_stag(k+1) + dz_soil_stag(k))
683	ENDDO
684	dz_soil(nzt_soil) = dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
685
686	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
687	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
688
689	!
690	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
691	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
692	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
693	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
694
695	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
696	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
697	ENDIF
698
699	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
700	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
701	ENDIF
702
703	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
704	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
705	ENDIF
706
707	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
708	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
709	ENDIF
710
711	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
712	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
713	ENDIF
714
715	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
716	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
717	ENDIF
718
719	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
720	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
721	ENDIF
722
723	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
724	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
725	ENDIF
726
727	ENDIF
728
729	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
730	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
731	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
732	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
733	m_sat = saturation_moisture
734	m_fc = field_capacity
735	m_wilt = wilting_point
736	m_res = residual_moisture
737	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
738
739	!
740	!-- Initial run actions
741	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
742
743	t_soil = 0.0_wp
744	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
745	m_soil = 0.0_wp
746
747	!
748	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
749	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
750	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
751	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
752	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
753	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
754	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
755	ENDDO
756	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
757
758	!
759	!-- Calculate surface temperature
760	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
761
762	!
763	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
764	!-- the first time step
765	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
766	DO j = nysg, nyng
767	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
768
769	!
770	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
771	IF ( pt(k+1,j,i) == pt(k,j,i) ) pt(k+1,j,i) = pt(k+1,j,i) &
772	+ 1.0E-10_wp
773
774	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
775	ts(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
776	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
777	ENDDO
778	ENDDO
779
780	!
781	!-- Actions for restart runs
782	ELSE
783
784	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
785	DO j = nysg, nyng
786	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
787	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
788	ENDDO
789	ENDDO
790
791	ENDIF
792
793	!
794	!-- Calculate saturation soil heat conductivity
795	lambda_h_sat(:,:) = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(:,:)) * &
796	lambda_h_water ** m_sat(:,:)
797
798
799
800
801	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
802	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
803	ENDDO
804
805	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
806	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
807	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
808	ENDIF
809	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
810	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
811	ENDIF
812	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
813	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
814	ENDIF
815	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
816	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
817	ENDIF
818	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
819	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
820	ENDIF
821	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
822	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
823	ENDIF
824	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
825	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
826	ENDIF
827	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
828	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
829	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
830	ENDIF
831	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
832	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
833	ENDIF
834	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
835
836	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
837	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
838	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
839	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
840	ENDDO
841	ENDIF
842
843	ELSE
844
845	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
846	z0_eb = roughness_length
847	ENDIF
848	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
849	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
850	ENDIF
851
852	ENDIF
853
854	!
855	!-- Initialize vegetation
856	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
857	lai = leaf_area_index
858	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
859	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
860	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
861	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
862	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
863	z0 = z0_eb
864	z0h = z0h_eb
865
866	!
867	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
868	CALL user_init_land_surface
869
870
871	t_soil_p = t_soil
872	m_soil_p = m_soil
873	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
874
875	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
876	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
877	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
878	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
879	statistic_regions+1 )
880	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
881	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
882	statistic_regions+1 )
883
884	!
885	!-- Calculate humidity at the surface
886	IF ( humidity ) THEN
887	CALL calc_q_surface
888	ENDIF
889
890
891
892	!
893	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
894
895	dots_label(dots_num+1) = "ghf_eb"
896	dots_label(dots_num+2) = "shf_eb"
897	dots_label(dots_num+3) = "qsws_eb"
898	dots_label(dots_num+4) = "qsws_liq_eb"
899	dots_label(dots_num+5) = "qsws_soil_eb"
900	dots_label(dots_num+6) = "qsws_veg_eb"
901	dots_unit(dots_num+1:dots_num+6) = "W/m2"
902
903	dots_label(dots_num+7) = "r_a"
904	dots_label(dots_num+8) = "r_s"
905	dots_unit(dots_num+7:dots_num+8) = "s/m"
906
907	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
908	dots_num = dots_num + 8
909
910	RETURN
911
912	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
913
914
915
916	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
917	! Description:
918	! ------------
919	! Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
920	!
921	! Note: surface fluxes are calculated in the land surface model, but these are
922	! not used in the atmospheric code. The fluxes are calculated afterwards in
923	! prandtl_fluxes using the surface values of temperature and humidity as
924	! provided by the land surface model. In this way, the fluxes in the land
925	! surface model are not equal to the ones calculated in prandtl_fluxes
926	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
927	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
928
929
930	IMPLICIT NONE
931
932	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
933	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
934	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !: running index
935
936	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !: resistance correction term 1
937	f2, & !: resistance correction term 2
938	f3, & !: resistance correction term 3
939	m_min, & !: minimum soil moisture
940	T_1, & !: actual temperature at first grid point
941	e, & !: water vapour pressure
942	e_s, & !: water vapour saturation pressure
943	e_s_dt, & !: derivate of e_s with respect to T
944	tend, & !: tendency
945	dq_s_dt, & !: derivate of q_s with respect to T
946	coef_1, & !: coef. for prognostic equation
947	coef_2, & !: coef. for prognostic equation
948	f_qsws, & !: factor for qsws_eb
949	f_qsws_veg, & !: factor for qsws_veg_eb
950	f_qsws_soil, & !: factor for qsws_soil_eb
951	f_qsws_liq, & !: factor for qsws_liq_eb
952	f_shf, & !: factor for shf_eb
953	lambda_surface, & !: Current value of lambda_surface
954	m_liq_eb_max !: maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
955
956
957	!
958	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
959	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
960
961
962
963	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
964	DO j = nysg, nyng
965	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
966
967	!
968	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
969	IF ( rif(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
970	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
971	ELSE
972	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
973	ENDIF
974
975	!
976	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
977	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
978	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
979	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
980	r_a(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + &
981	1.0E-20_wp)
982
983	!
984	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
985	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
986
987	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
988	!-- night)
989	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
990	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) /&
991	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
992	+ 1.0_wp)) )
993	ELSE
994	f1 = 1.0_wp
995	ENDIF
996
997	!
998	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
999	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
1000	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
1001	m_total = 0.0_wp
1002	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1003	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
1004	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
1005	ENDDO
1006
1007	IF ( m_total .GT. m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total .LT. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1008	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1009	ELSEIF ( m_total .GE. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1010	f2 = 1.0_wp
1011	ELSE
1012	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1013	ENDIF
1014
1015	!
1016	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1017	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1018	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1019
1020	!
1021	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1022	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1023	!
1024	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1025	e = q_p(k+1,j,i) * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1026	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1027	ELSE
1028	f3 = 1.0_wp
1029	ENDIF
1030
1031	!
1032	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1033	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1034	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1035	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1036	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1037
1038	!
1039	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1040	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1041	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1042	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1043	m_res(j,i)
1044	ELSE
1045	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1046	ENDIF
1047
1048	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1049	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1050	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1051
1052	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1053
1054	!
1055	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
1056	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
1057	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
1058
1059
1060	!
1061	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1062	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1063
1064	!
1065	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1066	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1067	IF ( humidity .AND. dewfall .AND. q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
1068	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1069	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1070	ENDIF
1071
1072	!
1073	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1074	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1075	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1076
1077	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1078	r_soil(j,i))
1079	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1080
1081
1082	!
1083	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1084	!-- transpirate.
1085	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .LT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1086	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1087	! ENDIF
1088
1089	!
1090	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
1091	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
1092	!-- air.
1093	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1094	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
1095	IF ( .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
1096	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1097	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1098	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
1099	ENDIF
1100	ENDIF
1101	ENDIF
1102
1103	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1104	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1105
1106	!
1107	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1108	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1109	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1110	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1111
1112	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
1113
1114	T_1 = pt_p(k+1,j,i) * exn
1115
1116	!
1117	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1118	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 4
1119
1120	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1121
1122	!
1123	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1124	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
1125	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1126	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1127	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1128
1129	!
1130	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1131	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1132	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1133
1134	ELSE
1135
1136	!
1137	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1138	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
1139	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + lambda_surface &
1140	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1141
1142	!
1143	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1144	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1145	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1146
1147	ENDIF
1148
1149	tend = 0.0_wp
1150
1151	!
1152	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1153	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1154	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
1155	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
1156	* tsc(2) )
1157	!
1158	!-- Add RK3 term
1159	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1160	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1161
1162	!
1163	!-- Calculate true tendency
1164	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1165	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1166	!
1167	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1168	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1169	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1170	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1171	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1172	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1173	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1174	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1175	ENDIF
1176	ENDIF
1177
1178	pt_p(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1179	!
1180	!-- Calculate fluxes
1181	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1182	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
1183	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1184	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1185	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1186	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt_p(k+1,j,i) - pt_p(k,j,i) )
1187
1188	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1189	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1190	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1191
1192	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1193	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1194	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1195
1196	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1197	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1198	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1199
1200	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1201	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1202	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1203	ENDIF
1204
1205	!
1206	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1207	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) .EQ. 0.0_wp ) THEN
1208	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1209	ELSE
1210	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1211	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1212	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1213	ENDIF
1214
1215	!
1216	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1217	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1218	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1219	!
1220	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
1221	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
1222	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1223	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1224
1225	!
1226	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
1227	!-- Otherwise, add the water to bare soil fraction.
1228	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) .EQ. m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1229	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1230	+ c_veg(j,i) * precipitation_rate(j,i) &
1231	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1232	ELSE
1233	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1234	+ c_veg(j,i) * precipitation_rate(j,i) &
1235	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1236	ENDIF
1237
1238	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
1239	!-- coverage.
1240	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
1241	- c_veg(j,i)) * precipitation_rate(j,i) &
1242	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1243	ENDIF
1244	!
1245	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1246	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i)) THEN
1247	!
1248	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1249	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1250	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1251	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1252	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) .EQ. m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1253	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1254	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1255	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1256	ENDIF
1257
1258	!
1259	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1260	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1261	!-- plant
1262	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) .LT. 0.0_wp ) THEN
1263	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1264	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1265	ENDIF
1266	ENDIF
1267
1268	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1269
1270	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1271	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1272
1273	!
1274	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1275	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1276	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1277
1278	!
1279	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1280	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1281	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1282
1283
1284	!
1285	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1286	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1287	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1288	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1289	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1290	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1291	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1292	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1293	ENDIF
1294	ENDIF
1295
1296	ENDIF
1297
1298	ENDDO
1299	ENDDO
1300
1301	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1302
1303
1304	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1305	! Description:
1306	! ------------
1307	!
1308	! Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
1309	! temperature and water content.
1310	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1311	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1312
1313
1314	IMPLICIT NONE
1315
1316	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
1317	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
1318	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !: running index
1319
1320	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !: Van Genuchten coef. h
1321
1322	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !: temp. gamma
1323	lambda_temp, & !: temp. lambda
1324	tend !: tendency
1325
1326	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1327	DO j = nysg, nyng
1328	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1329	!
1330	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
1331	!-- account water content
1332	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
1333	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
1334
1335	!
1336	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
1337	!-- layers
1338	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
1339	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat(j,i) + lambda_h_dry) + &
1340	lambda_h_dry
1341
1342	ENDDO
1343
1344	!
1345	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
1346	!-- using linear interpolation
1347	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1348
1349	lambda_h(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
1350	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
1351	* 0.5 * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1352
1353	ENDDO
1354	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1355
1356	!
1357	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
1358	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1359	tend(0) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
1360	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
1361	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil) &
1362	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1363
1364	DO k = 1, nzt_soil
1365	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
1366	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
1367	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
1368	* ddz_soil(k) &
1369	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
1370	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
1371	* ddz_soil(k-1) &
1372	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1373	ENDDO
1374
1375	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
1376	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
1377	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
1378	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1379
1380	!
1381	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1382	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1383	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1384	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1385	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1386	ENDDO
1387	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1388	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1389	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1390	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1391	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
1392	ENDDO
1393	ENDIF
1394	ENDIF
1395
1396
1397	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1398
1399	!
1400	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
1401	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
1402	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
1403	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
1404
1405	!
1406	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
1407	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1408	!
1409	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
1410	!-- (1980)
1411	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
1412	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
1413	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
1414	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
1415
1416	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
1417	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
1418	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1419	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
1420	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1421	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
1422	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
1423
1424	!
1425	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
1426	ELSE
1427	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
1428	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
1429	ENDIF
1430
1431	ENDDO
1432
1433
1434	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1435	!
1436	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
1437	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
1438	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
1439	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1440
1441	lambda_w(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
1442	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
1443	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1444	gamma_w(k,j,i) = gamma_temp(k) + &
1445	( gamma_temp(k+1) - gamma_temp(k) ) &
1446	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1447
1448	ENDDO
1449
1450	!
1451	!
1452	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
1453	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
1454	!-- in the bottom layer.
1455	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1456	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1457	ELSE
1458	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1459	ENDIF
1460
1461	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
1462	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
1463	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
1464	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
1465	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
1466	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
1467	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
1468	!-- take water from moister layers.
1469
1470	!
1471	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, modified so that the
1472	!-- sum of root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
1473	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
1474	!-- additional check.
1475
1476	m_total = 0.0_wp
1477	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1478	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1479	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
1480	ENDIF
1481	ENDDO
1482
1483	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1484	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1485	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
1486	ELSE
1487	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
1488	ENDIF
1489	ENDDO
1490
1491	!
1492	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
1493	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1494	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
1495	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
1496	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
1497	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
1498	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
1499	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1500
1501	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
1502	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
1503	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
1504	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
1505	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k-1) &
1506	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
1507	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
1508	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1509
1510	ENDDO
1511	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1512	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
1513	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1514	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
1515	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil-1) &
1516	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
1517	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
1518	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
1519	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
1520
1521	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
1522	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
1523	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1524
1525	!
1526	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
1527	m_soil_p(:,j,i) = MAX(m_soil_p(:,j,i),0.0_wp)
1528
1529	!
1530	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1531	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1532	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1533	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1534	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1535	ENDDO
1536	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1537	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1538	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1539	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1540	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
1541	ENDDO
1542	ENDIF
1543	ENDIF
1544
1545	ENDIF
1546
1547	ENDDO
1548	ENDDO
1549
1550	!
1551	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1552	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1553	CALL calc_q_surface
1554	ENDIF
1555
1556
1557	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1558
1559
1560	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1561	! Description:
1562	! ------------
1563	! Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
1564	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1565	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1566
1567	IMPLICIT NONE
1568
1569	INTEGER :: i !: running index
1570	INTEGER :: j !: running index
1571	INTEGER :: k !: running index
1572	REAL(wp) :: resistance !: aerodynamic and soil resistance term
1573
1574	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1575	DO j = nysg, nyng
1576	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1577
1578	!
1579	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1580	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1581	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) &
1582	- 35.86_wp ) )
1583
1584	!
1585	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
1586	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1587
1588
1589	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
1590
1591	!
1592	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
1593	q_p(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1594	* q_p(k+1,j,i)
1595
1596	ENDDO
1597	ENDDO
1598
1599	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1600
1601	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1602	! Description:
1603	! ------------
1604	! Swapping of timelevels
1605	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1606	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
1607
1608	IMPLICIT NONE
1609
1610	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
1611
1612	#if defined( __nopointer )
1613
1614	t_surface = t_surface_p
1615	t_soil = t_soil_p
1616	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1617	m_soil = m_soil_p
1618	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1619	ENDIF
1620
1621	#else
1622
1623	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
1624
1625	CASE ( 0 )
1626
1627	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
1628	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1629	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1630	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
1631	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
1632	ENDIF
1633
1634
1635	CASE ( 1 )
1636
1637	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
1638	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
1639	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1640	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
1641	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
1642	ENDIF
1643
1644	END SELECT
1645	#endif
1646
1647	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
1648
1649
1650	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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