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Last change on this file since 1791 was 1789, checked in by maronga, 9 years ago
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[1682]	1	!> @file land_surface_model.f90
[1496]	2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	3	! This file is part of PALM.
	4	!
	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
	6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
	7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
	8	!
	9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	12	!
	13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	15	!
[1691]	16	! Copyright 1997-2015 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[1496]	17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	18	!
	19	! Current revisions:
	20	! -----------------
[1789]	21	!
	22	!
	23	! Former revisions:
	24	! -----------------
	25	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1789 2016-03-10 11:02:40Z raasch $
	26	!
	27	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
[1788]	28	! Bugfix: calculate lambda_surface based on temperature gradient between skin
	29	! layer and soil layer instead of Obukhov length
	30	! Changed: moved calculation of surface specific humidity to energy balance solver
	31	! New: water surfaces are available by using a fixed sea surface temperature.
	32	! The roughness lengths are calculated dynamically using the Charnock
	33	! parameterization. This involves the new roughness length for moisture z0q.
	34	! New: modified solution of the energy balance solver and soil model for
	35	! paved surfaces (i.e. asphalt concrete).
	36	! Syntax layout improved.
	37	! Changed: parameter dewfall removed.
[1758]	38	!
[1784]	39	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
	40	! netcdf variables moved to netcdf module
	41	!
[1758]	42	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
[1757]	43	! Bugfix: set tm_soil_m to zero after allocation. Added parameter
	44	! unscheduled_radiation_calls to control calls of the radiation model based on
	45	! the skin temperature change during one time step (preliminary version). Set
	46	! qsws_soil_eb to zero at model start (previously set to qsws_eb). Removed MAX
	47	! function as it cannot be vectorized.
[1710]	48	!
	49	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
[1709]	50	! Renamed pt_1 and qv_1 to pt1 and qv1.
	51	! Bugfix: set initial values for t_surface_p in case of restart runs
	52	! Bugfix: zero resistance caused crash when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
	53	! Bugfix: calculation of rad_net when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
	54	! Added todo action
[1698]	55	!
	56	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
	57	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
	58	!
	59	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
[1692]	60	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
[1696]	61	! Replaced rif with ol
	62	!
[1692]	63	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
[1691]	64	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
	65	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
	66	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
	67	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
[1552]	68	!
[1683]	69	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
	70	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
	71	!
[1591]	72	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
	73	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
	74	!
[1586]	75	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
	76	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
	77	!
[1572]	78	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
	79	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
	80	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
	81	!
[1556]	82	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
	83	! Added output of r_a and r_s
	84	!
[1554]	85	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
	86	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
	87	! profile
	88	!
[1552]	89	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
[1551]	90	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
	91	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
	92	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
	93	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
	94	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
	95	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
	96	! calculation
[1496]	97	!
[1514]	98	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
[1496]	99	!
[1501]	100	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
	101	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
	102	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
	103	! Added support for dry runs.
	104	!
[1497]	105	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
	106	! Initial revision
	107	!
[1496]	108	!
	109	! Description:
	110	! ------------
[1682]	111	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
	112	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
	113	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
	114	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
	115	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
	116	!>
[1691]	117	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
[1709]	118	!> skin layer.
[1788]	119	!> @todo Improve surface water parameterization
[1691]	120	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
	121	!> nzt_soil=3)).
	122	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
	123	!> with considerable precipitation.
[1709]	124	!> @todo Fix crashes with radiation_scheme == 'constant'
[1682]	125	!>
[1709]	126	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
	127	!> become too thin.
[1496]	128	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	129	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
	130
[1691]	131	USE arrays_3d, &
[1788]	132	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, z0h, &
	133	z0q
[1496]	134
[1691]	135	USE cloud_parameters, &
	136	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, prr, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
[1496]	137
[1691]	138	USE control_parameters, &
	139	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
	140	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
	141	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
	142	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
	143	z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
[1496]	144
[1691]	145	USE indices, &
	146	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
[1496]	147
[1691]	148	USE kinds
[1496]	149
[1691]	150	USE pegrid
[1496]	151
[1691]	152	USE radiation_model_mod, &
	153	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
[1757]	154	rad_lw_out, rad_lw_out_change_0, sigma_sb, &
	155	unscheduled_radiation_calls
[1691]	156
	157	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
	158	USE radiation_model_mod, &
[1709]	159	ONLY: rrtm_idrv
[1691]	160	#endif
[1496]	161
[1691]	162	USE statistics, &
	163	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
	164
[1496]	165	IMPLICIT NONE
	166
	167	!
	168	!-- LSM model constants
[1682]	169	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
	170	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
	171	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
[1496]	172
	173	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
[1551]	174	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
	175	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
[1496]	176	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
	177	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
	178	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
[1551]	179	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
	180	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
[1496]	181	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
	182
	183
	184	!
	185	!-- LSM variables
[1788]	186	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< NAMELIST veg_type_2d
	187	soil_type = 3 !< NAMELIST soil_type_2d
[1496]	188
[1788]	189	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: soil_type_2d, & !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-7: generic (see list)
	190	veg_type_2d !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
	191
	192	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: water_surface, & !< flag parameter for water surfaces (classes 14+15)
	193	pave_surface, & !< flag parameter for pavements (asphalt etc.) (class 20)
	194	building_surface !< flag parameter indicating that the surface element is covered by buildings (no LSM actions, not implemented yet)
	195
[1691]	196	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
	197	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
	198	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
[1496]	199
	200	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
	201	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
[1682]	202	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
	203	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
	204	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
	205	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
	206	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
	207	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
	208	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
	209	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
	210	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
	211	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
[1691]	212	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
[1682]	213	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
	214	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
	215	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
	216	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
	217	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
	218	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
	219	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
	220	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
[1788]	221	pave_depth = 9999999.9_wp, & !< depth of the pavement
	222	pave_heat_capacity = 1.94E6_wp, & !< volumetric heat capacity of pavement (e.g. roads)
	223	pave_heat_conductivity = 1.00_wp, & !< heat conductivity for pavements (e.g. roads)
[1682]	224	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
	225	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
	226	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
	227	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
	228	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
	229	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
[1691]	230	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
[1682]	231	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
	232	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
	233	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
[1788]	234	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
	235	z0q_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0q (lsm_par)
[1496]	236
[1551]	237	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
[1691]	238	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
	239	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
	240	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
[1551]	241	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
[1682]	242	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
	243	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
	244	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
[1496]	245
[1551]	246	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
[1691]	247	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
	248	283.0_wp /), &
	249	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
	250	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
[1496]	251
	252	#if defined( __nopointer )
[1682]	253	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
	254	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
	255	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
	256	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
	257	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
[1496]	258	#else
[1551]	259	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
	260	t_surface_p, &
	261	m_liq_eb, &
	262	m_liq_eb_p
[1496]	263
[1551]	264	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
	265	m_liq_eb_av, &
	266	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
[1496]	267	#endif
	268
	269	!
	270	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
[1682]	271	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
	272	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
[1496]	273
	274	!
	275	!-- Energy balance variables
[1691]	276	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1682]	277	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
	278	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
	279	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
	280	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
	281	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
	282	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
	283	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
	284	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
	285	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
	286	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
	287	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
	288	lai, & !< leaf area index
	289	lai_av, & !< average of lai
[1691]	290	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
	291	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
[1682]	292	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
	293	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
	294	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
	295	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
	296	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
	297	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
	298	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
	299	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
	300	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
	301	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
	302	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
	303	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
	304	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
	305	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
	306	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
	307	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
[1709]	308	r_a_av, & !< average of r_a
[1682]	309	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
[1691]	310	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
[1682]	311	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
	312	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
[1691]	313	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
[1682]	314	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
	315	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
	316	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
[1496]	317
[1691]	318
[1496]	319	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1788]	320	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
[1682]	321	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
[1788]	322	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
[1682]	323	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
[1496]	324
	325	#if defined( __nopointer )
	326	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1682]	327	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
	328	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
	329	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
	330	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
	331	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
	332	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
[1496]	333	#else
	334	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
[1551]	335	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
[1496]	336	m_soil, m_soil_p
	337
	338	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1551]	339	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
	340	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
[1496]	341	#endif
	342
	343
	344	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1757]	345	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
	346	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
[1682]	347	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
[1496]	348
[1551]	349
[1496]	350	!
[1551]	351	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
[1788]	352	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:20), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
[1590]	353	'user defined ', & ! 0
	354	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
	355	'short grass ', & ! 2
[1585]	356	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
	357	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
[1590]	358	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
	359	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
	360	'tall grass ', & ! 7
	361	'desert ', & ! 8
	362	'tundra ', & ! 9
	363	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
	364	'semidesert ', & ! 11
	365	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
	366	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
	367	'inland water ', & ! 14
	368	'ocean ', & ! 15
	369	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
	370	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
	371	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
[1788]	372	'interrupted forest ', & ! 19
	373	'pavements/roads ' & ! 20
[1585]	374	/)
[1496]	375
	376	!
[1551]	377	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
[1585]	378	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
	379	'user defined', & ! 0
[1590]	380	'coarse ', & ! 1
	381	'medium ', & ! 2
	382	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
	383	'fine ', & ! 4
	384	'very fine ', & ! 5
	385	'organic ', & ! 6
	386	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
[1585]	387	/)
[1551]	388	!
	389	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
	390
	391	!
	392	!-- Land surface parameters I
	393	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
[1788]	394	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1585]	395	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
	396	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
	397	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	398	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	399	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	400	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
	401	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
	402	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	403	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	404	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
	405	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
	406	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	407	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
	408	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	409	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	410	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
	411	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
	412	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
[1788]	413	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
	414	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
	415	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
[1496]	416
	417	!
[1788]	418	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h, z0q
	419	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
	420	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
	421	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
	422	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
	423	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
	424	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
	425	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
	426	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
	427	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
	428	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
	429	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
	430	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
	431	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
	432	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
	433	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	434	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	435	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
	436	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
	437	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
	438	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, & ! 19
	439	1.0E-4_wp, 1.0E-5_wp, 1.0E-5_wp & ! 20
	440	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
[1496]	441
	442	!
[1551]	443	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
[1788]	444	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1585]	445	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
	446	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
	447	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	448	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	449	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	450	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
	451	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
	452	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	453	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
	454	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
	455	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
	456	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	457	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
[1788]	458	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	459	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
[1585]	460	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
	461	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
	462	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
[1788]	463	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
	464	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
	465	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
[1496]	466
	467	!
	468	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
[1788]	469	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1585]	470	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
	471	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
	472	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
	473	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
	474	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
	475	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
	476	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
	477	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	478	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	479	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
	480	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
	481	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	482	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
	483	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	484	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	485	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
	486	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
	487	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
[1788]	488	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 19
	489	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
	490	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
[1496]	491
	492	!
	493	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
[1551]	494
[1496]	495	!
[1551]	496	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
[1585]	497	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	498	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
	499	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
	500	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
	501	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
	502	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	503	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
	504	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
	505	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	506
	507	!
	508	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
[1585]	509	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	510	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
	511	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
	512	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
	513	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
	514	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	515	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
	516	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
	517	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	518
	519
	520	SAVE
	521
	522
	523	PRIVATE
	524
	525
[1551]	526	!
	527	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
	528	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
[1788]	529	conserve_water_content, field_capacity, &
[1551]	530	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
	531	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
	532	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
	533	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
[1788]	534	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, pave_heat_capacity, &
	535	pave_depth, pave_heat_conductivity, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
[1691]	536	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
	537	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, &
	538	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, &
[1788]	539	z0h_eb, z0q_eb
[1496]	540
[1551]	541	!
[1783]	542	!-- Public grid variables
	543	PUBLIC nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil, zs
[1496]	544
[1551]	545	!
	546	!-- Public 2D output variables
	547	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
	548	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
	549	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
[1555]	550	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
[1551]	551
	552	!
	553	!-- Public prognostic variables
	554	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
	555
[1496]	556	INTERFACE init_lsm
	557	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
	558	END INTERFACE init_lsm
	559
	560	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	561	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
	562	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	563
	564	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	565	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
	566	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	567
[1551]	568	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
	569	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
	570	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
[1496]	571
	572	CONTAINS
	573
	574
	575	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	576	! Description:
	577	! ------------
[1682]	578	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
[1496]	579	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1551]	580	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
[1496]	581
	582
	583	IMPLICIT NONE
	584
	585	!
[1551]	586	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
[1496]	587	#if defined( __nopointer )
[1551]	588	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	589	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	590	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	591	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	592	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	593	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	594	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	595	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	596	#else
[1551]	597	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	598	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	599	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	600	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	601	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	602	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	603	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	604	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	605	#endif
	606
	607	!
[1551]	608	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
	609	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	610	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	611	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	612	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	613
	614	!
	615	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
[1551]	616	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1788]	617	ALLOCATE ( building_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	618	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	619	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	620	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	621	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	622	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	623	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	624	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	625	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	626	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	627	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	628	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	629	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	630	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	631	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	632	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1788]	633	ALLOCATE ( pave_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	634	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	635	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	636	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	637	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1585]	638	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	639	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	640	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	641	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	642	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	643	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	644	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	645	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1788]	646	ALLOCATE ( soil_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	647	ALLOCATE ( veg_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	648	ALLOCATE ( water_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	649
[1551]	650	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
[1496]	651	!
[1585]	652	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
[1551]	653	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
	654	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	655	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	656	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
	657	#endif
[1496]	658
	659
[1551]	660	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
[1500]	661
[1551]	662	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	663	! Description:
	664	! ------------
[1682]	665	!> Initialization of the land surface model
[1551]	666	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	667	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
	668
	669
	670	IMPLICIT NONE
	671
[1682]	672	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	673	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	674	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1551]	675
[1709]	676	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
[1551]	677
[1691]	678
[1551]	679	!
	680	!-- Calculate Exner function
[1691]	681	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
[1551]	682
	683
	684	!
	685	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
[1788]	686	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
[1551]	687	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
	688	ENDIF
	689
	690	!
	691	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
	692	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
	693	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
	694	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
	695	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
	696
	697	!
	698	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
	699	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
	700	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
[1757]	701	tm_soil_m = 0.0_wp
[1551]	702	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
	703	c_liq = 0.0_wp
	704
	705	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
	706	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
	707
[1500]	708	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	709	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
[1500]	710	ELSE
[1551]	711	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
[1500]	712	ENDIF
	713
[1551]	714	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
[1757]	715	qsws_soil_eb = 0.0_wp
[1551]	716	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
[1496]	717
	718	r_a = 50.0_wp
[1551]	719	r_s = 50.0_wp
[1496]	720	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
	721	r_soil = 0.0_wp
	722
	723	!
	724	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
[1551]	725	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	726	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	727	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	728
	729	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
	730	!
	731	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
	732	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	733	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	734	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	735
	736	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
	737	ENDIF
	738
	739	!
	740	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
[1691]	741	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
	742	!-- at the centers
	743	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
[1496]	744
[1691]	745	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
	746	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
[1496]	747	ENDDO
[1691]	748	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
[1496]	749
[1691]	750	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
	751	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
[1496]	752	ENDDO
[1691]	753	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
[1496]	754
[1551]	755	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
	756	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
	757
[1496]	758	!
[1551]	759	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
	760	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
	761	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
	762	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
	763
	764	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	765	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	766	ENDIF
	767
	768	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	769	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	770	ENDIF
	771
	772	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	773	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	774	ENDIF
	775
	776	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	777	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	778	ENDIF
	779
	780	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	781	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	782	ENDIF
	783
	784	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	785	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	786	ENDIF
	787
	788	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	789	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	790	ENDIF
	791
	792	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	793	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	794	ENDIF
	795
[1496]	796	ENDIF
	797
[1788]	798	!
	799	!-- Map values to the respective 2D arrays
[1551]	800	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
	801	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
	802	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
	803	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
	804	m_sat = saturation_moisture
	805	m_fc = field_capacity
	806	m_wilt = wilting_point
	807	m_res = residual_moisture
	808	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
	809
[1496]	810	!
[1551]	811	!-- Initial run actions
	812	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
[1496]	813
[1551]	814	t_soil = 0.0_wp
	815	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
	816	m_soil = 0.0_wp
[1496]	817
[1551]	818	!
	819	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
	820	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
	821	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
[1691]	822	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	823	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
	824	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
	825	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
	826	ENDDO
	827	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
[1496]	828
[1551]	829	!
	830	!-- Calculate surface temperature
[1691]	831	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
[1496]	832
	833	!
[1788]	834	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value
	835	!-- for the first time step
[1551]	836	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	837	DO j = nysg, nyng
	838	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	839
[1691]	840	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
[1709]	841	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	842	ELSE
[1709]	843	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	844	ENDIF
	845
[1551]	846	!
	847	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
[1709]	848	IF ( pt1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt1 = pt1 + 1.0E-10_wp
[1551]	849
[1691]	850	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
[1709]	851	ts(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
[1551]	852	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
	853	ENDDO
	854	ENDDO
	855
	856	!
	857	!-- Actions for restart runs
	858	ELSE
	859
	860	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	861	DO j = nysg, nyng
	862	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	863	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
	864	ENDDO
	865	ENDDO
	866
	867	ENDIF
	868
[1691]	869	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	870	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
	871	ENDDO
[1496]	872
[1551]	873	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
	874	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	875	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
	876	ENDIF
	877	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	878	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
	879	ENDIF
	880	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	881	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
	882	ENDIF
	883	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	884	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
	885	ENDIF
	886	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	887	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
	888	ENDIF
	889	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	890	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
	891	ENDIF
	892	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	893	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
	894	ENDIF
	895	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	896	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	897	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	898	ENDIF
	899	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	900	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
	901	ENDIF
[1788]	902	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	903	z0q_eb = roughness_par(2,veg_type)
	904	ENDIF
	905	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / ( z0_eb + 1.0E-20_wp )
[1496]	906
[1551]	907	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
[1691]	908	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	909	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	910	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	911	ENDDO
	912	ENDIF
[1496]	913
[1553]	914	ELSE
	915
	916	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	917	z0_eb = roughness_length
	918	ENDIF
	919	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	920	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
	921	ENDIF
[1788]	922	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	923	z0q_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
	924	ENDIF
[1553]	925
[1496]	926	ENDIF
	927
	928	!
[1788]	929	!-- For surfaces covered with pavement, set depth of the pavement (with dry
	930	!-- soil below). The depth must be greater than the first soil layer depth
	931	IF ( veg_type == 20 ) THEN
	932	IF ( pave_depth == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	933	pave_depth = zs(nzb_soil)
	934	ELSE
	935	pave_depth = MAX( zs(nzb_soil), pave_depth )
	936	ENDIF
	937	ENDIF
	938
	939	!
	940	!-- Map vegetation and soil types to 2D array to allow for heterogeneous
	941	!-- surfaces via user interface see below
	942	veg_type_2d = veg_type
	943	soil_type_2d = soil_type
	944
	945	!
	946	!-- Map vegetation parameters to the respective 2D arrays
[1551]	947	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
	948	lai = leaf_area_index
	949	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
	950	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
	951	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
	952	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
	953	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
	954	z0 = z0_eb
	955	z0h = z0h_eb
[1788]	956	z0q = z0q_eb
[1551]	957
	958	!
[1496]	959	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
	960	CALL user_init_land_surface
	961
[1788]	962	!
	963	!-- Set flag parameter if vegetation type was set to a water surface. Also
	964	!-- set temperature to a constant value in all "soil" layers.
	965	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	966	DO j = nysg, nyng
	967	IF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 14 .OR. veg_type_2d(j,i) == 15 ) THEN
	968	water_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
	969	ELSEIF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 20 ) THEN
	970	pave_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
	971	m_soil(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
	972	ENDIF
[1500]	973
[1788]	974	ENDDO
	975	ENDDO
	976
	977	!
	978	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
	979	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
	980
[1551]	981	t_soil_p = t_soil
	982	m_soil_p = m_soil
	983	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
[1709]	984	t_surface_p = t_surface
[1496]	985
[1709]	986
	987
[1551]	988	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
	989	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
	990	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	991	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	992	statistic_regions+1 )
	993	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	994	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	995	statistic_regions+1 )
	996
[1496]	997	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
	998
	999
	1000
	1001	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1002	! Description:
	1003	! ------------
[1682]	1004	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
[1496]	1005	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1006	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	1007
	1008
	1009	IMPLICIT NONE
	1010
[1682]	1011	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1012	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1013	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
[1496]	1014
[1788]	1015	REAL(wp) :: c_surface_tmp,& !< temporary variable for storing the volumetric heat capacity of the surface
	1016	f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
[1682]	1017	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
	1018	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
	1019	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
	1020	e, & !< water vapour pressure
	1021	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
	1022	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
	1023	tend, & !< tendency
	1024	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
	1025	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
	1026	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
	1027	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
	1028	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
	1029	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
	1030	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
	1031	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
	1032	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
[1691]	1033	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
[1709]	1034	pt1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
	1035	qv1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
[1496]	1036
	1037	!
	1038	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
	1039	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
	1040
[1691]	1041	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1042	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1500]	1043	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
[1496]	1044
	1045	!
[1788]	1046	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification between skin layer and soil
	1047	IF ( .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	1048
	1049	c_surface_tmp = c_surface
	1050
	1051	IF ( t_surface(j,i) >= t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)) THEN
	1052	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
	1053	ELSE
	1054	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
	1055	ENDIF
[1496]	1056	ELSE
[1788]	1057
	1058	c_surface_tmp = pave_heat_capacity * dz_soil(nzb_soil) * 0.5_wp
	1059	lambda_surface = pave_heat_conductivity * ddz_soil(nzb_soil)
	1060
[1496]	1061	ENDIF
[1500]	1062
[1496]	1063	!
[1500]	1064	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
	1065	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
	1066	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
	1067	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
[1691]	1068	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
[1709]	1069	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
	1070	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	1071	ELSE
[1709]	1072	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
	1073	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	1074	ENDIF
[1496]	1075
[1709]	1076	r_a(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
[1691]	1077
[1496]	1078	!
[1709]	1079	!-- Make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero
	1080	IF ( ABS(r_a(j,i)) < 1.0E-10_wp ) r_a(j,i) = 1.0E-10_wp
	1081
	1082	!
[1496]	1083	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
	1084	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
	1085
[1551]	1086	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
	1087	!-- night)
[1585]	1088	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
[1709]	1089	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
	1090	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
[1585]	1091	+ 1.0_wp)) )
[1551]	1092	ELSE
	1093	f1 = 1.0_wp
	1094	ENDIF
[1496]	1095
[1709]	1096
[1496]	1097	!
[1551]	1098	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
	1099	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
	1100	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
[1496]	1101	m_total = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1102	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	1103	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
	1104	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
[1496]	1105	ENDDO
	1106
[1788]	1107	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1496]	1108	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
[1691]	1109	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1110	f2 = 1.0_wp
[1496]	1111	ELSE
	1112	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
	1113	ENDIF
	1114
	1115	!
	1116	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1551]	1117	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
	1118	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	1119
	1120	!
	1121	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
[1551]	1122	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1123	!
	1124	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
[1709]	1125	e = qv1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
[1551]	1126	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
[1496]	1127	ELSE
	1128	f3 = 1.0_wp
	1129	ENDIF
	1130
	1131	!
[1551]	1132	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
	1133	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
[1496]	1134	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
[1551]	1135	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
	1136	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
[1496]	1137
	1138	!
[1551]	1139	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
	1140	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
[1788]	1141	IF ( soil_type_2d(j,i) /= 7 ) THEN
[1551]	1142	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
	1143	m_res(j,i)
	1144	ELSE
	1145	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
	1146	ENDIF
[1496]	1147
[1551]	1148	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
[1513]	1149	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
[1551]	1150	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
[1496]	1151
	1152	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
	1153
	1154	!
[1788]	1155	!-- Calculate the maximum possible liquid water amount on plants and
	1156	!-- bare surface. For vegetated surfaces, a maximum depth of 0.2 mm is
	1157	!-- assumed, while paved surfaces might hold up 1 mm of water. The
	1158	!-- liquid water fraction for paved surfaces is calculated after
	1159	!-- Noilhan & Planton (1989), while the ECMWF formulation is used for
	1160	!-- vegetated surfaces and bare soils.
	1161	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	1162	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * 5.0_wp
	1163	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, (m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max)**0.67 )
	1164	ELSE
	1165	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * ( c_veg(j,i) * lai(j,i) &
	1166	+ (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) )
	1167	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max )
	1168	ENDIF
[1496]	1169
[1551]	1170	!
	1171	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
[1496]	1172	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
[1500]	1173
	1174	!
[1551]	1175	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
	1176	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
[1788]	1177	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 ) THEN
[1551]	1178	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
	1179	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1180	ENDIF
[1496]	1181
	1182	!
	1183	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
[1788]	1184	!-- In case of water surface, set vegetation and soil fluxes to zero.
	1185	!-- For pavements, only evaporation of liquid water is possible.
	1186	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	1187	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1188	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
	1189	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv / r_a(j,i)
	1190	ELSEIF ( pave_surface (j,i) ) THEN
	1191	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1192	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
	1193	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
	1194	ELSE
	1195	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
	1196	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
	1197	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
[1551]	1198	r_soil(j,i))
[1788]	1199	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
	1200	ENDIF
[1500]	1201	!
	1202	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
	1203	!-- transpirate.
[1691]	1204	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1205	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1206	! ENDIF
[1496]	1207
[1551]	1208	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
	1209	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
	1210
	1211	!
[1496]	1212	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
[1571]	1213	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
[1551]	1214	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
	1215	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
[1496]	1216
[1571]	1217	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
[1496]	1218
	1219	!
	1220	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
[1691]	1221	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
[1496]	1222
[1788]	1223	!
	1224	!-- Calculate new skin temperature
[1500]	1225	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1691]	1226	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1496]	1227	!
[1500]	1228	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1229	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1230	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1231	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1232	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1233	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1496]	1234
	1235	!
[1500]	1236	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1237	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
[1691]	1238	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
	1239	#else
[1496]	1240
[1691]	1241	!
	1242	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
	1243	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1244	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
[1709]	1245	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 &
[1691]	1246	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
	1247	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
	1248
	1249	!
[1709]	1250	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
	1251	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
	1252	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1253
	1254	#endif
[1500]	1255	ELSE
	1256
[1691]	1257	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1500]	1258	!
	1259	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1260	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1261	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1262	+ f_shf * pt1 + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1263	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1500]	1264
	1265	!
	1266	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1267	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1268	#else
	1269
	1270	!
	1271	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
	1272	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
[1709]	1273	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt1 &
[1691]	1274	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
	1275
	1276	!
	1277	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1571]	1278	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
[1551]	1279	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1280	#endif
[1500]	1281	ENDIF
	1282
[1496]	1283	tend = 0.0_wp
	1284
	1285	!
[1551]	1286	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
[1496]	1287	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
[1788]	1288	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface_tmp * &
	1289	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface_tmp + coef_2 &
	1290	* dt_3d * tsc(2) )
	1291
[1496]	1292	!
	1293	!-- Add RK3 term
[1788]	1294	IF ( c_surface_tmp /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1295
[1691]	1296	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1297	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
	1298
[1496]	1299	!
[1691]	1300	!-- Calculate true tendency
	1301	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1302	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
[1496]	1303	!
[1691]	1304	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	1305	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1306	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
	1307	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
	1308	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1309	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
	1310	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1311	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
	1312	ENDIF
[1496]	1313	ENDIF
	1314	ENDIF
	1315
	1316	!
[1757]	1317	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is possible to
	1318	!-- update the radiative fluxes independently from the prescribed
	1319	!-- radiation call frequency. This effectively prevents oscillations,
	1320	!-- especially when setting skip_time_do_radiation /= 0. The threshold
	1321	!-- value of 0.2 used here is just a first guess. This method should be
	1322	!-- revised in the future as tests have shown that the threshold is
	1323	!-- often reached, when no oscillations would occur (causes immense
	1324	!-- computing time for the radiation code).
[1788]	1325	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp .AND. &
[1757]	1326	unscheduled_radiation_calls ) THEN
[1691]	1327	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
	1328	ENDIF
	1329
	1330	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
	1331
	1332	!
[1496]	1333	!-- Calculate fluxes
[1691]	1334	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1709]	1335	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1336	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1337	- rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) * t_surface_p(j,i)
[1691]	1338
	1339	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
	1340	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
	1341	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1342	+ rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1343	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
	1344	ENDIF
	1345	#else
	1346	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1347	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
	1348	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
	1349	#endif
	1350
[1551]	1351	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
	1352	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
[1496]	1353
[1709]	1354	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - pt(k,j,i) )
[1691]	1355
	1356	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
	1357
[1500]	1358	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1709]	1359	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
[1571]	1360	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1496]	1361
[1691]	1362	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
	1363
[1709]	1364	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1365	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1366	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1367
[1709]	1368	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1369	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1370	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1371
[1709]	1372	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1373	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1374	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1500]	1375	ENDIF
[1788]	1376
[1500]	1377	!
	1378	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
[1691]	1379	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	1380	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
[1496]	1381	ELSE
[1788]	1382	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
[1571]	1383	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
[1551]	1384	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
[1496]	1385	ENDIF
	1386
	1387	!
	1388	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
[1500]	1389	!-- evaporation of liquid water
	1390	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1496]	1391	!
[1571]	1392	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
	1393	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
[1500]	1394	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
	1395	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
[1571]	1396
	1397	!
	1398	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
[1788]	1399	!-- Otherwise, add the water to soil. In case of
	1400	!-- pavements, the exceeding water amount is implicitely removed
	1401	!-- as runoff as qsws_soil_eb is then not used in the soil model
[1691]	1402	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
[1571]	1403	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
[1691]	1404	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1405	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1406	ELSE
	1407	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
[1691]	1408	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1409	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1410	ENDIF
	1411
	1412	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
	1413	!-- coverage.
	1414	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
[1691]	1415	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1416	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
[1496]	1417	ENDIF
[1691]	1418
[1500]	1419	!
	1420	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
[1691]	1421	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1422
[1500]	1423	!
[1551]	1424	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
	1425	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
	1426	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
	1427	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
[1691]	1428	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
[1551]	1429	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
	1430	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
	1431	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1432	ENDIF
[1496]	1433
	1434	!
[1551]	1435	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
	1436	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
[1500]	1437	!-- plant
[1691]	1438	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	1439	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
	1440	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1441	ENDIF
	1442	ENDIF
[1496]	1443
[1551]	1444	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
[1496]	1445
[1551]	1446	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
	1447	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
[1496]	1448
	1449	!
[1500]	1450	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
	1451	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1452	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
[1496]	1453
	1454	!
[1500]	1455	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
	1456	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1457	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
[1496]	1458
	1459
	1460	!
[1551]	1461	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
[1500]	1462	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1463	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1464	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
[1500]	1465	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1466	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1467	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1468	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
[1500]	1469	ENDIF
[1496]	1470	ENDIF
	1471
[1500]	1472	ENDIF
	1473
[1496]	1474	ENDDO
[1500]	1475	ENDDO
[1496]	1476
[1691]	1477	!
	1478	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
[1757]	1479	!-- least one processor reached the threshold change in skin temperature
[1788]	1480	IF ( unscheduled_radiation_calls .AND. intermediate_timestep_count &
[1757]	1481	== intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) THEN
[1697]	1482	#if defined( __parallel )
[1691]	1483	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
	1484	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
	1485	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
	1486	#else
	1487	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
	1488	#endif
	1489	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
	1490	ENDIF
	1491
[1788]	1492	!
	1493	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
	1494	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1495	CALL calc_q_surface
	1496	ENDIF
[1691]	1497
[1788]	1498	!
	1499	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
	1500	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
	1501
	1502
[1496]	1503	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	1504
	1505
	1506	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1507	! Description:
	1508	! ------------
[1682]	1509	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
	1510	!> temperature and water content.
[1496]	1511	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1512	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	1513
	1514
	1515	IMPLICIT NONE
	1516
[1682]	1517	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1518	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1519	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1496]	1520
[1682]	1521	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
[1496]	1522
[1682]	1523	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
[1691]	1524	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
	1525	tend !< tendency
[1496]	1526
[1691]	1527	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1528	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1788]	1529
	1530	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	1531	rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
	1532	lambda_temp(nzb_soil) = pave_heat_conductivity
	1533	ENDIF
	1534
	1535	IF ( .NOT. water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	1536	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1537
	1538
	1539	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) <= pave_depth ) THEN
	1540
	1541	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
	1542	lambda_temp(k) = pave_heat_conductivity
	1543
	1544	ELSE
[1496]	1545	!
[1788]	1546	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking
	1547	!-- into account water content
	1548	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
	1549	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
[1496]	1550
	1551	!
[1788]	1552	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
	1553	!-- layers
	1554	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
	1555	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
[1691]	1556
[1788]	1557	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
[1691]	1558
[1788]	1559	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
	1560	lambda_h_dry
	1561	ENDIF
[1496]	1562
[1788]	1563	ENDDO
[1496]	1564
	1565	!
[1788]	1566	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
	1567	!-- using linear interpolation. For pavement surface, the
	1568	!-- true pavement depth is considered
	1569	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
	1570	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) < pave_depth &
	1571	.AND. zs(k+1) > pave_depth ) THEN
	1572	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) / dz_soil(k+1) &
	1573	* lambda_temp(k) &
	1574	+ ( 1.0_wp - ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) &
	1575	/ dz_soil(k+1) ) * lambda_temp(k+1)
	1576	ELSE
	1577	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
	1578	* 0.5_wp
	1579	ENDIF
	1580	ENDDO
	1581	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1582
[1788]	1583
	1584
	1585
[1496]	1586	!
[1788]	1587	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
	1588	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
[1496]	1589
[1788]	1590	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
	1591	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
	1592	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
	1593	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1691]	1594
[1788]	1595	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
	1596	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
	1597	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
	1598	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
	1599	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
	1600	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
	1601	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
	1602	* ddz_soil(k) &
	1603	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
[1691]	1604
[1788]	1605	ENDDO
[1691]	1606
[1788]	1607	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
	1608	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
	1609	* tend(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) &
	1610	+ tsc(3) &
	1611	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
[1496]	1612
	1613	!
[1788]	1614	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	1615	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1616	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
	1617	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1618	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
	1619	ENDDO
	1620	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1621	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
	1622	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1623	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
[1551]	1624	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
[1788]	1625	ENDDO
	1626	ENDIF
[1496]	1627	ENDIF
	1628
	1629
[1788]	1630	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	1631
[1496]	1632	!
[1788]	1633	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
	1634	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
	1635	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), &
	1636	m_wilt(j,i) ) / m_sat(j,i) )**( &
	1637	b_ch + 2.0_wp )
[1496]	1638
	1639	!
[1788]	1640	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
	1641	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
[1551]	1642	!
[1788]	1643	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
	1644	!-- (1980)
	1645	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
	1646	MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), m_wilt(j,i) ) ) )**( &
	1647	n_vg(j,i) / (n_vg(j,i) - 1.0_wp ) ) - 1.0_wp &
	1648	)**( 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) / alpha_vg(j,i)
[1496]	1649
[1691]	1650
[1788]	1651	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
	1652	( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )n_vg(j,i))( &
	1653	1.0_wp - 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) - ( &
	1654	alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )**( n_vg(j,i) &
	1655	- 1.0_wp) )**2 ) &
	1656	/ ( ( 1.0_wp + ( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg &
	1657	)n_vg(j,i) )( ( 1.0_wp - 1.0_wp &
	1658	/ n_vg(j,i) ) *( l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp) ) )
[1496]	1659
[1551]	1660	!
[1788]	1661	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
	1662	ELSE
	1663	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( m_soil(k,j,i) &
	1664	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
	1665	ENDIF
[1551]	1666
[1788]	1667	ENDDO
[1496]	1668
	1669	!
[1788]	1670	!-- Prognostic equation for soil moisture content. Only performed,
	1671	!-- when humidity is enabled in the atmosphere and the surface type
	1672	!-- is not pavement (implies dry soil below).
	1673	IF ( humidity .AND. .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	1674	!
	1675	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
	1676	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
	1677	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
	1678	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	1679
[1788]	1680	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
	1681	* 0.5_wp
	1682	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
	1683	* 0.5_wp
[1496]	1684
[1788]	1685	ENDDO
[1496]	1686
	1687	!
	1688	!
[1788]	1689	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
	1690	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
	1691	!-- in the bottom layer.
	1692	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
	1693	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
	1694	ELSE
	1695	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
	1696	ENDIF
[1496]	1697
[1788]	1698	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
	1699	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
	1700	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
	1701	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
	1702	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
	1703	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
	1704	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
	1705	!-- take water from moister layers.
[1496]	1706
	1707	!
[1788]	1708	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of root_extr
	1709	!-- = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a positive
	1710	!-- transpiration, so that there is no need for an additional check.
[1691]	1711	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1788]	1712	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
	1713	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
	1714	ENDIF
	1715	ENDDO
[1496]	1716
[1788]	1717	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1718	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1719	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
	1720	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
	1721	ELSE
	1722	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
	1723	ENDIF
	1724	ENDDO
	1725	ENDIF
	1726
[1496]	1727	!
[1788]	1728	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil.
	1729	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
	1730
	1731	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
[1551]	1732	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
[1691]	1733	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
[1788]	1734	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
	1735	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
	1736	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1496]	1737
[1788]	1738	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
	1739	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
	1740	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) &
	1741	- gamma_w(k,j,i) &
	1742	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
	1743	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
	1744	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
	1745	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
	1746	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
[1496]	1747
[1788]	1748	ENDDO
	1749	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	1750	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
	1751	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	1752	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
	1753	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
	1754	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
	1755	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
	1756	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
	1757	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1758
[1788]	1759	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
	1760	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
	1761	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
	1762
[1496]	1763	!
[1788]	1764	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
	1765	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1766	IF ( m_soil_p(k,j,i) < 0.0_wp ) m_soil_p(k,j,i) = 0.0_wp
	1767	ENDDO
[1496]	1768
	1769	!
[1788]	1770	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	1771	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1772	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
	1773	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1774	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
	1775	ENDDO
	1776	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1777	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
	1778	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1779	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp&
[1496]	1780	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
[1788]	1781	ENDDO
	1782	ENDIF
[1496]	1783	ENDIF
[1788]	1784
[1496]	1785	ENDIF
	1786
	1787	ENDIF
	1788
	1789	ENDDO
	1790	ENDDO
	1791
[1788]	1792	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	1793
	1794
	1795	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1796	! Description:
	1797	! ------------
	1798	!> Calculation of roughness length for open water (lakes, ocean). The
	1799	!> parameterization follows Charnock (1955). Two different implementations
	1800	!> are available: as in ECMWF-IFS (Beljaars 1994) or as in FLake (Subin et al.
	1801	!> 2012)
	1802	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1803	SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
	1804
	1805	USE control_parameters, &
	1806	ONLY: g, kappa, molecular_viscosity
	1807
	1808	IMPLICIT NONE
	1809
	1810	INTEGER :: i !< running index
	1811	INTEGER :: j !< running index
	1812
	1813	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: alpha_ch = 0.018_wp !< Charnock constant (0.01-0.11). Use 0.01 for FLake and 0.018 for ECMWF
	1814	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: pr_number = 0.71_wp !< molecular Prandtl number in the Charnock parameterization (differs from prandtl_number)
	1815	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: sc_number = 0.66_wp !< molecular Schmidt number in the Charnock parameterization
	1816	! REAL(wp) :: re_0 !< near-surface roughness Reynolds number
	1817
	1818
	1819	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1820	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1821	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
	1822
[1496]	1823	!
[1788]	1824	!-- Disabled: FLake parameterization. Ideally, the Charnock
	1825	!-- coefficient should depend on the water depth and the fetch
	1826	!-- length
	1827	! re_0 = z0(j,i) * us(j,i) / molecular_viscosity
	1828	!
	1829	! z0(j,i) = MAX( 0.1_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i), &
	1830	! alpha_ch * us(j,i) / g )
	1831	!
	1832	! z0h(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 3.2_wp ) )
	1833	! z0q(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 4.2_wp ) )
[1496]	1834
[1788]	1835	!
	1836	!-- Set minimum roughness length for u* > 0.2
	1837	! IF ( us(j,i) > 0.2_wp ) THEN
	1838	! z0h(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0h(j,i) )
	1839	! z0q(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0q(j,i) )
	1840	! ENDIF
[1496]	1841
[1788]	1842	!
	1843	!-- ECMWF IFS model parameterization after Beljaars (1994). At low
	1844	!-- wind speed, the sea surface becomes aerodynamically smooth and
	1845	!-- the roughness scales with the viscosity. At high wind speed, the
	1846	!-- Charnock relation is used.
	1847	z0(j,i) = ( 0.11_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i) ) &
	1848	+ ( alpha_ch * us(j,i)**2 / g )
[1496]	1849
[1788]	1850	z0h(j,i) = 0.40_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
	1851	z0q(j,i) = 0.62_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
[1496]	1852
[1788]	1853	ENDIF
	1854	ENDDO
	1855	ENDDO
	1856
	1857	END SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
	1858
	1859
[1496]	1860	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1861	! Description:
	1862	! ------------
[1788]	1863	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the skin layer (surface). It is assumend
	1864	!> that the skin is always saturated.
[1496]	1865	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1551]	1866	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	1867
	1868	IMPLICIT NONE
	1869
[1682]	1870	INTEGER :: i !< running index
	1871	INTEGER :: j !< running index
	1872	INTEGER :: k !< running index
[1788]	1873
[1682]	1874	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
[1496]	1875
[1691]	1876	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1877	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1496]	1878	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	1879
	1880	!
	1881	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1691]	1882	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
	1883	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	1884
	1885	!
	1886	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
	1887	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
	1888
	1889	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
	1890
	1891	!
	1892	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
[1691]	1893	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1894	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	1895	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
	1896	ELSE
	1897	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	1898	* q(k+1,j,i)
	1899	ENDIF
[1496]	1900
[1691]	1901	!
	1902	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
	1903	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
	1904
[1496]	1905	ENDDO
	1906	ENDDO
	1907
[1551]	1908	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	1909
[1788]	1910
[1551]	1911	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1912	! Description:
	1913	! ------------
[1682]	1914	!> Swapping of timelevels
[1551]	1915	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1916	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
[1496]	1917
[1551]	1918	IMPLICIT NONE
	1919
	1920	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
	1921
	1922	#if defined( __nopointer )
	1923
	1924	t_surface = t_surface_p
	1925	t_soil = t_soil_p
	1926	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1927	m_soil = m_soil_p
	1928	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
	1929	ENDIF
	1930
	1931	#else
	1932
	1933	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
	1934
	1935	CASE ( 0 )
	1936
[1585]	1937	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	1938	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
[1551]	1939	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1585]	1940	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	1941	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
[1551]	1942	ENDIF
	1943
	1944
	1945	CASE ( 1 )
	1946
[1585]	1947	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
	1948	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
[1551]	1949	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1585]	1950	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
	1951	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
[1551]	1952	ENDIF
	1953
	1954	END SELECT
	1955	#endif
	1956
	1957	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
	1958
	1959
[1496]	1960	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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