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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1764

Last change on this file since 1764 was 1758, checked in by maronga, 9 years ago
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[1682]	1	!> @file land_surface_model.f90
[1496]	2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	3	! This file is part of PALM.
	4	!
	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
	6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
	7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
	8	!
	9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	12	!
	13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	15	!
[1691]	16	! Copyright 1997-2015 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[1496]	17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	18	!
	19	! Current revisions:
	20	! -----------------
[1758]	21	!
	22	!
	23	! Former revisions:
	24	! -----------------
	25	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1758 2016-02-22 15:53:28Z raasch $
	26	!
	27	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
[1757]	28	! Bugfix: set tm_soil_m to zero after allocation. Added parameter
	29	! unscheduled_radiation_calls to control calls of the radiation model based on
	30	! the skin temperature change during one time step (preliminary version). Set
	31	! qsws_soil_eb to zero at model start (previously set to qsws_eb). Removed MAX
	32	! function as it cannot be vectorized.
[1710]	33	!
	34	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
[1709]	35	! Renamed pt_1 and qv_1 to pt1 and qv1.
	36	! Bugfix: set initial values for t_surface_p in case of restart runs
	37	! Bugfix: zero resistance caused crash when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
	38	! Bugfix: calculation of rad_net when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
	39	! Added todo action
[1698]	40	!
	41	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
	42	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
	43	!
	44	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
[1692]	45	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
[1696]	46	! Replaced rif with ol
	47	!
[1692]	48	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
[1691]	49	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
	50	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
	51	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
	52	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
[1552]	53	!
[1683]	54	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
	55	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
	56	!
[1591]	57	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
	58	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
	59	!
[1586]	60	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
	61	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
	62	!
[1572]	63	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
	64	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
	65	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
	66	!
[1556]	67	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
	68	! Added output of r_a and r_s
	69	!
[1554]	70	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
	71	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
	72	! profile
	73	!
[1552]	74	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
[1551]	75	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
	76	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
	77	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
	78	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
	79	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
	80	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
	81	! calculation
[1496]	82	!
[1514]	83	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
[1496]	84	!
[1501]	85	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
	86	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
	87	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
	88	! Added support for dry runs.
	89	!
[1497]	90	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
	91	! Initial revision
	92	!
[1496]	93	!
	94	! Description:
	95	! ------------
[1682]	96	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
	97	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
	98	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
	99	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
	100	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
	101	!>
[1691]	102	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
[1709]	103	!> skin layer.
[1691]	104	!> @todo Allow for water surfaces
	105	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
	106	!> nzt_soil=3)).
	107	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
	108	!> with considerable precipitation.
[1709]	109	!> @todo Fix crashes with radiation_scheme == 'constant'
[1682]	110	!>
[1709]	111	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
	112	!> become too thin.
[1496]	113	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	114	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
	115
[1691]	116	USE arrays_3d, &
[1695]	117	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, z0h
[1496]	118
[1691]	119	USE cloud_parameters, &
	120	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, prr, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
[1496]	121
[1691]	122	USE control_parameters, &
	123	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
	124	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
	125	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
	126	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
	127	z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
[1496]	128
[1691]	129	USE indices, &
	130	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
[1496]	131
[1691]	132	USE kinds
[1496]	133
[1551]	134	USE netcdf_control, &
	135	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
	136
[1691]	137	USE pegrid
[1496]	138
[1691]	139	USE radiation_model_mod, &
	140	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
[1757]	141	rad_lw_out, rad_lw_out_change_0, sigma_sb, &
	142	unscheduled_radiation_calls
[1691]	143
	144	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
	145	USE radiation_model_mod, &
[1709]	146	ONLY: rrtm_idrv
[1691]	147	#endif
[1496]	148
[1691]	149	USE statistics, &
	150	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
	151
[1496]	152	IMPLICIT NONE
	153
	154	!
	155	!-- LSM model constants
[1682]	156	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
	157	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
	158	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
[1496]	159
[1682]	160	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !< starting index for timeseries output
[1551]	161
	162	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
	163	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
	164	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
	165
	166	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
	167
[1496]	168	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
[1551]	169	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
	170	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
[1496]	171	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
	172	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
	173	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
[1551]	174	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
	175	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
[1496]	176	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
	177
	178
	179	!
	180	!-- LSM variables
[1682]	181	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
	182	soil_type = 3 !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
[1496]	183
[1691]	184	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
	185	dewfall = .TRUE., & !< allow/inhibit dewfall
	186	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
	187	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
[1496]	188
	189	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
	190	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
[1682]	191	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
	192	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
	193	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
	194	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
	195	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
	196	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
	197	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
	198	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
	199	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
	200	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
[1691]	201	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
[1682]	202	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
	203	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
	204	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
	205	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
	206	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
	207	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
	208	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
	209	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
	210	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
	211	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
	212	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
	213	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
	214	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
	215	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
[1691]	216	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
[1682]	217	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
	218	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
	219	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
[1691]	220	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
[1496]	221
[1551]	222	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
[1691]	223	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
	224	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
	225	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
[1551]	226	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
[1682]	227	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
	228	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
	229	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
[1496]	230
[1551]	231	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
[1691]	232	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
	233	283.0_wp /), &
	234	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
	235	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
[1496]	236
	237	#if defined( __nopointer )
[1682]	238	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
	239	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
	240	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
	241	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
	242	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
[1496]	243	#else
[1551]	244	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
	245	t_surface_p, &
	246	m_liq_eb, &
	247	m_liq_eb_p
[1496]	248
[1551]	249	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
	250	m_liq_eb_av, &
	251	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
[1496]	252	#endif
	253
	254	!
	255	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
[1682]	256	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
	257	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
[1496]	258
	259	!
	260	!-- Energy balance variables
[1691]	261	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1682]	262	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
	263	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
	264	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
	265	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
	266	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
	267	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
	268	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
	269	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
	270	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
	271	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
	272	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
	273	lai, & !< leaf area index
	274	lai_av, & !< average of lai
[1691]	275	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
	276	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
[1682]	277	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
	278	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
	279	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
	280	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
	281	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
	282	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
	283	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
	284	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
	285	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
	286	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
	287	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
	288	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
	289	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
	290	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
	291	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
	292	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
[1709]	293	r_a_av, & !< average of r_a
[1682]	294	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
[1691]	295	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
[1682]	296	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
	297	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
[1691]	298	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
[1682]	299	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
	300	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
	301	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
[1496]	302
[1691]	303
[1496]	304	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1682]	305	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (?)
	306	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
	307	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
	308	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
[1496]	309
	310	#if defined( __nopointer )
	311	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1682]	312	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
	313	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
	314	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
	315	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
	316	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
	317	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
[1496]	318	#else
	319	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
[1551]	320	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
[1496]	321	m_soil, m_soil_p
	322
	323	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1551]	324	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
	325	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
[1496]	326	#endif
	327
	328
	329	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1757]	330	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
	331	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
[1682]	332	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
[1496]	333
[1551]	334
[1496]	335	!
[1551]	336	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
[1585]	337	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
[1590]	338	'user defined ', & ! 0
	339	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
	340	'short grass ', & ! 2
[1585]	341	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
	342	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
[1590]	343	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
	344	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
	345	'tall grass ', & ! 7
	346	'desert ', & ! 8
	347	'tundra ', & ! 9
	348	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
	349	'semidesert ', & ! 11
	350	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
	351	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
	352	'inland water ', & ! 14
	353	'ocean ', & ! 15
	354	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
	355	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
	356	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
	357	'interrupted forest ' & ! 19
[1585]	358	/)
[1496]	359
	360	!
[1551]	361	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
[1585]	362	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
	363	'user defined', & ! 0
[1590]	364	'coarse ', & ! 1
	365	'medium ', & ! 2
	366	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
	367	'fine ', & ! 4
	368	'very fine ', & ! 5
	369	'organic ', & ! 6
	370	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
[1585]	371	/)
[1551]	372	!
	373	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
	374
	375	!
	376	!-- Land surface parameters I
	377	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
[1585]	378	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
	379	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
	380	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
	381	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	382	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	383	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	384	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
	385	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
	386	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	387	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	388	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
	389	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
	390	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	391	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
	392	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	393	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	394	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
	395	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
	396	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
	397	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
[1496]	398	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
	399
	400	!
	401	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
[1585]	402	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
	403	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
	404	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
	405	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
	406	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
	407	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
	408	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
	409	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
	410	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
	411	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
	412	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
	413	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
	414	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
	415	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
	416	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
	417	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
	418	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
	419	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
	420	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
	421	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
[1496]	422	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
	423
	424	!
[1551]	425	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
[1585]	426	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
	427	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
	428	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
	429	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	430	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	431	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	432	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
	433	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
	434	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	435	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
	436	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
	437	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
	438	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	439	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
	440	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	441	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	442	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
	443	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
	444	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
	445	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
[1496]	446	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
	447
	448	!
	449	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
[1585]	450	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
	451	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
	452	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
	453	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
	454	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
	455	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
	456	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
	457	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
	458	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	459	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	460	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
	461	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
	462	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	463	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
	464	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	465	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	466	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
	467	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
	468	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
	469	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
[1496]	470	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
	471
	472	!
	473	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
[1551]	474
[1496]	475	!
[1551]	476	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
[1585]	477	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	478	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
	479	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
	480	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
	481	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
	482	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	483	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
	484	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
	485	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	486
	487	!
	488	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
[1585]	489	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	490	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
	491	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
	492	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
	493	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
	494	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	495	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
	496	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
	497	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	498
	499
	500	SAVE
	501
	502
	503	PRIVATE
	504
	505
[1551]	506	!
	507	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
	508	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
	509	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
	510	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
	511	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
	512	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
	513	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
	514	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
[1691]	515	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
	516	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, &
	517	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, &
	518	z0h_eb
[1496]	519
[1551]	520	!
	521	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
	522	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
	523	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
	524	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
	525	zs
[1496]	526
[1551]	527	!
	528	!-- Public 2D output variables
	529	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
	530	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
	531	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
[1555]	532	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
[1551]	533
	534	!
	535	!-- Public prognostic variables
	536	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
	537
[1496]	538	INTERFACE init_lsm
	539	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
	540	END INTERFACE init_lsm
	541
	542	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	543	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
	544	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	545
	546	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	547	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
	548	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	549
[1551]	550	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
	551	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
	552	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
[1496]	553
	554	CONTAINS
	555
	556
	557	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	558	! Description:
	559	! ------------
[1682]	560	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
[1496]	561	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1551]	562	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
[1496]	563
	564
	565	IMPLICIT NONE
	566
	567	!
[1551]	568	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
[1496]	569	#if defined( __nopointer )
[1551]	570	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	571	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	572	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	573	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	574	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	575	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	576	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	577	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	578	#else
[1551]	579	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	580	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	581	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	582	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	583	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	584	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	585	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	586	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	587	#endif
	588
	589	!
[1551]	590	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
	591	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	592	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	593	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	594	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	595
	596	!
	597	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
[1551]	598	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	599	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	600	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	601	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	602	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	603	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	604	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	605	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	606	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	607	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	608	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	609	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	610	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	611	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	612	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	613	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	614	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	615	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	616	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	617	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1585]	618	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	619	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	620	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	621	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	622	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	623	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	624	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	625	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	626
[1551]	627	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
[1496]	628	!
[1585]	629	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
[1551]	630	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
	631	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	632	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	633	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
	634	#endif
[1496]	635
	636
[1551]	637	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
[1500]	638
[1551]	639	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	640	! Description:
	641	! ------------
[1682]	642	!> Initialization of the land surface model
[1551]	643	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	644	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
	645
	646
	647	IMPLICIT NONE
	648
[1682]	649	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	650	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	651	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1551]	652
[1709]	653	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
[1551]	654
[1691]	655
[1551]	656	!
	657	!-- Calculate Exner function
[1691]	658	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
[1551]	659
	660
	661	!
	662	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
	663	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
	664	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
	665	ENDIF
	666
	667	!
	668	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
	669	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
	670	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
	671	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
	672	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
	673
	674	!
	675	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
	676	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
	677	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
[1757]	678	tm_soil_m = 0.0_wp
[1551]	679	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
	680	c_liq = 0.0_wp
	681
	682	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
	683	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
	684
[1500]	685	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	686	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
[1500]	687	ELSE
[1551]	688	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
[1500]	689	ENDIF
	690
[1551]	691	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
[1757]	692	qsws_soil_eb = 0.0_wp
[1551]	693	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
[1496]	694
	695	r_a = 50.0_wp
[1551]	696	r_s = 50.0_wp
[1496]	697	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
	698	r_soil = 0.0_wp
	699
	700	!
	701	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
[1551]	702	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	703	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	704	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	705
	706	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
	707	!
	708	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
	709	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	710	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	711	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	712
	713	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
	714	ENDIF
	715
	716	!
	717	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
[1691]	718	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
	719	!-- at the centers
	720	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
[1496]	721
[1691]	722	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
	723	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
[1496]	724	ENDDO
[1691]	725	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
[1496]	726
[1691]	727	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
	728	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
[1496]	729	ENDDO
[1691]	730	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
[1496]	731
[1551]	732	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
	733	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
	734
[1496]	735	!
[1551]	736	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
	737	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
	738	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
	739	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
	740
	741	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	742	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	743	ENDIF
	744
	745	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	746	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	747	ENDIF
	748
	749	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	750	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	751	ENDIF
	752
	753	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	754	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	755	ENDIF
	756
	757	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	758	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	759	ENDIF
	760
	761	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	762	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	763	ENDIF
	764
	765	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	766	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	767	ENDIF
	768
	769	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	770	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	771	ENDIF
	772
[1496]	773	ENDIF
	774
[1551]	775	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
	776	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
	777	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
	778	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
	779	m_sat = saturation_moisture
	780	m_fc = field_capacity
	781	m_wilt = wilting_point
	782	m_res = residual_moisture
	783	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
	784
[1496]	785	!
[1551]	786	!-- Initial run actions
	787	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
[1496]	788
[1551]	789	t_soil = 0.0_wp
	790	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
	791	m_soil = 0.0_wp
[1496]	792
[1551]	793	!
	794	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
	795	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
	796	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
[1691]	797	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	798	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
	799	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
	800	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
	801	ENDDO
	802	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
[1496]	803
[1551]	804	!
	805	!-- Calculate surface temperature
[1691]	806	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
[1496]	807
	808	!
[1551]	809	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
	810	!-- the first time step
	811	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	812	DO j = nysg, nyng
	813	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	814
[1691]	815	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
[1709]	816	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	817	ELSE
[1709]	818	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	819	ENDIF
	820
[1551]	821	!
	822	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
[1709]	823	IF ( pt1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt1 = pt1 + 1.0E-10_wp
[1551]	824
[1691]	825	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
[1709]	826	ts(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
[1551]	827	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
	828	ENDDO
	829	ENDDO
	830
	831	!
	832	!-- Actions for restart runs
	833	ELSE
	834
	835	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	836	DO j = nysg, nyng
	837	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	838	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
	839	ENDDO
	840	ENDDO
	841
	842	ENDIF
	843
[1691]	844	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	845	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
	846	ENDDO
[1496]	847
[1551]	848	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
	849	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	850	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
	851	ENDIF
	852	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	853	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
	854	ENDIF
	855	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	856	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
	857	ENDIF
	858	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	859	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
	860	ENDIF
	861	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	862	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
	863	ENDIF
	864	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	865	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
	866	ENDIF
	867	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	868	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
	869	ENDIF
	870	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	871	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	872	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	873	ENDIF
	874	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	875	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
	876	ENDIF
	877	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
[1496]	878
[1551]	879	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
[1691]	880	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	881	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	882	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	883	ENDDO
	884	ENDIF
[1496]	885
[1553]	886	ELSE
	887
	888	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	889	z0_eb = roughness_length
	890	ENDIF
	891	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	892	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
	893	ENDIF
	894
[1496]	895	ENDIF
	896
	897	!
[1551]	898	!-- Initialize vegetation
	899	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
	900	lai = leaf_area_index
	901	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
	902	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
	903	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
	904	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
	905	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
	906	z0 = z0_eb
	907	z0h = z0h_eb
	908
	909	!
[1496]	910	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
	911	CALL user_init_land_surface
	912
[1500]	913
[1551]	914	t_soil_p = t_soil
	915	m_soil_p = m_soil
	916	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
[1709]	917	t_surface_p = t_surface
[1496]	918
[1709]	919
	920
[1551]	921	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
	922	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
	923	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	924	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	925	statistic_regions+1 )
	926	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	927	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	928	statistic_regions+1 )
	929
[1496]	930	!
[1551]	931	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
[1691]	932	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
	933	dots_num = dots_num + 8
[1585]	934
[1691]	935	dots_label(dots_soil) = "ghf_eb"
	936	dots_label(dots_soil+1) = "shf_eb"
	937	dots_label(dots_soil+2) = "qsws_eb"
	938	dots_label(dots_soil+3) = "qsws_liq_eb"
	939	dots_label(dots_soil+4) = "qsws_soil_eb"
	940	dots_label(dots_soil+5) = "qsws_veg_eb"
	941	dots_label(dots_soil+6) = "r_a"
	942	dots_label(dots_soil+7) = "r_s"
[1551]	943
[1691]	944	dots_unit(dots_soil:dots_soil+5) = "W/m2"
	945	dots_unit(dots_soil+6:dots_soil+7) = "s/m"
[1555]	946
[1496]	947
	948	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
	949
	950
	951
	952	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	953	! Description:
	954	! ------------
[1682]	955	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
[1496]	956	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	957	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	958
	959
	960	IMPLICIT NONE
	961
[1682]	962	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	963	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	964	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
[1496]	965
[1682]	966	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
	967	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
	968	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
	969	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
	970	e, & !< water vapour pressure
	971	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
	972	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
	973	tend, & !< tendency
	974	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
	975	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
	976	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
	977	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
	978	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
	979	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
	980	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
	981	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
	982	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
[1691]	983	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
[1709]	984	pt1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
	985	qv1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
[1496]	986
	987	!
	988	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
	989	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
	990
[1691]	991	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	992	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1500]	993	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
[1496]	994
	995	!
[1551]	996	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
[1695]	997	IF ( ol(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	998	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
[1496]	999	ELSE
[1551]	1000	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
[1496]	1001	ENDIF
[1500]	1002
[1496]	1003	!
[1500]	1004	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
	1005	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
	1006	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
	1007	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
[1691]	1008	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
[1709]	1009	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
	1010	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	1011	ELSE
[1709]	1012	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
	1013	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	1014	ENDIF
[1496]	1015
[1709]	1016	r_a(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
[1691]	1017
[1496]	1018	!
[1709]	1019	!-- Make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero
	1020	IF ( ABS(r_a(j,i)) < 1.0E-10_wp ) r_a(j,i) = 1.0E-10_wp
	1021
	1022	!
[1496]	1023	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
	1024	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
	1025
[1551]	1026	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
	1027	!-- night)
[1585]	1028	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
[1709]	1029	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
	1030	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
[1585]	1031	+ 1.0_wp)) )
[1551]	1032	ELSE
	1033	f1 = 1.0_wp
	1034	ENDIF
[1496]	1035
[1709]	1036
[1496]	1037	!
[1551]	1038	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
	1039	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
	1040	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
[1496]	1041	m_total = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1042	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	1043	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
	1044	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
[1496]	1045	ENDDO
	1046
[1691]	1047	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1496]	1048	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
[1691]	1049	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1050	f2 = 1.0_wp
[1496]	1051	ELSE
	1052	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
	1053	ENDIF
	1054
	1055	!
	1056	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1551]	1057	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
	1058	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	1059
	1060	!
	1061	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
[1551]	1062	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1063	!
	1064	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
[1709]	1065	e = qv1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
[1551]	1066	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
[1496]	1067	ELSE
	1068	f3 = 1.0_wp
	1069	ENDIF
	1070
	1071	!
[1551]	1072	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
	1073	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
[1496]	1074	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
[1551]	1075	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
	1076	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
[1496]	1077
	1078	!
[1551]	1079	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
	1080	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
	1081	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
	1082	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
	1083	m_res(j,i)
	1084	ELSE
	1085	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
	1086	ENDIF
[1496]	1087
[1551]	1088	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
[1513]	1089	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
[1551]	1090	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
[1496]	1091
	1092	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
	1093
	1094	!
	1095	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
[1551]	1096	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
	1097	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
	1098
[1496]	1099
[1551]	1100	!
	1101	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
[1496]	1102	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
[1500]	1103
	1104	!
[1551]	1105	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
	1106	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
[1709]	1107	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 ) THEN
[1551]	1108	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
	1109	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1110	ENDIF
[1496]	1111
	1112	!
	1113	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
[1551]	1114	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
	1115	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
[1496]	1116
[1551]	1117	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
	1118	r_soil(j,i))
	1119	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
[1496]	1120
[1551]	1121
[1500]	1122	!
	1123	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
	1124	!-- transpirate.
[1691]	1125	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1126	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1127	! ENDIF
[1496]	1128
	1129	!
[1551]	1130	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
	1131	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
	1132	!-- air.
[1709]	1133	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 .AND. .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
	1134	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1135	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
	1136	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
[1551]	1137	ENDIF
	1138
	1139	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
	1140	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
	1141
	1142	!
[1496]	1143	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
[1571]	1144	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
[1551]	1145	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
	1146	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
[1496]	1147
[1571]	1148	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
[1496]	1149
	1150	!
	1151	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
[1691]	1152	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
[1496]	1153
[1500]	1154	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1691]	1155	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1496]	1156	!
[1500]	1157	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1158	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1159	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1160	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1161	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1162	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1496]	1163
	1164	!
[1500]	1165	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1166	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
[1691]	1167	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
	1168	#else
[1496]	1169
[1691]	1170	!
	1171	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
	1172	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1173	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
[1709]	1174	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 &
[1691]	1175	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
	1176	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
	1177
	1178	!
[1709]	1179	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
	1180	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
	1181	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1182
	1183	#endif
[1500]	1184	ELSE
	1185
[1691]	1186	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1500]	1187	!
	1188	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1189	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1190	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1191	+ f_shf * pt1 + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1192	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1500]	1193
	1194	!
	1195	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1196	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1197	#else
	1198
	1199	!
	1200	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
	1201	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
[1709]	1202	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt1 &
[1691]	1203	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
	1204
	1205	!
	1206	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1571]	1207	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
[1551]	1208	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1209	#endif
[1500]	1210	ENDIF
	1211
[1496]	1212	tend = 0.0_wp
	1213
	1214	!
[1551]	1215	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
[1496]	1216	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
[1551]	1217	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
	1218	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
	1219	* tsc(2) )
[1496]	1220	!
	1221	!-- Add RK3 term
[1691]	1222	IF ( c_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1223
[1691]	1224	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1225	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
	1226
[1496]	1227	!
[1691]	1228	!-- Calculate true tendency
	1229	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1230	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
[1496]	1231	!
[1691]	1232	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	1233	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1234	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
	1235	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
	1236	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1237	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
	1238	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1239	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
	1240	ENDIF
[1496]	1241	ENDIF
[1691]	1242
[1496]	1243	ENDIF
	1244
	1245	!
[1757]	1246	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is possible to
	1247	!-- update the radiative fluxes independently from the prescribed
	1248	!-- radiation call frequency. This effectively prevents oscillations,
	1249	!-- especially when setting skip_time_do_radiation /= 0. The threshold
	1250	!-- value of 0.2 used here is just a first guess. This method should be
	1251	!-- revised in the future as tests have shown that the threshold is
	1252	!-- often reached, when no oscillations would occur (causes immense
	1253	!-- computing time for the radiation code).
	1254	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp .AND. &
	1255	unscheduled_radiation_calls ) THEN
[1691]	1256	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
	1257	ENDIF
	1258
	1259	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
	1260
	1261	!
[1496]	1262	!-- Calculate fluxes
[1691]	1263	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1709]	1264	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1265	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1266	- rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) * t_surface_p(j,i)
[1691]	1267
	1268	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
	1269	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
	1270	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1271	+ rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1272	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
	1273	ENDIF
	1274	#else
	1275	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1276	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
	1277	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
	1278	#endif
	1279
[1709]	1280
[1551]	1281	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
	1282	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
[1496]	1283
[1709]	1284	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - pt(k,j,i) )
[1691]	1285
	1286	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
	1287
[1500]	1288	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1709]	1289	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
[1571]	1290	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1496]	1291
[1691]	1292	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
	1293
[1709]	1294	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1295	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1296	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1297
[1709]	1298	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1299	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1300	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1301
[1709]	1302	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1303	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1304	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1500]	1305	ENDIF
	1306	!
	1307	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
[1691]	1308	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	1309	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
[1496]	1310	ELSE
[1709]	1311	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
[1571]	1312	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
[1551]	1313	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
[1496]	1314	ENDIF
	1315
	1316	!
	1317	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
[1500]	1318	!-- evaporation of liquid water
	1319	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1496]	1320	!
[1571]	1321	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
	1322	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
[1500]	1323	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
	1324	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
[1571]	1325
	1326	!
	1327	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
	1328	!-- Otherwise, add the water to bare soil fraction.
[1691]	1329	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
[1571]	1330	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
[1691]	1331	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1332	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1333	ELSE
	1334	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
[1691]	1335	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1336	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1337	ENDIF
	1338
	1339	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
	1340	!-- coverage.
	1341	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
[1691]	1342	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1343	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
[1496]	1344	ENDIF
[1691]	1345
[1500]	1346	!
	1347	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
[1691]	1348	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1349
[1500]	1350	!
[1551]	1351	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
	1352	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
	1353	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
	1354	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
[1691]	1355	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
[1551]	1356	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
	1357	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
	1358	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1359	ENDIF
[1496]	1360
	1361	!
[1551]	1362	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
	1363	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
[1500]	1364	!-- plant
[1691]	1365	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	1366	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
	1367	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1368	ENDIF
	1369	ENDIF
[1496]	1370
[1551]	1371	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
[1496]	1372
[1551]	1373	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
	1374	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
[1496]	1375
	1376	!
[1500]	1377	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
	1378	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1379	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
[1496]	1380
	1381	!
[1500]	1382	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
	1383	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1384	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
[1496]	1385
	1386
	1387	!
[1551]	1388	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
[1500]	1389	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1390	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1391	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
[1500]	1392	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1393	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1394	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1395	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
[1500]	1396	ENDIF
[1496]	1397	ENDIF
	1398
[1500]	1399	ENDIF
	1400
[1496]	1401	ENDDO
[1500]	1402	ENDDO
[1496]	1403
[1691]	1404	!
	1405	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
[1757]	1406	!-- least one processor reached the threshold change in skin temperature
	1407	IF ( unscheduled_radiation_calls .AND. intermediate_timestep_count &
	1408	== intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) THEN
[1697]	1409	#if defined( __parallel )
[1691]	1410	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
	1411	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
	1412	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
	1413	#else
	1414	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
	1415	#endif
	1416	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
	1417	ENDIF
	1418
	1419
[1496]	1420	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	1421
	1422
	1423	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1424	! Description:
	1425	! ------------
[1682]	1426	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
	1427	!> temperature and water content.
[1496]	1428	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1429	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	1430
	1431
	1432	IMPLICIT NONE
	1433
[1682]	1434	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1435	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1436	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1496]	1437
[1682]	1438	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
[1496]	1439
[1682]	1440	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
[1691]	1441	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
	1442	tend !< tendency
[1496]	1443
[1691]	1444	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1445	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1446	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1447	!
	1448	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
	1449	!-- account water content
[1551]	1450	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
	1451	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
[1496]	1452
	1453	!
[1691]	1454	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
[1496]	1455	!-- layers
[1691]	1456	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
	1457	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
	1458
[1551]	1459	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
[1691]	1460
	1461	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
[1496]	1462	lambda_h_dry
	1463
	1464	ENDDO
	1465
	1466	!
	1467	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
	1468	!-- using linear interpolation
[1691]	1469	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
	1470	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) * 0.5_wp
[1496]	1471	ENDDO
[1551]	1472	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1473
	1474	!
[1551]	1475	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
[1496]	1476	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1477	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
[1551]	1478	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
[1691]	1479	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
[1551]	1480	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1496]	1481
[1691]	1482
	1483
	1484
	1485	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
[1551]	1486	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
[1496]	1487	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
[1551]	1488	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
[1691]	1489	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
[1496]	1490	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
[1551]	1491	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
[1691]	1492	* ddz_soil(k) &
[1496]	1493	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
	1494	ENDDO
	1495
[1551]	1496	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
[1496]	1497	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
	1498	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
[1551]	1499	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
[1496]	1500
	1501	!
[1551]	1502	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
[1496]	1503	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1504	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1505	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1506	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
[1496]	1507	ENDDO
	1508	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1509	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1510	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1511	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
	1512	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
[1496]	1513	ENDDO
	1514	ENDIF
	1515	ENDIF
	1516
	1517
[1691]	1518	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	1519
[1496]	1520	!
	1521	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
[1551]	1522	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
[1496]	1523	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
[1551]	1524	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
[1496]	1525
	1526	!
[1551]	1527	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
	1528	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
	1529	!
	1530	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
	1531	!-- (1980)
	1532	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
	1533	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
	1534	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
	1535	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
[1496]	1536
[1691]	1537
[1551]	1538	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
	1539	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
	1540	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
	1541	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
	1542	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
	1543	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
	1544	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
[1496]	1545
[1551]	1546	!
	1547	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
	1548	ELSE
	1549	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
	1550	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
	1551	ENDIF
	1552
[1496]	1553	ENDDO
	1554
	1555
	1556	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1557	!
	1558	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
[1551]	1559	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
	1560	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
[1691]	1561	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	1562
[1691]	1563	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
	1564	* 0.5_wp
	1565	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
	1566	* 0.5_wp
[1496]	1567
	1568	ENDDO
	1569
	1570	!
	1571	!
	1572	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
	1573	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
	1574	!-- in the bottom layer.
	1575	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
[1551]	1576	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1496]	1577	ELSE
[1691]	1578	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1579	ENDIF
	1580
[1551]	1581	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
[1496]	1582	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
	1583	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
	1584	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
	1585	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
[1551]	1586	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
	1587	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
	1588	!-- take water from moister layers.
[1496]	1589
	1590	!
[1691]	1591	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of root_extr
	1592	!-- = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a positive
	1593	!-- transpiration, so that there is no need for an additional check.
	1594	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1595	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1596	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
	1597	ENDIF
[1496]	1598	ENDDO
	1599
[1691]	1600	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1601	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1602	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
	1603	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
	1604	ELSE
	1605	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
	1606	ENDIF
	1607	ENDDO
	1608	ENDIF
[1496]	1609
	1610	!
	1611	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
	1612	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
[1551]	1613	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
	1614	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
[1691]	1615	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
[1551]	1616	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
	1617	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
	1618	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1496]	1619
[1551]	1620	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	1621	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
[1691]	1622	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
	1623	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
	1624	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
	1625	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
	1626	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
[1496]	1627	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
	1628
	1629	ENDDO
[1551]	1630	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	1631	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
	1632	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	1633	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
[1691]	1634	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
[1551]	1635	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
	1636	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
	1637	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
	1638	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1639
[1551]	1640	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
[1496]	1641	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
	1642	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
	1643
	1644	!
	1645	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
[1757]	1646	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1647	IF ( m_soil_p(k,j,i) < 0.0_wp ) m_soil_p(k,j,i) = 0.0_wp
	1648	ENDDO
[1496]	1649
[1757]	1650
	1651
	1652
[1496]	1653	!
	1654	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	1655	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1656	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1657	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1658	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
	1659	ENDDO
	1660	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1661	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1662	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1663	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
	1664	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
	1665	ENDDO
	1666	ENDIF
	1667	ENDIF
	1668
	1669	ENDIF
	1670
	1671	ENDDO
	1672	ENDDO
	1673
	1674	!
	1675	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
	1676	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	1677	CALL calc_q_surface
[1496]	1678	ENDIF
	1679
	1680
	1681	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	1682
	1683
	1684	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1685	! Description:
	1686	! ------------
[1682]	1687	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
[1496]	1688	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1551]	1689	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	1690
	1691	IMPLICIT NONE
	1692
[1682]	1693	INTEGER :: i !< running index
	1694	INTEGER :: j !< running index
	1695	INTEGER :: k !< running index
	1696	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
[1496]	1697
[1691]	1698	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1699	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1496]	1700	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	1701
	1702	!
	1703	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1691]	1704	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
	1705	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	1706
	1707	!
	1708	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
	1709	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
	1710
	1711	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
	1712
	1713	!
	1714	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
[1691]	1715	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1716	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	1717	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
	1718	ELSE
	1719	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	1720	* q(k+1,j,i)
	1721	ENDIF
[1496]	1722
[1691]	1723	!
	1724	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
	1725	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
	1726
[1496]	1727	ENDDO
	1728	ENDDO
	1729
[1551]	1730	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	1731
[1551]	1732	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1733	! Description:
	1734	! ------------
[1682]	1735	!> Swapping of timelevels
[1551]	1736	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1737	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
[1496]	1738
[1551]	1739	IMPLICIT NONE
	1740
	1741	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
	1742
	1743	#if defined( __nopointer )
	1744
	1745	t_surface = t_surface_p
	1746	t_soil = t_soil_p
	1747	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1748	m_soil = m_soil_p
	1749	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
	1750	ENDIF
	1751
	1752	#else
	1753
	1754	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
	1755
	1756	CASE ( 0 )
	1757
[1585]	1758	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	1759	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
[1551]	1760	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1585]	1761	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	1762	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
[1551]	1763	ENDIF
	1764
	1765
	1766	CASE ( 1 )
	1767
[1585]	1768	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
	1769	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
[1551]	1770	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1585]	1771	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
	1772	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
[1551]	1773	ENDIF
	1774
	1775	END SELECT
	1776	#endif
	1777
	1778	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
	1779
	1780
[1496]	1781	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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