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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1727

Last change on this file since 1727 was 1710, checked in by maronga, 9 years ago
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[1682]	1	!> @file land_surface_model.f90
[1496]	2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	3	! This file is part of PALM.
	4	!
	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
	6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
	7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
	8	!
	9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	12	!
	13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	15	!
[1691]	16	! Copyright 1997-2015 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[1496]	17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	18	!
	19	! Current revisions:
	20	! -----------------
[1710]	21	!
	22	!
	23	! Former revisions:
	24	! -----------------
	25	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1710 2015-11-04 14:48:36Z knoop $
	26	!
	27	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
[1709]	28	! Renamed pt_1 and qv_1 to pt1 and qv1.
	29	! Bugfix: set initial values for t_surface_p in case of restart runs
	30	! Bugfix: zero resistance caused crash when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
	31	! Bugfix: calculation of rad_net when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
	32	! Added todo action
[1698]	33	!
	34	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
	35	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
	36	!
	37	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
[1692]	38	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
[1696]	39	! Replaced rif with ol
	40	!
[1692]	41	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
[1691]	42	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
	43	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
	44	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
	45	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
[1552]	46	!
[1683]	47	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
	48	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
	49	!
[1591]	50	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
	51	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
	52	!
[1586]	53	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
	54	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
	55	!
[1572]	56	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
	57	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
	58	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
	59	!
[1556]	60	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
	61	! Added output of r_a and r_s
	62	!
[1554]	63	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
	64	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
	65	! profile
	66	!
[1552]	67	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
[1551]	68	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
	69	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
	70	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
	71	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
	72	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
	73	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
	74	! calculation
[1496]	75	!
[1514]	76	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
[1496]	77	!
[1501]	78	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
	79	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
	80	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
	81	! Added support for dry runs.
	82	!
[1497]	83	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
	84	! Initial revision
	85	!
[1496]	86	!
	87	! Description:
	88	! ------------
[1682]	89	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
	90	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
	91	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
	92	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
	93	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
	94	!>
[1691]	95	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
[1709]	96	!> skin layer.
[1691]	97	!> @todo Allow for water surfaces
	98	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
	99	!> nzt_soil=3)).
	100	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
	101	!> with considerable precipitation.
[1709]	102	!> @todo Fix crashes with radiation_scheme == 'constant'
[1682]	103	!>
[1709]	104	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
	105	!> become too thin.
[1496]	106	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	107	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
	108
[1691]	109	USE arrays_3d, &
[1695]	110	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, z0h
[1496]	111
[1691]	112	USE cloud_parameters, &
	113	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, prr, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
[1496]	114
[1691]	115	USE control_parameters, &
	116	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
	117	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
	118	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
	119	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
	120	z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
[1496]	121
[1691]	122	USE indices, &
	123	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
[1496]	124
[1691]	125	USE kinds
[1496]	126
[1551]	127	USE netcdf_control, &
	128	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
	129
[1691]	130	USE pegrid
[1496]	131
[1691]	132	USE radiation_model_mod, &
	133	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
[1709]	134	rad_lw_out, rad_lw_out_change_0, sigma_sb
[1691]	135
	136	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
	137	USE radiation_model_mod, &
[1709]	138	ONLY: rrtm_idrv
[1691]	139	#endif
[1496]	140
[1691]	141	USE statistics, &
	142	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
	143
[1496]	144	IMPLICIT NONE
	145
	146	!
	147	!-- LSM model constants
[1682]	148	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
	149	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
	150	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
[1496]	151
[1682]	152	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !< starting index for timeseries output
[1551]	153
	154	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
	155	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
	156	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
	157
	158	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
	159
[1496]	160	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
[1551]	161	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
	162	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
[1496]	163	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
	164	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
	165	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
[1551]	166	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
	167	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
[1496]	168	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
	169
	170
	171	!
	172	!-- LSM variables
[1682]	173	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
	174	soil_type = 3 !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
[1496]	175
[1691]	176	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
	177	dewfall = .TRUE., & !< allow/inhibit dewfall
	178	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
	179	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
[1496]	180
	181	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
	182	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
[1682]	183	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
	184	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
	185	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
	186	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
	187	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
	188	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
	189	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
	190	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
	191	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
	192	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
[1691]	193	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
[1682]	194	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
	195	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
	196	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
	197	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
	198	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
	199	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
	200	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
	201	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
	202	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
	203	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
	204	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
	205	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
	206	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
	207	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
[1691]	208	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
[1682]	209	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
	210	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
	211	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
[1691]	212	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
[1496]	213
[1551]	214	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
[1691]	215	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
	216	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
	217	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
[1551]	218	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
[1682]	219	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
	220	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
	221	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
[1496]	222
[1551]	223	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
[1691]	224	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
	225	283.0_wp /), &
	226	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
	227	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
[1496]	228
	229	#if defined( __nopointer )
[1682]	230	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
	231	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
	232	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
	233	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
	234	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
[1496]	235	#else
[1551]	236	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
	237	t_surface_p, &
	238	m_liq_eb, &
	239	m_liq_eb_p
[1496]	240
[1551]	241	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
	242	m_liq_eb_av, &
	243	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
[1496]	244	#endif
	245
	246	!
	247	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
[1682]	248	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
	249	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
[1496]	250
	251	!
	252	!-- Energy balance variables
[1691]	253	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1682]	254	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
	255	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
	256	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
	257	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
	258	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
	259	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
	260	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
	261	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
	262	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
	263	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
	264	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
	265	lai, & !< leaf area index
	266	lai_av, & !< average of lai
[1691]	267	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
	268	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
[1682]	269	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
	270	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
	271	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
	272	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
	273	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
	274	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
	275	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
	276	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
	277	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
	278	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
	279	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
	280	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
	281	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
	282	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
	283	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
	284	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
[1709]	285	r_a_av, & !< average of r_a
[1682]	286	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
[1691]	287	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
[1682]	288	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
	289	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
[1691]	290	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
[1682]	291	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
	292	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
	293	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
[1496]	294
[1691]	295
[1496]	296	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1682]	297	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (?)
	298	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
	299	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
	300	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
[1496]	301
	302	#if defined( __nopointer )
	303	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1682]	304	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
	305	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
	306	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
	307	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
	308	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
	309	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
[1496]	310	#else
	311	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
[1551]	312	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
[1496]	313	m_soil, m_soil_p
	314
	315	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1551]	316	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
	317	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
[1496]	318	#endif
	319
	320
	321	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1682]	322	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
	323	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
	324	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
[1496]	325
[1551]	326
[1496]	327	!
[1551]	328	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
[1585]	329	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
[1590]	330	'user defined ', & ! 0
	331	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
	332	'short grass ', & ! 2
[1585]	333	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
	334	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
[1590]	335	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
	336	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
	337	'tall grass ', & ! 7
	338	'desert ', & ! 8
	339	'tundra ', & ! 9
	340	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
	341	'semidesert ', & ! 11
	342	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
	343	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
	344	'inland water ', & ! 14
	345	'ocean ', & ! 15
	346	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
	347	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
	348	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
	349	'interrupted forest ' & ! 19
[1585]	350	/)
[1496]	351
	352	!
[1551]	353	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
[1585]	354	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
	355	'user defined', & ! 0
[1590]	356	'coarse ', & ! 1
	357	'medium ', & ! 2
	358	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
	359	'fine ', & ! 4
	360	'very fine ', & ! 5
	361	'organic ', & ! 6
	362	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
[1585]	363	/)
[1551]	364	!
	365	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
	366
	367	!
	368	!-- Land surface parameters I
	369	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
[1585]	370	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
	371	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
	372	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
	373	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	374	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	375	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	376	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
	377	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
	378	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	379	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	380	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
	381	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
	382	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	383	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
	384	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	385	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	386	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
	387	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
	388	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
	389	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
[1496]	390	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
	391
	392	!
	393	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
[1585]	394	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
	395	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
	396	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
	397	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
	398	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
	399	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
	400	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
	401	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
	402	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
	403	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
	404	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
	405	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
	406	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
	407	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
	408	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
	409	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
	410	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
	411	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
	412	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
	413	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
[1496]	414	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
	415
	416	!
[1551]	417	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
[1585]	418	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
	419	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
	420	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
	421	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	422	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	423	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	424	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
	425	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
	426	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	427	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
	428	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
	429	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
	430	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	431	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
	432	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	433	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	434	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
	435	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
	436	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
	437	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
[1496]	438	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
	439
	440	!
	441	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
[1585]	442	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
	443	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
	444	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
	445	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
	446	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
	447	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
	448	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
	449	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
	450	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	451	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	452	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
	453	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
	454	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	455	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
	456	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	457	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	458	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
	459	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
	460	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
	461	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
[1496]	462	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
	463
	464	!
	465	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
[1551]	466
[1496]	467	!
[1551]	468	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
[1585]	469	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	470	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
	471	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
	472	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
	473	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
	474	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	475	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
	476	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
	477	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	478
	479	!
	480	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
[1585]	481	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	482	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
	483	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
	484	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
	485	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
	486	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	487	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
	488	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
	489	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	490
	491
	492	SAVE
	493
	494
	495	PRIVATE
	496
	497
[1551]	498	!
	499	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
	500	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
	501	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
	502	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
	503	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
	504	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
	505	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
	506	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
[1691]	507	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
	508	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, &
	509	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, &
	510	z0h_eb
[1496]	511
[1551]	512	!
	513	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
	514	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
	515	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
	516	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
	517	zs
[1496]	518
[1551]	519	!
	520	!-- Public 2D output variables
	521	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
	522	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
	523	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
[1555]	524	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
[1551]	525
	526	!
	527	!-- Public prognostic variables
	528	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
	529
[1496]	530	INTERFACE init_lsm
	531	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
	532	END INTERFACE init_lsm
	533
	534	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	535	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
	536	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	537
	538	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	539	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
	540	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	541
[1551]	542	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
	543	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
	544	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
[1496]	545
	546	CONTAINS
	547
	548
	549	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	550	! Description:
	551	! ------------
[1682]	552	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
[1496]	553	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1551]	554	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
[1496]	555
	556
	557	IMPLICIT NONE
	558
	559	!
[1551]	560	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
[1496]	561	#if defined( __nopointer )
[1551]	562	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	563	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	564	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	565	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	566	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	567	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	568	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	569	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	570	#else
[1551]	571	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	572	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	573	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	574	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	575	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	576	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	577	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	578	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	579	#endif
	580
	581	!
[1551]	582	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
	583	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	584	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	585	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	586	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	587
	588	!
	589	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
[1551]	590	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	591	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	592	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	593	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	594	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	595	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	596	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	597	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	598	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	599	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	600	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	601	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	602	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	603	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	604	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	605	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	606	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	607	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	608	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	609	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1585]	610	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	611	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	612	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	613	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	614	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	615	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	616	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	617	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	618
[1551]	619	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
[1496]	620	!
[1585]	621	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
[1551]	622	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
	623	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	624	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	625	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
	626	#endif
[1496]	627
	628
[1551]	629	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
[1500]	630
[1551]	631	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	632	! Description:
	633	! ------------
[1682]	634	!> Initialization of the land surface model
[1551]	635	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	636	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
	637
	638
	639	IMPLICIT NONE
	640
[1682]	641	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	642	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	643	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1551]	644
[1709]	645	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
[1551]	646
[1691]	647
[1551]	648	!
	649	!-- Calculate Exner function
[1691]	650	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
[1551]	651
	652
	653	!
	654	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
	655	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
	656	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
	657	ENDIF
	658
	659	!
	660	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
	661	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
	662	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
	663	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
	664	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
	665
	666	!
	667	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
	668	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
	669	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
	670	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
	671	c_liq = 0.0_wp
	672
	673	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
	674	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
	675
[1500]	676	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	677	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
[1500]	678	ELSE
[1551]	679	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
[1500]	680	ENDIF
	681
[1551]	682	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
	683	qsws_soil_eb = qsws_eb
	684	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
[1496]	685
	686	r_a = 50.0_wp
[1551]	687	r_s = 50.0_wp
[1496]	688	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
	689	r_soil = 0.0_wp
	690
	691	!
	692	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
[1551]	693	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	694	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	695	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	696
	697	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
	698	!
	699	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
	700	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	701	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	702	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	703
	704	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
	705	ENDIF
	706
	707	!
	708	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
[1691]	709	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
	710	!-- at the centers
	711	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
[1496]	712
[1691]	713	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
	714	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
[1496]	715	ENDDO
[1691]	716	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
[1496]	717
[1691]	718	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
	719	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
[1496]	720	ENDDO
[1691]	721	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
[1496]	722
[1551]	723	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
	724	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
	725
[1496]	726	!
[1551]	727	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
	728	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
	729	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
	730	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
	731
	732	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	733	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	734	ENDIF
	735
	736	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	737	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	738	ENDIF
	739
	740	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	741	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	742	ENDIF
	743
	744	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	745	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	746	ENDIF
	747
	748	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	749	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	750	ENDIF
	751
	752	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	753	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	754	ENDIF
	755
	756	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	757	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	758	ENDIF
	759
	760	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	761	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	762	ENDIF
	763
[1496]	764	ENDIF
	765
[1551]	766	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
	767	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
	768	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
	769	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
	770	m_sat = saturation_moisture
	771	m_fc = field_capacity
	772	m_wilt = wilting_point
	773	m_res = residual_moisture
	774	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
	775
[1496]	776	!
[1551]	777	!-- Initial run actions
	778	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
[1496]	779
[1551]	780	t_soil = 0.0_wp
	781	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
	782	m_soil = 0.0_wp
[1496]	783
[1551]	784	!
	785	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
	786	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
	787	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
[1691]	788	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	789	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
	790	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
	791	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
	792	ENDDO
	793	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
[1496]	794
[1551]	795	!
	796	!-- Calculate surface temperature
[1691]	797	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
[1496]	798
	799	!
[1551]	800	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
	801	!-- the first time step
	802	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	803	DO j = nysg, nyng
	804	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	805
[1691]	806	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
[1709]	807	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	808	ELSE
[1709]	809	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	810	ENDIF
	811
[1551]	812	!
	813	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
[1709]	814	IF ( pt1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt1 = pt1 + 1.0E-10_wp
[1551]	815
[1691]	816	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
[1709]	817	ts(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
[1551]	818	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
	819	ENDDO
	820	ENDDO
	821
	822	!
	823	!-- Actions for restart runs
	824	ELSE
	825
	826	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	827	DO j = nysg, nyng
	828	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	829	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
	830	ENDDO
	831	ENDDO
	832
	833	ENDIF
	834
[1691]	835	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	836	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
	837	ENDDO
[1496]	838
[1551]	839	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
	840	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	841	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
	842	ENDIF
	843	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	844	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
	845	ENDIF
	846	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	847	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
	848	ENDIF
	849	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	850	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
	851	ENDIF
	852	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	853	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
	854	ENDIF
	855	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	856	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
	857	ENDIF
	858	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	859	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
	860	ENDIF
	861	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	862	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	863	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	864	ENDIF
	865	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	866	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
	867	ENDIF
	868	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
[1496]	869
[1551]	870	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
[1691]	871	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	872	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	873	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	874	ENDDO
	875	ENDIF
[1496]	876
[1553]	877	ELSE
	878
	879	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	880	z0_eb = roughness_length
	881	ENDIF
	882	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	883	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
	884	ENDIF
	885
[1496]	886	ENDIF
	887
	888	!
[1551]	889	!-- Initialize vegetation
	890	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
	891	lai = leaf_area_index
	892	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
	893	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
	894	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
	895	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
	896	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
	897	z0 = z0_eb
	898	z0h = z0h_eb
	899
	900	!
[1496]	901	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
	902	CALL user_init_land_surface
	903
[1500]	904
[1551]	905	t_soil_p = t_soil
	906	m_soil_p = m_soil
	907	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
[1709]	908	t_surface_p = t_surface
[1496]	909
[1709]	910
	911
[1551]	912	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
	913	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
	914	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	915	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	916	statistic_regions+1 )
	917	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	918	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	919	statistic_regions+1 )
	920
[1496]	921	!
[1551]	922	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
[1691]	923	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
	924	dots_num = dots_num + 8
[1585]	925
[1691]	926	dots_label(dots_soil) = "ghf_eb"
	927	dots_label(dots_soil+1) = "shf_eb"
	928	dots_label(dots_soil+2) = "qsws_eb"
	929	dots_label(dots_soil+3) = "qsws_liq_eb"
	930	dots_label(dots_soil+4) = "qsws_soil_eb"
	931	dots_label(dots_soil+5) = "qsws_veg_eb"
	932	dots_label(dots_soil+6) = "r_a"
	933	dots_label(dots_soil+7) = "r_s"
[1551]	934
[1691]	935	dots_unit(dots_soil:dots_soil+5) = "W/m2"
	936	dots_unit(dots_soil+6:dots_soil+7) = "s/m"
[1555]	937
[1496]	938
	939	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
	940
	941
	942
	943	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	944	! Description:
	945	! ------------
[1682]	946	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
[1496]	947	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	948	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	949
	950
	951	IMPLICIT NONE
	952
[1682]	953	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	954	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	955	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
[1496]	956
[1682]	957	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
	958	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
	959	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
	960	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
	961	e, & !< water vapour pressure
	962	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
	963	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
	964	tend, & !< tendency
	965	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
	966	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
	967	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
	968	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
	969	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
	970	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
	971	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
	972	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
	973	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
[1691]	974	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
[1709]	975	pt1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
	976	qv1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
[1496]	977
	978	!
	979	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
	980	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
	981
[1691]	982	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	983	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1500]	984	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
[1496]	985
	986	!
[1551]	987	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
[1695]	988	IF ( ol(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	989	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
[1496]	990	ELSE
[1551]	991	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
[1496]	992	ENDIF
[1500]	993
[1496]	994	!
[1500]	995	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
	996	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
	997	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
	998	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
[1691]	999	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
[1709]	1000	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
	1001	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	1002	ELSE
[1709]	1003	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
	1004	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	1005	ENDIF
[1496]	1006
[1709]	1007	r_a(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
[1691]	1008
[1496]	1009	!
[1709]	1010	!-- Make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero
	1011	IF ( ABS(r_a(j,i)) < 1.0E-10_wp ) r_a(j,i) = 1.0E-10_wp
	1012
	1013	!
[1496]	1014	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
	1015	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
	1016
[1551]	1017	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
	1018	!-- night)
[1585]	1019	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
[1709]	1020	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
	1021	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
[1585]	1022	+ 1.0_wp)) )
[1551]	1023	ELSE
	1024	f1 = 1.0_wp
	1025	ENDIF
[1496]	1026
[1709]	1027
[1496]	1028	!
[1551]	1029	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
	1030	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
	1031	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
[1496]	1032	m_total = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1033	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	1034	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
	1035	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
[1496]	1036	ENDDO
	1037
[1691]	1038	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1496]	1039	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
[1691]	1040	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1041	f2 = 1.0_wp
[1496]	1042	ELSE
	1043	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
	1044	ENDIF
	1045
	1046	!
	1047	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1551]	1048	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
	1049	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	1050
	1051	!
	1052	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
[1551]	1053	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1054	!
	1055	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
[1709]	1056	e = qv1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
[1551]	1057	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
[1496]	1058	ELSE
	1059	f3 = 1.0_wp
	1060	ENDIF
	1061
	1062	!
[1551]	1063	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
	1064	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
[1496]	1065	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
[1551]	1066	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
	1067	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
[1496]	1068
	1069	!
[1551]	1070	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
	1071	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
	1072	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
	1073	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
	1074	m_res(j,i)
	1075	ELSE
	1076	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
	1077	ENDIF
[1496]	1078
[1551]	1079	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
[1513]	1080	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
[1551]	1081	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
[1496]	1082
	1083	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
	1084
	1085	!
	1086	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
[1551]	1087	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
	1088	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
	1089
[1496]	1090
[1551]	1091	!
	1092	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
[1496]	1093	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
[1500]	1094
	1095	!
[1551]	1096	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
	1097	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
[1709]	1098	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 ) THEN
[1551]	1099	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
	1100	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1101	ENDIF
[1496]	1102
	1103	!
	1104	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
[1551]	1105	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
	1106	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
[1496]	1107
[1551]	1108	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
	1109	r_soil(j,i))
	1110	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
[1496]	1111
[1551]	1112
[1500]	1113	!
	1114	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
	1115	!-- transpirate.
[1691]	1116	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1117	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1118	! ENDIF
[1496]	1119
	1120	!
[1551]	1121	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
	1122	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
	1123	!-- air.
[1709]	1124	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 .AND. .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
	1125	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1126	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
	1127	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
[1551]	1128	ENDIF
	1129
	1130	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
	1131	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
	1132
	1133	!
[1496]	1134	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
[1571]	1135	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
[1551]	1136	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
	1137	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
[1496]	1138
[1571]	1139	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
[1496]	1140
	1141	!
	1142	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
[1691]	1143	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
[1496]	1144
[1500]	1145	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1691]	1146	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1496]	1147	!
[1500]	1148	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1149	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1150	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1151	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1152	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1153	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1496]	1154
	1155	!
[1500]	1156	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1157	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
[1691]	1158	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
	1159	#else
[1496]	1160
[1691]	1161	!
	1162	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
	1163	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1164	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
[1709]	1165	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 &
[1691]	1166	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
	1167	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
	1168
	1169	!
[1709]	1170	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
	1171	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
	1172	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1173
	1174	#endif
[1500]	1175	ELSE
	1176
[1691]	1177	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1500]	1178	!
	1179	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1180	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1181	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1182	+ f_shf * pt1 + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1183	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1500]	1184
	1185	!
	1186	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1187	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1188	#else
	1189
	1190	!
	1191	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
	1192	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
[1709]	1193	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt1 &
[1691]	1194	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
	1195
	1196	!
	1197	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1571]	1198	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
[1551]	1199	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1200	#endif
[1500]	1201	ENDIF
	1202
[1496]	1203	tend = 0.0_wp
	1204
	1205	!
[1551]	1206	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
[1496]	1207	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
[1551]	1208	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
	1209	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
	1210	* tsc(2) )
[1496]	1211	!
	1212	!-- Add RK3 term
[1691]	1213	IF ( c_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1214
[1691]	1215	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1216	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
	1217
[1496]	1218	!
[1691]	1219	!-- Calculate true tendency
	1220	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1221	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
[1496]	1222	!
[1691]	1223	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	1224	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1225	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
	1226	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
	1227	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1228	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
	1229	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1230	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
	1231	ENDIF
[1496]	1232	ENDIF
[1691]	1233
[1496]	1234	ENDIF
	1235
	1236	!
[1691]	1237	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is required to
	1238	!-- update the radiative fluxes in order to keep the solution stable
	1239	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp ) THEN
	1240	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
	1241	ENDIF
	1242
	1243	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
	1244
	1245	!
[1496]	1246	!-- Calculate fluxes
[1691]	1247	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1709]	1248	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1249	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1250	- rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) * t_surface_p(j,i)
[1691]	1251
	1252	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
	1253	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
	1254	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1255	+ rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1256	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
	1257	ENDIF
	1258	#else
	1259	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1260	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
	1261	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
	1262	#endif
	1263
[1709]	1264
[1551]	1265	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
	1266	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
[1496]	1267
[1709]	1268	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - pt(k,j,i) )
[1691]	1269
	1270	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
	1271
[1500]	1272	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1709]	1273	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
[1571]	1274	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1496]	1275
[1691]	1276	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
	1277
[1709]	1278	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1279	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1280	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1281
[1709]	1282	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1283	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1284	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1285
[1709]	1286	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1287	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1288	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1500]	1289	ENDIF
	1290	!
	1291	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
[1691]	1292	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	1293	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
[1496]	1294	ELSE
[1709]	1295	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
[1571]	1296	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
[1551]	1297	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
[1496]	1298	ENDIF
	1299
	1300	!
	1301	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
[1500]	1302	!-- evaporation of liquid water
	1303	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1496]	1304	!
[1571]	1305	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
	1306	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
[1500]	1307	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
	1308	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
[1571]	1309
	1310	!
	1311	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
	1312	!-- Otherwise, add the water to bare soil fraction.
[1691]	1313	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
[1571]	1314	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
[1691]	1315	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1316	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1317	ELSE
	1318	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
[1691]	1319	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1320	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1321	ENDIF
	1322
	1323	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
	1324	!-- coverage.
	1325	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
[1691]	1326	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1327	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
[1496]	1328	ENDIF
[1691]	1329
[1500]	1330	!
	1331	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
[1691]	1332	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1333
[1500]	1334	!
[1551]	1335	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
	1336	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
	1337	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
	1338	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
[1691]	1339	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
[1551]	1340	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
	1341	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
	1342	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1343	ENDIF
[1496]	1344
	1345	!
[1551]	1346	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
	1347	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
[1500]	1348	!-- plant
[1691]	1349	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	1350	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
	1351	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1352	ENDIF
	1353	ENDIF
[1496]	1354
[1551]	1355	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
[1496]	1356
[1551]	1357	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
	1358	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
[1496]	1359
	1360	!
[1500]	1361	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
	1362	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1363	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
[1496]	1364
	1365	!
[1500]	1366	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
	1367	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1368	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
[1496]	1369
	1370
	1371	!
[1551]	1372	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
[1500]	1373	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1374	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1375	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
[1500]	1376	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1377	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1378	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1379	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
[1500]	1380	ENDIF
[1496]	1381	ENDIF
	1382
[1500]	1383	ENDIF
	1384
[1496]	1385	ENDDO
[1500]	1386	ENDDO
[1496]	1387
[1691]	1388	!
	1389	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
	1390	!-- least one processor
[1697]	1391	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) &
[1691]	1392	THEN
[1697]	1393	#if defined( __parallel )
[1691]	1394	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
	1395	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
	1396	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
	1397	#else
	1398	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
	1399	#endif
	1400	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
	1401	ENDIF
	1402
	1403
[1496]	1404	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	1405
	1406
	1407	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1408	! Description:
	1409	! ------------
[1682]	1410	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
	1411	!> temperature and water content.
[1496]	1412	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1413	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	1414
	1415
	1416	IMPLICIT NONE
	1417
[1682]	1418	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1419	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1420	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1496]	1421
[1682]	1422	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
[1496]	1423
[1682]	1424	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
[1691]	1425	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
	1426	tend !< tendency
[1496]	1427
[1691]	1428	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1429	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1430	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1431	!
	1432	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
	1433	!-- account water content
[1551]	1434	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
	1435	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
[1496]	1436
	1437	!
[1691]	1438	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
[1496]	1439	!-- layers
[1691]	1440	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
	1441	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
	1442
[1551]	1443	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
[1691]	1444
	1445	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
[1496]	1446	lambda_h_dry
	1447
	1448	ENDDO
	1449
	1450	!
	1451	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
	1452	!-- using linear interpolation
[1691]	1453	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
	1454	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) * 0.5_wp
[1496]	1455	ENDDO
[1551]	1456	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1457
	1458	!
[1551]	1459	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
[1496]	1460	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1461	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
[1551]	1462	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
[1691]	1463	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
[1551]	1464	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1496]	1465
[1691]	1466
	1467
	1468
	1469	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
[1551]	1470	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
[1496]	1471	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
[1551]	1472	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
[1691]	1473	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
[1496]	1474	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
[1551]	1475	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
[1691]	1476	* ddz_soil(k) &
[1496]	1477	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
	1478	ENDDO
	1479
[1551]	1480	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
[1496]	1481	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
	1482	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
[1551]	1483	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
[1496]	1484
	1485	!
[1551]	1486	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
[1496]	1487	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1488	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1489	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1490	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
[1496]	1491	ENDDO
	1492	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1493	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1494	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1495	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
	1496	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
[1496]	1497	ENDDO
	1498	ENDIF
	1499	ENDIF
	1500
	1501
[1691]	1502	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	1503
[1496]	1504	!
	1505	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
[1551]	1506	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
[1496]	1507	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
[1551]	1508	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
[1496]	1509
	1510	!
[1551]	1511	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
	1512	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
	1513	!
	1514	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
	1515	!-- (1980)
	1516	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
	1517	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
	1518	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
	1519	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
[1496]	1520
[1691]	1521
[1551]	1522	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
	1523	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
	1524	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
	1525	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
	1526	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
	1527	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
	1528	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
[1496]	1529
[1551]	1530	!
	1531	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
	1532	ELSE
	1533	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
	1534	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
	1535	ENDIF
	1536
[1496]	1537	ENDDO
	1538
	1539
	1540	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1541	!
	1542	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
[1551]	1543	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
	1544	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
[1691]	1545	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	1546
[1691]	1547	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
	1548	* 0.5_wp
	1549	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
	1550	* 0.5_wp
[1496]	1551
	1552	ENDDO
	1553
	1554	!
	1555	!
	1556	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
	1557	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
	1558	!-- in the bottom layer.
	1559	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
[1551]	1560	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1496]	1561	ELSE
[1691]	1562	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1563	ENDIF
	1564
[1551]	1565	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
[1496]	1566	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
	1567	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
	1568	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
	1569	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
[1551]	1570	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
	1571	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
	1572	!-- take water from moister layers.
[1496]	1573
	1574	!
[1691]	1575	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of root_extr
	1576	!-- = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a positive
	1577	!-- transpiration, so that there is no need for an additional check.
	1578	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1579	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1580	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
	1581	ENDIF
[1496]	1582	ENDDO
	1583
[1691]	1584	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1585	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1586	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
	1587	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
	1588	ELSE
	1589	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
	1590	ENDIF
	1591	ENDDO
	1592	ENDIF
[1496]	1593
	1594	!
	1595	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
	1596	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
[1551]	1597	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
	1598	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
[1691]	1599	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
[1551]	1600	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
	1601	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
	1602	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1496]	1603
[1551]	1604	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	1605	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
[1691]	1606	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
	1607	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
	1608	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
	1609	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
	1610	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
[1496]	1611	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
	1612
	1613	ENDDO
[1551]	1614	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	1615	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
	1616	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	1617	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
[1691]	1618	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
[1551]	1619	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
	1620	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
	1621	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
	1622	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1623
[1551]	1624	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
[1496]	1625	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
	1626	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
	1627
	1628	!
	1629	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
	1630	m_soil_p(:,j,i) = MAX(m_soil_p(:,j,i),0.0_wp)
	1631
	1632	!
	1633	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	1634	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1635	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1636	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1637	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
	1638	ENDDO
	1639	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1640	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1641	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1642	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
	1643	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
	1644	ENDDO
	1645	ENDIF
	1646	ENDIF
	1647
	1648	ENDIF
	1649
	1650	ENDDO
	1651	ENDDO
	1652
	1653	!
	1654	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
	1655	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	1656	CALL calc_q_surface
[1496]	1657	ENDIF
	1658
	1659
	1660	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	1661
	1662
	1663	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1664	! Description:
	1665	! ------------
[1682]	1666	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
[1496]	1667	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1551]	1668	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	1669
	1670	IMPLICIT NONE
	1671
[1682]	1672	INTEGER :: i !< running index
	1673	INTEGER :: j !< running index
	1674	INTEGER :: k !< running index
	1675	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
[1496]	1676
[1691]	1677	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1678	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1496]	1679	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	1680
	1681	!
	1682	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1691]	1683	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
	1684	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	1685
	1686	!
	1687	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
	1688	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
	1689
	1690	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
	1691
	1692	!
	1693	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
[1691]	1694	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1695	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	1696	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
	1697	ELSE
	1698	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	1699	* q(k+1,j,i)
	1700	ENDIF
[1496]	1701
[1691]	1702	!
	1703	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
	1704	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
	1705
[1496]	1706	ENDDO
	1707	ENDDO
	1708
[1551]	1709	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	1710
[1551]	1711	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1712	! Description:
	1713	! ------------
[1682]	1714	!> Swapping of timelevels
[1551]	1715	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1716	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
[1496]	1717
[1551]	1718	IMPLICIT NONE
	1719
	1720	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
	1721
	1722	#if defined( __nopointer )
	1723
	1724	t_surface = t_surface_p
	1725	t_soil = t_soil_p
	1726	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1727	m_soil = m_soil_p
	1728	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
	1729	ENDIF
	1730
	1731	#else
	1732
	1733	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
	1734
	1735	CASE ( 0 )
	1736
[1585]	1737	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	1738	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
[1551]	1739	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1585]	1740	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	1741	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
[1551]	1742	ENDIF
	1743
	1744
	1745	CASE ( 1 )
	1746
[1585]	1747	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
	1748	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
[1551]	1749	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1585]	1750	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
	1751	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
[1551]	1752	ENDIF
	1753
	1754	END SELECT
	1755	#endif
	1756
	1757	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
	1758
	1759
[1496]	1760	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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