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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1704

Last change on this file since 1704 was 1698, checked in by raasch, 9 years ago
last commit documented example_cbl_rc updated
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[1682]	1	!> @file land_surface_model.f90
[1496]	2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	3	! This file is part of PALM.
	4	!
	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
	6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
	7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
	8	!
	9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	12	!
	13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	15	!
[1691]	16	! Copyright 1997-2015 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[1496]	17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	18	!
	19	! Current revisions:
	20	! -----------------
[1692]	21	!
[1698]	22	!
[1692]	23	! Former revisions:
	24	! -----------------
	25	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1698 2015-10-28 17:26:17Z raasch $
[1698]	26	!
	27	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
	28	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
	29	!
	30	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
[1692]	31	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
[1696]	32	! Replaced rif with ol
	33	!
[1692]	34	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
[1691]	35	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
	36	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
	37	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
	38	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
[1552]	39	!
[1683]	40	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
	41	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
	42	!
[1591]	43	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
	44	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
	45	!
[1586]	46	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
	47	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
	48	!
[1572]	49	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
	50	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
	51	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
	52	!
[1556]	53	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
	54	! Added output of r_a and r_s
	55	!
[1554]	56	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
	57	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
	58	! profile
	59	!
[1552]	60	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
[1551]	61	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
	62	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
	63	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
	64	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
	65	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
	66	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
	67	! calculation
[1496]	68	!
[1514]	69	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
[1496]	70	!
[1501]	71	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
	72	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
	73	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
	74	! Added support for dry runs.
	75	!
[1497]	76	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
	77	! Initial revision
	78	!
[1496]	79	!
	80	! Description:
	81	! ------------
[1682]	82	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
	83	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
	84	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
	85	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
	86	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
	87	!>
[1691]	88	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
	89	!> surface layer.
	90	!> @todo Allow for water surfaces
	91	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
	92	!> nzt_soil=3)).
	93	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
	94	!> with considerable precipitation.
[1682]	95	!>
[1691]	96	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
	97	!> become too thin.
[1496]	98	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	99	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
	100
[1691]	101	USE arrays_3d, &
[1695]	102	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, z0h
[1496]	103
[1691]	104	USE cloud_parameters, &
	105	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, prr, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
[1496]	106
[1691]	107	USE control_parameters, &
	108	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
	109	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
	110	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
	111	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
	112	z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
[1496]	113
[1691]	114	USE indices, &
	115	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
[1496]	116
[1691]	117	USE kinds
[1496]	118
[1551]	119	USE netcdf_control, &
	120	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
	121
[1691]	122	USE pegrid
[1496]	123
[1691]	124	USE radiation_model_mod, &
	125	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
	126	rad_lw_out, sigma_sb
	127
	128	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
	129	USE radiation_model_mod, &
	130	ONLY: rrtm_lwuflx_dt, rrtm_idrv
	131	#endif
[1496]	132
[1691]	133	USE statistics, &
	134	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
	135
[1496]	136	IMPLICIT NONE
	137
	138	!
	139	!-- LSM model constants
[1682]	140	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
	141	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
	142	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
[1496]	143
[1682]	144	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !< starting index for timeseries output
[1551]	145
	146	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
	147	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
	148	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
	149
	150	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
	151
[1496]	152	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
[1551]	153	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
	154	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
[1496]	155	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
	156	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
	157	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
[1551]	158	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
	159	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
[1496]	160	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
	161
	162
	163	!
	164	!-- LSM variables
[1682]	165	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
	166	soil_type = 3 !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
[1496]	167
[1691]	168	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
	169	dewfall = .TRUE., & !< allow/inhibit dewfall
	170	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
	171	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
[1496]	172
	173	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
	174	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
[1682]	175	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
	176	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
	177	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
	178	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
	179	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
	180	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
	181	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
	182	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
	183	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
	184	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
[1691]	185	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
[1682]	186	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
	187	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
	188	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
	189	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
	190	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
	191	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
	192	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
	193	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
	194	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
	195	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
	196	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
	197	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
	198	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
	199	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
[1691]	200	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
[1682]	201	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
	202	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
	203	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
[1691]	204	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
[1496]	205
[1551]	206	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
[1691]	207	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
	208	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
	209	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
[1551]	210	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
[1682]	211	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
	212	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
	213	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
[1496]	214
[1551]	215	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
[1691]	216	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
	217	283.0_wp /), &
	218	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
	219	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
[1496]	220
	221	#if defined( __nopointer )
[1682]	222	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
	223	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
	224	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
	225	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
	226	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
[1496]	227	#else
[1551]	228	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
	229	t_surface_p, &
	230	m_liq_eb, &
	231	m_liq_eb_p
[1496]	232
[1551]	233	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
	234	m_liq_eb_av, &
	235	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
[1496]	236	#endif
	237
	238	!
	239	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
[1682]	240	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
	241	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
[1496]	242
	243	!
	244	!-- Energy balance variables
[1691]	245	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1682]	246	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
	247	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
	248	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
	249	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
	250	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
	251	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
	252	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
	253	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
	254	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
	255	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
	256	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
	257	lai, & !< leaf area index
	258	lai_av, & !< average of lai
[1691]	259	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
	260	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
[1682]	261	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
	262	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
	263	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
	264	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
	265	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
	266	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
	267	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
	268	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
	269	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
	270	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
	271	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
	272	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
	273	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
	274	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
	275	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
	276	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
	277	r_a_av, & !< avergae of r_a
	278	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
[1691]	279	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
[1682]	280	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
	281	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
[1691]	282	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
[1682]	283	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
	284	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
	285	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
[1496]	286
[1691]	287
[1496]	288	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1682]	289	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (?)
	290	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
	291	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
	292	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
[1496]	293
	294	#if defined( __nopointer )
	295	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1682]	296	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
	297	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
	298	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
	299	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
	300	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
	301	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
[1496]	302	#else
	303	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
[1551]	304	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
[1496]	305	m_soil, m_soil_p
	306
	307	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1551]	308	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
	309	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
[1496]	310	#endif
	311
	312
	313	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1682]	314	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
	315	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
	316	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
[1496]	317
[1551]	318
[1496]	319	!
[1551]	320	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
[1585]	321	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
[1590]	322	'user defined ', & ! 0
	323	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
	324	'short grass ', & ! 2
[1585]	325	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
	326	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
[1590]	327	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
	328	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
	329	'tall grass ', & ! 7
	330	'desert ', & ! 8
	331	'tundra ', & ! 9
	332	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
	333	'semidesert ', & ! 11
	334	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
	335	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
	336	'inland water ', & ! 14
	337	'ocean ', & ! 15
	338	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
	339	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
	340	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
	341	'interrupted forest ' & ! 19
[1585]	342	/)
[1496]	343
	344	!
[1551]	345	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
[1585]	346	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
	347	'user defined', & ! 0
[1590]	348	'coarse ', & ! 1
	349	'medium ', & ! 2
	350	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
	351	'fine ', & ! 4
	352	'very fine ', & ! 5
	353	'organic ', & ! 6
	354	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
[1585]	355	/)
[1551]	356	!
	357	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
	358
	359	!
	360	!-- Land surface parameters I
	361	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
[1585]	362	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
	363	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
	364	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
	365	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	366	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	367	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	368	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
	369	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
	370	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	371	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	372	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
	373	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
	374	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	375	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
	376	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	377	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	378	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
	379	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
	380	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
	381	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
[1496]	382	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
	383
	384	!
	385	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
[1585]	386	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
	387	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
	388	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
	389	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
	390	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
	391	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
	392	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
	393	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
	394	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
	395	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
	396	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
	397	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
	398	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
	399	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
	400	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
	401	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
	402	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
	403	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
	404	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
	405	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
[1496]	406	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
	407
	408	!
[1551]	409	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
[1585]	410	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
	411	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
	412	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
	413	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	414	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	415	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	416	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
	417	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
	418	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	419	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
	420	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
	421	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
	422	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	423	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
	424	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	425	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	426	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
	427	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
	428	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
	429	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
[1496]	430	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
	431
	432	!
	433	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
[1585]	434	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
	435	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
	436	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
	437	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
	438	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
	439	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
	440	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
	441	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
	442	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	443	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	444	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
	445	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
	446	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	447	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
	448	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	449	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	450	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
	451	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
	452	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
	453	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
[1496]	454	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
	455
	456	!
	457	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
[1551]	458
[1496]	459	!
[1551]	460	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
[1585]	461	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	462	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
	463	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
	464	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
	465	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
	466	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	467	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
	468	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
	469	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	470
	471	!
	472	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
[1585]	473	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	474	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
	475	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
	476	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
	477	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
	478	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	479	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
	480	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
	481	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	482
	483
	484	SAVE
	485
	486
	487	PRIVATE
	488
	489
[1551]	490	!
	491	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
	492	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
	493	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
	494	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
	495	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
	496	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
	497	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
	498	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
[1691]	499	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
	500	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, &
	501	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, &
	502	z0h_eb
[1496]	503
[1551]	504	!
	505	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
	506	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
	507	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
	508	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
	509	zs
[1496]	510
[1551]	511	!
	512	!-- Public 2D output variables
	513	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
	514	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
	515	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
[1555]	516	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
[1551]	517
	518	!
	519	!-- Public prognostic variables
	520	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
	521
[1496]	522	INTERFACE init_lsm
	523	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
	524	END INTERFACE init_lsm
	525
	526	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	527	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
	528	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	529
	530	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	531	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
	532	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	533
[1551]	534	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
	535	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
	536	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
[1496]	537
	538	CONTAINS
	539
	540
	541	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	542	! Description:
	543	! ------------
[1682]	544	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
[1496]	545	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1551]	546	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
[1496]	547
	548
	549	IMPLICIT NONE
	550
	551	!
[1551]	552	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
[1496]	553	#if defined( __nopointer )
[1551]	554	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	555	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	556	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	557	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	558	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	559	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	560	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	561	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	562	#else
[1551]	563	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	564	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	565	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	566	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	567	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	568	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	569	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	570	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	571	#endif
	572
	573	!
[1551]	574	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
	575	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	576	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	577	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	578	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	579
	580	!
	581	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
[1551]	582	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	583	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	584	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	585	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	586	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	587	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	588	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	589	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	590	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	591	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	592	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	593	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	594	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	595	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	596	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	597	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	598	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	599	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	600	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	601	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1585]	602	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	603	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	604	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	605	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	606	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	607	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	608	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	609	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	610
[1551]	611	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
[1496]	612	!
[1585]	613	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
[1551]	614	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
	615	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	616	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	617	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
	618	#endif
[1496]	619
	620
[1551]	621	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
[1500]	622
[1551]	623	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	624	! Description:
	625	! ------------
[1682]	626	!> Initialization of the land surface model
[1551]	627	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	628	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
	629
	630
	631	IMPLICIT NONE
	632
[1682]	633	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	634	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	635	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1551]	636
[1691]	637	REAL(wp) :: pt_1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
[1551]	638
[1691]	639
[1551]	640	!
	641	!-- Calculate Exner function
[1691]	642	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
[1551]	643
	644
	645	!
	646	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
	647	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
	648	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
	649	ENDIF
	650
	651	!
	652	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
	653	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
	654	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
	655	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
	656	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
	657
	658	!
	659	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
	660	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
	661	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
	662	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
	663	c_liq = 0.0_wp
	664
	665	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
	666	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
	667
[1500]	668	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	669	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
[1500]	670	ELSE
[1551]	671	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
[1500]	672	ENDIF
	673
[1551]	674	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
	675	qsws_soil_eb = qsws_eb
	676	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
[1496]	677
	678	r_a = 50.0_wp
[1551]	679	r_s = 50.0_wp
[1496]	680	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
	681	r_soil = 0.0_wp
	682
	683	!
	684	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
[1551]	685	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	686	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	687	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	688
	689	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
	690	!
	691	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
	692	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	693	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	694	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	695
	696	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
	697	ENDIF
	698
	699	!
	700	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
[1691]	701	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
	702	!-- at the centers
	703	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
[1496]	704
[1691]	705	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
	706	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
[1496]	707	ENDDO
[1691]	708	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
[1496]	709
[1691]	710	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
	711	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
[1496]	712	ENDDO
[1691]	713	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
[1496]	714
[1551]	715	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
	716	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
	717
[1496]	718	!
[1551]	719	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
	720	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
	721	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
	722	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
	723
	724	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	725	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	726	ENDIF
	727
	728	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	729	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	730	ENDIF
	731
	732	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	733	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	734	ENDIF
	735
	736	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	737	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	738	ENDIF
	739
	740	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	741	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	742	ENDIF
	743
	744	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	745	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	746	ENDIF
	747
	748	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	749	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	750	ENDIF
	751
	752	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	753	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	754	ENDIF
	755
[1496]	756	ENDIF
	757
[1551]	758	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
	759	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
	760	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
	761	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
	762	m_sat = saturation_moisture
	763	m_fc = field_capacity
	764	m_wilt = wilting_point
	765	m_res = residual_moisture
	766	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
	767
[1496]	768	!
[1551]	769	!-- Initial run actions
	770	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
[1496]	771
[1551]	772	t_soil = 0.0_wp
	773	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
	774	m_soil = 0.0_wp
[1496]	775
[1551]	776	!
	777	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
	778	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
	779	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
[1691]	780	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	781	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
	782	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
	783	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
	784	ENDDO
	785	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
[1496]	786
[1551]	787	!
	788	!-- Calculate surface temperature
[1691]	789	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
	790	t_surface_p = t_surface
[1496]	791
	792	!
[1551]	793	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
	794	!-- the first time step
	795	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	796	DO j = nysg, nyng
	797	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	798
[1691]	799	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	800	pt_1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
	801	ELSE
	802	pt_1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
	803	ENDIF
	804
[1551]	805	!
	806	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
[1691]	807	IF ( pt_1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt_1 = pt_1 + 1.0E-10_wp
[1551]	808
[1691]	809	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
	810	ts(j,i) = (pt_1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
[1551]	811	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
	812	ENDDO
	813	ENDDO
	814
	815	!
	816	!-- Actions for restart runs
	817	ELSE
	818
	819	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	820	DO j = nysg, nyng
	821	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	822	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
	823	ENDDO
	824	ENDDO
	825
	826	ENDIF
	827
[1691]	828	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	829	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
	830	ENDDO
[1496]	831
[1551]	832	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
	833	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	834	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
	835	ENDIF
	836	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	837	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
	838	ENDIF
	839	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	840	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
	841	ENDIF
	842	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	843	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
	844	ENDIF
	845	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	846	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
	847	ENDIF
	848	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	849	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
	850	ENDIF
	851	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	852	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
	853	ENDIF
	854	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	855	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	856	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	857	ENDIF
	858	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	859	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
	860	ENDIF
	861	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
[1496]	862
[1551]	863	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
[1691]	864	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	865	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	866	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	867	ENDDO
	868	ENDIF
[1496]	869
[1553]	870	ELSE
	871
	872	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	873	z0_eb = roughness_length
	874	ENDIF
	875	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	876	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
	877	ENDIF
	878
[1496]	879	ENDIF
	880
	881	!
[1551]	882	!-- Initialize vegetation
	883	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
	884	lai = leaf_area_index
	885	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
	886	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
	887	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
	888	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
	889	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
	890	z0 = z0_eb
	891	z0h = z0h_eb
	892
	893	!
[1496]	894	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
	895	CALL user_init_land_surface
	896
[1500]	897
[1551]	898	t_soil_p = t_soil
	899	m_soil_p = m_soil
	900	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
[1496]	901
[1551]	902	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
	903	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
	904	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	905	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	906	statistic_regions+1 )
	907	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	908	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	909	statistic_regions+1 )
	910
[1496]	911	!
[1551]	912	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
[1691]	913	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
	914	dots_num = dots_num + 8
[1585]	915
[1691]	916	dots_label(dots_soil) = "ghf_eb"
	917	dots_label(dots_soil+1) = "shf_eb"
	918	dots_label(dots_soil+2) = "qsws_eb"
	919	dots_label(dots_soil+3) = "qsws_liq_eb"
	920	dots_label(dots_soil+4) = "qsws_soil_eb"
	921	dots_label(dots_soil+5) = "qsws_veg_eb"
	922	dots_label(dots_soil+6) = "r_a"
	923	dots_label(dots_soil+7) = "r_s"
[1551]	924
[1691]	925	dots_unit(dots_soil:dots_soil+5) = "W/m2"
	926	dots_unit(dots_soil+6:dots_soil+7) = "s/m"
[1555]	927
[1496]	928	RETURN
	929
	930	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
	931
	932
	933
	934	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	935	! Description:
	936	! ------------
[1682]	937	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
[1496]	938	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	939	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	940
	941
	942	IMPLICIT NONE
	943
[1682]	944	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	945	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	946	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
[1496]	947
[1682]	948	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
	949	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
	950	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
	951	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
	952	e, & !< water vapour pressure
	953	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
	954	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
	955	tend, & !< tendency
	956	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
	957	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
	958	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
	959	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
	960	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
	961	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
	962	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
	963	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
	964	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
[1691]	965	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
	966	pt_1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
	967	qv_1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
[1496]	968
	969	!
	970	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
	971	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
	972
[1691]	973	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	974	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1500]	975	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
[1496]	976
	977	!
[1551]	978	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
[1695]	979	IF ( ol(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	980	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
[1496]	981	ELSE
[1551]	982	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
[1496]	983	ENDIF
[1500]	984
[1496]	985	!
[1500]	986	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
	987	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
	988	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
	989	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
[1691]	990	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	991	pt_1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
	992	qv_1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
	993	ELSE
	994	pt_1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
	995	qv_1 = q(k+1,j,i)
	996	ENDIF
[1496]	997
[1691]	998	r_a(j,i) = (pt_1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
	999
[1496]	1000	!
	1001	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
	1002	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
	1003
[1551]	1004	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
	1005	!-- night)
[1585]	1006	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
	1007	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) /&
	1008	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
	1009	+ 1.0_wp)) )
[1551]	1010	ELSE
	1011	f1 = 1.0_wp
	1012	ENDIF
[1496]	1013
	1014	!
[1551]	1015	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
	1016	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
	1017	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
[1496]	1018	m_total = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1019	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	1020	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
	1021	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
[1496]	1022	ENDDO
	1023
[1691]	1024	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1496]	1025	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
[1691]	1026	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1027	f2 = 1.0_wp
[1496]	1028	ELSE
	1029	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
	1030	ENDIF
	1031
	1032	!
	1033	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1551]	1034	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
	1035	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	1036
	1037	!
	1038	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
[1551]	1039	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1040	!
	1041	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
[1691]	1042	e = qv_1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
[1551]	1043	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
[1496]	1044	ELSE
	1045	f3 = 1.0_wp
	1046	ENDIF
	1047
	1048	!
[1551]	1049	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
	1050	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
[1496]	1051	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
[1551]	1052	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
	1053	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
[1496]	1054
	1055	!
[1551]	1056	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
	1057	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
	1058	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
	1059	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
	1060	m_res(j,i)
	1061	ELSE
	1062	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
	1063	ENDIF
[1496]	1064
[1551]	1065	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
[1513]	1066	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
[1551]	1067	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
[1496]	1068
	1069	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
	1070
	1071	!
	1072	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
[1551]	1073	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
	1074	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
	1075
[1496]	1076
[1551]	1077	!
	1078	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
[1496]	1079	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
[1500]	1080
	1081	!
[1551]	1082	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
	1083	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
[1691]	1084	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv_1 ) THEN
[1551]	1085	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
	1086	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1087	ENDIF
[1496]	1088
	1089	!
	1090	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
[1551]	1091	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
	1092	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
[1496]	1093
[1551]	1094	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
	1095	r_soil(j,i))
	1096	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
[1496]	1097
[1551]	1098
[1500]	1099	!
	1100	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
	1101	!-- transpirate.
[1691]	1102	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1103	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1104	! ENDIF
[1496]	1105
	1106	!
[1551]	1107	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
	1108	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
	1109	!-- air.
	1110	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1691]	1111	IF ( q_s <= qv_1 ) THEN
[1551]	1112	IF ( .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
	1113	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1114	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
	1115	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
	1116	ENDIF
	1117	ENDIF
	1118	ENDIF
	1119
	1120	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
	1121	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
	1122
	1123	!
[1496]	1124	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
[1571]	1125	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
[1551]	1126	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
	1127	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
[1496]	1128
[1571]	1129	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
[1496]	1130
	1131	!
	1132	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
[1691]	1133	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
[1496]	1134
[1691]	1135
[1500]	1136	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1691]	1137	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1496]	1138	!
[1500]	1139	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1691]	1140	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) &
	1141	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
	1142	+ f_shf * pt_1 + f_qsws * ( qv_1 - q_s &
[1571]	1143	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1144	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1496]	1145
	1146	!
[1500]	1147	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1691]	1148	coef_2 = rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
	1149	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
	1150	#else
[1496]	1151
[1691]	1152	!
	1153	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
	1154	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1155	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
	1156	+ f_shf * pt_1 + f_qsws * ( qv_1 &
	1157	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
	1158	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
	1159
	1160	!
	1161	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
	1162	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
	1163	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
	1164
	1165	#endif
[1500]	1166	ELSE
	1167
[1691]	1168	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1500]	1169	!
	1170	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1691]	1171	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) &
	1172	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
	1173	+ f_shf * pt_1 + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1174	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1500]	1175
	1176	!
	1177	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1691]	1178	coef_2 = rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
	1179	#else
	1180
	1181	!
	1182	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
	1183	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1184	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt_1 &
	1185	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
	1186
	1187	!
	1188	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1571]	1189	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
[1551]	1190	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1191	#endif
[1500]	1192	ENDIF
	1193
[1691]	1194
[1496]	1195	tend = 0.0_wp
	1196
	1197	!
[1551]	1198	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
[1496]	1199	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
[1551]	1200	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
	1201	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
	1202	* tsc(2) )
[1496]	1203	!
	1204	!-- Add RK3 term
[1691]	1205	IF ( c_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1206
[1691]	1207	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1208	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
	1209
[1496]	1210	!
[1691]	1211	!-- Calculate true tendency
	1212	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1213	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
[1496]	1214	!
[1691]	1215	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	1216	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1217	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
	1218	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
	1219	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1220	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
	1221	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1222	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
	1223	ENDIF
[1496]	1224	ENDIF
[1691]	1225
[1496]	1226	ENDIF
	1227
	1228	!
[1691]	1229	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is required to
	1230	!-- update the radiative fluxes in order to keep the solution stable
	1231	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp ) THEN
	1232	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
	1233	ENDIF
	1234
	1235	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
	1236
	1237	!
[1496]	1238	!-- Calculate fluxes
[1691]	1239	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
	1240	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) &
	1241	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
	1242	- rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) * t_surface_p(j,i)
	1243
	1244	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
	1245	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
	1246	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
	1247	+ rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) &
	1248	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
	1249	ENDIF
	1250	#else
	1251	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1252	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
	1253	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
	1254	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
	1255	#endif
	1256
[1551]	1257	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
	1258	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
[1496]	1259
[1691]	1260	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt_1 - pt(k,j,i) )
	1261
	1262	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
	1263
[1500]	1264	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1691]	1265	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv_1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
[1571]	1266	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1496]	1267
[1691]	1268	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
	1269
	1270	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv_1 - q_s &
[1571]	1271	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1272	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1273
[1691]	1274	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv_1 - q_s &
[1571]	1275	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1276	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1277
[1691]	1278	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv_1 - q_s &
[1571]	1279	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1280	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1500]	1281	ENDIF
	1282	!
	1283	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
[1691]	1284	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	1285	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
[1496]	1286	ELSE
[1691]	1287	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv_1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
[1571]	1288	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
[1551]	1289	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
[1496]	1290	ENDIF
	1291
	1292	!
	1293	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
[1500]	1294	!-- evaporation of liquid water
	1295	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1496]	1296	!
[1571]	1297	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
	1298	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
[1500]	1299	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
	1300	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
[1571]	1301
	1302	!
	1303	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
	1304	!-- Otherwise, add the water to bare soil fraction.
[1691]	1305	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
[1571]	1306	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
[1691]	1307	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1308	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1309	ELSE
	1310	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
[1691]	1311	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1312	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1313	ENDIF
	1314
	1315	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
	1316	!-- coverage.
	1317	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
[1691]	1318	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1319	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
[1496]	1320	ENDIF
[1691]	1321
[1500]	1322	!
	1323	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
[1691]	1324	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1325
[1500]	1326	!
[1551]	1327	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
	1328	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
	1329	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
	1330	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
[1691]	1331	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
[1551]	1332	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
	1333	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
	1334	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1335	ENDIF
[1496]	1336
	1337	!
[1551]	1338	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
	1339	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
[1500]	1340	!-- plant
[1691]	1341	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	1342	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
	1343	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1344	ENDIF
	1345	ENDIF
[1496]	1346
[1551]	1347	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
[1496]	1348
[1551]	1349	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
	1350	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
[1496]	1351
	1352	!
[1500]	1353	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
	1354	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1355	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
[1496]	1356
	1357	!
[1500]	1358	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
	1359	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1360	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
[1496]	1361
	1362
	1363	!
[1551]	1364	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
[1500]	1365	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1366	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1367	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
[1500]	1368	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1369	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1370	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1371	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
[1500]	1372	ENDIF
[1496]	1373	ENDIF
	1374
[1500]	1375	ENDIF
	1376
[1496]	1377	ENDDO
[1500]	1378	ENDDO
[1496]	1379
[1691]	1380	!
	1381	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
	1382	!-- least one processor
[1697]	1383	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) &
[1691]	1384	THEN
[1697]	1385	#if defined( __parallel )
[1691]	1386	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
	1387	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
	1388	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
	1389	#else
	1390	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
	1391	#endif
	1392	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
	1393	ENDIF
	1394
	1395
[1496]	1396	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	1397
	1398
	1399	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1400	! Description:
	1401	! ------------
[1682]	1402	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
	1403	!> temperature and water content.
[1496]	1404	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1405	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	1406
	1407
	1408	IMPLICIT NONE
	1409
[1682]	1410	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1411	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1412	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1496]	1413
[1682]	1414	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
[1496]	1415
[1682]	1416	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
[1691]	1417	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
	1418	tend !< tendency
[1496]	1419
[1691]	1420	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1421	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1422	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1423	!
	1424	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
	1425	!-- account water content
[1551]	1426	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
	1427	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
[1496]	1428
	1429	!
[1691]	1430	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
[1496]	1431	!-- layers
[1691]	1432	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
	1433	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
	1434
[1551]	1435	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
[1691]	1436
	1437	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
[1496]	1438	lambda_h_dry
	1439
	1440	ENDDO
	1441
	1442	!
	1443	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
	1444	!-- using linear interpolation
[1691]	1445	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
	1446	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) * 0.5_wp
[1496]	1447	ENDDO
[1551]	1448	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1449
	1450	!
[1551]	1451	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
[1496]	1452	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1453	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
[1551]	1454	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
[1691]	1455	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
[1551]	1456	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1496]	1457
[1691]	1458
	1459
	1460
	1461	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
[1551]	1462	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
[1496]	1463	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
[1551]	1464	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
[1691]	1465	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
[1496]	1466	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
[1551]	1467	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
[1691]	1468	* ddz_soil(k) &
[1496]	1469	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
	1470	ENDDO
	1471
[1551]	1472	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
[1496]	1473	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
	1474	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
[1551]	1475	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
[1496]	1476
	1477	!
[1551]	1478	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
[1496]	1479	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1480	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1481	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1482	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
[1496]	1483	ENDDO
	1484	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1485	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1486	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1487	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
	1488	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
[1496]	1489	ENDDO
	1490	ENDIF
	1491	ENDIF
	1492
	1493
[1691]	1494	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	1495
[1496]	1496	!
	1497	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
[1551]	1498	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
[1496]	1499	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
[1551]	1500	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
[1496]	1501
	1502	!
[1551]	1503	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
	1504	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
	1505	!
	1506	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
	1507	!-- (1980)
	1508	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
	1509	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
	1510	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
	1511	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
[1496]	1512
[1691]	1513
[1551]	1514	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
	1515	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
	1516	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
	1517	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
	1518	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
	1519	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
	1520	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
[1496]	1521
[1551]	1522	!
	1523	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
	1524	ELSE
	1525	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
	1526	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
	1527	ENDIF
	1528
[1496]	1529	ENDDO
	1530
	1531
	1532	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1533	!
	1534	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
[1551]	1535	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
	1536	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
[1691]	1537	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	1538
[1691]	1539	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
	1540	* 0.5_wp
	1541	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
	1542	* 0.5_wp
[1496]	1543
	1544	ENDDO
	1545
	1546	!
	1547	!
	1548	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
	1549	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
	1550	!-- in the bottom layer.
	1551	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
[1551]	1552	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1496]	1553	ELSE
[1691]	1554	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1555	ENDIF
	1556
[1551]	1557	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
[1496]	1558	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
	1559	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
	1560	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
	1561	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
[1551]	1562	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
	1563	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
	1564	!-- take water from moister layers.
[1496]	1565
	1566	!
[1691]	1567	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of root_extr
	1568	!-- = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a positive
	1569	!-- transpiration, so that there is no need for an additional check.
	1570	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1571	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1572	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
	1573	ENDIF
[1496]	1574	ENDDO
	1575
[1691]	1576	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1577	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1578	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
	1579	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
	1580	ELSE
	1581	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
	1582	ENDIF
	1583	ENDDO
	1584	ENDIF
[1496]	1585
	1586	!
	1587	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
	1588	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
[1551]	1589	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
	1590	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
[1691]	1591	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
[1551]	1592	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
	1593	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
	1594	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1496]	1595
[1551]	1596	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	1597	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
[1691]	1598	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
	1599	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
	1600	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
	1601	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
	1602	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
[1496]	1603	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
	1604
	1605	ENDDO
[1551]	1606	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	1607	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
	1608	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	1609	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
[1691]	1610	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
[1551]	1611	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
	1612	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
	1613	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
	1614	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1615
[1551]	1616	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
[1496]	1617	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
	1618	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
	1619
	1620	!
	1621	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
	1622	m_soil_p(:,j,i) = MAX(m_soil_p(:,j,i),0.0_wp)
	1623
	1624	!
	1625	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	1626	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1627	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1628	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1629	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
	1630	ENDDO
	1631	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1632	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1633	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1634	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
	1635	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
	1636	ENDDO
	1637	ENDIF
	1638	ENDIF
	1639
	1640	ENDIF
	1641
	1642	ENDDO
	1643	ENDDO
	1644
	1645	!
	1646	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
	1647	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	1648	CALL calc_q_surface
[1496]	1649	ENDIF
	1650
	1651
	1652	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	1653
	1654
	1655	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1656	! Description:
	1657	! ------------
[1682]	1658	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
[1496]	1659	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1551]	1660	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	1661
	1662	IMPLICIT NONE
	1663
[1682]	1664	INTEGER :: i !< running index
	1665	INTEGER :: j !< running index
	1666	INTEGER :: k !< running index
	1667	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
[1496]	1668
[1691]	1669	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1670	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1496]	1671	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	1672
	1673	!
	1674	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1691]	1675	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
	1676	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	1677
	1678	!
	1679	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
	1680	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
	1681
	1682	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
	1683
	1684	!
	1685	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
[1691]	1686	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1687	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	1688	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
	1689	ELSE
	1690	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	1691	* q(k+1,j,i)
	1692	ENDIF
[1496]	1693
[1691]	1694	!
	1695	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
	1696	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
	1697
[1496]	1698	ENDDO
	1699	ENDDO
	1700
[1551]	1701	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	1702
[1551]	1703	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1704	! Description:
	1705	! ------------
[1682]	1706	!> Swapping of timelevels
[1551]	1707	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1708	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
[1496]	1709
[1551]	1710	IMPLICIT NONE
	1711
	1712	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
	1713
	1714	#if defined( __nopointer )
	1715
	1716	t_surface = t_surface_p
	1717	t_soil = t_soil_p
	1718	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1719	m_soil = m_soil_p
	1720	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
	1721	ENDIF
	1722
	1723	#else
	1724
	1725	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
	1726
	1727	CASE ( 0 )
	1728
[1585]	1729	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	1730	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
[1551]	1731	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1585]	1732	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	1733	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
[1551]	1734	ENDIF
	1735
	1736
	1737	CASE ( 1 )
	1738
[1585]	1739	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
	1740	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
[1551]	1741	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1585]	1742	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
	1743	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
[1551]	1744	ENDIF
	1745
	1746	END SELECT
	1747	#endif
	1748
	1749	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
	1750
	1751
[1496]	1752	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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