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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1579

Last change on this file since 1579 was 1572, checked in by maronga, 10 years ago
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[1496]	1	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
	2
	3	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	4	! This file is part of PALM.
	5	!
	6	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
	7	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
	8	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
	9	!
	10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	13	!
	14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	16	!
	17	! Copyright 1997-2014 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
	18	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	19	!
	20	! Current revisions:
	21	! -----------------
[1552]	22	!
[1572]	23	!
[1552]	24	! Former revisions:
	25	! -----------------
	26	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1572 2015-03-12 16:14:19Z raasch $
	27	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
[1572]	28	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
	29	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
	30	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
	31	!
[1556]	32	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
	33	! Added output of r_a and r_s
	34	!
[1554]	35	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
	36	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
	37	! profile
	38	!
[1552]	39	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
[1551]	40	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
	41	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
	42	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
	43	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
	44	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
	45	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
	46	! calculation
[1496]	47	!
[1514]	48	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
[1496]	49	!
[1501]	50	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
	51	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
	52	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
	53	! Added support for dry runs.
	54	!
[1497]	55	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
	56	! Initial revision
	57	!
[1496]	58	!
	59	! Description:
	60	! ------------
	61	! Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
	62	! surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
	63	! scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
	64	! H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
[1551]	65	! DALES and UCLA-LES models.
[1500]	66	!
	67	! To do list:
	68	! -----------
[1551]	69	! - Check dewfall parametrization for fog simulations
	70	! - Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the surface layer
[1500]	71	! - Allow for water surfaces, check performance for bare soils
[1551]	72	! - Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0, nzt_soil=3))
	73	! - Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES with
	74	! considerable precipitation
[1571]	75	!
[1551]	76	! Notes:
	77	! ------
	78	! - No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not become
	79	! too thin
[1496]	80	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	81	USE arrays_3d, &
	82	ONLY: pt, pt_p, q, q_p, qsws, rif, shf, ts, us, z0, z0h
	83
	84	USE cloud_parameters, &
[1551]	85	ONLY: cp, l_d_r, l_v, precipitation_rate, rho_l, r_d, r_v
[1496]	86
	87	USE control_parameters, &
[1551]	88	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
	89	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
	90	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
	91	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
	92	z0h_factor
[1496]	93
	94	USE indices, &
[1551]	95	ONLY: nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb_s_inner
[1496]	96
	97	USE kinds
	98
[1551]	99	USE netcdf_control, &
	100	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
	101
[1496]	102	USE radiation_model_mod, &
[1571]	103	ONLY: irad_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, sigma_sb
[1496]	104
[1551]	105	USE statistics, &
	106	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
[1496]	107
	108	IMPLICIT NONE
	109
	110	!
	111	!-- LSM model constants
[1551]	112	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !: bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
	113	nzt_soil = 3, & !: top of the soil model (to be switched)
	114	nzs = 4 !: number of soil layers (fixed for now)
[1496]	115
[1551]	116	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !: starting index for timeseries output
	117
	118	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
	119	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
	120	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
	121
	122	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
	123
[1496]	124	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
[1551]	125	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
	126	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
[1496]	127	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
	128	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
	129	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
[1551]	130	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
	131	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
[1496]	132	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
	133
	134
	135	!
	136	!-- LSM variables
	137	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !: vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
	138	soil_type = 3 !: soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
	139
	140	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !: open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
[1551]	141	dewfall = .TRUE., & !: allow/inhibit dewfall
[1496]	142	land_surface = .FALSE. !: flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
	143
	144	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
	145	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
[1551]	146	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST alpha_vg
	147	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST g_d
	148	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !: Surface (skin) heat capacity
[1496]	149	drho_l_lv, & !: (rho_l * l_v)**-1
	150	exn, & !: value of the Exner function
	151	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !: saturation water vapour pressure
[1551]	152	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_fc
	153	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST f_sw_in
	154	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
	155	ke = 0.0_wp, & !: Kersten number
	156	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
	157	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
	158	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lai
	159	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST l_vg
	160	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST r_canopy_min
	161	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !: NAMELIST r_soil_min
	162	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !: weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
	163	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST n_vg
[1496]	164	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !: saturation specific humidity
[1551]	165	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_res
[1496]	166	rho_cp, & !: rho_surface * cp
	167	rho_lv, & !: rho * l_v
	168	rd_d_rv, & !: r_d / r_v
[1551]	169	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_sat
[1496]	170	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST c_veg
[1551]	171	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_wilt
	172	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
	173	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !: NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
[1496]	174
[1551]	175	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
[1496]	176	ddz_soil, & !: 1/dz_soil
	177	ddz_soil_stag, & !: 1/dz_soil_stag
	178	dz_soil, & !: soil grid spacing (center-center)
	179	dz_soil_stag, & !: soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
	180	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !: root extraction
[1551]	181	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
	182	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !: distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
	183	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !: soil layer depths (m)
[1500]	184	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !: soil moisture content (m3/m3)
[1496]	185
[1551]	186	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
[1553]	187	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, &
	188	283.0_wp /) !: soil temperature (K)
[1496]	189
	190	#if defined( __nopointer )
[1551]	191	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !: surface temperature (K)
	192	t_surface_p, & !: progn. surface temperature (K)
	193	m_liq_eb, & !: liquid water reservoir (m)
	194	m_liq_eb_av, & !: liquid water reservoir (m)
	195	m_liq_eb_p !: progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
[1496]	196	#else
[1551]	197	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
	198	t_surface_p, &
	199	m_liq_eb, &
	200	m_liq_eb_p
[1496]	201
[1551]	202	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
	203	m_liq_eb_av, &
	204	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
[1496]	205	#endif
	206
	207	!
	208	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
[1551]	209	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !: surface temperature tendency (K)
	210	tm_liq_eb_m !: liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
[1496]	211
	212	!
	213	!-- Energy balance variables
	214	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1551]	215	alpha_vg, & !: coef. of Van Genuchten
	216	c_liq, & !: liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
	217	c_liq_av, & !: average of c_liq
	218	c_soil_av, & !: average of c_soil
	219	c_veg, & !: vegetation coverage
	220	c_veg_av, & !: average of c_veg
	221	f_sw_in, & !: fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
	222	ghf_eb, & !: ground heat flux
	223	ghf_eb_av, & !: average of ghf_eb
	224	gamma_w_sat, & !: hydraulic conductivity at saturation
	225	g_d, & !: coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
	226	lai, & !: leaf area index
	227	lai_av, & !: average of lai
	228	lambda_h_sat, & !: heat conductivity for dry soil
	229	lambda_surface_s, & !: coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
	230	lambda_surface_u, & !: coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
	231	l_vg, & !: coef. of Van Genuchten
	232	m_fc, & !: soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
	233	m_res, & !: residual soil moisture
	234	m_sat, & !: saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
	235	m_wilt, & !: soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
	236	n_vg, & !: coef. Van Genuchten
	237	qsws_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (total)
	238	qsws_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_eb
	239	qsws_liq_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
	240	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_liq_eb
	241	qsws_soil_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
	242	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_soil_eb
	243	qsws_veg_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
	244	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_veg_eb
	245	r_a, & !: aerodynamic resistance
[1555]	246	r_a_av, & !: avergae of r_a
[1551]	247	r_canopy, & !: canopy resistance
	248	r_soil, & !: soil resitance
	249	r_soil_min, & !: minimum soil resistance
[1555]	250	r_s, & !: total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
	251	r_s_av, & !: avergae of r_s
[1551]	252	r_canopy_min, & !: minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
	253	shf_eb, & !: surface flux of sensible heat
	254	shf_eb_av !: average of shf_eb
[1496]	255
	256	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
	257	lambda_h, & !: heat conductivity of soil (?)
	258	lambda_w, & !: hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
	259	gamma_w, & !: hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
[1551]	260	rho_c_total !: volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
[1496]	261
	262	#if defined( __nopointer )
	263	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1551]	264	t_soil, & !: Soil temperature (K)
	265	t_soil_av, & !: Average of t_soil
	266	t_soil_p, & !: Prog. soil temperature (K)
[1496]	267	m_soil, & !: Soil moisture (m3/m3)
[1551]	268	m_soil_av, & !: Average of m_soil
[1496]	269	m_soil_p !: Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
	270	#else
	271	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
[1551]	272	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
[1496]	273	m_soil, m_soil_p
	274
	275	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1551]	276	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
	277	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
[1496]	278
	279
	280	#endif
	281
	282
	283	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1551]	284	tt_soil_m, & !: t_soil storage array
[1496]	285	tm_soil_m, & !: m_soil storage array
	286	root_fr !: root fraction (sum=1)
	287
[1551]	288
[1496]	289	!
[1551]	290	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
	291	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19) :: veg_type_name = (/ &
	292	'user defined', & ! 0
	293	'crops, mixed farming', & ! 1
	294	'short grass', & ! 2
	295	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
	296	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
	297	'evergreen broadleaf trees' , & ! 5
	298	'deciduous broadleaf trees', & ! 6
	299	'tall grass', & ! 7
	300	'desert', & ! 8
	301	'tundra', & ! 9
	302	'irrigated crops', & ! 10
	303	'semidesert', & ! 11
	304	'ice caps and glaciers' , & ! 12
	305	'bogs and marshes', & ! 13
	306	'inland water', & ! 14
	307	'ocean', & ! 15
	308	'evergreen shrubs', & ! 16
	309	'deciduous shrubs', & ! 17
	310	'mixed forest/woodland', & ! 18
	311	'interrupted forest' & ! 19
	312	/)
[1496]	313
	314	!
[1551]	315	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
	316	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7) :: soil_type_name = (/ &
	317	'user defined', & ! 0
	318	'coarse', & ! 1
	319	'medium', & ! 2
	320	'medium-fine', & ! 3
	321	'fine', & ! 4
	322	'very fine' , & ! 5
	323	'organic', & ! 6
	324	'loamy (CH)' & ! 7
	325	/)
	326	!
	327	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
	328
	329	!
	330	!-- Land surface parameters I
	331	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
[1496]	332	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19) :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
	333	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
	334	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
	335	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	336	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	337	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	338	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
	339	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
[1551]	340	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
[1496]	341	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	342	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
	343	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
	344	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	345	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
	346	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	347	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	348	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
	349	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
	350	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
	351	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
	352	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
	353
	354	!
	355	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
	356	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19) :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
	357	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
	358	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
	359	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
	360	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
	361	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
	362	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
	363	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
	364	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
	365	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
	366	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
	367	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
	368	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
	369	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
	370	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
	371	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
	372	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
	373	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
	374	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
	375	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
	376	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
	377
	378	!
[1551]	379	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
	380	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19) :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	381	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
	382	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
	383	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	384	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	385	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	386	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
	387	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
	388	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	389	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
	390	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
	391	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
	392	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	393	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
	394	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	395	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	396	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
	397	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
	398	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
	399	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
	400	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
	401
	402	!
	403	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
	404	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19) :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
	405	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
	406	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
	407	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
	408	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
	409	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
	410	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
	411	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
	412	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	413	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	414	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
	415	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
	416	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	417	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
	418	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	419	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	420	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
	421	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
	422	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
	423	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
	424	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
	425
	426	!
	427	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
[1551]	428
[1496]	429	!
[1551]	430	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
	431	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7) :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	432	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
	433	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
	434	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
	435	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
	436	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	437	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
	438	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
	439	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	440
	441	!
	442	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
[1551]	443	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7) :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	444	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
	445	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
	446	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
	447	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
	448	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	449	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
	450	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
	451	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	452
	453
	454	SAVE
	455
	456
	457	PRIVATE
	458
	459
[1551]	460	!
	461	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
	462	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
	463	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
	464	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
	465	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
	466	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
	467	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
	468	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
	469	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, soil_moisture, &
	470	soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, vegetation_coverage, &
	471	veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, z0h_eb
[1496]	472
[1551]	473	!
	474	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
	475	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
	476	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
	477	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
	478	zs
[1496]	479
	480
[1551]	481	!
	482	!-- Public 2D output variables
	483	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
	484	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
	485	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
[1555]	486	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
[1551]	487
	488
	489	!
	490	!-- Public prognostic variables
	491	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
	492
	493
[1496]	494	INTERFACE init_lsm
	495	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
	496	END INTERFACE init_lsm
	497
	498	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	499	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
	500	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	501
	502	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	503	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
	504	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	505
[1551]	506	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
	507	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
	508	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
[1496]	509
	510	CONTAINS
	511
	512
	513	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	514	! Description:
	515	! ------------
[1551]	516	!-- Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
[1496]	517	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1551]	518	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
[1496]	519
	520
	521	IMPLICIT NONE
	522
	523	!
[1551]	524	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
[1496]	525	#if defined( __nopointer )
[1551]	526	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	527	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	528	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	529	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	530	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	531	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	532	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	533	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	534	#else
[1551]	535	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	536	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	537	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	538	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	539	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	540	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	541	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	542	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	543	#endif
	544
	545	!
[1551]	546	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
	547	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	548	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	549	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	550	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	551
	552	!
	553	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
[1551]	554	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	555	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	556	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	557	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	558	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	559	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	560	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	561	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	562	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	563	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	564	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	565	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	566	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	567	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	568	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	569	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	570	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	571	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	572	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	573	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	574	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	575	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	576	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	577	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	578	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	579	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	580	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	581	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	582
[1551]	583	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
[1496]	584	!
[1551]	585	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
	586	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
	587	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	588	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	589	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
	590	#endif
[1496]	591
	592
[1551]	593	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
[1500]	594
[1551]	595	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	596	! Description:
	597	! ------------
	598	!-- Initialization of the land surface model
	599	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	600	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
	601
	602
	603	IMPLICIT NONE
	604
	605	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
	606	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
	607	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !: running index
	608
	609
	610	!
	611	!-- Calculate Exner function
	612	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
	613
	614
	615	!
	616	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
	617	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
	618	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
	619	ENDIF
	620
	621	!
	622	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
	623	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
	624	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
	625	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
	626	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
	627
	628	!
	629	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
	630	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
	631	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
	632	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
	633	c_liq = 0.0_wp
	634
	635	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
	636	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
	637
[1500]	638	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	639	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
[1500]	640	ELSE
[1551]	641	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
[1500]	642	ENDIF
	643
[1551]	644	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
	645	qsws_soil_eb = qsws_eb
	646	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
[1496]	647
	648	r_a = 50.0_wp
[1551]	649	r_s = 50.0_wp
[1496]	650	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
	651	r_soil = 0.0_wp
	652
	653	!
	654	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
[1551]	655	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	656	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	657	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	658
	659	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
	660	!
	661	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
	662	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	663	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	664	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	665
	666	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
	667	ENDIF
	668
	669	!
	670	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
	671	!-- the center of the soil layers, whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
	672	!-- at the edges (_stag)
[1551]	673	dz_soil_stag(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
[1496]	674
[1551]	675	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
	676	dz_soil_stag(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
[1496]	677	ENDDO
	678
[1551]	679	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	680	dz_soil(k) = 0.5 * (dz_soil_stag(k+1) + dz_soil_stag(k))
	681	ENDDO
[1551]	682	dz_soil(nzt_soil) = dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
[1496]	683
[1551]	684	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
	685	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
	686
[1496]	687	!
[1551]	688	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
	689	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
	690	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
	691	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
	692
	693	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	694	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	695	ENDIF
	696
	697	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	698	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	699	ENDIF
	700
	701	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	702	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	703	ENDIF
	704
	705	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	706	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	707	ENDIF
	708
	709	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	710	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	711	ENDIF
	712
	713	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	714	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	715	ENDIF
	716
	717	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	718	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	719	ENDIF
	720
	721	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	722	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	723	ENDIF
	724
[1496]	725	ENDIF
	726
[1551]	727	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
	728	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
	729	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
	730	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
	731	m_sat = saturation_moisture
	732	m_fc = field_capacity
	733	m_wilt = wilting_point
	734	m_res = residual_moisture
	735	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
	736
[1496]	737	!
[1551]	738	!-- Initial run actions
	739	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
[1496]	740
[1551]	741	t_soil = 0.0_wp
	742	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
	743	m_soil = 0.0_wp
[1496]	744
[1551]	745	!
	746	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
	747	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
	748	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
	749	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	750	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
	751	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
	752	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
	753	ENDDO
	754	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
[1496]	755
[1551]	756	!
	757	!-- Calculate surface temperature
	758	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
[1496]	759
	760	!
[1551]	761	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
	762	!-- the first time step
	763	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	764	DO j = nysg, nyng
	765	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	766
	767	!
	768	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
	769	IF ( pt(k+1,j,i) == pt(k,j,i) ) pt(k+1,j,i) = pt(k+1,j,i) &
	770	+ 1.0E-10_wp
	771
	772	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
	773	ts(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
	774	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
	775	ENDDO
	776	ENDDO
	777
	778	!
	779	!-- Actions for restart runs
	780	ELSE
	781
	782	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	783	DO j = nysg, nyng
	784	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	785	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
	786	ENDDO
	787	ENDDO
	788
	789	ENDIF
	790
	791	!
[1496]	792	!-- Calculate saturation soil heat conductivity
	793	lambda_h_sat(:,:) = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(:,:)) * &
	794	lambda_h_water ** m_sat(:,:)
	795
	796
	797
	798
[1551]	799	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	800	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
	801	ENDDO
[1496]	802
[1551]	803	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
	804	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	805	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
	806	ENDIF
	807	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	808	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
	809	ENDIF
	810	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	811	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
	812	ENDIF
	813	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	814	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
	815	ENDIF
	816	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	817	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
	818	ENDIF
	819	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	820	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
	821	ENDIF
	822	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	823	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
	824	ENDIF
	825	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	826	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	827	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	828	ENDIF
	829	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	830	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
	831	ENDIF
	832	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
[1496]	833
[1551]	834	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
	835	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	836	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	837	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	838	ENDDO
	839	ENDIF
[1496]	840
[1553]	841	ELSE
	842
	843	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	844	z0_eb = roughness_length
	845	ENDIF
	846	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	847	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
	848	ENDIF
	849
[1496]	850	ENDIF
	851
	852	!
[1551]	853	!-- Initialize vegetation
	854	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
	855	lai = leaf_area_index
	856	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
	857	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
	858	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
	859	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
	860	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
	861	z0 = z0_eb
	862	z0h = z0h_eb
	863
	864	!
[1496]	865	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
	866	CALL user_init_land_surface
	867
[1500]	868
[1551]	869	t_soil_p = t_soil
	870	m_soil_p = m_soil
	871	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
[1496]	872
[1551]	873	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
	874	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
	875	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	876	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	877	statistic_regions+1 )
	878	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	879	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	880	statistic_regions+1 )
	881
[1496]	882	!
	883	!-- Calculate humidity at the surface
	884	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	885	CALL calc_q_surface
[1496]	886	ENDIF
	887
[1551]	888
	889
	890	!
	891	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
	892	dots_label(dots_num+1) = "ghf_eb"
	893	dots_label(dots_num+2) = "shf_eb"
	894	dots_label(dots_num+3) = "qsws_eb"
	895	dots_label(dots_num+4) = "qsws_liq_eb"
	896	dots_label(dots_num+5) = "qsws_soil_eb"
	897	dots_label(dots_num+6) = "qsws_veg_eb"
	898	dots_unit(dots_num+1:dots_num+6) = "W/m2"
	899
[1555]	900	dots_label(dots_num+7) = "r_a"
	901	dots_label(dots_num+8) = "r_s"
	902	dots_unit(dots_num+7:dots_num+8) = "s/m"
	903
[1551]	904	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
[1555]	905	dots_num = dots_num + 8
[1551]	906
	907
[1496]	908	RETURN
	909
	910	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
	911
	912
	913
	914	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	915	! Description:
	916	! ------------
[1551]	917	! Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
[1496]	918	!
[1551]	919	! Note: surface fluxes are calculated in the land surface model, but these are
	920	! not used in the atmospheric code. The fluxes are calculated afterwards in
	921	! prandtl_fluxes using the surface values of temperature and humidity as
	922	! provided by the land surface model. In this way, the fluxes in the land
	923	! surface model are not equal to the ones calculated in prandtl_fluxes
[1496]	924	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	925	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	926
	927
	928	IMPLICIT NONE
	929
	930	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
	931	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
	932	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !: running index
	933
	934	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !: resistance correction term 1
	935	f2, & !: resistance correction term 2
	936	f3, & !: resistance correction term 3
	937	m_min, & !: minimum soil moisture
	938	T_1, & !: actual temperature at first grid point
	939	e, & !: water vapour pressure
	940	e_s, & !: water vapour saturation pressure
[1571]	941	e_s_dt, & !: derivate of e_s with respect to T
[1496]	942	tend, & !: tendency
[1571]	943	dq_s_dt, & !: derivate of q_s with respect to T
[1496]	944	coef_1, & !: coef. for prognostic equation
	945	coef_2, & !: coef. for prognostic equation
[1551]	946	f_qsws, & !: factor for qsws_eb
	947	f_qsws_veg, & !: factor for qsws_veg_eb
	948	f_qsws_soil, & !: factor for qsws_soil_eb
	949	f_qsws_liq, & !: factor for qsws_liq_eb
	950	f_shf, & !: factor for shf_eb
	951	lambda_surface, & !: Current value of lambda_surface
	952	m_liq_eb_max !: maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
[1496]	953
[1551]	954
[1496]	955	!
	956	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
	957	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
	958
	959
	960	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	961	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1500]	962	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
[1496]	963
	964	!
[1551]	965	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
[1496]	966	IF ( rif(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	967	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
[1496]	968	ELSE
[1551]	969	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
[1496]	970	ENDIF
[1500]	971
[1496]	972	!
[1500]	973	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
	974	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
	975	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
	976	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
[1551]	977	r_a(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + &
	978	1.0E-20_wp)
[1496]	979
	980	!
	981	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
	982	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
	983
[1551]	984	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
	985	!-- night)
	986	IF ( irad_scheme /= 0 ) THEN
	987	f1 = MIN(1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
	988	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(j,i) + 1.0_wp) ))
	989	ELSE
	990	f1 = 1.0_wp
	991	ENDIF
[1496]	992
	993	!
[1551]	994	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
	995	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
	996	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
[1496]	997	m_total = 0.0_wp
[1551]	998	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	999	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
	1000	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
[1496]	1001	ENDDO
	1002
[1551]	1003	IF ( m_total .GT. m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total .LT. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1496]	1004	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
[1551]	1005	ELSEIF ( m_total .GE. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
	1006	f2 = 1.0_wp
[1496]	1007	ELSE
	1008	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
	1009	ENDIF
	1010
	1011	!
	1012	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1551]	1013	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
	1014	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	1015
	1016	!
	1017	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
[1551]	1018	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1019	!
	1020	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
[1551]	1021	e = q_p(k+1,j,i) * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
	1022	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
[1496]	1023	ELSE
	1024	f3 = 1.0_wp
	1025	ENDIF
	1026
	1027	!
[1551]	1028	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
	1029	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
[1496]	1030	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
[1551]	1031	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
	1032	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
[1496]	1033
	1034	!
[1551]	1035	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
	1036	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
	1037	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
	1038	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
	1039	m_res(j,i)
	1040	ELSE
	1041	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
	1042	ENDIF
[1496]	1043
[1551]	1044	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
[1513]	1045	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
[1551]	1046	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
[1496]	1047
	1048	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
	1049
	1050	!
	1051	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
[1551]	1052	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
	1053	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
	1054
[1496]	1055
[1551]	1056	!
	1057	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
[1496]	1058	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
[1500]	1059
	1060	!
[1551]	1061	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
	1062	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
	1063	IF ( humidity .AND. dewfall .AND. q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
	1064	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
	1065	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1496]	1066	ENDIF
	1067
	1068	!
	1069	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
[1551]	1070	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
	1071	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
[1496]	1072
[1551]	1073	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
	1074	r_soil(j,i))
	1075	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
[1496]	1076
[1551]	1077
[1500]	1078	!
	1079	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
	1080	!-- transpirate.
[1551]	1081	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .LT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
	1082	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1083	! ENDIF
[1496]	1084
	1085	!
[1551]	1086	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
	1087	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
	1088	!-- air.
	1089	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1090	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
	1091	IF ( .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
	1092	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1093	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
	1094	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
	1095	ENDIF
	1096	ENDIF
	1097	ENDIF
	1098
	1099	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
	1100	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
	1101
	1102	!
[1496]	1103	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
[1571]	1104	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
[1551]	1105	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
	1106	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
[1496]	1107
[1571]	1108	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
[1496]	1109
	1110	T_1 = pt_p(k+1,j,i) * exn
	1111
	1112	!
	1113	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
[1571]	1114	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 4
[1496]	1115
[1500]	1116	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1117
[1496]	1118	!
[1500]	1119	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1571]	1120	coef_1 = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
[1551]	1121	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
[1571]	1122	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1123	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1496]	1124
	1125	!
[1500]	1126	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1571]	1127	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
	1128	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1496]	1129
[1500]	1130	ELSE
	1131
	1132	!
	1133	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1571]	1134	coef_1 = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
[1551]	1135	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + lambda_surface &
	1136	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1500]	1137
	1138	!
	1139	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1571]	1140	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
[1551]	1141	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1500]	1142
	1143	ENDIF
	1144
[1496]	1145	tend = 0.0_wp
	1146
	1147	!
[1551]	1148	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
[1496]	1149	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
[1551]	1150	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
	1151	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
	1152	* tsc(2) )
[1496]	1153	!
	1154	!-- Add RK3 term
[1551]	1155	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1156	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
[1496]	1157
	1158	!
	1159	!-- Calculate true tendency
[1551]	1160	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1161	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
[1496]	1162	!
[1551]	1163	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
[1496]	1164	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1165	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1166	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
[1496]	1167	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1168	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1169	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1170	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
[1496]	1171	ENDIF
	1172	ENDIF
	1173
[1551]	1174	pt_p(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
[1496]	1175	!
	1176	!-- Calculate fluxes
[1571]	1177	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1178	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
[1551]	1179	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
	1180	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
	1181	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
	1182	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt_p(k+1,j,i) - pt_p(k,j,i) )
[1496]	1183
[1500]	1184	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1571]	1185	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dt &
	1186	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1496]	1187
[1551]	1188	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
[1571]	1189	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1190	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1191
	1192	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
[1571]	1193	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1194	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1195
	1196	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
[1571]	1197	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1198	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1500]	1199	ENDIF
[1496]	1200
[1500]	1201	!
	1202	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
[1551]	1203	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) .EQ. 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1204	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
[1496]	1205	ELSE
[1571]	1206	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dt &
	1207	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
[1551]	1208	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
[1496]	1209	ENDIF
	1210
	1211	!
	1212	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
[1500]	1213	!-- evaporation of liquid water
	1214	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1496]	1215	!
[1571]	1216	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
	1217	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
[1500]	1218	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
	1219	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
[1571]	1220
	1221	!
	1222	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
	1223	!-- Otherwise, add the water to bare soil fraction.
	1224	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) .EQ. m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
	1225	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
	1226	+ c_veg(j,i) * precipitation_rate(j,i) &
	1227	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1228	ELSE
	1229	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
	1230	+ c_veg(j,i) * precipitation_rate(j,i) &
	1231	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1232	ENDIF
	1233
	1234	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
	1235	!-- coverage.
	1236	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
	1237	- c_veg(j,i)) * precipitation_rate(j,i) &
	1238	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
[1496]	1239	ENDIF
[1500]	1240	!
	1241	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
	1242	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i)) THEN
	1243	!
[1551]	1244	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
	1245	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
	1246	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
	1247	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
	1248	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) .EQ. m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
	1249	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
	1250	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
	1251	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1252	ENDIF
[1496]	1253
	1254	!
[1551]	1255	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
	1256	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
[1500]	1257	!-- plant
[1551]	1258	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) .LT. 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1259	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
	1260	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1261	ENDIF
	1262	ENDIF
[1496]	1263
[1551]	1264	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
[1496]	1265
[1551]	1266	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
	1267	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
[1496]	1268
	1269	!
[1500]	1270	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
	1271	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1272	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
[1496]	1273
	1274	!
[1500]	1275	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
	1276	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1277	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
[1496]	1278
	1279
	1280	!
[1551]	1281	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
[1500]	1282	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1283	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1284	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
[1500]	1285	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1286	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1287	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1288	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
[1500]	1289	ENDIF
[1496]	1290	ENDIF
	1291
[1500]	1292	ENDIF
	1293
[1496]	1294	ENDDO
[1500]	1295	ENDDO
[1496]	1296
	1297	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	1298
	1299
	1300	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1301	! Description:
	1302	! ------------
	1303	!
[1551]	1304	! Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
	1305	! temperature and water content.
[1496]	1306	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1307	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	1308
	1309
	1310	IMPLICIT NONE
	1311
	1312	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
	1313	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
	1314	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !: running index
	1315
[1551]	1316	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !: Van Genuchten coef. h
[1496]	1317
[1551]	1318	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !: temp. gamma
[1496]	1319	lambda_temp, & !: temp. lambda
	1320	tend !: tendency
	1321
	1322	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1323	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1551]	1324	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1325	!
	1326	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
	1327	!-- account water content
[1551]	1328	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
	1329	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
[1496]	1330
	1331	!
	1332	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
	1333	!-- layers
[1551]	1334	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
	1335	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat(j,i) + lambda_h_dry) + &
[1496]	1336	lambda_h_dry
	1337
	1338	ENDDO
	1339
	1340	!
	1341	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
	1342	!-- using linear interpolation
[1551]	1343	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	1344
	1345	lambda_h(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
	1346	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
	1347	* 0.5 * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
	1348
	1349	ENDDO
[1551]	1350	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1351
	1352	!
[1551]	1353	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
[1496]	1354	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
[1551]	1355	tend(0) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
	1356	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
	1357	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil) &
	1358	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1496]	1359
[1551]	1360	DO k = 1, nzt_soil
	1361	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
[1496]	1362	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
[1551]	1363	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
[1496]	1364	* ddz_soil(k) &
	1365	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
[1551]	1366	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
[1496]	1367	* ddz_soil(k-1) &
	1368	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
	1369	ENDDO
	1370
[1551]	1371	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
[1496]	1372	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
	1373	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
[1551]	1374	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
[1496]	1375
	1376	!
[1551]	1377	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
[1496]	1378	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1379	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1380	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1381	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
[1496]	1382	ENDDO
	1383	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1384	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1385	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1386	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
	1387	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
[1496]	1388	ENDDO
	1389	ENDIF
	1390	ENDIF
	1391
	1392
[1551]	1393	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1394
[1496]	1395	!
	1396	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
[1551]	1397	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
[1496]	1398	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
[1551]	1399	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
[1496]	1400
	1401	!
[1551]	1402	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
	1403	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
	1404	!
	1405	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
	1406	!-- (1980)
	1407	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
	1408	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
	1409	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
	1410	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
[1496]	1411
[1551]	1412	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
	1413	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
	1414	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
	1415	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
	1416	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
	1417	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
	1418	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
[1496]	1419
[1551]	1420	!
	1421	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
	1422	ELSE
	1423	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
	1424	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
	1425	ENDIF
	1426
[1496]	1427	ENDDO
	1428
	1429
	1430	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1431	!
	1432	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
[1551]	1433	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
	1434	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
	1435	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	1436
	1437	lambda_w(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
	1438	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
[1551]	1439	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
[1496]	1440	gamma_w(k,j,i) = gamma_temp(k) + &
	1441	( gamma_temp(k+1) - gamma_temp(k) ) &
[1551]	1442	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
[1496]	1443
	1444	ENDDO
	1445
	1446	!
	1447	!
	1448	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
	1449	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
	1450	!-- in the bottom layer.
	1451	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
[1551]	1452	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1496]	1453	ELSE
[1551]	1454	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1455	ENDIF
	1456
[1551]	1457	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
[1496]	1458	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
	1459	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
	1460	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
	1461	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
[1551]	1462	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
	1463	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
	1464	!-- take water from moister layers.
[1496]	1465
	1466	!
[1551]	1467	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, modified so that the
	1468	!-- sum of root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
	1469	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
	1470	!-- additional check.
	1471
[1496]	1472	m_total = 0.0_wp
[1551]	1473	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1474	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
	1475	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
	1476	ENDIF
[1496]	1477	ENDDO
	1478
[1551]	1479	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1480	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
	1481	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
	1482	ELSE
	1483	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
	1484	ENDIF
[1496]	1485	ENDDO
	1486
	1487	!
	1488	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
	1489	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
[1551]	1490	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
	1491	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
	1492	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
	1493	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
	1494	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
	1495	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1496]	1496
[1551]	1497	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	1498	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
	1499	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
	1500	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
	1501	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k-1) &
[1551]	1502	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
	1503	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
[1496]	1504	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
	1505
	1506	ENDDO
[1551]	1507	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	1508	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
	1509	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	1510	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
	1511	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil-1) &
	1512	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
	1513	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
	1514	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
	1515	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1516
[1551]	1517	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
[1496]	1518	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
	1519	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
	1520
	1521	!
	1522	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
	1523	m_soil_p(:,j,i) = MAX(m_soil_p(:,j,i),0.0_wp)
	1524
	1525	!
	1526	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	1527	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1528	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1529	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1530	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
	1531	ENDDO
	1532	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1533	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1534	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1535	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
	1536	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
	1537	ENDDO
	1538	ENDIF
	1539	ENDIF
	1540
	1541	ENDIF
	1542
	1543	ENDDO
	1544	ENDDO
	1545
	1546	!
	1547	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
	1548	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	1549	CALL calc_q_surface
[1496]	1550	ENDIF
	1551
	1552
	1553	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	1554
	1555
	1556	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1557	! Description:
	1558	! ------------
[1551]	1559	! Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
[1496]	1560	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1551]	1561	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	1562
	1563	IMPLICIT NONE
	1564
	1565	INTEGER :: i !: running index
	1566	INTEGER :: j !: running index
	1567	INTEGER :: k !: running index
	1568	REAL(wp) :: resistance !: aerodynamic and soil resistance term
	1569
	1570	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1571	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1572	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	1573
	1574	!
	1575	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1551]	1576	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
	1577	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) &
	1578	- 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	1579
	1580	!
	1581	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
	1582	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
	1583
	1584
	1585	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
	1586
	1587	!
	1588	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
	1589	q_p(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	1590	* q_p(k+1,j,i)
	1591
	1592	ENDDO
	1593	ENDDO
	1594
[1551]	1595	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	1596
[1551]	1597	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1598	! Description:
	1599	! ------------
	1600	! Swapping of timelevels
	1601	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1602	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
[1496]	1603
[1551]	1604	IMPLICIT NONE
	1605
	1606	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
	1607
	1608	#if defined( __nopointer )
	1609
	1610	t_surface = t_surface_p
	1611	t_soil = t_soil_p
	1612	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1613	m_soil = m_soil_p
	1614	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
	1615	ENDIF
	1616
	1617	#else
	1618
	1619	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
	1620
	1621	CASE ( 0 )
	1622
	1623	t_surface = t_surface_p
	1624	t_soil = t_soil_p
	1625	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1626	m_soil = m_soil_p
	1627	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
	1628	ENDIF
	1629
	1630
	1631	CASE ( 1 )
	1632
	1633	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	1634	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
	1635	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1636	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	1637	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
	1638	ENDIF
	1639
	1640	END SELECT
	1641	#endif
	1642
	1643	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
	1644
	1645
[1496]	1646	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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