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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/init_grid.f90 @ 4486

Last change on this file since 4486 was 4457, checked in by raasch, 5 years ago
ghost point exchange modularized, bugfix for wrong 2d-exchange
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 118.4 KB

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1	!> @file init_grid.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2020 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: init_grid.f90 4457 2020-03-11 14:20:43Z maronga $
27	! use statement for exchange horiz added,
28	! bugfix for call of exchange horiz 2d
29	!
30	! 4444 2020-03-05 15:59:50Z raasch
31	! bugfix: cpp-directives for serial mode added
32	!
33	! 4414 2020-02-19 20:16:04Z suehring
34	! - Remove deprecated topography arrays nzb_s_inner, nzb_u_inner, etc.
35	! - Move initialization of boundary conditions and multigrid into an extra
36	! module interface.
37	!
38	! 4386 2020-01-27 15:07:30Z Giersch
39	! Allocation statements, comments, naming of variables revised and _wp added to
40	! real type values
41	!
42	! 4360 2020-01-07 11:25:50Z suehring
43	! Revise error messages for generic tunnel setup.
44	!
45	! 4346 2019-12-18 11:55:56Z motisi
46	! Introduction of wall_flags_total_0, which currently sets bits based on static
47	! topography information used in wall_flags_static_0
48	!
49	! 4340 2019-12-16 08:17:03Z Giersch
50	! Topography closed channel flow with symmetric boundaries implemented
51	!
52	! 4329 2019-12-10 15:46:36Z motisi
53	! Renamed wall_flags_0 to wall_flags_static_0
54	!
55	! 4328 2019-12-09 18:53:04Z suehring
56	! Minor change in nzb_max computation. Commentation added.
57	!
58	! 4314 2019-11-29 10:29:20Z suehring
59	! Set additional topography flag 4 to mark topography grid points emerged
60	! from the filtering process.
61	!
62	! 4294 2019-11-13 18:34:16Z suehring
63	! Bugfix, always set bit 5 and 6 of wall_flags, indicating terrain- and
64	! building surfaces in all cases, in order to enable terrain-following output
65	! also when no land- or urban-surface model is applied.
66	!
67	! 4265 2019-10-15 16:16:24Z suehring
68	! Bugfix for last commit, exchange oro_max variable only when it is allocated
69	! (not necessarily the case when topography is input from ASCII file).
70	!
71	! 4245 2019-09-30 08:40:37Z pavelkrc
72	! Store oro_max (building z-offset) in 2D for building surfaces
73	!
74	! 4189 2019-08-26 16:19:38Z suehring
75	! - Add check for proper setting of namelist parameter topography
76	! - Set flag to indicate land surfaces in case no topography is provided
77	!
78	! 4182 2019-08-22 15:20:23Z scharf
79	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
80	!
81	! 4168 2019-08-16 13:50:17Z suehring
82	! Pre-calculate topography top index and store it on an array (replaces former
83	! functions get_topography_top_index)
84	!
85	! 4159 2019-08-15 13:31:35Z suehring
86	! Revision of topography processing. This was not consistent between 2D and 3D
87	! buildings.
88	!
89	! 4144 2019-08-06 09:11:47Z raasch
90	! relational operators .EQ., .NE., etc. replaced by ==, /=, etc.
91	!
92	! 4115 2019-07-24 12:50:49Z suehring
93	! Bugfix in setting near-surface flag 24, inidicating wall-bounded grid points
94	!
95	! 4110 2019-07-22 17:05:21Z suehring
96	! - Separate initialization of advection flags for momentum and scalars.
97	! - Change subroutine interface for ws_init_flags_scalar to pass boundary flags
98	!
99	! 4109 2019-07-22 17:00:34Z suehring
100	! Fix bad commit
101	!
102	! 3926 2019-04-23 12:56:42Z suehring
103	! Minor bugfix in building mapping when all building IDs in the model domain
104	! are missing
105	!
106	! 3857 2019-04-03 13:00:16Z knoop
107	! In projection of non-building 3D objects onto numerical grid remove
108	! dependency on building_type
109	!
110	! 3763 2019-02-25 17:33:49Z suehring
111	! Replace work-around for ghost point exchange of 1-byte arrays with specific
112	! routine as already done in other routines
113	!
114	! 3761 2019-02-25 15:31:42Z raasch
115	! unused variables removed
116	!
117	! 3661 2019-01-08 18:22:50Z suehring
118	! Remove setting of nzb_max to nzt at non-cyclic boundary PEs, instead,
119	! order degradation of advection scheme is handeled directly in advec_ws
120	!
121	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
122	! Comment added
123	!
124	! Revision 1.1 1997/08/11 06:17:45 raasch
125	! Initial revision (Testversion)
126	!
127	!
128	! Description:
129	! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------!
130	!> Creating grid depending constants
131	!> @todo: Rearrange topo flag list
132	!> @todo: reference 3D buildings on top of orography is not tested and may need
133	!> further improvement for steep slopes
134	!> @todo: Use more advanced setting of building type at filled holes
135	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
136	SUBROUTINE init_grid
137
138	USE arrays_3d, &
139	ONLY: dd2zu, ddzu, ddzu_pres, ddzw, dzu, dzw, x, xu, y, yv, zu, zw
140
141	USE control_parameters, &
142	ONLY: constant_flux_layer, dz, dz_max, dz_stretch_factor, &
143	dz_stretch_factor_array, dz_stretch_level, dz_stretch_level_end,&
144	dz_stretch_level_end_index, dz_stretch_level_start_index, &
145	dz_stretch_level_start, ibc_uv_b, message_string, &
146	number_stretch_level_end, &
147	number_stretch_level_start, &
148	ocean_mode, &
149	psolver, &
150	symmetry_flag, &
151	topography, &
152	use_surface_fluxes
153
154	USE grid_variables, &
155	ONLY: ddx, ddx2, ddy, ddy2, dx, dx2, dy, dy2, zu_s_inner, zw_w_inner
156
157	USE indices, &
158	ONLY: nbgp, &
159	nx, &
160	nxl, &
161	nxlg, &
162	nxr, &
163	nxrg, &
164	ny, &
165	nyn, &
166	nyng, &
167	nys, &
168	nysg, &
169	nz, &
170	nzb, &
171	nzb_diff, &
172	nzb_max, &
173	nzt, &
174	topo_top_ind, &
175	topo_min_level
176
177	USE kinds
178
179	USE pegrid
180
181	#if defined( __parallel )
182	USE vertical_nesting_mod, &
183	ONLY: vnested, vnest_init_grid
184	#endif
185
186	IMPLICIT NONE
187
188	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< index variable along x
189	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< index variable along y
190	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
191	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_top !< topography top index on local PE
192	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !< loop variable for stretching
193	INTEGER(iwp) :: number_dz !< number of user-specified dz values
194	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_local_max !< vertical grid index of maximum topography height
195	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_local_min !< vertical grid index of minimum topography height
196
197	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: topo !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting "outer"-flags
198
199	REAL(wp) :: dz_level_end !< distance between calculated height level for u/v-grid and user-specified end level for stretching
200	REAL(wp) :: dz_stretched !< stretched vertical grid spacing
201
202	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: min_dz_stretch_level_end !< Array that contains all minimum heights where the stretching can end
203
204
205	!
206	!-- Calculation of horizontal array bounds including ghost layers
207	nxlg = nxl - nbgp
208	nxrg = nxr + nbgp
209	nysg = nys - nbgp
210	nyng = nyn + nbgp
211
212	!
213	!-- Allocate grid arrays
214	ALLOCATE( x(0:nx) )
215	ALLOCATE( xu(0:nx) )
216
217	DO i = 0, nx
218	xu(i) = i * dx
219	x(i) = i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx
220	ENDDO
221
222	ALLOCATE( y(0:ny) )
223	ALLOCATE( yv(0:ny) )
224
225	DO j = 0, ny
226	yv(j) = j * dy
227	y(j) = j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy
228	ENDDO
229
230	ALLOCATE( ddzu(1:nzt+1) )
231	ALLOCATE( ddzw(1:nzt+1) )
232	ALLOCATE( dd2zu(1:nzt) )
233	ALLOCATE( dzu(1:nzt+1) )
234	ALLOCATE( dzw(1:nzt+1) )
235	ALLOCATE( zu(nzb:nzt+1) )
236	ALLOCATE( zw(nzb:nzt+1) )
237
238	!
239	!-- For constructing an appropriate grid, the vertical grid spacing dz has to
240	!-- be specified with a non-negative value in the parameter file
241	IF ( dz(1) == -1.0_wp ) THEN
242	message_string = 'missing dz'
243	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0200', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
244	ELSEIF ( dz(1) <= 0.0_wp ) THEN
245	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'dz=',dz(1),' <= 0.0'
246	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0201', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
247	ENDIF
248
249	!
250	!-- Initialize dz_stretch_level_start with the value of dz_stretch_level
251	!-- if it was set by the user
252	IF ( dz_stretch_level /= -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
253	dz_stretch_level_start(1) = dz_stretch_level
254	ENDIF
255
256	!
257	!-- Determine number of dz values and stretching levels specified by the
258	!-- user to allow right controlling of the stretching mechanism and to
259	!-- perform error checks. The additional requirement that dz /= dz_max
260	!-- for counting number of user-specified dz values is necessary. Otherwise
261	!-- restarts would abort if the old stretching mechanism with dz_stretch_level
262	!-- is used (Attention: The user is not allowed to specify a dz value equal
263	!-- to the default of dz_max = 999.0).
264	number_dz = COUNT( dz /= -1.0_wp .AND. dz /= dz_max)
265	number_stretch_level_start = COUNT( dz_stretch_level_start /= &
266	-9999999.9_wp )
267	number_stretch_level_end = COUNT( dz_stretch_level_end /= &
268	9999999.9_wp )
269
270	!
271	!-- The number of specified end levels +1 has to be the same as the number
272	!-- of specified dz values
273	IF ( number_dz /= number_stretch_level_end + 1 ) THEN
274	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'The number of values for dz = ', &
275	number_dz, 'has to be the same as& ', &
276	'the number of values for ', &
277	'dz_stretch_level_end + 1 = ', &
278	number_stretch_level_end+1
279	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0156', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
280	ENDIF
281
282	!
283	!-- The number of specified start levels has to be the same or one less than
284	!-- the number of specified dz values
285	IF ( number_dz /= number_stretch_level_start + 1 .AND. &
286	number_dz /= number_stretch_level_start ) THEN
287	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'The number of values for dz = ', &
288	number_dz, 'has to be the same as or one ', &
289	'more than& the number of values for ', &
290	'dz_stretch_level_start = ', &
291	number_stretch_level_start
292	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0211', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
293	ENDIF
294
295	!-- The number of specified start levels has to be the same or one more than
296	!-- the number of specified end levels
297	IF ( number_stretch_level_start /= number_stretch_level_end + 1 .AND. &
298	number_stretch_level_start /= number_stretch_level_end ) THEN
299	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'The number of values for ', &
300	'dz_stretch_level_start = ', &
301	dz_stretch_level_start, 'has to be the ', &
302	'same or one more than& the number of ', &
303	'values for dz_stretch_level_end = ', &
304	number_stretch_level_end
305	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0216', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
306	ENDIF
307
308	!
309	!-- Initialize dz for the free atmosphere with the value of dz_max
310	IF ( dz(number_stretch_level_start+1) == -1.0_wp .AND. &
311	number_stretch_level_start /= 0 ) THEN
312	dz(number_stretch_level_start+1) = dz_max
313	ENDIF
314
315	!
316	!-- Initialize the stretching factor if (infinitely) stretching in the free
317	!-- atmosphere is desired (dz_stretch_level_end was not specified for the
318	!-- free atmosphere)
319	IF ( number_stretch_level_start == number_stretch_level_end + 1 ) THEN
320	dz_stretch_factor_array(number_stretch_level_start) = &
321	dz_stretch_factor
322	ENDIF
323
324	!
325	!-- Allocation of arrays for stretching
326	ALLOCATE( min_dz_stretch_level_end(number_stretch_level_start) )
327
328	!
329	!-- Define the vertical grid levels. Start with atmosphere branch
330	IF ( .NOT. ocean_mode ) THEN
331
332	!
333	!-- The stretching region has to be large enough to allow for a smooth
334	!-- transition between two different grid spacings. The number 4 is an
335	!-- empirical value
336	DO n = 1, number_stretch_level_start
337	min_dz_stretch_level_end(n) = dz_stretch_level_start(n) + &
338	4 * MAX( dz(n),dz(n+1) )
339	ENDDO
340
341	IF ( ANY( min_dz_stretch_level_end(1:number_stretch_level_start) > &
342	dz_stretch_level_end(1:number_stretch_level_start) ) ) THEN
343	message_string= 'Each dz_stretch_level_end has to be larger ' // &
344	'than its corresponding value for &' // &
345	'dz_stretch_level_start + 4*MAX(dz(n),dz(n+1)) '//&
346	'to allow for smooth grid stretching'
347	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0224', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
348	ENDIF
349
350	!
351	!-- Stretching must not be applied within the surface layer
352	!-- (first two grid points). For the default case dz_stretch_level_start
353	!-- is negative. Therefore the absolut value is checked here.
354	IF ( ANY( ABS( dz_stretch_level_start ) <= dz(1) * 1.5_wp ) ) THEN
355	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Each dz_stretch_level_start has to be ',&
356	'larger than ', dz(1) * 1.5
357	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0226', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
358	ENDIF
359
360	!
361	!-- The stretching has to start and end on a grid level. Therefore
362	!-- user-specified values are mapped to the next lowest level. The
363	!-- calculation of the first level is realized differently just because of
364	!-- historical reasons (the advanced/new stretching mechanism was realized
365	!-- in a way that results don't change if the old parameters
366	!-- dz_stretch_level, dz_stretch_factor and dz_max are used)
367	IF ( number_stretch_level_start /= 0 ) THEN
368	dz_stretch_level_start(1) = INT( (dz_stretch_level_start(1) - &
369	dz(1)/2.0) / dz(1) ) &
370	* dz(1) + dz(1)/2.0
371	ENDIF
372
373	IF ( number_stretch_level_start > 1 ) THEN
374	DO n = 2, number_stretch_level_start
375	dz_stretch_level_start(n) = INT( dz_stretch_level_start(n) / &
376	dz(n) ) * dz(n)
377	ENDDO
378	ENDIF
379
380	IF ( number_stretch_level_end /= 0 ) THEN
381	DO n = 1, number_stretch_level_end
382	dz_stretch_level_end(n) = INT( dz_stretch_level_end(n) / &
383	dz(n+1) ) * dz(n+1)
384	ENDDO
385	ENDIF
386
387	!
388	!-- Determine stretching factor if necessary
389	IF ( number_stretch_level_end >= 1 ) THEN
390	CALL calculate_stretching_factor( number_stretch_level_end )
391	ENDIF
392
393	!
394	!-- Grid for atmosphere with surface at z=0 (k=0, w-grid).
395	!-- First compute the u- and v-levels. In case of dirichlet bc for u and v
396	!-- the first u/v- and w-level (k=0) are defined at same height (z=0).
397	!-- The second u-level (k=1) corresponds to the top of the
398	!-- surface layer. In case of symmetric boundaries (closed channel flow),
399	!-- the first grid point is always at z=0.
400	IF ( ibc_uv_b == 0 .OR. ibc_uv_b == 2 .OR. &
401	topography == 'closed_channel' ) THEN
402	zu(0) = 0.0_wp
403	ELSE
404	zu(0) = - dz(1) * 0.5_wp
405	ENDIF
406
407	zu(1) = dz(1) * 0.5_wp
408
409	!
410	!-- Determine u and v height levels considering the possibility of grid
411	!-- stretching in several heights.
412	n = 1
413	dz_stretch_level_start_index = nzt+1
414	dz_stretch_level_end_index = nzt+1
415	dz_stretched = dz(1)
416
417	!-- The default value of dz_stretch_level_start is negative, thus the first
418	!-- condition is true even if no stretching shall be applied. Hence, the
419	!-- second condition is also necessary.
420	DO k = 2, nzt+1-symmetry_flag
421	IF ( dz_stretch_level_start(n) <= zu(k-1) .AND. &
422	dz_stretch_level_start(n) /= -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
423	dz_stretched = dz_stretched * dz_stretch_factor_array(n)
424
425	IF ( dz(n) > dz(n+1) ) THEN
426	dz_stretched = MAX( dz_stretched, dz(n+1) ) !Restrict dz_stretched to the user-specified (higher) dz
427	ELSE
428	dz_stretched = MIN( dz_stretched, dz(n+1) ) !Restrict dz_stretched to the user-specified (lower) dz
429	ENDIF
430
431	IF ( dz_stretch_level_start_index(n) == nzt+1 ) &
432	dz_stretch_level_start_index(n) = k-1
433
434	ENDIF
435
436	zu(k) = zu(k-1) + dz_stretched
437
438	!
439	!-- Make sure that the stretching ends exactly at dz_stretch_level_end
440	dz_level_end = ABS( zu(k) - dz_stretch_level_end(n) )
441
442	IF ( dz_level_end < dz(n+1)/3.0 ) THEN
443	zu(k) = dz_stretch_level_end(n)
444	dz_stretched = dz(n+1)
445	dz_stretch_level_end_index(n) = k
446	n = n + 1
447	ENDIF
448	ENDDO
449
450	!
451	!-- If a closed channel flow is simulated, make sure that grid structure is
452	!-- the same for both bottom and top boundary. (Hint: Using a different dz
453	!-- at the bottom and at the top makes no sense due to symmetric boundaries
454	!-- where dz should be equal. Therefore, different dz at the bottom and top
455	!-- causes an abort (see check_parameters).)
456	IF ( topography == 'closed_channel' ) THEN
457	zu(nzt+1) = zu(nzt) + dz(1) * 0.5_wp
458	ENDIF
459
460	!
461	!-- Compute the w-levels. They are always staggered half-way between the
462	!-- corresponding u-levels. In case of dirichlet bc for u and v at the
463	!-- ground the first u- and w-level (k=0) are defined at same height (z=0).
464	!-- Per default, the top w-level is extrapolated linearly. In case of
465	!-- a closed channel flow, zu(nzt+1) and zw(nzt) must be set explicitely.
466	!-- (Hint: Using a different dz at the bottom and at the top makes no sense
467	!-- due to symmetric boundaries where dz should be equal. Therefore,
468	!-- different dz at the bottom and top causes an abort (see
469	!-- check_parameters).)
470	zw(0) = 0.0_wp
471	DO k = 1, nzt-symmetry_flag
472	zw(k) = ( zu(k) + zu(k+1) ) * 0.5_wp
473	ENDDO
474	IF ( topography == 'closed_channel' ) THEN
475	zw(nzt) = zw(nzt-1) + dz(1)
476	zw(nzt+1) = zw(nzt) + dz(1)
477	ELSE
478	zw(nzt+1) = zw(nzt) + 2.0_wp * ( zu(nzt+1) - zw(nzt) )
479	ENDIF
480
481	ELSE !ocean branch
482
483	!
484	!-- The stretching region has to be large enough to allow for a smooth
485	!-- transition between two different grid spacings. The number 4 is an
486	!-- empirical value
487	DO n = 1, number_stretch_level_start
488	min_dz_stretch_level_end(n) = dz_stretch_level_start(n) - &
489	4 * MAX( dz(n),dz(n+1) )
490	ENDDO
491
492	IF ( ANY( min_dz_stretch_level_end (1:number_stretch_level_start) < &
493	dz_stretch_level_end(1:number_stretch_level_start) ) ) THEN
494	message_string= 'Each dz_stretch_level_end has to be less ' // &
495	'than its corresponding value for &' // &
496	'dz_stretch_level_start - 4*MAX(dz(n),dz(n+1)) '//&
497	'to allow for smooth grid stretching'
498	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0224', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
499	ENDIF
500
501	!
502	!-- Stretching must not be applied close to the surface (last two grid
503	!-- points). For the default case dz_stretch_level_start is negative.
504	IF ( ANY( dz_stretch_level_start >= - dz(1) * 1.5_wp ) ) THEN
505	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Each dz_stretch_level_start has to be ',&
506	'less than ', -dz(1) * 1.5
507	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0226', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
508	ENDIF
509
510	!
511	!-- The stretching has to start and end on a grid level. Therefore
512	!-- user-specified values are mapped to the next highest level. The
513	!-- calculation of the first level is realized differently just because of
514	!-- historical reasons (the advanced/new stretching mechanism was realized
515	!-- in a way that results don't change if the old parameters
516	!-- dz_stretch_level, dz_stretch_factor and dz_max are used)
517	IF ( number_stretch_level_start /= 0 ) THEN
518	dz_stretch_level_start(1) = INT( (dz_stretch_level_start(1) + &
519	dz(1)/2.0) / dz(1) ) &
520	* dz(1) - dz(1)/2.0
521	ENDIF
522
523	IF ( number_stretch_level_start > 1 ) THEN
524	DO n = 2, number_stretch_level_start
525	dz_stretch_level_start(n) = INT( dz_stretch_level_start(n) / &
526	dz(n) ) * dz(n)
527	ENDDO
528	ENDIF
529
530	IF ( number_stretch_level_end /= 0 ) THEN
531	DO n = 1, number_stretch_level_end
532	dz_stretch_level_end(n) = INT( dz_stretch_level_end(n) / &
533	dz(n+1) ) * dz(n+1)
534	ENDDO
535	ENDIF
536
537	!
538	!-- Determine stretching factor if necessary
539	IF ( number_stretch_level_end >= 1 ) THEN
540	CALL calculate_stretching_factor( number_stretch_level_end )
541	ENDIF
542
543	!
544	!-- Grid for ocean with free water surface is at k=nzt (w-grid).
545	!-- In case of neumann bc at the ground the first first u-level (k=0) lies
546	!-- below the first w-level (k=0). In case of dirichlet bc the first u- and
547	!-- w-level are defined at same height, but staggered from the second level.
548	!-- The second u-level (k=1) corresponds to the top of the surface layer.
549	!-- z values are negative starting from z=0 (surface)
550	zu(nzt+1) = dz(1) * 0.5_wp
551	zu(nzt) = - dz(1) * 0.5_wp
552
553	!
554	!-- Determine u and v height levels considering the possibility of grid
555	!-- stretching in several heights.
556	n = 1
557	dz_stretch_level_start_index = 0
558	dz_stretch_level_end_index = 0
559	dz_stretched = dz(1)
560
561	DO k = nzt-1, 0, -1
562
563	IF ( dz_stretch_level_start(n) >= zu(k+1) ) THEN
564	dz_stretched = dz_stretched * dz_stretch_factor_array(n)
565
566	IF ( dz(n) > dz(n+1) ) THEN
567	dz_stretched = MAX( dz_stretched, dz(n+1) ) !Restrict dz_stretched to the user-specified (higher) dz
568	ELSE
569	dz_stretched = MIN( dz_stretched, dz(n+1) ) !Restrict dz_stretched to the user-specified (lower) dz
570	ENDIF
571
572	IF ( dz_stretch_level_start_index(n) == 0 ) &
573	dz_stretch_level_start_index(n) = k+1
574
575	ENDIF
576
577	zu(k) = zu(k+1) - dz_stretched
578
579	!
580	!-- Make sure that the stretching ends exactly at dz_stretch_level_end
581	dz_level_end = ABS( zu(k) - dz_stretch_level_end(n) )
582
583	IF ( dz_level_end < dz(n+1)/3.0 ) THEN
584	zu(k) = dz_stretch_level_end(n)
585	dz_stretched = dz(n+1)
586	dz_stretch_level_end_index(n) = k
587	n = n + 1
588	ENDIF
589	ENDDO
590
591	!
592	!-- Compute the w-levels. They are always staggered half-way between the
593	!-- corresponding u-levels, except in case of dirichlet bc for u and v
594	!-- at the ground. In this case the first u- and w-level are defined at
595	!-- same height. The top w-level (nzt+1) is not used but set for
596	!-- consistency, since w and all scalar variables are defined up tp nzt+1.
597	zw(nzt+1) = dz(1)
598	zw(nzt) = 0.0_wp
599	DO k = 0, nzt
600	zw(k) = ( zu(k) + zu(k+1) ) * 0.5_wp
601	ENDDO
602
603	!
604	!-- In case of dirichlet bc for u and v the first u- and w-level are defined
605	!-- at same height.
606	IF ( ibc_uv_b == 0 ) THEN
607	zu(0) = zw(0)
608	ENDIF
609
610	ENDIF !End of defining the vertical grid levels
611
612	!
613	!-- Compute grid lengths.
614	DO k = 1, nzt+1
615	dzu(k) = zu(k) - zu(k-1)
616	ddzu(k) = 1.0_wp / dzu(k)
617	dzw(k) = zw(k) - zw(k-1)
618	ddzw(k) = 1.0_wp / dzw(k)
619	ENDDO
620
621	DO k = 1, nzt
622	dd2zu(k) = 1.0_wp / ( dzu(k) + dzu(k+1) )
623	ENDDO
624
625	!
626	!-- The FFT- SOR-pressure solvers assume grid spacings of a staggered grid
627	!-- everywhere. For the actual grid, the grid spacing at the lowest level
628	!-- is only dz/2, but should be dz. Therefore, an additional array
629	!-- containing with appropriate grid information is created for these
630	!-- solvers.
631	IF ( psolver(1:9) /= 'multigrid' ) THEN
632	ALLOCATE( ddzu_pres(1:nzt+1) )
633	ddzu_pres = ddzu
634	ddzu_pres(1) = ddzu_pres(2) ! change for lowest level
635	ENDIF
636
637	!
638	!-- Compute the reciprocal values of the horizontal grid lengths.
639	ddx = 1.0_wp / dx
640	ddy = 1.0_wp / dy
641	dx2 = dx * dx
642	dy2 = dy * dy
643	ddx2 = 1.0_wp / dx2
644	ddy2 = 1.0_wp / dy2
645
646	!
647	!-- Allocate 3D array to set topography
648	ALLOCATE( topo(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
649	topo = 0
650	!
651	!-- Initialize topography by generic topography or read topography from file.
652	CALL init_topo( topo )
653	!
654	!-- Set flags to mask topography on the grid.
655	CALL set_topo_flags( topo )
656
657	!
658	!-- Determine the maximum level of topography. It is used for
659	!-- steering the degradation of order of the applied advection scheme,
660	!-- as well in the lpm.
661	k_top = 0
662	DO i = nxl, nxr
663	DO j = nys, nyn
664	DO k = nzb, nzt + 1
665	k_top = MAX( k_top, MERGE( k, 0, .NOT. BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) ) )
666	ENDDO
667	ENDDO
668	ENDDO
669	#if defined( __parallel )
670	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( k_top, nzb_max, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
671	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr )
672	#else
673	nzb_max = k_top
674	#endif
675	!
676	!-- Increment nzb_max by 1 in order to allow for proper diverengence correction.
677	!-- Further, in case topography extents up to the model top, limit to nzt.
678	nzb_max = MIN( nzb_max+1, nzt )
679	!
680	!-- Determine minimum index of topography. Usually, this will be nzb. In case
681	!-- there is elevated topography, however, the lowest topography will be higher.
682	!-- This index is e.g. used to calculate mean first-grid point atmosphere
683	!-- temperature, surface pressure and density, etc. .
684	topo_min_level = 0
685	#if defined( __parallel )
686	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MINVAL( topo_top_ind(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr,0) ), &
687	topo_min_level, 1, MPI_INTEGER, MPI_MIN, comm2d, ierr )
688	#else
689	topo_min_level = MINVAL( topo_top_ind(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr,0) )
690	#endif
691
692	!
693	!-- Check topography for consistency with model domain. Therefore, use
694	!-- maximum and minium topography-top indices. Note, minimum topography top
695	!-- index is already calculated.
696	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'flat' ) THEN
697	#if defined( __parallel )
698	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MAXVAL( topo_top_ind(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr,0) ), &
699	nzb_local_max, 1, MPI_INTEGER, MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr )
700	#else
701	nzb_local_max = MAXVAL( topo_top_ind(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr,0) )
702	#endif
703	nzb_local_min = topo_min_level
704	!
705	!-- Consistency checks
706	IF ( nzb_local_min < 0 .OR. nzb_local_max > nz + 1 ) THEN
707	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'nzb_local values are outside the', &
708	' model domain', &
709	'&MINVAL( nzb_local ) = ', nzb_local_min, &
710	'&MAXVAL( nzb_local ) = ', nzb_local_max
711	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0210', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
712	ENDIF
713	ENDIF
714	!
715	!-- Define vertical gridpoint from (or to) which on the usual finite difference
716	!-- form (which does not use surface fluxes) is applied
717	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
718	nzb_diff = nzb + 2
719	ELSE
720	nzb_diff = nzb + 1
721	ENDIF
722
723	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'flat' ) THEN
724	!
725	!-- Allocate and set the arrays containing the topography height (for output
726	!-- reasons only).
727	IF ( nxr == nx .AND. nyn /= ny ) THEN
728	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn), &
729	zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn) )
730	ELSEIF ( nxr /= nx .AND. nyn == ny ) THEN
731	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn+1), &
732	zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn+1) )
733	ELSEIF ( nxr == nx .AND. nyn == ny ) THEN
734	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn+1), &
735	zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn+1) )
736	ELSE
737	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn), &
738	zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn) )
739	ENDIF
740
741	zu_s_inner = 0.0_wp
742	zw_w_inner = 0.0_wp
743	!
744	!-- Determine local topography height on scalar and w-grid. Note, setting
745	!-- lateral boundary values is not necessary, realized via wall_flags_static_0
746	!-- array. Further, please note that loop bounds are different from
747	!-- nxl to nxr and nys to nyn on south and right model boundary, hence,
748	!-- use intrinsic lbound and ubound functions to infer array bounds.
749	DO i = LBOUND(zu_s_inner, 1), UBOUND(zu_s_inner, 1)
750	DO j = LBOUND(zu_s_inner, 2), UBOUND(zu_s_inner, 2)
751	!
752	!-- Topography height on scalar grid. Therefore, determine index of
753	!-- upward-facing surface element on scalar grid.
754	zu_s_inner(i,j) = zu(topo_top_ind(j,i,0))
755	!
756	!-- Topography height on w grid. Therefore, determine index of
757	!-- upward-facing surface element on w grid.
758	zw_w_inner(i,j) = zw(topo_top_ind(j,i,3))
759	ENDDO
760	ENDDO
761	ENDIF
762
763	#if defined( __parallel )
764	!
765	!-- Vertical nesting: communicate vertical grid level arrays between fine and
766	!-- coarse grid
767	IF ( vnested ) CALL vnest_init_grid
768	#endif
769
770	END SUBROUTINE init_grid
771
772
773	! Description:
774	! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------!
775	!> Calculation of the stretching factor through an iterative method. Ideas were
776	!> taken from the paper "Regional stretched grid generation and its application
777	!> to the NCAR RegCM (1999)". Normally, no analytic solution exists because the
778	!> system of equations has two variables (r,l) but four requirements
779	!> (l=integer, r=[0,88;1,2], Eq(6), Eq(5) starting from index j=1) which
780	!> results into an overdetermined system.
781	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
782	SUBROUTINE calculate_stretching_factor( number_end )
783
784	USE control_parameters, &
785	ONLY: dz, dz_stretch_factor_array, &
786	dz_stretch_level_end, dz_stretch_level_start, message_string
787
788	USE kinds
789
790	IMPLICIT NONE
791
792	INTEGER(iwp) :: iterations !< number of iterations until stretch_factor_lower/upper_limit is reached
793	INTEGER(iwp) :: l_rounded !< after l_rounded grid levels dz(n) is strechted to dz(n+1) with stretch_factor_2
794	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !< loop variable for stretching
795
796	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: number_end !< number of user-specified end levels for stretching
797
798	REAL(wp) :: delta_l !< absolute difference between l and l_rounded
799	REAL(wp) :: delta_stretch_factor !< absolute difference between stretch_factor_1 and stretch_factor_2
800	REAL(wp) :: delta_total_new !< sum of delta_l and delta_stretch_factor for the next iteration (should be as small as possible)
801	REAL(wp) :: delta_total_old !< sum of delta_l and delta_stretch_factor for the last iteration
802	REAL(wp) :: distance !< distance between dz_stretch_level_start and dz_stretch_level_end (stretching region)
803	REAL(wp) :: l !< value that fulfil Eq. (5) in the paper mentioned above together with stretch_factor_1 exactly
804	REAL(wp) :: numerator !< numerator of the quotient
805	REAL(wp) :: stretch_factor_1 !< stretching factor that fulfil Eq. (5) togehter with l exactly
806	REAL(wp) :: stretch_factor_2 !< stretching factor that fulfil Eq. (6) togehter with l_rounded exactly
807
808	REAL(wp) :: dz_stretch_factor_array_2(9) = 1.08_wp !< Array that contains all stretch_factor_2 that belongs to stretch_factor_1
809
810	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: stretch_factor_interval = 1.0E-06_wp !< interval for sampling possible stretching factors
811	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: stretch_factor_lower_limit = 0.88_wp !< lowest possible stretching factor
812	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: stretch_factor_upper_limit = 1.12_wp !< highest possible stretching factor
813
814
815	l = 0
816	DO n = 1, number_end
817
818	iterations = 1
819	stretch_factor_1 = 1.0_wp
820	stretch_factor_2 = 1.0_wp
821	delta_total_old = 1.0_wp
822
823	!
824	!-- First branch for stretching from rough to fine
825	IF ( dz(n) > dz(n+1) ) THEN
826	DO WHILE ( stretch_factor_1 >= stretch_factor_lower_limit )
827
828	stretch_factor_1 = 1.0_wp - iterations * stretch_factor_interval
829	distance = ABS( dz_stretch_level_end(n) - &
830	dz_stretch_level_start(n) )
831	numerator = distance*stretch_factor_1/dz(n) + &
832	stretch_factor_1 - distance/dz(n)
833
834	IF ( numerator > 0.0_wp ) THEN
835	l = LOG( numerator ) / LOG( stretch_factor_1 ) - 1.0_wp
836	l_rounded = NINT( l )
837	delta_l = ABS( l_rounded - l ) / l
838	ENDIF
839
840	stretch_factor_2 = EXP( LOG( dz(n+1)/dz(n) ) / (l_rounded) )
841
842	delta_stretch_factor = ABS( stretch_factor_1 - &
843	stretch_factor_2 ) / &
844	stretch_factor_2
845
846	delta_total_new = delta_l + delta_stretch_factor
847
848	!
849	!-- stretch_factor_1 is taken to guarantee that the stretching
850	!-- procedure ends as close as possible to dz_stretch_level_end.
851	!-- stretch_factor_2 would guarantee that the stretched dz(n) is
852	!-- equal to dz(n+1) after l_rounded grid levels.
853	IF (delta_total_new < delta_total_old) THEN
854	dz_stretch_factor_array(n) = stretch_factor_1
855	dz_stretch_factor_array_2(n) = stretch_factor_2
856	delta_total_old = delta_total_new
857	ENDIF
858
859	iterations = iterations + 1
860
861	ENDDO
862
863	!
864	!-- Second branch for stretching from fine to rough
865	ELSEIF ( dz(n) < dz(n+1) ) THEN
866	DO WHILE ( stretch_factor_1 <= stretch_factor_upper_limit )
867
868	stretch_factor_1 = 1.0_wp + iterations * stretch_factor_interval
869	distance = ABS( dz_stretch_level_end(n) - &
870	dz_stretch_level_start(n) )
871	numerator = distance*stretch_factor_1/dz(n) + &
872	stretch_factor_1 - distance/dz(n)
873
874	l = LOG( numerator ) / LOG( stretch_factor_1 ) - 1.0_wp
875	l_rounded = NINT( l )
876	delta_l = ABS( l_rounded - l ) / l
877
878	stretch_factor_2 = EXP( LOG( dz(n+1)/dz(n) ) / (l_rounded) )
879
880	delta_stretch_factor = ABS( stretch_factor_1 - &
881	stretch_factor_2 ) / &
882	stretch_factor_2
883
884	delta_total_new = delta_l + delta_stretch_factor
885
886	!
887	!-- stretch_factor_1 is taken to guarantee that the stretching
888	!-- procedure ends as close as possible to dz_stretch_level_end.
889	!-- stretch_factor_2 would guarantee that the stretched dz(n) is
890	!-- equal to dz(n+1) after l_rounded grid levels.
891	IF (delta_total_new < delta_total_old) THEN
892	dz_stretch_factor_array(n) = stretch_factor_1
893	dz_stretch_factor_array_2(n) = stretch_factor_2
894	delta_total_old = delta_total_new
895	ENDIF
896
897	iterations = iterations + 1
898	ENDDO
899
900	ELSE
901	message_string= 'Two adjacent values of dz must be different'
902	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0228', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
903
904	ENDIF
905
906	!
907	!-- Check if also the second stretching factor fits into the allowed
908	!-- interval. If not, print a warning for the user.
909	IF ( dz_stretch_factor_array_2(n) < stretch_factor_lower_limit .OR. &
910	dz_stretch_factor_array_2(n) > stretch_factor_upper_limit ) THEN
911	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'stretch_factor_2 = ', &
912	dz_stretch_factor_array_2(n), ' which is',&
913	' responsible for exactly reaching& dz =',&
914	dz(n+1), 'after a specific amount of', &
915	' grid levels& exceeds the upper', &
916	' limit =', stretch_factor_upper_limit, &
917	' &or lower limit = ', &
918	stretch_factor_lower_limit
919	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0499', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
920
921	ENDIF
922	ENDDO
923
924	END SUBROUTINE calculate_stretching_factor
925
926
927	! Description:
928	! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------!
929	!> Set temporary topography flags and reference buildings on top of underlying
930	!> orography.
931	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
932	SUBROUTINE process_topography( topo_3d )
933
934	USE arrays_3d, &
935	ONLY: zu, zw
936
937	USE control_parameters, &
938	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, message_string, ocean_mode
939
940	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
941	ONLY: exchange_horiz_int, exchange_horiz_2d
942
943	USE indices, &
944	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nzb, &
945	nzt
946
947	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
948	ONLY: buildings_f, building_id_f, building_type_f, input_pids_static, &
949	terrain_height_f
950
951	USE kinds
952
953	USE pegrid
954
955	IMPLICIT NONE
956
957	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index along x-direction
958	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index along y-direction
959	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index along z-direction with respect to numeric grid
960	INTEGER(iwp) :: k2 !< running index along z-direction with respect to netcdf grid
961	INTEGER(iwp) :: nr !< index variable indication maximum terrain height for respective building ID
962	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_build !< counter for number of buildings
963	INTEGER(iwp) :: topo_top_index !< orography top index, used to map 3D buildings onto terrain
964
965	#if defined( __parallel )
966	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: displace_dum !< displacements of start addresses, used for MPI_ALLGATHERV
967	#endif
968	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids !< building IDs on entire model domain
969	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids_final !< building IDs on entire model domain, multiple occurences are sorted out
970	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids_final_tmp !< temporary array used for resizing
971	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids_l !< building IDs on local subdomain
972	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids_l_tmp !< temporary array used to resize array of building IDs
973
974	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:numprocs-1) :: num_buildings !< number of buildings with different ID on entire model domain
975	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:numprocs-1) :: num_buildings_l !< number of buildings with different ID on local subdomain
976
977	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: topo_3d !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting "outer"-flags
978
979	REAL(wp) :: ocean_offset !< offset to consider inverse vertical coordinate at topography definition
980	REAL(wp) :: oro_min = 0.0_wp !< minimum terrain height in entire model domain, used to reference terrain to zero
981	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: oro_max !< maximum terrain height occupied by an building with certain id
982	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: oro_max_l !< maximum terrain height occupied by an building with certain id, on local subdomain
983
984	!
985	!-- Reference lowest terrain height to zero. In case the minimum terrain height
986	!-- is non-zero, all grid points of the lower vertical grid levels might be
987	!-- entirely below the surface, meaning a waste of computational resources.
988	!-- In order to avoid this, remove the lowest terrain height. Please note,
989	!-- in case of a nested run, the global minimum from all parent and childs
990	!-- need to be remove to avoid steep edges at the child-domain boundaries.
991	IF ( input_pids_static ) THEN
992
993	#if defined( __parallel )
994	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MINVAL( terrain_height_f%var ), oro_min, 1, &
995	MPI_REAL, MPI_MIN, MPI_COMM_WORLD, ierr )
996	#else
997	oro_min = MINVAL( terrain_height_f%var )
998	#endif
999	terrain_height_f%var = terrain_height_f%var - oro_min
1000	!
1001	!-- Give an informative message that terrain height is referenced to zero
1002	IF ( oro_min > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1003	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Terrain height was internally shifted '//&
1004	'downwards by ', oro_min, 'meter(s) to save ' // &
1005	'computational resources.'
1006	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0505', 0, 0, 0, 6, 0 )
1007	ENDIF
1008	ENDIF
1009
1010	!
1011	!-- In the following, buildings and orography are further preprocessed
1012	!-- before they are mapped on the LES grid.
1013	!-- Buildings are mapped on top of the orography by maintaining the roof
1014	!-- shape of the building. This can be achieved by referencing building on
1015	!-- top of the maximum terrain height within the area occupied by the
1016	!-- respective building. As buildings and terrain height are defined PE-wise,
1017	!-- parallelization of this referencing is required (a building can be
1018	!-- distributed between different PEs).
1019	!-- In a first step, determine the number of buildings with different
1020	!-- building id on each PE. In a next step, all building ids are gathered
1021	!-- into one array which is present to all PEs. For each building ID,
1022	!-- the maximum terrain height occupied by the respective building is
1023	!-- computed and distributed to each PE.
1024	!-- Finally, for each building id and its respective reference orography,
1025	!-- builidings are mapped on top.
1026	!--
1027	!-- First, pre-set topography flags, bit 1 indicates orography, bit 2
1028	!-- buildings
1029	!-- classify the respective surfaces.
1030	topo_3d = IBSET( topo_3d, 0 )
1031	topo_3d(nzb,:,:) = IBCLR( topo_3d(nzb,:,:), 0 )
1032	!
1033	!-- In order to map topography on PALM grid also in case of ocean simulations,
1034	!-- pre-calculate an offset value.
1035	ocean_offset = MERGE( zw(0), 0.0_wp, ocean_mode )
1036	!
1037	!-- Reference buildings on top of orography. This is not necessary
1038	!-- if topography is read from ASCII file as no distinction between buildings
1039	!-- and terrain height can be made. Moreover, this is also not necessary if
1040	!-- urban-surface and land-surface model are used at the same time.
1041	IF ( input_pids_static ) THEN
1042
1043	IF ( buildings_f%from_file ) THEN
1044	num_buildings_l = 0
1045	num_buildings = 0
1046	!
1047	!-- Allocate at least one element for building ids and give it an inital
1048	!-- negative value that will be overwritten later. This, however, is
1049	!-- necessary in case there all IDs in the model domain are fill values.
1050	ALLOCATE( build_ids_l(1) )
1051	build_ids_l = -1
1052	DO i = nxl, nxr
1053	DO j = nys, nyn
1054	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
1055	IF ( num_buildings_l(myid) > 0 ) THEN
1056	IF ( ANY( building_id_f%var(j,i) == build_ids_l ) ) &
1057	THEN
1058	CYCLE
1059	ELSE
1060	num_buildings_l(myid) = num_buildings_l(myid) + 1
1061	!
1062	!-- Resize array with different local building ids
1063	ALLOCATE( build_ids_l_tmp(1:SIZE(build_ids_l)) )
1064	build_ids_l_tmp = build_ids_l
1065	DEALLOCATE( build_ids_l )
1066	ALLOCATE( build_ids_l(1:num_buildings_l(myid)) )
1067	build_ids_l(1:num_buildings_l(myid)-1) = &
1068	build_ids_l_tmp(1:num_buildings_l(myid)-1)
1069	build_ids_l(num_buildings_l(myid)) = building_id_f%var(j,i)
1070	DEALLOCATE( build_ids_l_tmp )
1071	ENDIF
1072	!
1073	!-- First occuring building id on PE
1074	ELSE
1075	num_buildings_l(myid) = num_buildings_l(myid) + 1
1076	build_ids_l(1) = building_id_f%var(j,i)
1077	ENDIF
1078	ENDIF
1079	ENDDO
1080	ENDDO
1081	!
1082	!-- Determine number of different building ids for the entire domain
1083	#if defined( __parallel )
1084	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( num_buildings_l, num_buildings, numprocs, &
1085	MPI_INTEGER, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1086	#else
1087	num_buildings = num_buildings_l
1088	#endif
1089	!
1090	!-- Gather all buildings ids on each PEs.
1091	!-- First, allocate array encompassing all building ids in model domain.
1092	ALLOCATE( build_ids(1:SUM(num_buildings)) )
1093	#if defined( __parallel )
1094	!
1095	!-- Allocate array for displacements.
1096	!-- As each PE may has a different number of buildings, so that
1097	!-- the block sizes send by each PE may not be equal. Hence,
1098	!-- information about the respective displacement is required, indicating
1099	!-- the respective adress where each MPI-task writes into the receive
1100	!-- buffer array
1101	ALLOCATE( displace_dum(0:numprocs-1) )
1102	displace_dum(0) = 0
1103	DO i = 1, numprocs-1
1104	displace_dum(i) = displace_dum(i-1) + num_buildings(i-1)
1105	ENDDO
1106
1107	CALL MPI_ALLGATHERV( build_ids_l(1:num_buildings_l(myid)), &
1108	num_buildings(myid), &
1109	MPI_INTEGER, &
1110	build_ids, &
1111	num_buildings, &
1112	displace_dum, &
1113	MPI_INTEGER, &
1114	comm2d, ierr )
1115
1116	DEALLOCATE( displace_dum )
1117
1118	#else
1119	build_ids = build_ids_l
1120	#endif
1121
1122	!
1123	!-- Note, in parallel mode building ids can occure mutliple times, as
1124	!-- each PE has send its own ids. Therefore, sort out building ids which
1125	!-- appear more than one time.
1126	num_build = 0
1127	DO nr = 1, SIZE(build_ids)
1128
1129	IF ( ALLOCATED(build_ids_final) ) THEN
1130	IF ( ANY( build_ids(nr) == build_ids_final ) ) THEN
1131	CYCLE
1132	ELSE
1133	num_build = num_build + 1
1134	!
1135	!-- Resize
1136	ALLOCATE( build_ids_final_tmp(1:num_build) )
1137	build_ids_final_tmp(1:num_build-1) = build_ids_final(1:num_build-1)
1138	DEALLOCATE( build_ids_final )
1139	ALLOCATE( build_ids_final(1:num_build) )
1140	build_ids_final(1:num_build-1) = build_ids_final_tmp(1:num_build-1)
1141	build_ids_final(num_build) = build_ids(nr)
1142	DEALLOCATE( build_ids_final_tmp )
1143	ENDIF
1144	ELSE
1145	num_build = num_build + 1
1146	ALLOCATE( build_ids_final(1:num_build) )
1147	build_ids_final(num_build) = build_ids(nr)
1148	ENDIF
1149	ENDDO
1150
1151	!
1152	!-- Determine maximumum terrain height occupied by the respective
1153	!-- building and temporalily store on oro_max
1154	ALLOCATE( oro_max_l(1:SIZE(build_ids_final)) )
1155	ALLOCATE( oro_max(1:SIZE(build_ids_final)) )
1156	oro_max_l = 0.0_wp
1157
1158	DO nr = 1, SIZE(build_ids_final)
1159	oro_max_l(nr) = MAXVAL( &
1160	MERGE( terrain_height_f%var(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr), &
1161	0.0_wp, &
1162	building_id_f%var(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) == &
1163	build_ids_final(nr) ) )
1164	ENDDO
1165
1166	#if defined( __parallel )
1167	IF ( SIZE(build_ids_final) >= 1 ) THEN
1168	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( oro_max_l, oro_max, SIZE( oro_max ), MPI_REAL,&
1169	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr )
1170	ENDIF
1171	#else
1172	oro_max = oro_max_l
1173	#endif
1174	!
1175	!-- Finally, determine discrete grid height of maximum orography occupied
1176	!-- by a building. Use all-or-nothing approach, i.e. if terrain
1177	!-- exceeds the scalar level the grid box is fully terrain and the
1178	!-- maximum terrain is set to the zw level.
1179	!-- terrain or
1180	oro_max_l = 0.0
1181	DO nr = 1, SIZE(build_ids_final)
1182	DO k = nzb, nzt
1183	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= oro_max(nr) ) &
1184	oro_max_l(nr) = zw(k) - ocean_offset
1185	ENDDO
1186	oro_max(nr) = oro_max_l(nr)
1187	ENDDO
1188	ENDIF
1189	!
1190	!-- Allocate array for storing terrain height under buildings
1191	IF ( buildings_f%from_file ) THEN
1192	ALLOCATE( buildings_f%oro_max(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1193	buildings_f%oro_max = buildings_f%fill1
1194	END IF
1195	!
1196	!-- Map orography as well as buildings onto grid.
1197	DO i = nxl, nxr
1198	DO j = nys, nyn
1199	topo_top_index = 0
1200	!
1201	!-- Obtain index in global building_id array
1202	IF ( buildings_f%from_file ) THEN
1203	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
1204	!
1205	!-- Determine index where maximum terrain height occupied by
1206	!-- the respective building height is stored.
1207	nr = MINLOC( ABS( build_ids_final - &
1208	building_id_f%var(j,i) ), DIM = 1 )
1209	!
1210	!-- Save grid-indexed oro_max
1211	buildings_f%oro_max(j,i) = oro_max(nr)
1212	ENDIF
1213	ENDIF
1214	DO k = nzb, nzt
1215	!
1216	!-- In a first step, if grid point is below or equal the given
1217	!-- terrain height, grid point is flagged to be of type natural.
1218	!-- Please note, in case there is also a building which is lower
1219	!-- than the vertical grid spacing, initialization of surface
1220	!-- attributes will not be correct as given surface information
1221	!-- will not be in accordance to the classified grid points.
1222	!-- Hence, in this case, also a building flag.
1223	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= terrain_height_f%var(j,i) ) THEN
1224	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
1225	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 1 )
1226	topo_top_index = k ! topo_top_index + 1
1227	ENDIF
1228	!
1229	!-- Set building grid points. Here, only consider 2D buildings.
1230	!-- 3D buildings require separate treatment.
1231	IF ( buildings_f%from_file .AND. buildings_f%lod == 1 ) THEN
1232	!
1233	!-- Fill-up the terrain to the level of maximum orography
1234	!-- within the building-covered area.
1235	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
1236	!
1237	!-- Note, oro_max is always on zw level
1238	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset < oro_max(nr) ) THEN
1239	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
1240	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 1 )
1241	ELSEIF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= &
1242	oro_max(nr) + buildings_f%var_2d(j,i) ) THEN
1243	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
1244	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 )
1245	ENDIF
1246	ENDIF
1247	ENDIF
1248	ENDDO
1249	!
1250	!-- Special treatment for non grid-resolved buildings. This case,
1251	!-- the uppermost terrain grid point is flagged as building as well
1252	!-- well, even though no building exists at all. However, the
1253	!-- surface element will be identified as urban-surface and the
1254	!-- input data provided by the drivers is consistent to the surface
1255	!-- classification. Else, all non grid-resolved buildings would vanish
1256	!-- and identified as terrain grid points, which, however, won't be
1257	!-- consistent with the input data.
1258	IF ( buildings_f%from_file .AND. buildings_f%lod == 1 ) THEN
1259	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
1260	DO k = nzb, nzt
1261	IF( zw(k) - ocean_offset == oro_max(nr) ) THEN
1262	IF ( buildings_f%var_2d(j,i) <= zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) THEN
1263	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 )
1264	ENDIF
1265	ENDIF
1266	ENDDO
1267	ENDIF
1268	ENDIF
1269	!
1270	!-- Map 3D buildings onto terrain height.
1271	!-- In case of any slopes, map building on top of maximum terrain
1272	!-- height covered by the building. In other words, extend
1273	!-- building down to the respective local terrain-surface height.
1274	IF ( buildings_f%from_file .AND. buildings_f%lod == 2 ) THEN
1275	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
1276	!
1277	!-- Extend building down to the terrain surface, i.e. fill-up
1278	!-- surface irregularities below a building. Note, oro_max
1279	!-- is already a discrete height according to the all-or-nothing
1280	!-- approach, i.e. grid box is either topography or atmosphere,
1281	!-- terrain top is defined at upper bound of the grid box.
1282	!-- Hence, check for zw in this case.
1283	!-- Note, do this only for buildings which are surface mounted,
1284	!-- i.e. building types 1-6. Below bridges, which are represented
1285	!-- exclusively by building type 7, terrain shape should be
1286	!-- maintained.
1287	IF ( building_type_f%from_file ) THEN
1288	IF ( building_type_f%var(j,i) /= 7 ) THEN
1289	DO k = topo_top_index + 1, nzt + 1
1290	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= oro_max(nr) ) THEN
1291	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
1292	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 1 )
1293	ENDIF
1294	ENDDO
1295	!
1296	!-- After surface irregularities are smoothen, determine
1297	!-- lower start index where building starts.
1298	DO k = nzb, nzt
1299	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= oro_max(nr) ) &
1300	topo_top_index = k
1301	ENDDO
1302	ENDIF
1303	ENDIF
1304	!
1305	!-- Finally, map building on top.
1306	k2 = 0
1307	DO k = topo_top_index, nzt + 1
1308	IF ( k2 <= buildings_f%nz-1 ) THEN
1309	IF ( buildings_f%var_3d(k2,j,i) == 1 ) THEN
1310	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
1311	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 )
1312	ENDIF
1313	ENDIF
1314	k2 = k2 + 1
1315	ENDDO
1316	ENDIF
1317	ENDIF
1318	ENDDO
1319	ENDDO
1320	!
1321	!-- Horizontal exchange the oro_max array, which is required to for
1322	!-- initialization of building-surface properties.
1323	IF ( ALLOCATED( buildings_f%oro_max ) ) THEN
1324	CALL exchange_horiz_2d( buildings_f%oro_max(:,:) )
1325	ENDIF
1326	!
1327	!-- Deallocate temporary arrays required for processing and reading data
1328	IF ( ALLOCATED( oro_max ) ) DEALLOCATE( oro_max )
1329	IF ( ALLOCATED( oro_max_l ) ) DEALLOCATE( oro_max_l )
1330	IF ( ALLOCATED( build_ids_final ) ) DEALLOCATE( build_ids_final )
1331	!
1332	!-- Topography input via ASCII format.
1333	ELSE
1334	ocean_offset = MERGE( zw(0), 0.0_wp, ocean_mode )
1335	!
1336	!-- Initialize topography bit 0 (indicates obstacle) everywhere to zero
1337	!-- and clear all grid points at nzb, where alway a surface is defined.
1338	!-- Further, set also bit 1 (indicates terrain) at nzb, which is further
1339	!-- used for masked data output and further processing. Note, in the
1340	!-- ASCII case no distinction is made between buildings and terrain,
1341	!-- so that setting of bit 1 and 2 at the same time has no effect.
1342	topo_3d = IBSET( topo_3d, 0 )
1343	topo_3d(nzb,:,:) = IBCLR( topo_3d(nzb,:,:), 0 )
1344	topo_3d(nzb,:,:) = IBSET( topo_3d(nzb,:,:), 1 )
1345	DO i = nxl, nxr
1346	DO j = nys, nyn
1347	DO k = nzb, nzt
1348	!
1349	!-- Flag topography for all grid points which are below
1350	!-- the local topography height.
1351	!-- Note, each topography is flagged as building.
1352	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= buildings_f%var_2d(j,i) ) THEN
1353	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
1354	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 ) !indicates building
1355	ENDIF
1356	ENDDO
1357	ENDDO
1358	ENDDO
1359	ENDIF
1360
1361	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
1362
1363	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
1364	IF ( nys == 0 ) topo_3d(:,-1,:) = topo_3d(:,0,:)
1365	IF ( nyn == ny ) topo_3d(:,ny+1,:) = topo_3d(:,ny,:)
1366	ENDIF
1367
1368	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
1369	IF ( nxl == 0 ) topo_3d(:,:,-1) = topo_3d(:,:,0)
1370	IF ( nxr == nx ) topo_3d(:,:,nx+1) = topo_3d(:,:,nx)
1371	ENDIF
1372
1373	END SUBROUTINE process_topography
1374
1375
1376	! Description:
1377	! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1378	!> Filter topography, i.e. fill holes resolved by only one grid point.
1379	!> Such holes are suspected to lead to velocity blow-ups as continuity
1380	!> equation on discrete grid cannot be fulfilled in such case.
1381	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1382	SUBROUTINE filter_topography( topo_3d )
1383
1384	USE control_parameters, &
1385	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, message_string
1386
1387	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
1388	ONLY: exchange_horiz_int, exchange_horiz_2d_byte, exchange_horiz_2d_int
1389
1390	USE indices, &
1391	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nzb, nzt
1392
1393	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
1394	ONLY: building_id_f, building_type_f
1395
1396	USE pegrid
1397
1398	IMPLICIT NONE
1399
1400	LOGICAL :: filled = .FALSE. !< flag indicating if holes were filled
1401
1402	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index along x-direction
1403	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index along y-direction
1404	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index along z-direction
1405	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_hole !< number of holes (in topography) resolved by only one grid point
1406	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_hole_l !< number of holes (in topography) resolved by only one grid point on local PE
1407	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_wall !< number of surrounding vertical walls for a single grid point
1408
1409	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: topo_tmp !< temporary 3D-topography used to fill holes
1410	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: topo_3d !< 3D-topography array merging buildings and orography
1411	!
1412	!-- Before checking for holes, set lateral boundary conditions for
1413	!-- topography. After hole-filling, boundary conditions must be set again.
1414	!-- Several iterations are performed, in order to fill holes which might
1415	!-- emerge by the filling-algorithm itself.
1416	ALLOCATE( topo_tmp(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1417	topo_tmp = 0
1418
1419	num_hole = 99999
1420	DO WHILE ( num_hole > 0 )
1421
1422	num_hole = 0
1423	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
1424	!
1425	!-- Exchange also building ID and type. Note, building_type is an one-byte
1426	!-- variable.
1427	IF ( building_id_f%from_file ) &
1428	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( building_id_f%var, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1429	IF ( building_type_f%from_file ) &
1430	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_byte( building_type_f%var, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1431
1432	topo_tmp = topo_3d
1433	!
1434	!-- In case of non-cyclic lateral boundaries, assume lateral boundary to be
1435	!-- a solid wall. Thus, intermediate spaces of one grid point between
1436	!-- boundary and some topographic structure will be filled.
1437	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
1438	IF ( nys == 0 ) topo_tmp(:,-1,:) = IBCLR( topo_tmp(:,0,:), 0 )
1439	IF ( nyn == ny ) topo_tmp(:,ny+1,:) = IBCLR( topo_tmp(:,ny,:), 0 )
1440	ENDIF
1441
1442	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
1443	IF ( nxl == 0 ) topo_tmp(:,:,-1) = IBCLR( topo_tmp(:,:,0), 0 )
1444	IF ( nxr == nx ) topo_tmp(:,:,nx+1) = IBCLR( topo_tmp(:,:,nx), 0 )
1445	ENDIF
1446
1447	num_hole_l = 0
1448	DO i = nxl, nxr
1449	DO j = nys, nyn
1450	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1451	IF ( BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j,i), 0 ) ) THEN
1452	num_wall = 0
1453	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j-1,i), 0 ) ) &
1454	num_wall = num_wall + 1
1455	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j+1,i), 0 ) ) &
1456	num_wall = num_wall + 1
1457	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j,i-1), 0 ) ) &
1458	num_wall = num_wall + 1
1459	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j,i+1), 0 ) ) &
1460	num_wall = num_wall + 1
1461	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k-1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1462	num_wall = num_wall + 1
1463	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1464	num_wall = num_wall + 1
1465
1466	IF ( num_wall >= 4 ) THEN
1467	num_hole_l = num_hole_l + 1
1468	!
1469	!-- Clear flag 0 and set special flag ( bit 4) to indicate
1470	!-- that new topography point is a result of filtering process.
1471	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
1472	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 4 )
1473	!
1474	!-- If filled grid point is occupied by a building, classify
1475	!-- it as building grid point.
1476	IF ( building_type_f%from_file ) THEN
1477	IF ( building_type_f%var(j,i) /= &
1478	building_type_f%fill .OR. &
1479	building_type_f%var(j+1,i) /= &
1480	building_type_f%fill .OR. &
1481	building_type_f%var(j-1,i) /= &
1482	building_type_f%fill .OR. &
1483	building_type_f%var(j,i+1) /= &
1484	building_type_f%fill .OR. &
1485	building_type_f%var(j,i-1) /= &
1486	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
1487	!
1488	!-- Set flag indicating building surfaces
1489	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 )
1490	!
1491	!-- Set building_type and ID at this position if not
1492	!-- already set. This is required for proper
1493	!-- initialization of urban-surface energy balance
1494	!-- solver.
1495	IF ( building_type_f%var(j,i) == &
1496	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
1497
1498	IF ( building_type_f%var(j+1,i) /= &
1499	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
1500	building_type_f%var(j,i) = &
1501	building_type_f%var(j+1,i)
1502	building_id_f%var(j,i) = &
1503	building_id_f%var(j+1,i)
1504	ELSEIF ( building_type_f%var(j-1,i) /= &
1505	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
1506	building_type_f%var(j,i) = &
1507	building_type_f%var(j-1,i)
1508	building_id_f%var(j,i) = &
1509	building_id_f%var(j-1,i)
1510	ELSEIF ( building_type_f%var(j,i+1) /= &
1511	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
1512	building_type_f%var(j,i) = &
1513	building_type_f%var(j,i+1)
1514	building_id_f%var(j,i) = &
1515	building_id_f%var(j,i+1)
1516	ELSEIF ( building_type_f%var(j,i-1) /= &
1517	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
1518	building_type_f%var(j,i) = &
1519	building_type_f%var(j,i-1)
1520	building_id_f%var(j,i) = &
1521	building_id_f%var(j,i-1)
1522	ENDIF
1523	ENDIF
1524	ENDIF
1525	ENDIF
1526	!
1527	!-- If filled grid point is already classified as building
1528	!-- everything is fine, else classify this grid point as
1529	!-- natural type grid point. This case, values for the
1530	!-- surface type are already set.
1531	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 ) ) THEN
1532	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 1 )
1533	ENDIF
1534	ENDIF
1535	ENDIF
1536	ENDDO
1537	ENDDO
1538	ENDDO
1539	!
1540	!-- Count the total number of holes, required for informative message.
1541	#if defined( __parallel )
1542	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( num_hole_l, num_hole, 1, MPI_INTEGER, MPI_SUM, &
1543	comm2d, ierr )
1544	#else
1545	num_hole = num_hole_l
1546	#endif
1547	IF ( num_hole > 0 .AND. .NOT. filled ) filled = .TRUE.
1548
1549	ENDDO
1550	!
1551	!-- Create an informative message if any holes were filled.
1552	IF ( filled ) THEN
1553	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Topography was filtered, i.e. holes ' // &
1554	'resolved by only one grid point ' // &
1555	'were filled during initialization.'
1556	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0430', 0, 0, 0, 6, 0 )
1557	ENDIF
1558
1559	DEALLOCATE( topo_tmp )
1560	!
1561	!-- Finally, exchange topo_3d array again and if necessary set Neumann boundary
1562	!-- condition in case of non-cyclic lateral boundaries.
1563	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
1564
1565	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
1566	IF ( nys == 0 ) topo_3d(:,-1,:) = topo_3d(:,0,:)
1567	IF ( nyn == ny ) topo_3d(:,ny+1,:) = topo_3d(:,ny,:)
1568	ENDIF
1569
1570	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
1571	IF ( nxl == 0 ) topo_3d(:,:,-1) = topo_3d(:,:,0)
1572	IF ( nxr == nx ) topo_3d(:,:,nx+1) = topo_3d(:,:,nx)
1573	ENDIF
1574	!
1575	!-- Exchange building ID and type. Note, building_type is an one-byte variable.
1576	IF ( building_id_f%from_file ) &
1577	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( building_id_f%var, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1578	IF ( building_type_f%from_file ) &
1579	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_byte( building_type_f%var, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1580
1581	END SUBROUTINE filter_topography
1582
1583
1584	! Description:
1585	! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1586	!> Reads topography information from file or sets generic topography. Moreover,
1587	!> all topography-relevant topography arrays are initialized, and grid flags
1588	!> are set.
1589	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1590	SUBROUTINE init_topo( topo )
1591
1592	USE arrays_3d, &
1593	ONLY: zw
1594
1595	USE control_parameters, &
1596	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, building_height, building_length_x, &
1597	building_length_y, building_wall_left, building_wall_south, &
1598	canyon_height, canyon_wall_left, canyon_wall_south, &
1599	canyon_width_x, canyon_width_y, dp_level_ind_b, dz, &
1600	message_string, topography, topography_grid_convention, &
1601	tunnel_height, tunnel_length, tunnel_width_x, tunnel_width_y, &
1602	tunnel_wall_depth
1603
1604	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
1605	ONLY: exchange_horiz_int
1606
1607	USE grid_variables, &
1608	ONLY: dx, dy
1609
1610	USE indices, &
1611	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nz, &
1612	nzb, nzt
1613
1614	USE kinds
1615
1616	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
1617	ONLY: buildings_f, terrain_height_f
1618
1619	USE pegrid
1620
1621	IMPLICIT NONE
1622
1623	INTEGER(iwp) :: bh !< temporary vertical index of building height
1624	INTEGER(iwp) :: ngp_bx !< grid point number of building size along x
1625	INTEGER(iwp) :: ngp_by !< grid point number of building size along y
1626	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_left_bwall !< index for left building wall
1627	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_right_bwall !< index for right building wall
1628	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_north_bwall !< index for north building wall
1629	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_south_bwall !< index for south building wall
1630	INTEGER(iwp) :: ch !< temporary vertical index for canyon height
1631	INTEGER(iwp) :: ngp_cx !< grid point number of canyon size along x
1632	INTEGER(iwp) :: ngp_cy !< grid point number of canyon size along y
1633	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_left_cwall !< index for left canyon wall
1634	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_right_cwall !< index for right canyon wall
1635	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_north_cwall !< index for north canyon wall
1636	INTEGER(iwp) :: index_south_cwall !< index for south canyon wall
1637	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< index variable along x
1638	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< index variable along y
1639	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
1640	INTEGER(iwp) :: hv_in !< heavyside function to model inner tunnel surface
1641	INTEGER(iwp) :: hv_out !< heavyside function to model outer tunnel surface
1642	INTEGER(iwp) :: txe_out !< end position of outer tunnel wall in x
1643	INTEGER(iwp) :: txs_out !< start position of outer tunnel wall in x
1644	INTEGER(iwp) :: tye_out !< end position of outer tunnel wall in y
1645	INTEGER(iwp) :: tys_out !< start position of outer tunnel wall in y
1646	INTEGER(iwp) :: txe_in !< end position of inner tunnel wall in x
1647	INTEGER(iwp) :: txs_in !< start position of inner tunnel wall in x
1648	INTEGER(iwp) :: tye_in !< end position of inner tunnel wall in y
1649	INTEGER(iwp) :: tys_in !< start position of inner tunnel wall in y
1650	INTEGER(iwp) :: td !< tunnel wall depth
1651	INTEGER(iwp) :: th !< height of outer tunnel wall
1652
1653	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nzb_local !< index for topography top at cell-center
1654	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: topo !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting "outer"-flags
1655	!
1656	!-- Check for correct setting of the namelist parameter topography. If
1657	!-- topography information is read from file but topography = 'flat',
1658	!-- initialization does not work properly.
1659	IF ( ( buildings_f%from_file .OR. terrain_height_f%from_file ) .AND. &
1660	TRIM( topography ) /= 'read_from_file' ) THEN
1661	message_string = 'If topography information is provided (via ' // &
1662	'Netcdf or ASCII input) topography = ' // &
1663	'"read_from_file" is required.'
1664	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0437', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1665	ENDIF
1666	!
1667	!-- Set outer and inner index arrays for non-flat topography.
1668	!-- Here consistency checks concerning domain size and periodicity are
1669	!-- necessary.
1670	!-- Within this SELECT CASE structure only nzb_local is initialized
1671	!-- individually depending on the chosen topography type, all other index
1672	!-- arrays are initialized further below.
1673	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( topography ) )
1674
1675	CASE ( 'flat' )
1676	!
1677	!-- Initialilize 3D topography array, used later for initializing flags
1678	topo(nzb+1:nzt+1,:,:) = IBSET( topo(nzb+1:nzt+1,:,:), 0 )
1679
1680	CASE ( 'closed_channel' )
1681	!
1682	!-- Initialilize 3D topography array, used later for initializing flags
1683	topo(nzb+1:nzt,:,:) = IBSET( topo(nzb+1:nzt,:,:), 0 )
1684
1685	CASE ( 'single_building' )
1686	!
1687	!-- Single rectangular building, by default centered in the middle of the
1688	!-- total domain
1689	ngp_bx = NINT( building_length_x / dx )
1690	ngp_by = NINT( building_length_y / dy )
1691	bh = MINLOC( ABS( zw - building_height ), 1 ) - 1
1692	IF ( ABS( zw(bh) - building_height ) == &
1693	ABS( zw(bh+1) - building_height ) ) bh = bh + 1
1694	IF ( building_wall_left == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1695	building_wall_left = ( nx + 1 - ngp_bx ) / 2 * dx
1696	ENDIF
1697	index_left_bwall = NINT( building_wall_left / dx )
1698	index_right_bwall = index_left_bwall + ngp_bx
1699
1700	IF ( building_wall_south == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1701	building_wall_south = ( ny + 1 - ngp_by ) / 2 * dy
1702	ENDIF
1703	index_south_bwall = NINT( building_wall_south / dy )
1704	index_north_bwall = index_south_bwall + ngp_by
1705
1706	!
1707	!-- Building size has to meet some requirements
1708	IF ( ( index_left_bwall < 1 ) .OR. ( index_right_bwall > nx-1 ) .OR. &
1709	( index_right_bwall < index_left_bwall+3 ) .OR. &
1710	( index_south_bwall < 1 ) .OR. ( index_north_bwall > ny-1 ) .OR.&
1711	( index_north_bwall < index_south_bwall+3 ) ) THEN
1712	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'inconsistent building parameters:', &
1713	'&index_left_bwall=', index_left_bwall, &
1714	'index_right_bwall=', index_right_bwall, &
1715	'index_south_bwall=', index_south_bwall, &
1716	'index_north_bwall=', index_north_bwall, &
1717	'nx=', nx, 'ny=', ny
1718	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0203', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1719	ENDIF
1720
1721	ALLOCATE( nzb_local(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1722	nzb_local = 0
1723	!
1724	!-- Define the building.
1725	IF ( index_left_bwall <= nxr .AND. index_right_bwall >= nxl .AND. &
1726	index_south_bwall <= nyn .AND. index_north_bwall >= nys ) &
1727	nzb_local(MAX(nys,index_south_bwall):MIN(nyn,index_north_bwall), &
1728	MAX(nxl,index_left_bwall):MIN(nxr,index_right_bwall)) = bh
1729	!
1730	!-- Set bit array on basis of nzb_local
1731	DO i = nxl, nxr
1732	DO j = nys, nyn
1733	topo(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i) = &
1734	IBSET( topo(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i), 0 )
1735	ENDDO
1736	ENDDO
1737
1738	DEALLOCATE( nzb_local )
1739
1740	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
1741	!
1742	!-- Set boundary conditions also for flags. Can be interpreted as Neumann
1743	!-- boundary conditions for topography.
1744	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
1745	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
1746	DO i = 1, nbgp
1747	topo(:,nys-i,:) = topo(:,nys,:)
1748	ENDDO
1749	ENDIF
1750	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
1751	DO i = 1, nbgp
1752	topo(:,nyn+i,:) = topo(:,nyn,:)
1753	ENDDO
1754	ENDIF
1755	ENDIF
1756	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
1757	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
1758	DO i = 1, nbgp
1759	topo(:,:,nxl-i) = topo(:,:,nxl)
1760	ENDDO
1761	ENDIF
1762	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
1763	DO i = 1, nbgp
1764	topo(:,:,nxr+i) = topo(:,:,nxr)
1765	ENDDO
1766	ENDIF
1767	ENDIF
1768
1769	CASE ( 'single_street_canyon' )
1770	!
1771	!-- Single quasi-2D street canyon of infinite length in x or y direction.
1772	!-- The canyon is centered in the other direction by default.
1773	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1774	!
1775	!-- Street canyon in y direction
1776	ngp_cx = NINT( canyon_width_x / dx )
1777	IF ( canyon_wall_left == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1778	canyon_wall_left = ( nx + 1 - ngp_cx ) / 2 * dx
1779	ENDIF
1780	index_left_cwall= NINT( canyon_wall_left / dx )
1781	index_right_cwall= index_left_cwall+ ngp_cx
1782	ELSEIF ( canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1783	!
1784	!-- Street canyon in x direction
1785	ngp_cy = NINT( canyon_width_y / dy )
1786	IF ( canyon_wall_south == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1787	canyon_wall_south = ( ny + 1 - ngp_cy ) / 2 * dy
1788	ENDIF
1789	index_south_cwall = NINT( canyon_wall_south / dy )
1790	index_north_cwall = index_south_cwall + ngp_cy
1791
1792	ELSE
1793
1794	message_string = 'no street canyon width given'
1795	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0204', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1796
1797	ENDIF
1798
1799	ch = MINLOC( ABS( zw - canyon_height ), 1 ) - 1
1800	IF ( ABS( zw(ch) - canyon_height ) == &
1801	ABS( zw(ch+1) - canyon_height ) ) ch = ch + 1
1802	dp_level_ind_b = ch
1803	!
1804	!-- Street canyon size has to meet some requirements
1805	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1806	IF ( ( index_left_cwall< 1 ) .OR. ( index_right_cwall> nx-1 ) .OR.&
1807	( ngp_cx < 3 ) .OR. ( ch < 3 ) ) THEN
1808	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'inconsistent canyon parameters:', &
1809	'&index_left_cwall=', index_left_cwall, &
1810	' index_right_cwall=', index_right_cwall, &
1811	' ngp_cx=', ngp_cx, &
1812	' ch=', ch, ' nx=', nx, ' ny=', ny
1813	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0205', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1814	ENDIF
1815	ELSEIF ( canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1816	IF ( ( index_south_cwall < 1 ) .OR. &
1817	( index_north_cwall > ny-1 ) .OR. ( ngp_cy < 3 ) .OR. &
1818	( ch < 3 ) ) THEN
1819	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'inconsistent canyon parameters:', &
1820	'&index_south_cwall=', index_south_cwall, &
1821	' index_north_cwall=', index_north_cwall, &
1822	' ngp_cy=', ngp_cy, &
1823	' ch=', ch, ' nx=', nx, ' ny=', ny
1824	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0206', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1825	ENDIF
1826	ENDIF
1827	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
1828	canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1829	message_string = 'inconsistent canyon parameters:' // &
1830	'&street canyon can only be oriented' // &
1831	' either in x- or in y-direction'
1832	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0207', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1833	ENDIF
1834
1835	ALLOCATE( nzb_local(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1836	nzb_local = ch
1837	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1838	IF ( index_left_cwall<= nxr .AND. index_right_cwall>= nxl ) &
1839	nzb_local(:,MAX(nxl,index_left_cwall+1):MIN(nxr,index_right_cwall-1)) = 0
1840	ELSEIF ( canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1841	IF ( index_south_cwall <= nyn .AND. index_north_cwall >= nys ) &
1842	nzb_local(MAX(nys,index_south_cwall+1):MIN(nyn,index_north_cwall-1),:) = 0
1843	ENDIF
1844	!
1845	!-- Set bit array on basis of nzb_local
1846	DO i = nxl, nxr
1847	DO j = nys, nyn
1848	topo(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i) = &
1849	IBSET( topo(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i), 0 )
1850	ENDDO
1851	ENDDO
1852	DEALLOCATE( nzb_local )
1853
1854	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
1855	!
1856	!-- Set boundary conditions also for flags. Can be interpreted as Neumann
1857	!-- boundary conditions for topography.
1858	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
1859	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
1860	DO i = 1, nbgp
1861	topo(:,nys-i,:) = topo(:,nys,:)
1862	ENDDO
1863	ENDIF
1864	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
1865	DO i = 1, nbgp
1866	topo(:,nyn+i,:) = topo(:,nyn,:)
1867	ENDDO
1868	ENDIF
1869	ENDIF
1870	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
1871	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
1872	DO i = 1, nbgp
1873	topo(:,:,nxl-i) = topo(:,:,nxl)
1874	ENDDO
1875	ENDIF
1876	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
1877	DO i = 1, nbgp
1878	topo(:,:,nxr+i) = topo(:,:,nxr)
1879	ENDDO
1880	ENDIF
1881	ENDIF
1882
1883	CASE ( 'tunnel' )
1884
1885	!
1886	!-- Tunnel height
1887	IF ( tunnel_height == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1888	th = zw( INT( 0.2 * nz) )
1889	ELSE
1890	th = tunnel_height
1891	ENDIF
1892	!
1893	!-- Tunnel-wall depth
1894	IF ( tunnel_wall_depth == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1895	td = MAX ( dx, dy, dz(1) )
1896	ELSE
1897	td = tunnel_wall_depth
1898	ENDIF
1899	!
1900	!-- Check for tunnel width
1901	IF ( tunnel_width_x == 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
1902	tunnel_width_y == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1903	message_string = 'No tunnel width is given. '
1904	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0280', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1905	ENDIF
1906	IF ( tunnel_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
1907	tunnel_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1908	message_string = 'Inconsistent tunnel parameters:' // &
1909	'tunnel can only be oriented' // &
1910	'either in x- or in y-direction.'
1911	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0281', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1912	ENDIF
1913	!
1914	!-- Check for too small tunnel width in x- and y-direction
1915	IF ( tunnel_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
1916	tunnel_width_x - 2.0_wp * td <= 2.0_wp * dx ) THEN
1917	message_string = 'tunnel_width_x too small'
1918	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0175', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1919	ENDIF
1920	IF ( tunnel_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
1921	tunnel_width_y - 2.0_wp * td <= 2.0_wp * dy ) THEN
1922	message_string = 'tunnel_width_y too small'
1923	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0455', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1924	ENDIF
1925	!
1926	!-- Check for too large tunnel width.
1927	!-- Tunnel axis along y.
1928	IF ( tunnel_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1929	IF ( tunnel_width_x > ( nx + 1 ) * dx ) THEN
1930	message_string = 'tunnel_width_x too large'
1931	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0282', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1932	ENDIF
1933
1934	txs_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx - tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp )
1935	txe_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx + tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp )
1936	txs_in = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx - &
1937	( tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp - td ) )
1938	txe_in = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx + &
1939	( tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp - td ) )
1940
1941	tys_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy - tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
1942	tye_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy + tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
1943	tys_in = tys_out
1944	tye_in = tye_out
1945	ENDIF
1946	!
1947	!-- Tunnel axis along x.
1948	IF ( tunnel_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1949	IF ( tunnel_width_y > ( ny + 1 ) * dy ) THEN
1950	message_string = 'tunnel_width_y too large'
1951	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0456', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1952	ENDIF
1953
1954	txs_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx - tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
1955	txe_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx + tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
1956	txs_in = txs_out
1957	txe_in = txe_out
1958
1959	tys_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy - tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp )
1960	tye_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy + tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp )
1961	tys_in = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy - &
1962	( tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp - td ) )
1963	tye_in = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy + &
1964	( tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp - td ) )
1965	ENDIF
1966
1967	topo = 0
1968	DO i = nxl, nxr
1969	DO j = nys, nyn
1970	!
1971	!-- Use heaviside function to model outer tunnel surface
1972	hv_out = th * 0.5_wp * &
1973	( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txs_out ) + 1.0_wp ) &
1974	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txe_out ) + 1.0_wp ) )
1975
1976	hv_out = hv_out * 0.5_wp * &
1977	( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tys_out ) + 1.0_wp ) &
1978	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tye_out ) + 1.0_wp ) )
1979	!
1980	!-- Use heaviside function to model inner tunnel surface
1981	hv_in = ( th - td ) * 0.5_wp * &
1982	( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txs_in ) + 1.0_wp ) &
1983	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txe_in ) + 1.0_wp ) )
1984
1985	hv_in = hv_in * 0.5_wp * &
1986	( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tys_in ) + 1.0_wp ) &
1987	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tye_in ) + 1.0_wp ) )
1988	!
1989	!-- Set flags at x-y-positions without any tunnel surface
1990	IF ( hv_out - hv_in == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1991	topo(nzb+1:nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( topo(nzb+1:nzt+1,j,i), 0 )
1992	!
1993	!-- Set flags at x-y-positions with tunnel surfaces
1994	ELSE
1995	DO k = nzb + 1, nzt + 1
1996	!
1997	!-- Inner tunnel
1998	IF ( hv_out - hv_in == th ) THEN
1999	IF ( zw(k) <= hv_out ) THEN
2000	topo(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
2001	ELSE
2002	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
2003	ENDIF
2004	ENDIF
2005	!
2006	!-- Lateral tunnel walls
2007	IF ( hv_out - hv_in == td ) THEN
2008	IF ( zw(k) <= hv_in ) THEN
2009	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
2010	ELSEIF ( zw(k) > hv_in .AND. zw(k) <= hv_out ) THEN
2011	topo(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
2012	ELSEIF ( zw(k) > hv_out ) THEN
2013	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
2014	ENDIF
2015	ENDIF
2016	ENDDO
2017	ENDIF
2018	ENDDO
2019	ENDDO
2020
2021	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
2022	!
2023	!-- Set boundary conditions also for flags. Can be interpreted as Neumann
2024	!-- boundary conditions for topography.
2025	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
2026	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
2027	DO i = 1, nbgp
2028	topo(:,nys-i,:) = topo(:,nys,:)
2029	ENDDO
2030	ENDIF
2031	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
2032	DO i = 1, nbgp
2033	topo(:,nyn+i,:) = topo(:,nyn,:)
2034	ENDDO
2035	ENDIF
2036	ENDIF
2037	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
2038	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
2039	DO i = 1, nbgp
2040	topo(:,:,nxl-i) = topo(:,:,nxl)
2041	ENDDO
2042	ENDIF
2043	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
2044	DO i = 1, nbgp
2045	topo(:,:,nxr+i) = topo(:,:,nxr)
2046	ENDDO
2047	ENDIF
2048	ENDIF
2049
2050	CASE ( 'read_from_file' )
2051	!
2052	!-- Note, topography information have been already read.
2053	!-- If required, further process topography, i.e. reference buildings on
2054	!-- top of orography and set temporary 3D topography array, which is
2055	!-- used later to set grid flags. Calling of this rouinte is also
2056	!-- required in case of ASCII input, even though no distinction between
2057	!-- terrain- and building height is made in this case.
2058	CALL process_topography( topo )
2059	!
2060	!-- Filter holes resolved by only one grid-point
2061	CALL filter_topography( topo )
2062	!
2063	!-- Exchange ghost-points, as well as add cyclic or Neumann boundary
2064	!-- conditions.
2065	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
2066	!
2067	!-- Set lateral boundary conditions for topography on all ghost layers
2068	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
2069	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
2070	DO i = 1, nbgp
2071	topo(:,nys-i,:) = topo(:,nys,:)
2072	ENDDO
2073	ENDIF
2074	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
2075	DO i = 1, nbgp
2076	topo(:,nyn+i,:) = topo(:,nyn,:)
2077	ENDDO
2078	ENDIF
2079	ENDIF
2080
2081	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
2082	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
2083	DO i = 1, nbgp
2084	topo(:,:,nxl-i) = topo(:,:,nxl)
2085	ENDDO
2086	ENDIF
2087	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
2088	DO i = 1, nbgp
2089	topo(:,:,nxr+i) = topo(:,:,nxr)
2090	ENDDO
2091	ENDIF
2092	ENDIF
2093
2094
2095	CASE DEFAULT
2096	!
2097	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter topography
2098	!-- contains a wrong character string or if the user has defined a special
2099	!-- case in the user interface. There, the subroutine user_init_grid
2100	!-- checks which of these two conditions applies.
2101	CALL user_init_grid( topo )
2102	CALL filter_topography( topo )
2103
2104	END SELECT
2105	!
2106	!-- Consistency checks and index array initialization are only required for
2107	!-- non-flat topography.
2108	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'flat' ) THEN
2109	!
2110	!-- In case of non-flat topography, check whether the convention how to
2111	!-- define the topography grid has been set correctly, or whether the default
2112	!-- is applicable. If this is not possible, abort.
2113	IF ( TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) == ' ' ) THEN
2114	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'closed_channel' .AND. &
2115	TRIM( topography ) /= 'single_building' .AND. &
2116	TRIM( topography ) /= 'single_street_canyon' .AND. &
2117	TRIM( topography ) /= 'tunnel' .AND. &
2118	TRIM( topography ) /= 'read_from_file') THEN
2119	!-- The default value is not applicable here, because it is only valid
2120	!-- for the four standard cases 'single_building',
2121	!-- 'single_street_canyon', 'tunnel' and 'read_from_file'
2122	!-- defined in init_grid.
2123	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
2124	'The value for "topography_grid_convention" ', &
2125	'is not set. Its default value is & only valid for ', &
2126	'"topography" = ''single_building'', ''tunnel'' ', &
2127	'''single_street_canyon'', ''closed_channel'' & or ', &
2128	'''read_from_file''.', &
2129	'& Choose ''cell_edge'' or ''cell_center''.'
2130	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0239', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2131	ELSE
2132	!-- The default value is applicable here.
2133	!-- Set convention according to topography.
2134	IF ( TRIM( topography ) == 'single_building' .OR. &
2135	TRIM( topography ) == 'single_street_canyon' ) THEN
2136	topography_grid_convention = 'cell_edge'
2137	ELSEIF ( TRIM( topography ) == 'read_from_file' .OR. &
2138	TRIM( topography ) == 'tunnel') THEN
2139	topography_grid_convention = 'cell_center'
2140	ENDIF
2141	ENDIF
2142	ELSEIF ( TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) /= 'cell_edge' .AND. &
2143	TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) /= 'cell_center' ) THEN
2144	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
2145	'The value for "topography_grid_convention" is ', &
2146	'not recognized.& Choose ''cell_edge'' or ''cell_center''.'
2147	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0240', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2148	ENDIF
2149
2150
2151	IF ( topography_grid_convention == 'cell_edge' ) THEN
2152	!
2153	!-- The array nzb_local as defined using the 'cell_edge' convention
2154	!-- describes the actual total size of topography which is defined at the
2155	!-- cell edges where u=0 on the topography walls in x-direction and v=0
2156	!-- on the topography walls in y-direction. However, PALM uses individual
2157	!-- arrays nzb_u\|v\|w\|s_inner\|outer that are based on nzb_s_inner.
2158	!-- Therefore, the extent of topography in nzb_local is now reduced by
2159	!-- 1dx at the E topography walls and by 1dy at the N topography walls
2160	!-- to form the basis for nzb_s_inner.
2161	!-- Note, the reverse memory access (i-j instead of j-i) is absolutely
2162	!-- required at this point.
2163	DO j = nys+1, nyn+1
2164	DO i = nxl-1, nxr
2165	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
2166	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .OR. &
2167	BTEST( topo(k,j,i+1), 0 ) ) &
2168	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
2169	ENDDO
2170	ENDDO
2171	ENDDO
2172	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
2173
2174	DO i = nxl, nxr+1
2175	DO j = nys-1, nyn
2176	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
2177	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .OR. &
2178	BTEST( topo(k,j+1,i), 0 ) ) &
2179	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
2180	ENDDO
2181	ENDDO
2182	ENDDO
2183	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
2184
2185	ENDIF
2186	ENDIF
2187
2188
2189	END SUBROUTINE init_topo
2190
2191	SUBROUTINE set_topo_flags(topo)
2192
2193	USE control_parameters, &
2194	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, constant_flux_layer, &
2195	scalar_advec, topography, use_surface_fluxes, use_top_fluxes
2196
2197	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
2198	ONLY: exchange_horiz_int
2199
2200	USE indices, &
2201	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nzb, &
2202	nzt, topo_top_ind, wall_flags_static_0, wall_flags_total_0
2203
2204	USE kinds
2205
2206	IMPLICIT NONE
2207
2208	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< index variable along x
2209	INTEGER(iwp) :: ibit !< integer bit position of topgraphy masking array
2210	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< index variable along y
2211	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
2212
2213	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: topo !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting "outer"-flags
2214
2215	ALLOCATE( wall_flags_static_0(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
2216	wall_flags_static_0 = 0
2217	!
2218	!-- Set-up topography flags. First, set flags only for s, u, v and w-grid.
2219	!-- Further special flags will be set in following loops.
2220	DO i = nxl, nxr
2221	DO j = nys, nyn
2222	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
2223	!
2224	!-- scalar grid
2225	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2226	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 0 )
2227	!
2228	!-- u grid
2229	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2230	BTEST( topo(k,j,i-1), 0 ) ) &
2231	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 1 )
2232	!
2233	!-- v grid
2234	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2235	BTEST( topo(k,j-1,i), 0 ) ) &
2236	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 2 )
2237
2238	ENDDO
2239
2240	DO k = nzb, nzt
2241	!
2242	!-- w grid
2243	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2244	BTEST( topo(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2245	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 3 )
2246	ENDDO
2247
2248	IF ( topography /= 'closed_channel' ) THEN
2249	wall_flags_static_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(nzt+1,j,i), 3 )
2250	ENDIF
2251
2252	ENDDO
2253	ENDDO
2254
2255	CALL exchange_horiz_int( wall_flags_static_0, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
2256
2257	!
2258	!-- Set outer array for scalars to mask near-surface grid points. Note, on
2259	!-- basis of flag 24 futher flags will be derived which are used to control
2260	!-- production of subgrid TKE production near walls.
2261
2262	ALLOCATE( wall_flags_total_0(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
2263	wall_flags_total_0 = 0
2264
2265	DO i = nxl, nxr
2266	DO j = nys, nyn
2267	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
2268	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IOR( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) )
2269	ENDDO
2270	ENDDO
2271	ENDDO
2272
2273	CALL exchange_horiz_int( wall_flags_total_0, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
2274
2275	DO i = nxl, nxr
2276	DO j = nys, nyn
2277	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
2278	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-1,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2279	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+1,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2280	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i-1), 0 ) .AND. &
2281	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i+1), 0 ) .AND. &
2282	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-1,i-1), 0 ) .AND. &
2283	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+1,i-1), 0 ) .AND. &
2284	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-1,i+1), 0 ) .AND. &
2285	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+1,i+1), 0 ) ) &
2286	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 24 )
2287	ENDDO
2288	ENDDO
2289	ENDDO
2290	!
2291	!-- Set further special flags
2292	DO i = nxl, nxr
2293	DO j = nys, nyn
2294	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
2295	!
2296	!-- scalar grid, former nzb_diff_s_inner.
2297	!-- Note, use this flag also to mask topography in diffusion_u and
2298	!-- diffusion_v along the vertical direction. In case of
2299	!-- use_surface_fluxes, fluxes are calculated via MOST, else, simple
2300	!-- gradient approach is applied. Please note, in case of u- and v-
2301	!-- diffuison, a small error is made at edges (on the east side for u,
2302	!-- at the north side for v), since topography on scalar grid point
2303	!-- is used instead of topography on u/v-grid. As number of topography grid
2304	!-- points on uv-grid is different than s-grid, different number of
2305	!-- surface elements would be required. In order to avoid this,
2306	!-- treat edges (u(k,j,i+1)) simply by a gradient approach, i.e. these
2307	!-- points are not masked within diffusion_u. Tests had shown that the
2308	!-- effect on the flow is negligible.
2309	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
2310	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2311	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 8 )
2312	ELSE
2313	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 8 )
2314	ENDIF
2315
2316	ENDDO
2317	!
2318	!-- Special flag to control vertical diffusion at model top - former
2319	!-- nzt_diff
2320	wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 9 )
2321	IF ( use_top_fluxes ) &
2322	wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBCLR( wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i), 9 )
2323
2324
2325	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
2326	!
2327	!-- Special flag on u grid, former nzb_u_inner + 1, required
2328	!-- for disturb_field and initialization. Do not disturb directly at
2329	!-- topography, as well as initialize u with zero one grid point outside
2330	!-- of topography.
2331	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
2332	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
2333	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 1 ) ) &
2334	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 20 )
2335	!
2336	!-- Special flag on v grid, former nzb_v_inner + 1, required
2337	!-- for disturb_field and initialization. Do not disturb directly at
2338	!-- topography, as well as initialize v with zero one grid point outside
2339	!-- of topography.
2340	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
2341	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
2342	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 2 ) ) &
2343	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 21 )
2344	!
2345	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, former nzb_s_inner+1. Used for
2346	!-- lpm_sgs_tke
2347	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2348	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2349	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2350	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 25 )
2351	!
2352	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, nzb_diff_s_outer - 1, required in
2353	!-- in production_e
2354	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
2355	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 24 ) .AND. &
2356	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 24 ) .AND. &
2357	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2358	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 29 )
2359	ELSE
2360	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2361	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 29 )
2362	ENDIF
2363	!
2364	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, nzb_diff_s_outer - 1, required in
2365	!-- in production_e
2366	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
2367	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2368	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2369	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2370	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 30 )
2371	ELSE
2372	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2373	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 30 )
2374	ENDIF
2375	ENDDO
2376	!
2377	!-- Flags indicating downward facing walls
2378	DO k = nzb+1, nzt+1
2379	!
2380	!-- Scalar grid
2381	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2382	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2383	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 13 )
2384	!
2385	!-- Downward facing wall on u grid
2386	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
2387	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 1 ) ) &
2388	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 15 )
2389	!
2390	!-- Downward facing wall on v grid
2391	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
2392	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 2 ) ) &
2393	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 17 )
2394	!
2395	!-- Downward facing wall on w grid
2396	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 3 ) .AND. &
2397	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 3 ) ) &
2398	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 19 )
2399	ENDDO
2400	!
2401	!-- Flags indicating upward facing walls
2402	DO k = nzb, nzt
2403	!
2404	!-- Upward facing wall on scalar grid
2405	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2406	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2407	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 12 )
2408	!
2409	!-- Upward facing wall on u grid
2410	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
2411	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 1 ) ) &
2412	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 14 )
2413
2414	!
2415	!-- Upward facing wall on v grid
2416	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
2417	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 2 ) ) &
2418	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 16 )
2419
2420	!
2421	!-- Upward facing wall on w grid
2422	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 3 ) .AND. &
2423	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 3 ) ) &
2424	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 18 )
2425	!
2426	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, former nzb_s_inner
2427	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .OR. &
2428	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 12 ) .OR. &
2429	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 13 ) ) &
2430	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 22 )
2431	!
2432	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, nzb_diff_s_inner - 1, required for
2433	!-- flow_statistics
2434	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
2435	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2436	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2437	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 23 )
2438	ELSE
2439	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 22 ) ) &
2440	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 23 )
2441	ENDIF
2442
2443
2444	ENDDO
2445	wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i), 22 )
2446	wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(nzt+1,j,i), 23 )
2447	!
2448	!-- Set flags indicating that topography is close by in horizontal
2449	!-- direction, i.e. flags that infold the topography. These will be used
2450	!-- to set advection flags for passive scalars, where due to large
2451	!-- gradients near buildings stationary numerical oscillations can produce
2452	!-- unrealistically high concentrations. This is only necessary if
2453	!-- WS-scheme is applied for scalar advection. Note, these flags will be
2454	!-- only used for passive scalars such as chemical species or aerosols.
2455	IF ( scalar_advec == 'ws-scheme' ) THEN
2456	DO k = nzb, nzt
2457	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. ( &
2458	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i-1), 0 ) ) .OR.&
2459	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i-2), 0 ) ) .OR.&
2460	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i-3), 0 ) ) .OR.&
2461	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i+1), 0 ) ) .OR.&
2462	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i+2), 0 ) ) .OR.&
2463	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3:j+3,i+3), 0 ) ) .OR.&
2464	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-1,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) .OR.&
2465	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-2,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) .OR.&
2466	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-3,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) .OR.&
2467	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+1,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) .OR.&
2468	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+2,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) .OR.&
2469	ANY( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+3,i-3:i+3), 0 ) ) &
2470	) ) &
2471	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 31 )
2472
2473	ENDDO
2474	ENDIF
2475	ENDDO
2476	ENDDO
2477	!
2478	!-- Finally, set identification flags indicating natural terrain or buildings.
2479	!-- Natural terrain grid points. Information on the type of the surface is
2480	!-- stored in bit 1 of 3D Integer array topo. However, this bit is only set
2481	!-- when topography is read from file. In order to run the land-surface model
2482	!-- also without topography information, set bit 1 explicitely in this case.
2483	!--
2484	!-- Natural terrain grid points
2485	!-- If no topography is initialized, the land-surface is at k = nzb.
2486	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'read_from_file' ) THEN
2487	wall_flags_static_0(nzb,:,:) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(nzb,:,:), 5 )
2488	ELSE
2489	DO i = nxl, nxr
2490	DO j = nys, nyn
2491	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
2492	!
2493	!-- Natural terrain grid point
2494	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 1 ) ) &
2495	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 5 )
2496	ENDDO
2497	ENDDO
2498	ENDDO
2499	ENDIF
2500	!
2501	!-- Building grid points.
2502	DO i = nxl, nxr
2503	DO j = nys, nyn
2504	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
2505	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 2 ) ) &
2506	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 6 )
2507	ENDDO
2508	ENDDO
2509	ENDDO
2510	!
2511	!-- Set flag 4, indicating new topography grid points due to filtering.
2512	DO i = nxl, nxr
2513	DO j = nys, nyn
2514	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
2515	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 4 ) ) &
2516	wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i), 4 )
2517	ENDDO
2518	ENDDO
2519	ENDDO
2520
2521	CALL exchange_horiz_int( wall_flags_static_0, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
2522
2523	DO i = nxl, nxr
2524	DO j = nys, nyn
2525	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
2526	wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i) = IOR( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), wall_flags_static_0(k,j,i) )
2527	ENDDO
2528	ENDDO
2529	ENDDO
2530	!
2531	!-- Exchange ghost points for wall flags
2532	CALL exchange_horiz_int( wall_flags_total_0, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
2533	!
2534	!-- Set boundary conditions also for flags. Can be interpreted as Neumann
2535	!-- boundary conditions for topography.
2536	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
2537	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
2538	DO i = 1, nbgp
2539	wall_flags_total_0(:,nys-i,:) = wall_flags_total_0(:,nys,:)
2540	ENDDO
2541	ENDIF
2542	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
2543	DO i = 1, nbgp
2544	wall_flags_total_0(:,nyn+i,:) = wall_flags_total_0(:,nyn,:)
2545	ENDDO
2546	ENDIF
2547	ENDIF
2548	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
2549	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
2550	DO i = 1, nbgp
2551	wall_flags_total_0(:,:,nxl-i) = wall_flags_total_0(:,:,nxl)
2552	ENDDO
2553	ENDIF
2554	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
2555	DO i = 1, nbgp
2556	wall_flags_total_0(:,:,nxr+i) = wall_flags_total_0(:,:,nxr)
2557	ENDDO
2558	ENDIF
2559	ENDIF
2560	!
2561	!-- Pre-calculate topography top indices (former get_topography_top_index
2562	!-- function)
2563	ALLOCATE( topo_top_ind(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg,0:4) )
2564	!
2565	!-- Uppermost topography index on scalar grid
2566	ibit = 12
2567	topo_top_ind(:,:,0) = MAXLOC( &
2568	MERGE( 1, 0, &
2569	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,:,:), ibit ) &
2570	), DIM = 1 &
2571	) - 1
2572	!
2573	!-- Uppermost topography index on u grid
2574	ibit = 14
2575	topo_top_ind(:,:,1) = MAXLOC( &
2576	MERGE( 1, 0, &
2577	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,:,:), ibit ) &
2578	), DIM = 1 &
2579	) - 1
2580	!
2581	!-- Uppermost topography index on v grid
2582	ibit = 16
2583	topo_top_ind(:,:,2) = MAXLOC( &
2584	MERGE( 1, 0, &
2585	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,:,:), ibit ) &
2586	), DIM = 1 &
2587	) - 1
2588	!
2589	!-- Uppermost topography index on w grid
2590	ibit = 18
2591	topo_top_ind(:,:,3) = MAXLOC( &
2592	MERGE( 1, 0, &
2593	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,:,:), ibit ) &
2594	), DIM = 1 &
2595	) - 1
2596	!
2597	!-- Uppermost topography index on scalar outer grid
2598	ibit = 24
2599	topo_top_ind(:,:,4) = MAXLOC( &
2600	MERGE( 1, 0, &
2601	BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,:,:), ibit ) &
2602	), DIM = 1 &
2603	) - 1
2604
2605	END SUBROUTINE set_topo_flags
2606
2607
2608
2609

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