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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/init_grid.f90 @ 2789

Last change on this file since 2789 was 2747, checked in by suehring, 7 years ago
Bugfix, topography is rounded to the nearest discrete grid level
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1	!> @file init_grid.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2018 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: init_grid.f90 2747 2018-01-15 12:44:17Z raasch $
27	! Bugfix, topography height is rounded to the nearest discrete grid level
28	!
29	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
30	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
31	!
32	! 2701 2017-12-15 15:40:50Z suehring
33	! Changes from last commit documented
34	!
35	! 2698 2017-12-14 18:46:24Z suehring
36	! Bugfix in get_topography_top_index
37	!
38	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
39	! Change in file header (GPL part)
40	! Revised topography input
41	! Set nzb_max not for the entire nest domain, only for boundary PEs
42	! Re-organize routine, split-up into several subroutines
43	! Modularize poismg_noopt
44	! Remove setting bit 26, 27, 28 in wall_flags_0, indicating former '_outer'
45	! arrays (not required any more).
46	! Bugfix in generic tunnel setup (MS)
47	!
48	! 2550 2017-10-16 17:12:01Z boeske
49	! Set lateral boundary conditions for topography on all three ghost layers
50	!
51	! 2478 2017-09-18 13:37:24Z suehring
52	! Bugfix, correct flag for use_top
53	!
54	! 2365 2017-08-21 14:59:59Z kanani
55	! Vertical nesting implemented (SadiqHuq)
56	!
57	! 2319 2017-07-20 17:33:17Z suehring
58	! Remove print statements
59	!
60	! 2318 2017-07-20 17:27:44Z suehring
61	! Get topography top index via Function call
62	!
63	! 2317 2017-07-20 17:27:19Z suehring
64	! Bugfixes in reading 3D topography from file
65	!
66	! 2274 2017-06-09 13:27:48Z Giersch
67	! Changed error messages
68	!
69	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
70	!
71	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
72	! - Adjustments according to new topography representation
73	! - Bugfix: Move determination of nzb_max behind topography modification in
74	! cell-edge case
75	! - Get rid off global arrays required for topography output
76	! - Enable topography input via netcdf
77	! - Generic tunnel set-up added
78	!
79	! 2200 2017-04-11 11:37:51Z suehring
80	! monotonic_adjustment removed
81	!
82	! 2169 2017-03-06 18:16:35Z suehring
83	! Bugfix, move setting for topography grid convention to init_grid, else, if no
84	! value is set, the simulation may abort in case of restarts
85	!
86	! 2128 2017-01-23 15:00:03Z suehring
87	! Bugfix in setting topography from file in case of ocean simulations
88	!
89	! 2088 2016-12-19 16:30:25Z suehring
90	! Bugfix in generic topography in case of ocean simulations
91	!
92	! 2037 2016-10-26 11:15:40Z knoop
93	! Anelastic approximation implemented
94	!
95	! 2021 2016-10-07 14:08:57Z suehring
96	! Bugfix: setting Neumann boundary conditions for topography required for
97	! topography flags in multigrid_noopt solver
98	!
99	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
100	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
101	!
102	! 1994 2016-08-15 09:52:21Z suehring
103	! Bugfix in definition of generic topography
104	!
105	! 1982 2016-08-01 11:04:48Z suehring
106	! Bugfix concering consistency check for topography
107	!
108	! 1968 2016-07-18 12:01:49Z suehring
109	! Changed: PE-wise reading of topography file in order to avoid global definition
110	! of arrays nzb_local and nzb_tmp. Thereby, topography definition for single
111	! buildings and street canyons has changed, as well as flag setting for
112	! multigrid scheme.
113	!
114	! Bugfix in checking l_grid anisotropy.
115	! Simplify initial computation of lwall and vertical_influence, i.e. remove
116	! nzb_s_inner as it is still zero at this point.
117	!
118	! 1942 2016-06-14 12:18:18Z suehring
119	! Topography filter implemented to fill holes resolved by only one grid point.
120	! Initialization of flags for ws-scheme moved to advec_ws.
121	!
122	! 1931 2016-06-10 12:06:59Z suehring
123	! Rename multigrid into multigrid_noopt and multigrid_fast into multigrid
124	!
125	! 1910 2016-05-26 06:49:46Z raasch
126	! Bugfix: if topography is read from file, Neumann conditions are used for the
127	! nzb_local array (instead of cyclic conditions) in case that non-cyclic
128	! boundary conditions are switched on for the run
129	!
130	! 1902 2016-05-09 11:18:56Z suehring
131	! Set topography flags for multigrid solver only (not for multigrid_fast)
132	!
133	! 1886 2016-04-21 11:20:47Z suehring
134	! Bugfix: setting advection flags near walls
135	! reformulated index values for nzb_v_inner
136	! variable discriptions added in declaration block
137	!
138	! 1845 2016-04-08 08:29:13Z raasch
139	! nzb_2d removed
140	!
141	! 1804 2016-04-05 16:30:18Z maronga
142	! Removed code for parameter file check (__check)
143	!
144	! 1779 2016-03-03 08:01:28Z raasch
145	! coupling_char is trimmed at every place it occurs, because it can have
146	! different length now
147	!
148	! 1762 2016-02-25 12:31:13Z hellstea
149	! Introduction of nested domain feature
150	!
151	! 1743 2016-01-13 10:23:51Z raasch
152	! Bugfix for calculation of nzb_s_outer and nzb_u_outer at north boundary of
153	! total domain
154	!
155	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
156	! Renamed prandtl_layer to constant_flux_layer.
157	!
158	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
159	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
160	!
161	! 1677 2015-10-02 13:25:23Z boeske
162	! Bugfix: Ghost points are included in wall_flags_0 and wall_flags_00
163	!
164	! 1675 2015-10-02 08:28:59Z gronemeier
165	! Bugfix: Definition of topography grid levels
166	!
167	! 1660 2015-09-21 08:15:16Z gronemeier
168	! Bugfix: Definition of topography grid levels if vertical grid stretching
169	! starts below the maximum topography height.
170	!
171	! 1580 2015-04-10 13:43:49Z suehring
172	! Bugfix: setting flags for 5th order scheme near buildings
173	!
174	! 1575 2015-03-27 09:56:27Z raasch
175	! adjustments for psolver-queries
176	!
177	! 1557 2015-03-05 16:43:04Z suehring
178	! Adjustment for monotoinic limiter
179	!
180	! 1418 2014-06-06 13:05:08Z fricke
181	! Bugfix: Change if-condition for stretched grid in the ocean, with the old
182	! condition and a negative value for dz_stretch_level the condition
183	! was always true for the whole model domain
184	!
185	! 1409 2014-05-23 12:11:32Z suehring
186	! Bugfix: set wall_flags_0 at inflow and outflow boundary also for i <= nxlu
187	! j <= nysv
188	!
189	! 1353 2014-04-08 15:21:23Z heinze
190	! REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute
191	!
192	! 1322 2014-03-20 16:38:49Z raasch
193	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
194	!
195	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
196	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
197	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
198	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
199	! revision history before 2012 removed,
200	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
201	! all variable declaration statements
202	!
203	! 1221 2013-09-10 08:59:13Z raasch
204	! wall_flags_00 introduced to hold bits 32-63,
205	! additional 3D-flag arrays for replacing the 2D-index array nzb_s_inner in
206	! loops optimized for openACC (pres + flow_statistics)
207	!
208	! 1092 2013-02-02 11:24:22Z raasch
209	! unused variables removed
210	!
211	! 1069 2012-11-28 16:18:43Z maronga
212	! bugfix: added coupling_char to TOPOGRAPHY_DATA to allow topography in the
213	! ocean model in case of coupled runs
214	!
215	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
216	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
217	!
218	! 1015 2012-09-27 09:23:24Z raasch
219	! lower index for calculating wall_flags_0 set to nzb_w_inner instead of
220	! nzb_w_inner+1
221	!
222	! 996 2012-09-07 10:41:47Z raasch
223	! little reformatting
224	!
225	! 978 2012-08-09 08:28:32Z fricke
226	! Bugfix: nzb_max is set to nzt at non-cyclic lateral boundaries
227	! Bugfix: Set wall_flags_0 for inflow boundary
228	!
229	! 927 2012-06-06 19:15:04Z raasch
230	! Wall flags are not set for multigrid method in case of masking method
231	!
232	! 864 2012-03-27 15:10:33Z gryschka
233	! In case of ocean and Dirichlet bottom bc for u and v dzu_mg and ddzu_pres
234	! were not correctly defined for k=1.
235	!
236	! 861 2012-03-26 14:18:34Z suehring
237	! Set wall_flags_0. The array is needed for degradation in ws-scheme near walls,
238	! inflow and outflow boundaries as well as near the bottom and the top of the
239	! model domain.!
240	! Initialization of nzb_s_inner and nzb_w_inner.
241	! gls has to be at least nbgp to do not exceed the array bounds of nzb_local
242	! while setting wall_flags_0
243	!
244	! 843 2012-02-29 15:16:21Z gryschka
245	! In case of ocean and dirichlet bc for u and v at the bottom
246	! the first u-level ist defined at same height as the first w-level
247	!
248	! 818 2012-02-08 16:11:23Z maronga
249	! Bugfix: topo_height is only required if topography is used. It is thus now
250	! allocated in the topography branch
251	!
252	! 809 2012-01-30 13:32:58Z maronga
253	! Bugfix: replaced .AND. and .NOT. with && and ! in the preprocessor directives
254	!
255	! 807 2012-01-25 11:53:51Z maronga
256	! New cpp directive "__check" implemented which is used by check_namelist_files
257	!
258	! Revision 1.1 1997/08/11 06:17:45 raasch
259	! Initial revision (Testversion)
260	!
261	!
262	! Description:
263	! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------!
264	!> Creating grid depending constants
265	!> @todo: Move initialization mixing length
266	!> @todo: Rearrange topo flag list
267	!> @todo: reference 3D buildings on top of orography is not tested and may need
268	!> further improvement for steep slopes
269	!> @todo: Use more advanced setting of building type at filled holes
270	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
271	SUBROUTINE init_grid
272
273	USE advec_ws, &
274	ONLY: ws_init_flags
275
276	USE arrays_3d, &
277	ONLY: dd2zu, ddzu, ddzu_pres, ddzw, dzu, dzw, zu, zw
278
279	USE control_parameters, &
280	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, building_height, building_length_x, &
281	building_length_y, building_wall_left, building_wall_south, &
282	canyon_height, canyon_wall_left, canyon_wall_south, &
283	canyon_width_x, canyon_width_y, constant_flux_layer, &
284	dp_level_ind_b, dz, dz_max, dz_stretch_factor, &
285	dz_stretch_level, dz_stretch_level_index, grid_level, &
286	force_bound_l, force_bound_r, force_bound_n, force_bound_s, &
287	ibc_uv_b, inflow_l, inflow_n, inflow_r, inflow_s, &
288	masking_method, maximum_grid_level, message_string, &
289	momentum_advec, nest_domain, nest_bound_l, nest_bound_n, &
290	nest_bound_r, nest_bound_s, ocean, outflow_l, outflow_n, &
291	outflow_r, outflow_s, psolver, scalar_advec, topography, &
292	topography_grid_convention, tunnel_height, tunnel_length, &
293	tunnel_width_x, tunnel_width_y, tunnel_wall_depth, &
294	use_surface_fluxes, use_top_fluxes, wall_adjustment_factor
295
296	USE grid_variables, &
297	ONLY: ddx, ddx2, ddy, ddy2, dx, dx2, dy, dy2, zu_s_inner, zw_w_inner
298
299	USE indices, &
300	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nz, &
301	nzb, nzb_diff, nzb_diff_s_inner, nzb_diff_s_outer, &
302	nzb_max, nzb_s_inner, nzb_s_outer, nzb_u_inner, &
303	nzb_u_outer, nzb_v_inner, nzb_v_outer, nzb_w_inner, &
304	nzb_w_outer, nzt
305
306	USE kinds
307
308	USE pegrid
309
310	USE poismg_noopt_mod
311
312	USE surface_mod, &
313	ONLY: get_topography_top_index, get_topography_top_index_ji, init_bc
314
315	USE vertical_nesting_mod, &
316	ONLY: vnested, vnest_init_grid
317
318	IMPLICIT NONE
319
320	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< index variable along x
321	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< index variable along y
322	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
323	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_top !< topography top index on local PE
324	INTEGER(iwp) :: l !< loop variable
325	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_local_max !< vertical grid index of maximum topography height
326	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_local_min !< vertical grid index of minimum topography height
327
328	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nzb_local !< index for topography top at cell-center
329	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nzb_tmp !< dummy to calculate topography indices on u- and v-grid
330
331	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: topo !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting "outer"-flags
332
333	REAL(wp) :: dz_stretched !< stretched vertical grid spacing
334
335
336	!
337	!-- Calculation of horizontal array bounds including ghost layers
338	nxlg = nxl - nbgp
339	nxrg = nxr + nbgp
340	nysg = nys - nbgp
341	nyng = nyn + nbgp
342
343	!
344	!-- Allocate grid arrays
345	ALLOCATE( ddzu(1:nzt+1), ddzw(1:nzt+1), dd2zu(1:nzt), dzu(1:nzt+1), &
346	dzw(1:nzt+1), zu(nzb:nzt+1), zw(nzb:nzt+1) )
347
348	!
349	!-- Compute height of u-levels from constant grid length and dz stretch factors
350	IF ( dz == -1.0_wp ) THEN
351	message_string = 'missing dz'
352	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0200', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
353	ELSEIF ( dz <= 0.0_wp ) THEN
354	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'dz=',dz,' <= 0.0'
355	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0201', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
356	ENDIF
357
358	!
359	!-- Define the vertical grid levels
360	IF ( .NOT. ocean ) THEN
361	!
362	!-- Grid for atmosphere with surface at z=0 (k=0, w-grid).
363	!-- The second u-level (k=1) corresponds to the top of the
364	!-- Prandtl-layer.
365
366	IF ( ibc_uv_b == 0 .OR. ibc_uv_b == 2 ) THEN
367	zu(0) = 0.0_wp
368	! zu(0) = - dz * 0.5_wp
369	ELSE
370	zu(0) = - dz * 0.5_wp
371	ENDIF
372	zu(1) = dz * 0.5_wp
373
374	dz_stretch_level_index = nzt+1
375	dz_stretched = dz
376	DO k = 2, nzt+1
377	IF ( dz_stretch_level <= zu(k-1) .AND. dz_stretched < dz_max ) THEN
378	dz_stretched = dz_stretched * dz_stretch_factor
379	dz_stretched = MIN( dz_stretched, dz_max )
380	IF ( dz_stretch_level_index == nzt+1 ) dz_stretch_level_index = k-1
381	ENDIF
382	zu(k) = zu(k-1) + dz_stretched
383	ENDDO
384
385	!
386	!-- Compute the w-levels. They are always staggered half-way between the
387	!-- corresponding u-levels. In case of dirichlet bc for u and v at the
388	!-- ground the first u- and w-level (k=0) are defined at same height (z=0).
389	!-- The top w-level is extrapolated linearly.
390	zw(0) = 0.0_wp
391	DO k = 1, nzt
392	zw(k) = ( zu(k) + zu(k+1) ) * 0.5_wp
393	ENDDO
394	zw(nzt+1) = zw(nzt) + 2.0_wp * ( zu(nzt+1) - zw(nzt) )
395
396	ELSE
397	!
398	!-- Grid for ocean with free water surface is at k=nzt (w-grid).
399	!-- In case of neumann bc at the ground the first first u-level (k=0) lies
400	!-- below the first w-level (k=0). In case of dirichlet bc the first u- and
401	!-- w-level are defined at same height, but staggered from the second level.
402	!-- The second u-level (k=1) corresponds to the top of the Prandtl-layer.
403	zu(nzt+1) = dz * 0.5_wp
404	zu(nzt) = - dz * 0.5_wp
405
406	dz_stretch_level_index = 0
407	dz_stretched = dz
408	DO k = nzt-1, 0, -1
409	!
410	!-- The default value of dz_stretch_level is positive, thus the first
411	!-- condition is always true. Hence, the second condition is necessary.
412	IF ( dz_stretch_level >= zu(k+1) .AND. dz_stretch_level <= 0.0 &
413	.AND. dz_stretched < dz_max ) THEN
414	dz_stretched = dz_stretched * dz_stretch_factor
415	dz_stretched = MIN( dz_stretched, dz_max )
416	IF ( dz_stretch_level_index == 0 ) dz_stretch_level_index = k+1
417	ENDIF
418	zu(k) = zu(k+1) - dz_stretched
419	ENDDO
420
421	!
422	!-- Compute the w-levels. They are always staggered half-way between the
423	!-- corresponding u-levels, except in case of dirichlet bc for u and v
424	!-- at the ground. In this case the first u- and w-level are defined at
425	!-- same height. The top w-level (nzt+1) is not used but set for
426	!-- consistency, since w and all scalar variables are defined up tp nzt+1.
427	zw(nzt+1) = dz
428	zw(nzt) = 0.0_wp
429	DO k = 0, nzt
430	zw(k) = ( zu(k) + zu(k+1) ) * 0.5_wp
431	ENDDO
432
433	!
434	!-- In case of dirichlet bc for u and v the first u- and w-level are defined
435	!-- at same height.
436	IF ( ibc_uv_b == 0 ) THEN
437	zu(0) = zw(0)
438	ENDIF
439
440	ENDIF
441
442	!
443	!-- Compute grid lengths.
444	DO k = 1, nzt+1
445	dzu(k) = zu(k) - zu(k-1)
446	ddzu(k) = 1.0_wp / dzu(k)
447	dzw(k) = zw(k) - zw(k-1)
448	ddzw(k) = 1.0_wp / dzw(k)
449	ENDDO
450
451	DO k = 1, nzt
452	dd2zu(k) = 1.0_wp / ( dzu(k) + dzu(k+1) )
453	ENDDO
454
455	!
456	!-- The FFT- SOR-pressure solvers assume grid spacings of a staggered grid
457	!-- everywhere. For the actual grid, the grid spacing at the lowest level
458	!-- is only dz/2, but should be dz. Therefore, an additional array
459	!-- containing with appropriate grid information is created for these
460	!-- solvers.
461	IF ( psolver(1:9) /= 'multigrid' ) THEN
462	ALLOCATE( ddzu_pres(1:nzt+1) )
463	ddzu_pres = ddzu
464	ddzu_pres(1) = ddzu_pres(2) ! change for lowest level
465	ENDIF
466
467	!
468	!-- Compute the reciprocal values of the horizontal grid lengths.
469	ddx = 1.0_wp / dx
470	ddy = 1.0_wp / dy
471	dx2 = dx * dx
472	dy2 = dy * dy
473	ddx2 = 1.0_wp / dx2
474	ddy2 = 1.0_wp / dy2
475
476	!
477	!-- Allocate 3D array to set topography
478	ALLOCATE( topo(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
479	topo = 0
480	!
481	!-- Initialize topography by generic topography or read from topography from file.
482	CALL init_topo( topo )
483	!
484	!-- Set flags to mask topography on the grid.
485	CALL set_topo_flags( topo )
486	!
487	!-- Calculate wall flag arrays for the multigrid method.
488	!-- Please note, wall flags are only applied in the non-optimized version.
489	IF ( psolver == 'multigrid_noopt' ) CALL poismg_noopt_init
490
491	!
492	!-- Init flags for ws-scheme to degrade order of the numerics near walls, i.e.
493	!-- to decrease the numerical stencil appropriately.
494	IF ( momentum_advec == 'ws-scheme' .OR. scalar_advec == 'ws-scheme' ) &
495	CALL ws_init_flags
496
497	!
498	!-- Calculated grid-dependent as well as near-wall mixing length
499	CALL init_mixing_length
500
501	!
502	!-- Determine the maximum level of topography. It is used for
503	!-- steering the degradation of order of the applied advection scheme,
504	!-- as well in the lpm.
505	!-- In case of non-cyclic lateral boundaries, the order of the advection
506	!-- scheme has to be reduced up to nzt (required at the lateral boundaries).
507	k_top = 0
508	DO i = nxl, nxr
509	DO j = nys, nyn
510	DO k = nzb, nzt + 1
511	k_top = MAX( k_top, MERGE( k, 0, &
512	.NOT. BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) ) )
513	ENDDO
514	ENDDO
515	ENDDO
516	#if defined( __parallel )
517	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( k_top + 1, nzb_max, 1, MPI_INTEGER, & !is +1 really necessary here?
518	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr )
519	#else
520	nzb_max = k_top + 1
521	#endif
522	IF ( inflow_l .OR. outflow_l .OR. force_bound_l .OR. nest_bound_l .OR.&
523	inflow_r .OR. outflow_r .OR. force_bound_r .OR. nest_bound_r .OR.&
524	inflow_n .OR. outflow_n .OR. force_bound_n .OR. nest_bound_n .OR.&
525	inflow_s .OR. outflow_s .OR. force_bound_s .OR. nest_bound_s ) &
526	nzb_max = nzt
527	!
528	!-- Finally, if topography extents up to the model top, limit nzb_max to nzt.
529	nzb_max = MIN( nzb_max, nzt )
530
531	!
532	!-- Initialize boundary conditions via surface type
533	CALL init_bc
534
535	!
536	!-- Allocate and set topography height arrays required for data output
537	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'flat' ) THEN
538	!
539	!-- Allocate and set the arrays containing the topography height
540	IF ( nxr == nx .AND. nyn /= ny ) THEN
541	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn), &
542	zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn) )
543	ELSEIF ( nxr /= nx .AND. nyn == ny ) THEN
544	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn+1), &
545	zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn+1) )
546	ELSEIF ( nxr == nx .AND. nyn == ny ) THEN
547	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn+1), &
548	zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn+1) )
549	ELSE
550	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn), &
551	zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn) )
552	ENDIF
553
554	zu_s_inner = 0.0_wp
555	zw_w_inner = 0.0_wp
556	!
557	!-- Determine local topography height on scalar and w-grid. Note, setting
558	!-- lateral boundary values is not necessary, realized via wall_flags_0
559	!-- array. Further, please note that loop bounds are different from
560	!-- nxl to nxr and nys to nyn on south and right model boundary, hence,
561	!-- use intrinsic lbound and ubound functions to infer array bounds.
562	DO i = LBOUND(zu_s_inner, 1), UBOUND(zu_s_inner, 1)
563	DO j = LBOUND(zu_s_inner, 2), UBOUND(zu_s_inner, 2)
564	!
565	!-- Topography height on scalar grid. Therefore, determine index of
566	!-- upward-facing surface element on scalar grid.
567	zu_s_inner(i,j) = zu( get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' ) )
568	!
569	!-- Topography height on w grid. Therefore, determine index of
570	!-- upward-facing surface element on w grid.
571	zw_w_inner(i,j) = zw( get_topography_top_index_ji( j, i, 's' ) )
572	ENDDO
573	ENDDO
574	ENDIF
575
576	!
577	!-- In the following, calculate 2D index arrays. Note, these will be removed
578	!-- soon.
579	!-- Allocate outer and inner index arrays for topography and set
580	!-- defaults.
581	ALLOCATE( nzb_s_inner(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
582	nzb_s_outer(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
583	nzb_u_inner(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
584	nzb_u_outer(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
585	nzb_v_inner(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
586	nzb_v_outer(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
587	nzb_w_inner(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
588	nzb_w_outer(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
589	nzb_diff_s_inner(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
590	nzb_diff_s_outer(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
591	nzb_local(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
592	nzb_tmp(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
593	!
594	!-- Initialize 2D-index arrays. Note, these will be removed soon!
595	nzb_local(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) = get_topography_top_index( 's' )
596	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_local, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
597
598	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'flat' ) THEN
599	#if defined( __parallel )
600	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MAXVAL( get_topography_top_index( 's' ) ), &
601	nzb_local_max, 1, MPI_INTEGER, MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr )
602	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MINVAL( get_topography_top_index( 's' ) ), &
603	nzb_local_min, 1, MPI_INTEGER, MPI_MIN, comm2d, ierr )
604	#else
605	nzb_local_max = MAXVAL( get_topography_top_index( 's' ) )
606	nzb_local_min = MINVAL( get_topography_top_index( 's' ) )
607	#endif
608	!
609	!-- Consistency checks
610	IF ( nzb_local_min < 0 .OR. nzb_local_max > nz + 1 ) THEN
611	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'nzb_local values are outside the', &
612	'model domain', &
613	'&MINVAL( nzb_local ) = ', nzb_local_min, &
614	'&MAXVAL( nzb_local ) = ', nzb_local_max
615	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0210', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
616	ENDIF
617	ENDIF
618
619	nzb_s_inner = nzb; nzb_s_outer = nzb
620	nzb_u_inner = nzb; nzb_u_outer = nzb
621	nzb_v_inner = nzb; nzb_v_outer = nzb
622	nzb_w_inner = nzb; nzb_w_outer = nzb
623
624	!
625	!-- Define vertical gridpoint from (or to) which on the usual finite difference
626	!-- form (which does not use surface fluxes) is applied
627	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
628	nzb_diff = nzb + 2
629	ELSE
630	nzb_diff = nzb + 1
631	ENDIF
632
633	nzb_diff_s_inner = nzb_diff; nzb_diff_s_outer = nzb_diff
634	!
635	!-- Set Neumann conditions for topography. Will be removed soon.
636	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
637	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
638	nzb_local(-1,:) = nzb_local(0,:)
639	ELSEIF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
640	nzb_local(ny+1,:) = nzb_local(ny,:)
641	ENDIF
642	ENDIF
643
644	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
645	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
646	nzb_local(:,-1) = nzb_local(:,0)
647	nzb_local(:,-2) = nzb_local(:,0)
648	nzb_local(:,-3) = nzb_local(:,0)
649	ELSEIF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
650	nzb_local(:,nx+1) = nzb_local(:,nx)
651	nzb_local(:,nx+2) = nzb_local(:,nx)
652	nzb_local(:,nx+3) = nzb_local(:,nx)
653	ENDIF
654	ENDIF
655	!
656	!-- Initialization of 2D index arrays, will be removed soon!
657	!-- Initialize nzb_s_inner and nzb_w_inner
658	nzb_s_inner = nzb_local
659	nzb_w_inner = nzb_local
660
661	!
662	!-- Initialize remaining index arrays:
663	!-- first pre-initialize them with nzb_s_inner...
664	nzb_u_inner = nzb_s_inner
665	nzb_u_outer = nzb_s_inner
666	nzb_v_inner = nzb_s_inner
667	nzb_v_outer = nzb_s_inner
668	nzb_w_outer = nzb_s_inner
669	nzb_s_outer = nzb_s_inner
670
671	!
672	!-- nzb_s_outer:
673	!-- extend nzb_local east-/westwards first, then north-/southwards
674	nzb_tmp = nzb_local
675	DO j = nys, nyn
676	DO i = nxl, nxr
677	nzb_tmp(j,i) = MAX( nzb_local(j,i-1), nzb_local(j,i), &
678	nzb_local(j,i+1) )
679	ENDDO
680	ENDDO
681
682	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_tmp, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
683
684	DO i = nxl, nxr
685	DO j = nys, nyn
686	nzb_s_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j-1,i), nzb_tmp(j,i), &
687	nzb_tmp(j+1,i) )
688	ENDDO
689	!
690	!-- non-cyclic boundary conditions (overwritten by call of
691	!-- exchange_horiz_2d_int below in case of cyclic boundary conditions)
692	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
693	j = -1
694	nzb_s_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j+1,i), nzb_tmp(j,i) )
695	ENDIF
696	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
697	j = ny + 1
698	nzb_s_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j-1,i), nzb_tmp(j,i) )
699	ENDIF
700	ENDDO
701	!
702	!-- nzb_w_outer:
703	!-- identical to nzb_s_outer
704	nzb_w_outer = nzb_s_outer
705	!
706	!-- nzb_u_inner:
707	!-- extend nzb_local rightwards only
708	nzb_tmp = nzb_local
709	DO j = nys, nyn
710	DO i = nxl, nxr
711	nzb_tmp(j,i) = MAX( nzb_local(j,i-1), nzb_local(j,i) )
712	ENDDO
713	ENDDO
714
715	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_tmp, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
716
717	nzb_u_inner = nzb_tmp
718	!
719	!-- nzb_u_outer:
720	!-- extend current nzb_tmp (nzb_u_inner) north-/southwards
721	DO i = nxl, nxr
722	DO j = nys, nyn
723	nzb_u_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j-1,i), nzb_tmp(j,i), &
724	nzb_tmp(j+1,i) )
725	ENDDO
726	!
727	!-- non-cyclic boundary conditions (overwritten by call of
728	!-- exchange_horiz_2d_int below in case of cyclic boundary conditions)
729	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
730	j = -1
731	nzb_u_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j+1,i), nzb_tmp(j,i) )
732	ENDIF
733	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
734	j = ny + 1
735	nzb_u_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j-1,i), nzb_tmp(j,i) )
736	ENDIF
737	ENDDO
738
739	!
740	!-- nzb_v_inner:
741	!-- extend nzb_local northwards only
742	nzb_tmp = nzb_local
743	DO i = nxl, nxr
744	DO j = nys, nyn
745	nzb_tmp(j,i) = MAX( nzb_local(j-1,i), nzb_local(j,i) )
746	ENDDO
747	ENDDO
748
749	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_tmp, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
750	nzb_v_inner = nzb_tmp
751
752	!
753	!-- nzb_v_outer:
754	!-- extend current nzb_tmp (nzb_v_inner) right-/leftwards
755	DO j = nys, nyn
756	DO i = nxl, nxr
757	nzb_v_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j,i-1), nzb_tmp(j,i), &
758	nzb_tmp(j,i+1) )
759	ENDDO
760	!
761	!-- non-cyclic boundary conditions (overwritten by call of
762	!-- exchange_horiz_2d_int below in case of cyclic boundary conditions)
763	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
764	i = -1
765	nzb_v_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j,i+1), nzb_tmp(j,i) )
766	ENDIF
767	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
768	i = nx + 1
769	nzb_v_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j,i-1), nzb_tmp(j,i) )
770	ENDIF
771	ENDDO
772
773	!
774	!-- Exchange of lateral boundary values (parallel computers) and cyclic
775	!-- boundary conditions, if applicable.
776	!-- Since nzb_s_inner and nzb_w_inner are derived directly from nzb_local
777	!-- they do not require exchange and are not included here.
778	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_u_inner, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
779	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_u_outer, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
780	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_v_inner, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
781	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_v_outer, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
782	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_w_outer, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
783	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_s_outer, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
784
785	!
786	!-- Set the individual index arrays which define the k index from which on
787	!-- the usual finite difference form (which does not use surface fluxes) is
788	!-- applied
789	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
790	nzb_diff_s_inner = nzb_s_inner + 2
791	nzb_diff_s_outer = nzb_s_outer + 2
792	ELSE
793	nzb_diff_s_inner = nzb_s_inner + 1
794	nzb_diff_s_outer = nzb_s_outer + 1
795	ENDIF
796	!
797	!-- Vertical nesting: communicate vertical grid level arrays between fine and
798	!-- coarse grid
799	IF ( vnested ) CALL vnest_init_grid
800
801	END SUBROUTINE init_grid
802
803	! Description:
804	! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------!
805	!> Set temporary topography flags and reference buildings on top of underlying
806	!> orography.
807	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
808	SUBROUTINE process_topography( topo_3d )
809
810	USE arrays_3d, &
811	ONLY: zu, zw
812
813	USE control_parameters, &
814	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, land_surface, ocean, urban_surface
815
816	USE indices, &
817	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nzb, &
818	nzt
819
820	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
821	ONLY: buildings_f, building_id_f, input_pids_static, &
822	terrain_height_f
823
824	USE kinds
825
826	USE pegrid
827
828	IMPLICIT NONE
829
830	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index along x-direction
831	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index along y-direction
832	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index along z-direction with respect to numeric grid
833	INTEGER(iwp) :: k2 !< running index along z-direction with respect to netcdf grid
834	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_surf !< orography top index, used to map 3D buildings onto terrain
835	INTEGER(iwp) :: nr !< index variable indication maximum terrain height for respective building ID
836	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_build !< counter for number of buildings
837
838	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: displace_dum !< displacements of start addresses, used for MPI_ALLGATHERV
839	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids !< building IDs on entire model domain
840	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids_final !< building IDs on entire model domain, multiple occurences are sorted out
841	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids_final_tmp !< temporary array used for resizing
842	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids_l !< building IDs on local subdomain
843	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: build_ids_l_tmp !< temporary array used to resize array of building IDs
844
845	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:numprocs-1) :: num_buildings !< number of buildings with different ID on entire model domain
846	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:numprocs-1) :: num_buildings_l !< number of buildings with different ID on local subdomain
847
848	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: topo_3d !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting "outer"-flags
849
850	REAL(wp) :: ocean_offset !< offset to consider inverse vertical coordinate at topography definition
851	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: oro_max !< maximum terrain height occupied by an building with certain id
852	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: oro_max_l !< maximum terrain height occupied by an building with certain id, on local subdomain
853
854	!
855	!-- In the following, buildings and orography are further preprocessed
856	!-- before they are mapped on the LES grid.
857	!-- Buildings are mapped on top of the orography by maintaining the roof
858	!-- shape of the building. This can be achieved by referencing building on
859	!-- top of the maximum terrain height within the area occupied by the
860	!-- respective building. As buildings and terrain height are defined PE-wise,
861	!-- parallelization of this referencing is required (a building can be
862	!-- distributed between different PEs).
863	!-- In a first step, determine the number of buildings with different
864	!-- building id on each PE. In a next step, all building ids are gathered
865	!-- into one array which is present to all PEs. For each building ID,
866	!-- the maximum terrain height occupied by the respective building is
867	!-- computed and distributed to each PE.
868	!-- Finally, for each building id and its respective reference orography,
869	!-- builidings are mapped on top.
870	!--
871	!-- First, pre-set topography flags, bit 1 indicates orography, bit 2
872	!-- buildings
873	!-- classify the respective surfaces.
874	topo_3d = IBSET( topo_3d, 0 )
875	topo_3d(nzb,:,:) = IBCLR( topo_3d(nzb,:,:), 0 )
876	!
877	!-- Reference buildings on top of orography. This is not necessary
878	!-- if topography is read from ASCII file as no distinction between buildings
879	!-- and terrain height can be made. Moreover, this is also not necessary if
880	!-- urban-surface and land-surface model are used at the same time.
881	IF ( input_pids_static ) THEN
882	num_buildings_l = 0
883	num_buildings = 0
884	!
885	!-- Allocate at least one element for building ids,
886	ALLOCATE( build_ids_l(1) )
887	DO i = nxl, nxr
888	DO j = nys, nyn
889	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
890	IF ( num_buildings_l(myid) > 0 ) THEN
891	IF ( ANY( building_id_f%var(j,i) .EQ. build_ids_l ) ) THEN
892	CYCLE
893	ELSE
894	num_buildings_l(myid) = num_buildings_l(myid) + 1
895	!
896	!-- Resize array with different local building ids
897	ALLOCATE( build_ids_l_tmp(1:SIZE(build_ids_l)) )
898	build_ids_l_tmp = build_ids_l
899	DEALLOCATE( build_ids_l )
900	ALLOCATE( build_ids_l(1:num_buildings_l(myid)) )
901	build_ids_l(1:num_buildings_l(myid)-1) = &
902	build_ids_l_tmp(1:num_buildings_l(myid)-1)
903	build_ids_l(num_buildings_l(myid)) = building_id_f%var(j,i)
904	DEALLOCATE( build_ids_l_tmp )
905	ENDIF
906	!
907	!-- First occuring building id on PE
908	ELSE
909	num_buildings_l(myid) = num_buildings_l(myid) + 1
910	build_ids_l(1) = building_id_f%var(j,i)
911	ENDIF
912	ENDIF
913	ENDDO
914	ENDDO
915	!
916	!-- Determine number of different building ids for the entire domain
917	#if defined( __parallel )
918	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( num_buildings_l, num_buildings, numprocs, &
919	MPI_INTEGER, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
920	#else
921	num_buildings = num_buildings_l
922	#endif
923	!
924	!-- Gather all buildings ids on each PEs.
925	!-- First, allocate array encompassing all building ids in model domain.
926	ALLOCATE( build_ids(1:SUM(num_buildings)) )
927	#if defined( __parallel )
928	!
929	!-- Allocate array for displacements.
930	!-- As each PE may has a different number of buildings, so that
931	!-- the block sizes send by each PE may not be equal. Hence,
932	!-- information about the respective displacement is required, indicating
933	!-- the respective adress where each MPI-task writes into the receive
934	!-- buffer array
935	ALLOCATE( displace_dum(0:numprocs-1) )
936	displace_dum(0) = 0
937	DO i = 1, numprocs-1
938	displace_dum(i) = displace_dum(i-1) + num_buildings(i-1)
939	ENDDO
940
941	CALL MPI_ALLGATHERV( build_ids_l(1:num_buildings_l(myid)), &
942	num_buildings(myid), &
943	MPI_INTEGER, &
944	build_ids, &
945	num_buildings, &
946	displace_dum, &
947	MPI_INTEGER, &
948	comm2d, ierr )
949
950	DEALLOCATE( displace_dum )
951
952	#else
953	build_ids = build_ids_l
954	#endif
955
956	!
957	!-- Note, in parallel mode building ids can occure mutliple times, as
958	!-- each PE has send its own ids. Therefore, sort out building ids which
959	!-- appear more than one time.
960	num_build = 0
961	DO nr = 1, SIZE(build_ids)
962
963	IF ( ALLOCATED(build_ids_final) ) THEN
964	IF ( ANY( build_ids(nr) .EQ. build_ids_final ) ) THEN
965	CYCLE
966	ELSE
967	num_build = num_build + 1
968	!
969	!-- Resize
970	ALLOCATE( build_ids_final_tmp(1:num_build) )
971	build_ids_final_tmp(1:num_build-1) = build_ids_final(1:num_build-1)
972	DEALLOCATE( build_ids_final )
973	ALLOCATE( build_ids_final(1:num_build) )
974	build_ids_final(1:num_build-1) = build_ids_final_tmp(1:num_build-1)
975	build_ids_final(num_build) = build_ids(nr)
976	DEALLOCATE( build_ids_final_tmp )
977	ENDIF
978	ELSE
979	num_build = num_build + 1
980	ALLOCATE( build_ids_final(1:num_build) )
981	build_ids_final(num_build) = build_ids(nr)
982	ENDIF
983	ENDDO
984
985	!
986	!-- Finally, determine maximumum terrain height occupied by the
987	!-- respective building. First, on each PE locally.
988	ALLOCATE( oro_max_l(1:SIZE(build_ids_final)) )
989	ALLOCATE( oro_max(1:SIZE(build_ids_final)) )
990	oro_max_l = 0.0_wp
991
992	DO nr = 1, SIZE(build_ids_final)
993	oro_max_l(nr) = MAXVAL( &
994	MERGE( terrain_height_f%var, 0.0_wp, &
995	building_id_f%var(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) .EQ. &
996	build_ids_final(nr) ) )
997	ENDDO
998
999	#if defined( __parallel )
1000	IF ( SIZE(build_ids_final) >= 1 ) THEN
1001	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( oro_max_l, oro_max, SIZE( oro_max ), MPI_REAL, &
1002	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr )
1003	ENDIF
1004	#else
1005	oro_max = oro_max_l
1006	#endif
1007	!
1008	!-- Map orography as well as buildings on grid.
1009	!-- In case of ocean simulations, add an offset.
1010	ocean_offset = MERGE( zw(0), 0.0_wp, ocean )
1011	DO i = nxl, nxr
1012	DO j = nys, nyn
1013	DO k = nzb, nzt
1014	!
1015	!-- In a first step, if grid point is below or equal the given
1016	!-- terrain height, grid point is flagged to be of type natural.
1017	!-- Please note, in case there is also a building which is lower
1018	!-- than the vertical grid spacing, initialization of surface
1019	!-- attributes will not be correct as given surface information
1020	!-- will not be in accordance to the classified grid points.
1021	!-- Hence, in this case, de-flag the grid point and give it
1022	!-- urban type instead.
1023	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= terrain_height_f%var(j,i) ) THEN
1024	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
1025	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 1 )
1026	ENDIF
1027	!
1028	!-- Set building grid points. Here, only consider 2D buildings.
1029	!-- 3D buildings require separate treatment.
1030	IF ( buildings_f%lod == 1 ) THEN
1031	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
1032	!
1033	!-- Determine index where maximum terrain height occupied by
1034	!-- the respective building height is stored.
1035	nr = MINLOC( ABS( build_ids_final - &
1036	building_id_f%var(j,i) ), DIM = 1 )
1037
1038	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= &
1039	oro_max(nr) + buildings_f%var_2d(j,i) ) THEN
1040	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
1041	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 )
1042	!
1043	!-- De-flag grid point of type natural. See comment above.
1044	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 1 )
1045	ENDIF
1046	ENDIF
1047	ENDIF
1048	ENDDO
1049	!
1050	!-- Map 3D buildings onto terrain height.
1051	IF ( buildings_f%lod == 2 ) THEN
1052	IF ( building_id_f%var(j,i) /= building_id_f%fill ) THEN
1053	!
1054	!-- Determine topo index occupied by terrain
1055	k_surf = MAXLOC( MERGE( 1, 0, &
1056	.NOT. BTEST( topo_3d(:,j,i), 0 ) ), &
1057	DIM = 1 ) - 1
1058	k2 = nzb+1
1059	DO k = k_surf + 1, nzt + 1
1060	IF ( k2 <= buildings_f%nz ) THEN
1061	IF ( buildings_f%var_3d(k2,j,i) == 1 ) THEN
1062	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
1063	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 )
1064	ENDIF
1065	ENDIF
1066	k2 = k2 + 1
1067	ENDDO
1068	ENDIF
1069	ENDIF
1070	ENDDO
1071	ENDDO
1072	!
1073	!-- Deallocate temporary arrays required for processing and reading data
1074	IF ( ALLOCATED( oro_max ) ) DEALLOCATE( oro_max )
1075	IF ( ALLOCATED( oro_max_l ) ) DEALLOCATE( oro_max_l )
1076	IF ( ALLOCATED( build_ids_final ) ) DEALLOCATE( build_ids_final )
1077	!
1078	!-- Topography input via ASCII format.
1079	ELSE
1080	ocean_offset = MERGE( zw(0), 0.0_wp, ocean )
1081	topo_3d = IBSET( topo_3d, 0 )
1082	topo_3d(nzb,:,:) = IBCLR( topo_3d(nzb,:,:), 0 )
1083	DO i = nxl, nxr
1084	DO j = nys, nyn
1085	DO k = nzb, nzt
1086	IF ( zu(k) - ocean_offset <= buildings_f%var_2d(j,i) ) THEN
1087	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
1088	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 ) !indicates terrain
1089	ENDIF
1090	ENDDO
1091	ENDDO
1092	ENDDO
1093	ENDIF
1094
1095	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
1096
1097	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
1098	IF ( nys == 0 ) topo_3d(:,-1,:) = topo_3d(:,0,:)
1099	IF ( nyn == ny ) topo_3d(:,ny+1,:) = topo_3d(:,ny,:)
1100	ENDIF
1101
1102	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
1103	IF ( nxl == 0 ) topo_3d(:,:,-1) = topo_3d(:,:,0)
1104	IF ( nxr == nx ) topo_3d(:,:,nx+1) = topo_3d(:,:,nx)
1105	ENDIF
1106
1107	END SUBROUTINE process_topography
1108
1109
1110	! Description:
1111	! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1112	!> Filter topography, i.e. fill holes resolved by only one grid point.
1113	!> Such holes are suspected to lead to velocity blow-ups as continuity
1114	!> equation on discrete grid cannot be fulfilled in such case.
1115	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1116	SUBROUTINE filter_topography( topo_3d )
1117
1118	USE control_parameters, &
1119	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, message_string
1120
1121	USE indices, &
1122	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nzb, nzt
1123
1124	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
1125	ONLY: building_id_f, building_type_f
1126
1127	USE pegrid
1128
1129	IMPLICIT NONE
1130
1131	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index along x-direction
1132	INTEGER(iwp) :: it !< counter for number of iterations
1133	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index along y-direction
1134	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index along z-direction
1135	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_hole !< number of holes (in topography) resolved by only one grid point
1136	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_hole_l !< number of holes (in topography) resolved by only one grid point on local PE
1137	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_wall !< number of surrounding vertical walls for a single grid point
1138
1139	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: topo_tmp !< temporary 3D-topography used to fill holes
1140	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: topo_3d !< 3D-topography array merging buildings and orography
1141	!
1142	!-- Before checking for holes, set lateral boundary conditions for
1143	!-- topography. After hole-filling, boundary conditions must be set again.
1144	!-- Several iterations are performed, in order to fill holes which might
1145	!-- emerge by the filling-algorithm itself.
1146	ALLOCATE( topo_tmp(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1147	topo_tmp = 0
1148
1149	num_hole = 99999
1150	it = 0
1151	DO WHILE ( num_hole > 0 )
1152
1153	num_hole = 0
1154	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
1155
1156	topo_tmp = topo_3d
1157	!
1158	!-- In case of non-cyclic lateral boundaries, assume lateral boundary to be
1159	!-- a solid wall. Thus, intermediate spaces of one grid point between
1160	!-- boundary and some topographic structure will be filled.
1161	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
1162	IF ( nys == 0 ) topo_tmp(:,-1,:) = IBCLR( topo_tmp(:,0,:), 0 )
1163	IF ( nyn == ny ) topo_tmp(:,ny+1,:) = IBCLR( topo_tmp(:,ny,:), 0 )
1164	ENDIF
1165
1166	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
1167	IF ( nxl == 0 ) topo_tmp(:,:,-1) = IBCLR( topo_tmp(:,:,0), 0 )
1168	IF ( nxr == nx ) topo_tmp(:,:,nx+1) = IBCLR( topo_tmp(:,:,nx), 0 )
1169	ENDIF
1170
1171	it = it + 1
1172	num_hole_l = 0
1173	DO i = nxl, nxr
1174	DO j = nys, nyn
1175	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1176	IF ( BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j,i), 0 ) ) THEN
1177	num_wall = 0
1178	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j-1,i), 0 ) ) &
1179	num_wall = num_wall + 1
1180	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j+1,i), 0 ) ) &
1181	num_wall = num_wall + 1
1182	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j,i-1), 0 ) ) &
1183	num_wall = num_wall + 1
1184	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k,j,i+1), 0 ) ) &
1185	num_wall = num_wall + 1
1186	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k-1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1187	num_wall = num_wall + 1
1188	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_tmp(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1189	num_wall = num_wall + 1
1190
1191	IF ( num_wall >= 4 ) THEN
1192	num_hole_l = num_hole_l + 1
1193	!
1194	!-- Clear flag 0 and set special flag ( bit 3) to indicate
1195	!-- that new topography point is a result of filtering process.
1196	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
1197	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 3 )
1198	!
1199	!-- If filled grid point is occupied by a building, classify
1200	!-- it as building grid point.
1201	IF ( building_type_f%from_file ) THEN
1202	IF ( building_type_f%var(j,i) /= &
1203	building_type_f%fill .OR. &
1204	building_type_f%var(j+1,i) /= &
1205	building_type_f%fill .OR. &
1206	building_type_f%var(j-1,i) /= &
1207	building_type_f%fill .OR. &
1208	building_type_f%var(j,i+1) /= &
1209	building_type_f%fill .OR. &
1210	building_type_f%var(j,i-1) /= &
1211	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
1212	!
1213	!-- Set flag indicating building surfaces
1214	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 )
1215	!
1216	!-- Set building_type and ID at this position if not
1217	!-- already set. This is required for proper
1218	!-- initialization of urban-surface energy balance
1219	!-- solver.
1220	IF ( building_type_f%var(j,i) == &
1221	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
1222
1223	IF ( building_type_f%var(j+1,i) /= &
1224	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
1225	building_type_f%var(j,i) = &
1226	building_type_f%var(j+1,i)
1227	building_id_f%var(j,i) = &
1228	building_id_f%var(j+1,i)
1229	ELSEIF ( building_type_f%var(j-1,i) /= &
1230	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
1231	building_type_f%var(j,i) = &
1232	building_type_f%var(j-1,i)
1233	building_id_f%var(j,i) = &
1234	building_id_f%var(j-1,i)
1235	ELSEIF ( building_type_f%var(j,i+1) /= &
1236	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
1237	building_type_f%var(j,i) = &
1238	building_type_f%var(j,i+1)
1239	building_id_f%var(j,i) = &
1240	building_id_f%var(j,i+1)
1241	ELSEIF ( building_type_f%var(j,i-1) /= &
1242	building_type_f%fill ) THEN
1243	building_type_f%var(j,i) = &
1244	building_type_f%var(j,i-1)
1245	building_id_f%var(j,i) = &
1246	building_id_f%var(j,i-1)
1247	ENDIF
1248	ENDIF
1249	ENDIF
1250	ENDIF
1251	!
1252	!-- If filled grid point is already classified as building
1253	!-- everything is fine, else classify this grid point as
1254	!-- natural type grid point. This case, values for the
1255	!-- surface type are already set.
1256	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( topo_3d(k,j,i), 2 ) ) THEN
1257	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 1 )
1258	ENDIF
1259	ENDIF
1260	ENDIF
1261	ENDDO
1262	ENDDO
1263	ENDDO
1264	!
1265	!-- Count the total number of holes, required for informative message.
1266	#if defined( __parallel )
1267	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( num_hole_l, num_hole, 1, MPI_INTEGER, MPI_SUM, &
1268	comm2d, ierr )
1269	#else
1270	num_hole = num_hole_l
1271	#endif
1272
1273	!
1274	!-- Create an informative message if any holes were filled.
1275	IF ( num_hole > 0 ) THEN
1276	WRITE( message_string, * ) num_hole, 'hole(s) resolved by only '// &
1277	'one grid point were filled at ', it, &
1278	'th iteration '
1279	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0430', 0, 0, 0, 6, 0 )
1280	ENDIF
1281
1282
1283	ENDDO
1284
1285	DEALLOCATE( topo_tmp )
1286	!
1287	!-- Finally, exchange topo_3d array again and if necessary set Neumann boundary
1288	!-- condition in case of non-cyclic lateral boundaries.
1289	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
1290
1291	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
1292	IF ( nys == 0 ) topo_3d(:,-1,:) = topo_3d(:,0,:)
1293	IF ( nyn == ny ) topo_3d(:,ny+1,:) = topo_3d(:,ny,:)
1294	ENDIF
1295
1296	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
1297	IF ( nxl == 0 ) topo_3d(:,:,-1) = topo_3d(:,:,0)
1298	IF ( nxr == nx ) topo_3d(:,:,nx+1) = topo_3d(:,:,nx)
1299	ENDIF
1300
1301	END SUBROUTINE filter_topography
1302
1303	! Description:
1304	! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1305	!> Pre-computation of grid-dependent and near-wall mixing length.
1306	!> @todo: move subroutine to turbulence module developed by M1 (Tobi).
1307	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1308	SUBROUTINE init_mixing_length
1309
1310	USE arrays_3d, &
1311	ONLY: dzw, l_grid, l_wall, zu, zw
1312
1313	USE control_parameters, &
1314	ONLY: message_string, wall_adjustment_factor
1315
1316	USE grid_variables, &
1317	ONLY: dx, dy
1318
1319	USE indices, &
1320	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nzb, nzt, &
1321	wall_flags_0
1322
1323	USE kinds
1324
1325	IMPLICIT NONE
1326
1327	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< index variable along x
1328	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< index variable along y
1329	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
1330
1331	ALLOCATE( l_grid(1:nzt) )
1332	ALLOCATE( l_wall(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1333	!
1334	!-- Compute the grid-dependent mixing length.
1335	DO k = 1, nzt
1336	l_grid(k) = ( dx * dy * dzw(k) )**0.33333333333333_wp
1337	ENDDO
1338	!
1339	!-- Initialize near-wall mixing length l_wall only in the vertical direction
1340	!-- for the moment, multiplication with wall_adjustment_factor further below
1341	l_wall(nzb,:,:) = l_grid(1)
1342	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1343	l_wall(k,:,:) = l_grid(k)
1344	ENDDO
1345	l_wall(nzt+1,:,:) = l_grid(nzt)
1346
1347	DO k = 1, nzt
1348	IF ( l_grid(k) > 1.5_wp * dx * wall_adjustment_factor .OR. &
1349	l_grid(k) > 1.5_wp * dy * wall_adjustment_factor ) THEN
1350	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'grid anisotropy exceeds ', &
1351	'threshold given by only local', &
1352	' &horizontal reduction of near_wall ', &
1353	'mixing length l_wall', &
1354	' &starting from height level k = ', k, '.'
1355	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0202', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1356	EXIT
1357	ENDIF
1358	ENDDO
1359	!
1360	!-- In case of topography: limit near-wall mixing length l_wall further:
1361	!-- Go through all points of the subdomain one by one and look for the closest
1362	!-- surface.
1363	!-- Is this correct in the ocean case?
1364	DO i = nxl, nxr
1365	DO j = nys, nyn
1366	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1367	!
1368	!-- Check if current gridpoint belongs to the atmosphere
1369	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) THEN
1370	!
1371	!-- Check for neighbouring grid-points.
1372	!-- Vertical distance, down
1373	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1374	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_grid(k), zu(k) - zw(k-1) )
1375	!
1376	!-- Vertical distance, up
1377	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1378	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_grid(k), zw(k) - zu(k) )
1379	!
1380	!-- y-distance
1381	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j-1,i), 0 ) .OR. &
1382	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j+1,i), 0 ) ) &
1383	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), 0.5_wp * dy )
1384	!
1385	!-- x-distance
1386	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1387	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i+1), 0 ) ) &
1388	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), 0.5_wp * dx )
1389	!
1390	!-- yz-distance (vertical edges, down)
1391	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j-1,i), 0 ) .OR. &
1392	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j+1,i), 0 ) ) &
1393	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), &
1394	SQRT( 0.25_wp * dy**2 + &
1395	( zu(k) - zw(k-1) )**2 ) )
1396	!
1397	!-- yz-distance (vertical edges, up)
1398	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j-1,i), 0 ) .OR. &
1399	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j+1,i), 0 ) ) &
1400	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), &
1401	SQRT( 0.25_wp * dy**2 + &
1402	( zw(k) - zu(k) )**2 ) )
1403	!
1404	!-- xz-distance (vertical edges, down)
1405	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1406	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i+1), 0 ) ) &
1407	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), &
1408	SQRT( 0.25_wp * dx**2 + &
1409	( zu(k) - zw(k-1) )**2 ) )
1410	!
1411	!-- xz-distance (vertical edges, up)
1412	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1413	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i+1), 0 ) ) &
1414	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), &
1415	SQRT( 0.25_wp * dx**2 + &
1416	( zw(k) - zu(k) )**2 ) )
1417	!
1418	!-- xy-distance (horizontal edges)
1419	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j-1,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1420	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j+1,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1421	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j-1,i+1), 0 ) .OR. &
1422	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j+1,i+1), 0 ) ) &
1423	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), &
1424	SQRT( 0.25_wp * ( dx2 + dy2 ) ) )
1425	!
1426	!-- xyz distance (vertical and horizontal edges, down)
1427	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j-1,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1428	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j+1,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1429	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j-1,i+1), 0 ) .OR. &
1430	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j+1,i+1), 0 ) ) &
1431	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), &
1432	SQRT( 0.25_wp * ( dx2 + dy2 ) &
1433	+ ( zu(k) - zw(k-1) )**2 ) )
1434	!
1435	!-- xyz distance (vertical and horizontal edges, up)
1436	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j-1,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1437	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j+1,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1438	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j-1,i+1), 0 ) .OR. &
1439	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j+1,i+1), 0 ) ) &
1440	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), &
1441	SQRT( 0.25_wp * ( dx2 + dy2 ) &
1442	+ ( zw(k) - zu(k) )**2 ) )
1443
1444	ENDIF
1445	ENDDO
1446	ENDDO
1447	ENDDO
1448	!
1449	!-- Set lateral boundary conditions for l_wall
1450	CALL exchange_horiz( l_wall, nbgp )
1451
1452	END SUBROUTINE init_mixing_length
1453
1454	! Description:
1455	! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1456	!> Reads topography information from file or sets generic topography. Moreover,
1457	!> all topography-relevant topography arrays are initialized, and grid flags
1458	!> are set.
1459	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1460	SUBROUTINE init_topo( topo )
1461
1462	USE arrays_3d, &
1463	ONLY: zw
1464
1465	USE control_parameters, &
1466	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, building_height, building_length_x, &
1467	building_length_y, building_wall_left, building_wall_south, &
1468	canyon_height, canyon_wall_left, canyon_wall_south, &
1469	canyon_width_x, canyon_width_y, dp_level_ind_b, dz, &
1470	message_string, ocean, topography, topography_grid_convention, &
1471	tunnel_height, tunnel_length, tunnel_width_x, tunnel_width_y, &
1472	tunnel_wall_depth
1473
1474	USE grid_variables, &
1475	ONLY: dx, dy
1476
1477	USE indices, &
1478	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nz, &
1479	nzb, nzt
1480
1481	USE kinds
1482
1483	USE pegrid
1484
1485	USE surface_mod, &
1486	ONLY: get_topography_top_index, get_topography_top_index_ji
1487
1488	IMPLICIT NONE
1489
1490	INTEGER(iwp) :: bh !< temporary vertical index of building height
1491	INTEGER(iwp) :: blx !< grid point number of building size along x
1492	INTEGER(iwp) :: bly !< grid point number of building size along y
1493	INTEGER(iwp) :: bxl !< index for left building wall
1494	INTEGER(iwp) :: bxr !< index for right building wall
1495	INTEGER(iwp) :: byn !< index for north building wall
1496	INTEGER(iwp) :: bys !< index for south building wall
1497	INTEGER(iwp) :: ch !< temporary vertical index for canyon height
1498	INTEGER(iwp) :: cwx !< grid point number of canyon size along x
1499	INTEGER(iwp) :: cwy !< grid point number of canyon size along y
1500	INTEGER(iwp) :: cxl !< index for left canyon wall
1501	INTEGER(iwp) :: cxr !< index for right canyon wall
1502	INTEGER(iwp) :: cyn !< index for north canyon wall
1503	INTEGER(iwp) :: cys !< index for south canyon wall
1504	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< index variable along x
1505	INTEGER(iwp) :: it !< Number of iterations required to fill all problematic holes
1506	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< index variable along y
1507	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
1508	INTEGER(iwp) :: hv_in !< heavyside function to model inner tunnel surface
1509	INTEGER(iwp) :: hv_out !< heavyside function to model outer tunnel surface
1510	INTEGER(iwp) :: txe_out !< end position of outer tunnel wall in x
1511	INTEGER(iwp) :: txs_out !< start position of outer tunnel wall in x
1512	INTEGER(iwp) :: tye_out !< end position of outer tunnel wall in y
1513	INTEGER(iwp) :: tys_out !< start position of outer tunnel wall in y
1514	INTEGER(iwp) :: txe_in !< end position of inner tunnel wall in x
1515	INTEGER(iwp) :: txs_in !< start position of inner tunnel wall in x
1516	INTEGER(iwp) :: tye_in !< end position of inner tunnel wall in y
1517	INTEGER(iwp) :: tys_in !< start position of inner tunnel wall in y
1518	INTEGER(iwp) :: td !< tunnel wall depth
1519	INTEGER(iwp) :: th !< height of outer tunnel wall
1520
1521	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nzb_local !< index for topography top at cell-center
1522	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: topo !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting "outer"-flags
1523
1524
1525	!
1526	!-- Set outer and inner index arrays for non-flat topography.
1527	!-- Here consistency checks concerning domain size and periodicity are
1528	!-- necessary.
1529	!-- Within this SELECT CASE structure only nzb_local is initialized
1530	!-- individually depending on the chosen topography type, all other index
1531	!-- arrays are initialized further below.
1532	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( topography ) )
1533
1534	CASE ( 'flat' )
1535	!
1536	!-- Initialilize 3D topography array, used later for initializing flags
1537	topo(nzb+1:nzt+1,:,:) = IBSET( topo(nzb+1:nzt+1,:,:), 0 )
1538
1539	CASE ( 'single_building' )
1540	!
1541	!-- Single rectangular building, by default centered in the middle of the
1542	!-- total domain
1543	blx = NINT( building_length_x / dx )
1544	bly = NINT( building_length_y / dy )
1545	bh = MINLOC( ABS( zw - building_height ), 1 ) - 1
1546	IF ( ABS( zw(bh) - building_height ) == &
1547	ABS( zw(bh+1) - building_height ) ) bh = bh + 1
1548	IF ( building_wall_left == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1549	building_wall_left = ( nx + 1 - blx ) / 2 * dx
1550	ENDIF
1551	bxl = NINT( building_wall_left / dx )
1552	bxr = bxl + blx
1553
1554	IF ( building_wall_south == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1555	building_wall_south = ( ny + 1 - bly ) / 2 * dy
1556	ENDIF
1557	bys = NINT( building_wall_south / dy )
1558	byn = bys + bly
1559
1560	!
1561	!-- Building size has to meet some requirements
1562	IF ( ( bxl < 1 ) .OR. ( bxr > nx-1 ) .OR. ( bxr < bxl+3 ) .OR. &
1563	( bys < 1 ) .OR. ( byn > ny-1 ) .OR. ( byn < bys+3 ) ) THEN
1564	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'inconsistent building parameters:', &
1565	'& bxl=', bxl, 'bxr=', bxr, 'bys=', bys, &
1566	'byn=', byn, 'nx=', nx, 'ny=', ny
1567	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0203', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1568	ENDIF
1569
1570	ALLOCATE( nzb_local(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1571	!
1572	!-- Define the building.
1573	IF ( bxl <= nxr .AND. bxr >= nxl .AND. &
1574	bys <= nyn .AND. byn >= nys ) &
1575	nzb_local(MAX(nys,bys):MIN(nyn,byn),MAX(nxl,bxl):MIN(nxr,bxr)) = bh
1576	!
1577	!-- Set bit array on basis of nzb_local
1578	DO i = nxl, nxr
1579	DO j = nys, nyn
1580	topo(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i) = &
1581	IBSET( topo(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i), 0 )
1582	ENDDO
1583	ENDDO
1584
1585	DEALLOCATE( nzb_local )
1586
1587	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
1588
1589	CASE ( 'single_street_canyon' )
1590	!
1591	!-- Single quasi-2D street canyon of infinite length in x or y direction.
1592	!-- The canyon is centered in the other direction by default.
1593	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1594	!
1595	!-- Street canyon in y direction
1596	cwx = NINT( canyon_width_x / dx )
1597	IF ( canyon_wall_left == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1598	canyon_wall_left = ( nx + 1 - cwx ) / 2 * dx
1599	ENDIF
1600	cxl = NINT( canyon_wall_left / dx )
1601	cxr = cxl + cwx
1602	ELSEIF ( canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1603	!
1604	!-- Street canyon in x direction
1605	cwy = NINT( canyon_width_y / dy )
1606	IF ( canyon_wall_south == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1607	canyon_wall_south = ( ny + 1 - cwy ) / 2 * dy
1608	ENDIF
1609	cys = NINT( canyon_wall_south / dy )
1610	cyn = cys + cwy
1611
1612	ELSE
1613
1614	message_string = 'no street canyon width given'
1615	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0204', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1616
1617	ENDIF
1618
1619	ch = MINLOC( ABS( zw - canyon_height ), 1 ) - 1
1620	IF ( ABS( zw(ch) - canyon_height ) == &
1621	ABS( zw(ch+1) - canyon_height ) ) ch = ch + 1
1622	dp_level_ind_b = ch
1623	!
1624	!-- Street canyon size has to meet some requirements
1625	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1626	IF ( ( cxl < 1 ) .OR. ( cxr > nx-1 ) .OR. ( cwx < 3 ) .OR. &
1627	( ch < 3 ) ) THEN
1628	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'inconsistent canyon parameters:', &
1629	'&cxl=', cxl, 'cxr=', cxr, &
1630	'cwx=', cwx, &
1631	'ch=', ch, 'nx=', nx, 'ny=', ny
1632	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0205', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1633	ENDIF
1634	ELSEIF ( canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1635	IF ( ( cys < 1 ) .OR. ( cyn > ny-1 ) .OR. ( cwy < 3 ) .OR. &
1636	( ch < 3 ) ) THEN
1637	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'inconsistent canyon parameters:', &
1638	'&cys=', cys, 'cyn=', cyn, &
1639	'cwy=', cwy, &
1640	'ch=', ch, 'nx=', nx, 'ny=', ny
1641	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0206', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1642	ENDIF
1643	ENDIF
1644	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
1645	canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1646	message_string = 'inconsistent canyon parameters:' // &
1647	'&street canyon can only be oriented' // &
1648	'&either in x- or in y-direction'
1649	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0207', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1650	ENDIF
1651
1652	ALLOCATE( nzb_local(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1653	nzb_local = ch
1654	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1655	IF ( cxl <= nxr .AND. cxr >= nxl ) &
1656	nzb_local(:,MAX(nxl,cxl+1):MIN(nxr,cxr-1)) = 0
1657	ELSEIF ( canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1658	IF ( cys <= nyn .AND. cyn >= nys ) &
1659	nzb_local(MAX(nys,cys+1):MIN(nyn,cyn-1),:) = 0
1660	ENDIF
1661	!
1662	!-- Set bit array on basis of nzb_local
1663	DO i = nxl, nxr
1664	DO j = nys, nyn
1665	topo(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i) = &
1666	IBSET( topo(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i), 0 )
1667	ENDDO
1668	ENDDO
1669	DEALLOCATE( nzb_local )
1670
1671	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
1672
1673	CASE ( 'tunnel' )
1674
1675	!
1676	!-- Tunnel height
1677	IF ( tunnel_height == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1678	th = zw( INT( 0.2 * nz) )
1679	ELSE
1680	th = tunnel_height
1681	ENDIF
1682	!
1683	!-- Tunnel-wall depth
1684	IF ( tunnel_wall_depth == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1685	td = MAX ( dx, dy, dz )
1686	ELSE
1687	td = tunnel_wall_depth
1688	ENDIF
1689	!
1690	!-- Check for tunnel width
1691	IF ( tunnel_width_x == 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
1692	tunnel_width_y == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1693	message_string = 'No tunnel width is given. '
1694	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0280', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1695	ENDIF
1696	IF ( tunnel_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
1697	tunnel_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1698	message_string = 'Inconsistent tunnel parameters:' // &
1699	'tunnel can only be oriented' // &
1700	'either in x- or in y-direction.'
1701	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0281', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1702	ENDIF
1703	!
1704	!-- Tunnel axis along y
1705	IF ( tunnel_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1706	IF ( tunnel_width_x > ( nx + 1 ) * dx ) THEN
1707	message_string = 'Tunnel width too large'
1708	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0282', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1709	ENDIF
1710
1711	txs_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx - tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp )
1712	txe_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx + tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp )
1713	txs_in = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx - &
1714	( tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp - td ) )
1715	txe_in = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx + &
1716	( tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp - td ) )
1717
1718	tys_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy - tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
1719	tye_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy + tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
1720	tys_in = tys_out
1721	tye_in = tye_out
1722	ENDIF
1723	IF ( tunnel_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
1724	tunnel_width_x - 2.0_wp * td <= 2.0_wp * dx ) &
1725	THEN
1726	message_string = 'Tunnel width too small'
1727	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0175', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1728	ENDIF
1729	IF ( tunnel_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
1730	tunnel_width_y - 2.0_wp * td <= 2.0_wp * dy ) &
1731	THEN
1732	message_string = 'Tunnel width too small'
1733	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0455', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1734	ENDIF
1735	!
1736	!-- Tunnel axis along x
1737	IF ( tunnel_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1738	IF ( tunnel_width_y > ( ny + 1 ) * dy ) THEN
1739	message_string = 'Tunnel width too large'
1740	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0456', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1741	ENDIF
1742
1743	txs_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx - tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
1744	txe_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx + tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
1745	txs_in = txs_out
1746	txe_in = txe_out
1747
1748	tys_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy - tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp )
1749	tye_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy + tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp )
1750	tys_in = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy - &
1751	( tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp - td ) )
1752	tye_in = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy + &
1753	( tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp - td ) )
1754	ENDIF
1755
1756	topo = 0
1757	DO i = nxl, nxr
1758	DO j = nys, nyn
1759	!
1760	!-- Use heaviside function to model outer tunnel surface
1761	hv_out = th * 0.5_wp * &
1762	( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txs_out ) + 1.0_wp ) &
1763	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txe_out ) + 1.0_wp ) )
1764
1765	hv_out = hv_out * 0.5_wp * &
1766	( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tys_out ) + 1.0_wp ) &
1767	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tye_out ) + 1.0_wp ) )
1768	!
1769	!-- Use heaviside function to model inner tunnel surface
1770	hv_in = ( th - td ) * 0.5_wp * &
1771	( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txs_in ) + 1.0_wp ) &
1772	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txe_in ) + 1.0_wp ) )
1773
1774	hv_in = hv_in * 0.5_wp * &
1775	( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tys_in ) + 1.0_wp ) &
1776	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tye_in ) + 1.0_wp ) )
1777	!
1778	!-- Set flags at x-y-positions without any tunnel surface
1779	IF ( hv_out - hv_in == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1780	topo(nzb+1:nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( topo(nzb+1:nzt+1,j,i), 0 )
1781	!
1782	!-- Set flags at x-y-positions with tunnel surfaces
1783	ELSE
1784	DO k = nzb + 1, nzt + 1
1785	!
1786	!-- Inner tunnel
1787	IF ( hv_out - hv_in == th ) THEN
1788	IF ( zw(k) <= hv_out ) THEN
1789	topo(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
1790	ELSE
1791	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
1792	ENDIF
1793	ENDIF
1794	!
1795	!-- Lateral tunnel walls
1796	IF ( hv_out - hv_in == td ) THEN
1797	IF ( zw(k) <= hv_in ) THEN
1798	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
1799	ELSEIF ( zw(k) > hv_in .AND. zw(k) <= hv_out ) THEN
1800	topo(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
1801	ELSEIF ( zw(k) > hv_out ) THEN
1802	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
1803	ENDIF
1804	ENDIF
1805	ENDDO
1806	ENDIF
1807	ENDDO
1808	ENDDO
1809
1810	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
1811
1812	CASE ( 'read_from_file' )
1813	!
1814	!-- Note, topography information have been already read.
1815	!-- If required, further process topography, i.e. reference buildings on
1816	!-- top of orography and set temporary 3D topography array, which is
1817	!-- used later to set grid flags. Calling of this rouinte is also
1818	!-- required in case of ASCII input, even though no distinction between
1819	!-- terrain- and building height is made in this case.
1820	CALL process_topography( topo )
1821	!
1822	!-- Filter holes resolved by only one grid-point
1823	CALL filter_topography( topo )
1824	!
1825	!-- Exchange ghost-points, as well as add cyclic or Neumann boundary
1826	!-- conditions.
1827	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
1828	!
1829	!-- Set lateral boundary conditions for topography on all ghost layers
1830	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
1831	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
1832	DO i = 1, nbgp
1833	topo(:,nys-i,:) = topo(:,nys,:)
1834	ENDDO
1835	ENDIF
1836	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
1837	DO i = 1, nbgp
1838	topo(:,nyn+i,:) = topo(:,nyn,:)
1839	ENDDO
1840	ENDIF
1841	ENDIF
1842
1843	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
1844	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
1845	DO i = 1, nbgp
1846	topo(:,:,nxl-i) = topo(:,:,nxl)
1847	ENDDO
1848	ENDIF
1849	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
1850	DO i = 1, nbgp
1851	topo(:,:,nxr+i) = topo(:,:,nxr)
1852	ENDDO
1853	ENDIF
1854	ENDIF
1855
1856
1857	CASE DEFAULT
1858	!
1859	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter topography
1860	!-- contains a wrong character string or if the user has defined a special
1861	!-- case in the user interface. There, the subroutine user_init_grid
1862	!-- checks which of these two conditions applies.
1863	CALL user_init_grid( topo )
1864	CALL filter_topography( topo )
1865
1866	END SELECT
1867	!
1868	!-- Consistency checks and index array initialization are only required for
1869	!-- non-flat topography.
1870	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'flat' ) THEN
1871	!
1872	!-- In case of non-flat topography, check whether the convention how to
1873	!-- define the topography grid has been set correctly, or whether the default
1874	!-- is applicable. If this is not possible, abort.
1875	IF ( TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) == ' ' ) THEN
1876	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'single_building' .AND. &
1877	TRIM( topography ) /= 'single_street_canyon' .AND. &
1878	TRIM( topography ) /= 'tunnel' .AND. &
1879	TRIM( topography ) /= 'read_from_file') THEN
1880	!-- The default value is not applicable here, because it is only valid
1881	!-- for the two standard cases 'single_building' and 'read_from_file'
1882	!-- defined in init_grid.
1883	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
1884	'The value for "topography_grid_convention" ', &
1885	'is not set. Its default value is & only valid for ', &
1886	'"topography" = ''single_building'', ', &
1887	'''single_street_canyon'' & or ''read_from_file''.', &
1888	' & Choose ''cell_edge'' or ''cell_center''.'
1889	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0239', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1890	ELSE
1891	!-- The default value is applicable here.
1892	!-- Set convention according to topography.
1893	IF ( TRIM( topography ) == 'single_building' .OR. &
1894	TRIM( topography ) == 'single_street_canyon' ) THEN
1895	topography_grid_convention = 'cell_edge'
1896	ELSEIF ( TRIM( topography ) == 'read_from_file' .OR. &
1897	TRIM( topography ) == 'tunnel') THEN
1898	topography_grid_convention = 'cell_center'
1899	ENDIF
1900	ENDIF
1901	ELSEIF ( TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) /= 'cell_edge' .AND. &
1902	TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) /= 'cell_center' ) THEN
1903	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
1904	'The value for "topography_grid_convention" is ', &
1905	'not recognized. & Choose ''cell_edge'' or ''cell_center''.'
1906	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0240', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1907	ENDIF
1908
1909
1910	IF ( topography_grid_convention == 'cell_edge' ) THEN
1911	!
1912	!-- The array nzb_local as defined using the 'cell_edge' convention
1913	!-- describes the actual total size of topography which is defined at the
1914	!-- cell edges where u=0 on the topography walls in x-direction and v=0
1915	!-- on the topography walls in y-direction. However, PALM uses individual
1916	!-- arrays nzb_u\|v\|w\|s_inner\|outer that are based on nzb_s_inner.
1917	!-- Therefore, the extent of topography in nzb_local is now reduced by
1918	!-- 1dx at the E topography walls and by 1dy at the N topography walls
1919	!-- to form the basis for nzb_s_inner.
1920	!-- Note, the reverse memory access (i-j instead of j-i) is absolutely
1921	!-- required at this point.
1922	DO j = nys+1, nyn+1
1923	DO i = nxl-1, nxr
1924	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1925	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .OR. &
1926	BTEST( topo(k,j,i+1), 0 ) ) &
1927	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
1928	ENDDO
1929	ENDDO
1930	ENDDO
1931	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
1932
1933	DO i = nxl, nxr+1
1934	DO j = nys-1, nyn
1935	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1936	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .OR. &
1937	BTEST( topo(k,j+1,i), 0 ) ) &
1938	topo(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo(k,j,i), 0 )
1939	ENDDO
1940	ENDDO
1941	ENDDO
1942	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
1943
1944	ENDIF
1945	ENDIF
1946
1947
1948	END SUBROUTINE init_topo
1949
1950	SUBROUTINE set_topo_flags(topo)
1951
1952	USE control_parameters, &
1953	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, constant_flux_layer, land_surface, &
1954	use_surface_fluxes, use_top_fluxes, urban_surface
1955
1956	USE indices, &
1957	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nz, &
1958	nzb, nzt, wall_flags_0
1959
1960	USE kinds
1961
1962	IMPLICIT NONE
1963
1964	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< index variable along x
1965	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< index variable along y
1966	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
1967
1968	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: topo !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting "outer"-flags
1969
1970	ALLOCATE( wall_flags_0(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1971	wall_flags_0 = 0
1972	!
1973	!-- Set-up topography flags. First, set flags only for s, u, v and w-grid.
1974	!-- Further special flags will be set in following loops.
1975	DO i = nxl, nxr
1976	DO j = nys, nyn
1977	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1978	!
1979	!-- scalar grid
1980	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1981	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 )
1982	!
1983	!-- u grid
1984	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
1985	BTEST( topo(k,j,i-1), 0 ) ) &
1986	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 )
1987	!
1988	!-- v grid
1989	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
1990	BTEST( topo(k,j-1,i), 0 ) ) &
1991	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 )
1992
1993	ENDDO
1994
1995	DO k = nzb, nzt
1996	!
1997	!-- w grid
1998	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
1999	BTEST( topo(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2000	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 3 )
2001	ENDDO
2002	wall_flags_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(nzt+1,j,i), 3 )
2003
2004	ENDDO
2005	ENDDO
2006
2007	CALL exchange_horiz_int ( wall_flags_0, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
2008	!
2009	!-- Set outer array for scalars to mask near-surface grid points in
2010	!-- production_e
2011	DO i = nxl, nxr
2012	DO j = nys, nyn
2013	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
2014	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j-1,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2015	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j+1,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2016	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i-1), 0 ) .AND. &
2017	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j-1,i-1), 0 ) .AND. &
2018	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j+1,i-1), 0 ) .AND. &
2019	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j-1,i+1), 0 ) .AND. &
2020	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j+1,i+1), 0 ) ) &
2021	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 24 )
2022	ENDDO
2023	ENDDO
2024	ENDDO
2025	!
2026	!-- Set further special flags
2027	DO i = nxl, nxr
2028	DO j = nys, nyn
2029	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
2030	!
2031	!-- scalar grid, former nzb_diff_s_inner.
2032	!-- Note, use this flag also to mask topography in diffusion_u and
2033	!-- diffusion_v along the vertical direction. In case of
2034	!-- use_surface_fluxes, fluxes are calculated via MOST, else, simple
2035	!-- gradient approach is applied. Please note, in case of u- and v-
2036	!-- diffuison, a small error is made at edges (on the east side for u,
2037	!-- at the north side for v), since topography on scalar grid point
2038	!-- is used instead of topography on u/v-grid. As number of topography grid
2039	!-- points on uv-grid is different than s-grid, different number of
2040	!-- surface elements would be required. In order to avoid this,
2041	!-- treat edges (u(k,j,i+1)) simply by a gradient approach, i.e. these
2042	!-- points are not masked within diffusion_u. Tests had shown that the
2043	!-- effect on the flow is negligible.
2044	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
2045	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2046	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 8 )
2047	ELSE
2048	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 8 )
2049	ENDIF
2050
2051	ENDDO
2052	!
2053	!-- Special flag to control vertical diffusion at model top - former
2054	!-- nzt_diff
2055	wall_flags_0(:,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(:,j,i), 9 )
2056	IF ( use_top_fluxes ) &
2057	wall_flags_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBCLR( wall_flags_0(nzt+1,j,i), 9 )
2058
2059
2060	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
2061	!
2062	!-- Special flag on u grid, former nzb_u_inner + 1, required
2063	!-- for disturb_field and initialization. Do not disturb directly at
2064	!-- topography, as well as initialize u with zero one grid point outside
2065	!-- of topography.
2066	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
2067	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
2068	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 1 ) ) &
2069	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 20 )
2070	!
2071	!-- Special flag on v grid, former nzb_v_inner + 1, required
2072	!-- for disturb_field and initialization. Do not disturb directly at
2073	!-- topography, as well as initialize v with zero one grid point outside
2074	!-- of topography.
2075	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
2076	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
2077	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 2 ) ) &
2078	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 21 )
2079	!
2080	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, former nzb_s_inner+1. Used for
2081	!-- lpm_sgs_tke
2082	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2083	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2084	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2085	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 25 )
2086	!
2087	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, nzb_diff_s_outer - 1, required in
2088	!-- in production_e
2089	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
2090	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 24 ) .AND. &
2091	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 24 ) .AND. &
2092	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2093	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 29 )
2094	ELSE
2095	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2096	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 29 )
2097	ENDIF
2098	!
2099	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, nzb_diff_s_outer - 1, required in
2100	!-- in production_e
2101	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
2102	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2103	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2104	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2105	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 30 )
2106	ELSE
2107	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2108	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 30 )
2109	ENDIF
2110	ENDDO
2111	!
2112	!-- Flags indicating downward facing walls
2113	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
2114	!
2115	!-- Scalar grid
2116	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2117	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2118	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 13 )
2119	!
2120	!-- Downward facing wall on u grid
2121	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
2122	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) ) &
2123	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 15 )
2124	!
2125	!-- Downward facing wall on v grid
2126	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
2127	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) ) &
2128	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 17 )
2129	!
2130	!-- Downward facing wall on w grid
2131	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 3 ) .AND. &
2132	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 3 ) ) &
2133	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 19 )
2134	ENDDO
2135	!
2136	!-- Flags indicating upward facing walls
2137	DO k = nzb, nzt
2138	!
2139	!-- Upward facing wall on scalar grid
2140	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2141	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2142	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 12 )
2143	!
2144	!-- Upward facing wall on u grid
2145	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
2146	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 1 ) ) &
2147	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 14 )
2148
2149	!
2150	!-- Upward facing wall on v grid
2151	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
2152	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 2 ) ) &
2153	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 16 )
2154
2155	!
2156	!-- Upward facing wall on w grid
2157	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 3 ) .AND. &
2158	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 3 ) ) &
2159	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 18 )
2160	!
2161	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, former nzb_s_inner
2162	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .OR. &
2163	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 12 ) .OR. &
2164	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 13 ) ) &
2165	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 22 )
2166	!
2167	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, nzb_diff_s_inner - 1, required for
2168	!-- flow_statistics
2169	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
2170	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
2171	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
2172	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 23 )
2173	ELSE
2174	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 22 ) ) &
2175	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 23 )
2176	ENDIF
2177
2178
2179	ENDDO
2180	wall_flags_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(nzt+1,j,i), 22 )
2181	wall_flags_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(nzt+1,j,i), 23 )
2182	ENDDO
2183	ENDDO
2184	!
2185	!-- Finally, set identification flags indicating natural terrain or buildings.
2186	!-- Natural terrain grid points.
2187	IF ( land_surface ) THEN
2188	DO i = nxl, nxr
2189	DO j = nys, nyn
2190	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
2191	!
2192	!-- Natural terrain grid point
2193	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 1 ) ) &
2194	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 5 )
2195	ENDDO
2196	ENDDO
2197	ENDDO
2198	ENDIF
2199	!
2200	!-- Building grid points.
2201	IF ( urban_surface ) THEN
2202	DO i = nxl, nxr
2203	DO j = nys, nyn
2204	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
2205	IF ( BTEST( topo(k,j,i), 2 ) ) &
2206	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 6 )
2207	ENDDO
2208	ENDDO
2209	ENDDO
2210	ENDIF
2211
2212	!
2213	!-- Exchange ghost points for wall flags
2214	CALL exchange_horiz_int( wall_flags_0, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nzt, nbgp )
2215	!
2216	!-- Set boundary conditions also for flags. Can be interpreted as Neumann
2217	!-- boundary conditions for topography.
2218	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
2219	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
2220	DO i = 1, nbgp
2221	wall_flags_0(:,nys-i,:) = wall_flags_0(:,nys,:)
2222	ENDDO
2223	ENDIF
2224	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
2225	DO i = 1, nbgp
2226	wall_flags_0(:,nyn+i,:) = wall_flags_0(:,nyn,:)
2227	ENDDO
2228	ENDIF
2229	ENDIF
2230	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
2231	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
2232	DO i = 1, nbgp
2233	wall_flags_0(:,:,nxl-i) = wall_flags_0(:,:,nxl)
2234	ENDDO
2235	ENDIF
2236	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
2237	DO i = 1, nbgp
2238	wall_flags_0(:,:,nxr+i) = wall_flags_0(:,:,nxr)
2239	ENDDO
2240	ENDIF
2241	ENDIF
2242
2243
2244	END SUBROUTINE set_topo_flags
2245
2246
2247

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