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1	!> @file init_grid.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: init_grid.f90 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z maronga $
27	!
28	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
29	! - Adjustments according to new topography representation
30	! - Bugfix: Move determination of nzb_max behind topography modification in
31	! cell-edge case
32	! - Get rid off global arrays required for topography output
33	! - Enable topography input via netcdf
34	! - Generic tunnel set-up added
35	!
36	! 2200 2017-04-11 11:37:51Z suehring
37	! monotonic_adjustment removed
38	!
39	! 2169 2017-03-06 18:16:35Z suehring
40	! Bugfix, move setting for topography grid convention to init_grid, else, if no
41	! value is set, the simulation may abort in case of restarts
42	!
43	! 2128 2017-01-23 15:00:03Z suehring
44	! Bugfix in setting topography from file in case of ocean simulations
45	!
46	! 2088 2016-12-19 16:30:25Z suehring
47	! Bugfix in generic topography in case of ocean simulations
48	!
49	! 2037 2016-10-26 11:15:40Z knoop
50	! Anelastic approximation implemented
51	!
52	! 2021 2016-10-07 14:08:57Z suehring
53	! Bugfix: setting Neumann boundary conditions for topography required for
54	! topography flags in multigrid_noopt solver
55	!
56	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
57	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
58	!
59	! 1994 2016-08-15 09:52:21Z suehring
60	! Bugfix in definition of generic topography
61	!
62	! 1982 2016-08-01 11:04:48Z suehring
63	! Bugfix concering consistency check for topography
64	!
65	! 1968 2016-07-18 12:01:49Z suehring
66	! Changed: PE-wise reading of topography file in order to avoid global definition
67	! of arrays nzb_local and nzb_tmp. Thereby, topography definition for single
68	! buildings and street canyons has changed, as well as flag setting for
69	! multigrid scheme.
70	!
71	! Bugfix in checking l_grid anisotropy.
72	! Simplify initial computation of lwall and vertical_influence, i.e. remove
73	! nzb_s_inner as it is still zero at this point.
74	!
75	! 1942 2016-06-14 12:18:18Z suehring
76	! Topography filter implemented to fill holes resolved by only one grid point.
77	! Initialization of flags for ws-scheme moved to advec_ws.
78	!
79	! 1931 2016-06-10 12:06:59Z suehring
80	! Rename multigrid into multigrid_noopt and multigrid_fast into multigrid
81	!
82	! 1910 2016-05-26 06:49:46Z raasch
83	! Bugfix: if topography is read from file, Neumann conditions are used for the
84	! nzb_local array (instead of cyclic conditions) in case that non-cyclic
85	! boundary conditions are switched on for the run
86	!
87	! 1902 2016-05-09 11:18:56Z suehring
88	! Set topography flags for multigrid solver only (not for multigrid_fast)
89	!
90	! 1886 2016-04-21 11:20:47Z suehring
91	! Bugfix: setting advection flags near walls
92	! reformulated index values for nzb_v_inner
93	! variable discriptions added in declaration block
94	!
95	! 1845 2016-04-08 08:29:13Z raasch
96	! nzb_2d removed
97	!
98	! 1804 2016-04-05 16:30:18Z maronga
99	! Removed code for parameter file check (__check)
100	!
101	! 1779 2016-03-03 08:01:28Z raasch
102	! coupling_char is trimmed at every place it occurs, because it can have
103	! different length now
104	!
105	! 1762 2016-02-25 12:31:13Z hellstea
106	! Introduction of nested domain feature
107	!
108	! 1743 2016-01-13 10:23:51Z raasch
109	! Bugfix for calculation of nzb_s_outer and nzb_u_outer at north boundary of
110	! total domain
111	!
112	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
113	! Renamed prandtl_layer to constant_flux_layer.
114	!
115	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
116	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
117	!
118	! 1677 2015-10-02 13:25:23Z boeske
119	! Bugfix: Ghost points are included in wall_flags_0 and wall_flags_00
120	!
121	! 1675 2015-10-02 08:28:59Z gronemeier
122	! Bugfix: Definition of topography grid levels
123	!
124	! 1660 2015-09-21 08:15:16Z gronemeier
125	! Bugfix: Definition of topography grid levels if vertical grid stretching
126	! starts below the maximum topography height.
127	!
128	! 1580 2015-04-10 13:43:49Z suehring
129	! Bugfix: setting flags for 5th order scheme near buildings
130	!
131	! 1575 2015-03-27 09:56:27Z raasch
132	! adjustments for psolver-queries
133	!
134	! 1557 2015-03-05 16:43:04Z suehring
135	! Adjustment for monotoinic limiter
136	!
137	! 1418 2014-06-06 13:05:08Z fricke
138	! Bugfix: Change if-condition for stretched grid in the ocean, with the old
139	! condition and a negative value for dz_stretch_level the condition
140	! was always true for the whole model domain
141	!
142	! 1409 2014-05-23 12:11:32Z suehring
143	! Bugfix: set wall_flags_0 at inflow and outflow boundary also for i <= nxlu
144	! j <= nysv
145	!
146	! 1353 2014-04-08 15:21:23Z heinze
147	! REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute
148	!
149	! 1322 2014-03-20 16:38:49Z raasch
150	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
151	!
152	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
153	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
154	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
155	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
156	! revision history before 2012 removed,
157	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
158	! all variable declaration statements
159	!
160	! 1221 2013-09-10 08:59:13Z raasch
161	! wall_flags_00 introduced to hold bits 32-63,
162	! additional 3D-flag arrays for replacing the 2D-index array nzb_s_inner in
163	! loops optimized for openACC (pres + flow_statistics)
164	!
165	! 1092 2013-02-02 11:24:22Z raasch
166	! unused variables removed
167	!
168	! 1069 2012-11-28 16:18:43Z maronga
169	! bugfix: added coupling_char to TOPOGRAPHY_DATA to allow topography in the
170	! ocean model in case of coupled runs
171	!
172	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
173	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
174	!
175	! 1015 2012-09-27 09:23:24Z raasch
176	! lower index for calculating wall_flags_0 set to nzb_w_inner instead of
177	! nzb_w_inner+1
178	!
179	! 996 2012-09-07 10:41:47Z raasch
180	! little reformatting
181	!
182	! 978 2012-08-09 08:28:32Z fricke
183	! Bugfix: nzb_max is set to nzt at non-cyclic lateral boundaries
184	! Bugfix: Set wall_flags_0 for inflow boundary
185	!
186	! 927 2012-06-06 19:15:04Z raasch
187	! Wall flags are not set for multigrid method in case of masking method
188	!
189	! 864 2012-03-27 15:10:33Z gryschka
190	! In case of ocean and Dirichlet bottom bc for u and v dzu_mg and ddzu_pres
191	! were not correctly defined for k=1.
192	!
193	! 861 2012-03-26 14:18:34Z suehring
194	! Set wall_flags_0. The array is needed for degradation in ws-scheme near walls,
195	! inflow and outflow boundaries as well as near the bottom and the top of the
196	! model domain.!
197	! Initialization of nzb_s_inner and nzb_w_inner.
198	! gls has to be at least nbgp to do not exceed the array bounds of nzb_local
199	! while setting wall_flags_0
200	!
201	! 843 2012-02-29 15:16:21Z gryschka
202	! In case of ocean and dirichlet bc for u and v at the bottom
203	! the first u-level ist defined at same height as the first w-level
204	!
205	! 818 2012-02-08 16:11:23Z maronga
206	! Bugfix: topo_height is only required if topography is used. It is thus now
207	! allocated in the topography branch
208	!
209	! 809 2012-01-30 13:32:58Z maronga
210	! Bugfix: replaced .AND. and .NOT. with && and ! in the preprocessor directives
211	!
212	! 807 2012-01-25 11:53:51Z maronga
213	! New cpp directive "__check" implemented which is used by check_namelist_files
214	!
215	! Revision 1.1 1997/08/11 06:17:45 raasch
216	! Initial revision (Testversion)
217	!
218	!
219	! Description:
220	! ------------
221	!> Creating grid depending constants
222	!> To Do: Setting topo flags only based on topo_3d array - flags for former
223	!> nzb_outer arrays are still not set properly.
224	!> To Do: Rearrange topo flag list
225	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
226	SUBROUTINE init_grid
227
228	USE advec_ws, &
229	ONLY: ws_init_flags
230
231	USE arrays_3d, &
232	ONLY: dd2zu, ddzu, ddzu_pres, ddzw, dzu, dzu_mg, dzw, dzw_mg, f1_mg, &
233	f2_mg, f3_mg, l_grid, l_wall, zu, zw
234
235	USE control_parameters, &
236	ONLY: bc_lr_cyc, bc_ns_cyc, building_height, building_length_x, &
237	building_length_y, building_wall_left, building_wall_south, &
238	canyon_height, canyon_wall_left, canyon_wall_south, &
239	canyon_width_x, canyon_width_y, constant_flux_layer, &
240	coupling_char, dp_level_ind_b, dz, dz_max, dz_stretch_factor, &
241	dz_stretch_level, dz_stretch_level_index, grid_level, ibc_uv_b, &
242	io_blocks, io_group, inflow_l, inflow_n, inflow_r, inflow_s, &
243	lod, masking_method, maximum_grid_level, message_string, &
244	momentum_advec, nest_domain, nest_bound_l, nest_bound_n, &
245	nest_bound_r, nest_bound_s, ocean, outflow_l, outflow_n, &
246	outflow_r, outflow_s, psolver, scalar_advec, topography, &
247	topography_grid_convention, tunnel_height, tunnel_length, &
248	tunnel_width_x, tunnel_width_y, tunnel_wall_depth, &
249	use_surface_fluxes, use_top_fluxes, wall_adjustment_factor
250
251	USE grid_variables, &
252	ONLY: ddx, ddx2, ddy, ddy2, dx, dx2, dy, dy2, zu_s_inner, zw_w_inner
253
254	USE indices, &
255	ONLY: advc_flags_1, advc_flags_2, flags, nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxl_mg, &
256	nxr, nxrg, nxr_mg, ny, nyn, nyng, nyn_mg, nys, nys_mg, nysg, nz,&
257	nzb, nzb_diff, nzb_diff_s_inner, nzb_diff_s_outer, &
258	nzb_max, nzb_s_inner, nzb_s_outer, nzb_u_inner, &
259	nzb_u_outer, nzb_v_inner, nzb_v_outer, nzb_w_inner, &
260	nzb_w_outer, nzt, nzt_mg, wall_flags_0, wall_flags_1, &
261	wall_flags_10, wall_flags_2, wall_flags_3, wall_flags_4, &
262	wall_flags_5, wall_flags_6, wall_flags_7, wall_flags_8, &
263	wall_flags_9
264
265	USE kinds
266	#if defined ( __netcdf )
267	USE netcdf_interface, &
268	ONLY: netcdf_close_file, netcdf_open_read_file, netcdf_get_attribute, &
269	netcdf_get_variable
270	#endif
271	USE pegrid
272
273	USE surface_mod, &
274	ONLY: init_bc
275
276	IMPLICIT NONE
277
278	INTEGER(iwp) :: bh !< temporary vertical index of building height
279	INTEGER(iwp) :: blx !< grid point number of building size along x
280	INTEGER(iwp) :: bly !< grid point number of building size along y
281	INTEGER(iwp) :: bxl !< index for left building wall
282	INTEGER(iwp) :: bxr !< index for right building wall
283	INTEGER(iwp) :: byn !< index for north building wall
284	INTEGER(iwp) :: bys !< index for south building wall
285	INTEGER(iwp) :: ch !< temporary vertical index for canyon height
286	INTEGER(iwp) :: cwx !< grid point number of canyon size along x
287	INTEGER(iwp) :: cwy !< grid point number of canyon size along y
288	INTEGER(iwp) :: cxl !< index for left canyon wall
289	INTEGER(iwp) :: cxr !< index for right canyon wall
290	INTEGER(iwp) :: cyn !< index for north canyon wall
291	INTEGER(iwp) :: cys !< index for south canyon wall
292	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< index variable along x
293	INTEGER(iwp) :: id_topo !< NetCDF id of topograhy input file
294	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< loop variable for reading topography file
295	INTEGER(iwp) :: inc !< incremental parameter for coarsening grid level
296	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< index variable along y
297	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
298	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_top !< topography top index on local PE
299	INTEGER(iwp) :: l !< loop variable
300	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxl_l !< index of left PE boundary for multigrid level
301	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxr_l !< index of right PE boundary for multigrid level
302	INTEGER(iwp) :: nyn_l !< index of north PE boundary for multigrid level
303	INTEGER(iwp) :: nys_l !< index of south PE boundary for multigrid level
304	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_local_max !< vertical grid index of maximum topography height
305	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_local_min !< vertical grid index of minimum topography height
306	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_l !< index of top PE boundary for multigrid level
307	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_hole !< number of holes (in topography) resolved by only one grid point
308	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_hole_l !< number of holes (in topography) resolved by only one grid point on local PE
309	INTEGER(iwp) :: num_wall !< number of surrounding vertical walls for a single grid point
310	INTEGER(iwp) :: skip_n_rows !< counting variable to skip rows while reading topography file
311	INTEGER(iwp) :: hv_in !< heavyside function to model inner tunnel surface
312	INTEGER(iwp) :: hv_out !< heavyside function to model outer tunnel surface
313	INTEGER(iwp) :: txe_out !< end position of outer tunnel wall in x
314	INTEGER(iwp) :: txs_out !< start position of outer tunnel wall in x
315	INTEGER(iwp) :: tye_out !< end position of outer tunnel wall in y
316	INTEGER(iwp) :: tys_out !< start position of outer tunnel wall in y
317	INTEGER(iwp) :: txe_in !< end position of inner tunnel wall in x
318	INTEGER(iwp) :: txs_in !< start position of inner tunnel wall in x
319	INTEGER(iwp) :: tye_in !< end position of inner tunnel wall in y
320	INTEGER(iwp) :: tys_in !< start position of inner tunnel wall in y
321	INTEGER(iwp) :: td !< tunnel wall depth
322	INTEGER(iwp) :: th !< height of outer tunnel wall
323
324	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nzb_local !< index for topography top at cell-center
325	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nzb_tmp !< dummy to calculate topography indices on u- and v-grid
326
327	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: topo_3d !< input array for 3D topography and dummy array for setting "outer"-flags
328
329	LOGICAL :: netcdf_extend = .FALSE. !< Flag indicating wether netcdf topography input file or not
330
331	REAL(wp) :: dum !< dummy variable to skip columns while reading topography file
332	REAL(wp) :: dz_stretched !< stretched vertical grid spacing
333
334	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: oro_height !< input variable for terrain height
335	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: topo_height !< input variable for topography height
336
337	!
338	!-- Calculation of horizontal array bounds including ghost layers
339	nxlg = nxl - nbgp
340	nxrg = nxr + nbgp
341	nysg = nys - nbgp
342	nyng = nyn + nbgp
343
344	!
345	!-- Allocate grid arrays
346	ALLOCATE( ddzu(1:nzt+1), ddzw(1:nzt+1), dd2zu(1:nzt), dzu(1:nzt+1), &
347	dzw(1:nzt+1), l_grid(1:nzt), zu(nzb:nzt+1), zw(nzb:nzt+1) )
348
349	!
350	!-- Compute height of u-levels from constant grid length and dz stretch factors
351	IF ( dz == -1.0_wp ) THEN
352	message_string = 'missing dz'
353	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0200', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
354	ELSEIF ( dz <= 0.0_wp ) THEN
355	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'dz=',dz,' <= 0.0'
356	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0201', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
357	ENDIF
358
359	!
360	!-- Define the vertical grid levels
361	IF ( .NOT. ocean ) THEN
362	!
363	!-- Grid for atmosphere with surface at z=0 (k=0, w-grid).
364	!-- The second u-level (k=1) corresponds to the top of the
365	!-- Prandtl-layer.
366
367	IF ( ibc_uv_b == 0 .OR. ibc_uv_b == 2 ) THEN
368	zu(0) = 0.0_wp
369	! zu(0) = - dz * 0.5_wp
370	ELSE
371	zu(0) = - dz * 0.5_wp
372	ENDIF
373	zu(1) = dz * 0.5_wp
374
375	dz_stretch_level_index = nzt+1
376	dz_stretched = dz
377	DO k = 2, nzt+1
378	IF ( dz_stretch_level <= zu(k-1) .AND. dz_stretched < dz_max ) THEN
379	dz_stretched = dz_stretched * dz_stretch_factor
380	dz_stretched = MIN( dz_stretched, dz_max )
381	IF ( dz_stretch_level_index == nzt+1 ) dz_stretch_level_index = k-1
382	ENDIF
383	zu(k) = zu(k-1) + dz_stretched
384	ENDDO
385
386	!
387	!-- Compute the w-levels. They are always staggered half-way between the
388	!-- corresponding u-levels. In case of dirichlet bc for u and v at the
389	!-- ground the first u- and w-level (k=0) are defined at same height (z=0).
390	!-- The top w-level is extrapolated linearly.
391	zw(0) = 0.0_wp
392	DO k = 1, nzt
393	zw(k) = ( zu(k) + zu(k+1) ) * 0.5_wp
394	ENDDO
395	zw(nzt+1) = zw(nzt) + 2.0_wp * ( zu(nzt+1) - zw(nzt) )
396
397	ELSE
398	!
399	!-- Grid for ocean with free water surface is at k=nzt (w-grid).
400	!-- In case of neumann bc at the ground the first first u-level (k=0) lies
401	!-- below the first w-level (k=0). In case of dirichlet bc the first u- and
402	!-- w-level are defined at same height, but staggered from the second level.
403	!-- The second u-level (k=1) corresponds to the top of the Prandtl-layer.
404	zu(nzt+1) = dz * 0.5_wp
405	zu(nzt) = - dz * 0.5_wp
406
407	dz_stretch_level_index = 0
408	dz_stretched = dz
409	DO k = nzt-1, 0, -1
410	!
411	!-- The default value of dz_stretch_level is positive, thus the first
412	!-- condition is always true. Hence, the second condition is necessary.
413	IF ( dz_stretch_level >= zu(k+1) .AND. dz_stretch_level <= 0.0 &
414	.AND. dz_stretched < dz_max ) THEN
415	dz_stretched = dz_stretched * dz_stretch_factor
416	dz_stretched = MIN( dz_stretched, dz_max )
417	IF ( dz_stretch_level_index == 0 ) dz_stretch_level_index = k+1
418	ENDIF
419	zu(k) = zu(k+1) - dz_stretched
420	ENDDO
421
422	!
423	!-- Compute the w-levels. They are always staggered half-way between the
424	!-- corresponding u-levels, except in case of dirichlet bc for u and v
425	!-- at the ground. In this case the first u- and w-level are defined at
426	!-- same height. The top w-level (nzt+1) is not used but set for
427	!-- consistency, since w and all scalar variables are defined up tp nzt+1.
428	zw(nzt+1) = dz
429	zw(nzt) = 0.0_wp
430	DO k = 0, nzt
431	zw(k) = ( zu(k) + zu(k+1) ) * 0.5_wp
432	ENDDO
433
434	!
435	!-- In case of dirichlet bc for u and v the first u- and w-level are defined
436	!-- at same height.
437	IF ( ibc_uv_b == 0 ) THEN
438	zu(0) = zw(0)
439	ENDIF
440
441	ENDIF
442
443	!
444	!-- Compute grid lengths.
445	DO k = 1, nzt+1
446	dzu(k) = zu(k) - zu(k-1)
447	ddzu(k) = 1.0_wp / dzu(k)
448	dzw(k) = zw(k) - zw(k-1)
449	ddzw(k) = 1.0_wp / dzw(k)
450	ENDDO
451
452	DO k = 1, nzt
453	dd2zu(k) = 1.0_wp / ( dzu(k) + dzu(k+1) )
454	ENDDO
455
456	!
457	!-- The FFT- SOR-pressure solvers assume grid spacings of a staggered grid
458	!-- everywhere. For the actual grid, the grid spacing at the lowest level
459	!-- is only dz/2, but should be dz. Therefore, an additional array
460	!-- containing with appropriate grid information is created for these
461	!-- solvers.
462	IF ( psolver(1:9) /= 'multigrid' ) THEN
463	ALLOCATE( ddzu_pres(1:nzt+1) )
464	ddzu_pres = ddzu
465	ddzu_pres(1) = ddzu_pres(2) ! change for lowest level
466	ENDIF
467
468	!
469	!-- Compute the reciprocal values of the horizontal grid lengths.
470	ddx = 1.0_wp / dx
471	ddy = 1.0_wp / dy
472	dx2 = dx * dx
473	dy2 = dy * dy
474	ddx2 = 1.0_wp / dx2
475	ddy2 = 1.0_wp / dy2
476
477	!
478	!-- Compute the grid-dependent mixing length.
479	DO k = 1, nzt
480	l_grid(k) = ( dx * dy * dzw(k) )**0.33333333333333_wp
481	ENDDO
482
483	!
484	!-- Allocate outer and inner index arrays for topography and set
485	!-- defaults.
486	ALLOCATE( nzb_s_inner(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
487	nzb_s_outer(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
488	nzb_u_inner(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
489	nzb_u_outer(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
490	nzb_v_inner(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
491	nzb_v_outer(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
492	nzb_w_inner(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
493	nzb_w_outer(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
494	nzb_diff_s_inner(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
495	nzb_diff_s_outer(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
496	nzb_local(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
497	nzb_tmp(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
498	wall_flags_0(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
499
500	ALLOCATE( topo_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
501	topo_3d = 0
502
503	ALLOCATE( l_wall(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
504
505	nzb_s_inner = nzb; nzb_s_outer = nzb
506	nzb_u_inner = nzb; nzb_u_outer = nzb
507	nzb_v_inner = nzb; nzb_v_outer = nzb
508	nzb_w_inner = nzb; nzb_w_outer = nzb
509
510	!
511	!-- Define vertical gridpoint from (or to) which on the usual finite difference
512	!-- form (which does not use surface fluxes) is applied
513	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
514	nzb_diff = nzb + 2
515	ELSE
516	nzb_diff = nzb + 1
517	ENDIF
518
519	nzb_diff_s_inner = nzb_diff; nzb_diff_s_outer = nzb_diff
520
521	!
522	!-- Initialize near-wall mixing length l_wall only in the vertical direction
523	!-- for the moment,
524	!-- multiplication with wall_adjustment_factor near the end of this routine
525	l_wall(nzb,:,:) = l_grid(1)
526	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
527	l_wall(k,:,:) = l_grid(k)
528	ENDDO
529	l_wall(nzt+1,:,:) = l_grid(nzt)
530
531	DO k = 1, nzt
532	IF ( l_grid(k) > 1.5_wp * dx * wall_adjustment_factor .OR. &
533	l_grid(k) > 1.5_wp * dy * wall_adjustment_factor ) THEN
534	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'grid anisotropy exceeds ', &
535	'threshold given by only local', &
536	' &horizontal reduction of near_wall ', &
537	'mixing length l_wall', &
538	' &starting from height level k = ', k, '.'
539	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0202', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
540	EXIT
541	ENDIF
542	ENDDO
543	!
544	!-- Set outer and inner index arrays for non-flat topography.
545	!-- Here consistency checks concerning domain size and periodicity are
546	!-- necessary.
547	!-- Within this SELECT CASE structure only nzb_local is initialized
548	!-- individually depending on the chosen topography type, all other index
549	!-- arrays are initialized further below.
550	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( topography ) )
551
552	CASE ( 'flat' )
553	!
554	!-- nzb_local is required for the multigrid solver
555	nzb_local = 0
556	!
557	!-- Initialilize 3D topography array, used later for initializing flags
558	topo_3d(nzb+1:nzt+1,:,:) = IBSET( topo_3d(nzb+1:nzt+1,:,:), 0 )
559	!
560	!-- level of detail is required for output routines
561	lod = 1
562
563	CASE ( 'single_building' )
564	!
565	!-- Single rectangular building, by default centered in the middle of the
566	!-- total domain
567	blx = NINT( building_length_x / dx )
568	bly = NINT( building_length_y / dy )
569	bh = MINLOC( ABS( zw - building_height ), 1 ) - 1
570	IF ( ABS( zw(bh) - building_height ) == &
571	ABS( zw(bh+1) - building_height ) ) bh = bh + 1
572
573	IF ( building_wall_left == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
574	building_wall_left = ( nx + 1 - blx ) / 2 * dx
575	ENDIF
576	bxl = NINT( building_wall_left / dx )
577	bxr = bxl + blx
578
579	IF ( building_wall_south == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
580	building_wall_south = ( ny + 1 - bly ) / 2 * dy
581	ENDIF
582	bys = NINT( building_wall_south / dy )
583	byn = bys + bly
584
585	!
586	!-- Building size has to meet some requirements
587	IF ( ( bxl < 1 ) .OR. ( bxr > nx-1 ) .OR. ( bxr < bxl+3 ) .OR. &
588	( bys < 1 ) .OR. ( byn > ny-1 ) .OR. ( byn < bys+3 ) ) THEN
589	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'inconsistent building parameters:', &
590	'& bxl=', bxl, 'bxr=', bxr, 'bys=', bys, &
591	'byn=', byn, 'nx=', nx, 'ny=', ny
592	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0203', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
593	ENDIF
594
595	!
596	!-- Define the building.
597	nzb_local = 0
598	IF ( bxl <= nxr .AND. bxr >= nxl .AND. &
599	bys <= nyn .AND. byn >= nys ) &
600	nzb_local(MAX(nys,bys):MIN(nyn,byn),MAX(nxl,bxl):MIN(nxr,bxr)) = bh
601
602	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_local, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
603	!
604	!-- Set bit array to mask topography
605	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
606	DO j = nysg, nyng
607
608	topo_3d(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i) = &
609	IBSET( topo_3d(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i), 0 )
610	ENDDO
611	ENDDO
612	!
613	!-- level of detail is required for output routines. Here, 2D topography.
614	lod = 1
615
616	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nbgp )
617
618	CASE ( 'single_street_canyon' )
619	!
620	!-- Single quasi-2D street canyon of infinite length in x or y direction.
621	!-- The canyon is centered in the other direction by default.
622	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
623	!
624	!-- Street canyon in y direction
625	cwx = NINT( canyon_width_x / dx )
626	IF ( canyon_wall_left == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
627	canyon_wall_left = ( nx + 1 - cwx ) / 2 * dx
628	ENDIF
629	cxl = NINT( canyon_wall_left / dx )
630	cxr = cxl + cwx
631
632	ELSEIF ( canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
633	!
634	!-- Street canyon in x direction
635	cwy = NINT( canyon_width_y / dy )
636	IF ( canyon_wall_south == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
637	canyon_wall_south = ( ny + 1 - cwy ) / 2 * dy
638	ENDIF
639	cys = NINT( canyon_wall_south / dy )
640	cyn = cys + cwy
641
642	ELSE
643
644	message_string = 'no street canyon width given'
645	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0204', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
646
647	ENDIF
648
649	ch = MINLOC( ABS( zw - canyon_height ), 1 ) - 1
650	IF ( ABS( zw(ch) - canyon_height ) == &
651	ABS( zw(ch+1) - canyon_height ) ) ch = ch + 1
652
653	dp_level_ind_b = ch
654	!
655	!-- Street canyon size has to meet some requirements
656	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
657	IF ( ( cxl < 1 ) .OR. ( cxr > nx-1 ) .OR. ( cwx < 3 ) .OR. &
658	( ch < 3 ) ) THEN
659	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'inconsistent canyon parameters:', &
660	'&cxl=', cxl, 'cxr=', cxr, &
661	'cwx=', cwx, &
662	'ch=', ch, 'nx=', nx, 'ny=', ny
663	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0205', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
664	ENDIF
665	ELSEIF ( canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
666	IF ( ( cys < 1 ) .OR. ( cyn > ny-1 ) .OR. ( cwy < 3 ) .OR. &
667	( ch < 3 ) ) THEN
668	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'inconsistent canyon parameters:', &
669	'&cys=', cys, 'cyn=', cyn, &
670	'cwy=', cwy, &
671	'ch=', ch, 'nx=', nx, 'ny=', ny
672	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0206', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
673	ENDIF
674	ENDIF
675	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
676	canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
677	message_string = 'inconsistent canyon parameters:' // &
678	'&street canyon can only be oriented' // &
679	'&either in x- or in y-direction'
680	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0207', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
681	ENDIF
682
683	nzb_local = ch
684	IF ( canyon_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
685	IF ( cxl <= nxr .AND. cxr >= nxl ) &
686	nzb_local(:,MAX(nxl,cxl+1):MIN(nxr,cxr-1)) = 0
687	ELSEIF ( canyon_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
688	IF ( cys <= nyn .AND. cyn >= nys ) &
689	nzb_local(MAX(nys,cys+1):MIN(nyn,cyn-1),:) = 0
690	ENDIF
691
692	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_local, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
693	!
694	!-- Set bit array to mask topography
695	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
696	DO j = nysg, nyng
697	topo_3d(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i) = &
698	IBSET( topo_3d(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i), 0 )
699	ENDDO
700	ENDDO
701	!
702	!-- level of detail is required for output routines. Here, 2D topography.
703	lod = 1
704
705	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nbgp )
706
707	CASE ( 'tunnel' )
708
709	!
710	!-- Tunnel height
711	IF ( tunnel_height == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
712	th = zw( INT( 0.2 * nz) )
713	ELSE
714	th = tunnel_height
715	ENDIF
716	!
717	!-- Tunnel-wall depth
718	IF ( tunnel_wall_depth == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
719	td = MAX ( dx, dy, dz )
720	ELSE
721	td = tunnel_wall_depth
722	ENDIF
723	!
724	!-- Check for tunnel width
725	IF ( tunnel_width_x == 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
726	tunnel_width_y == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
727	message_string = 'No tunnel width is given. '
728	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0207', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
729	ENDIF
730	IF ( tunnel_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
731	tunnel_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
732	message_string = 'Inconsistent tunnel parameters:' // &
733	'tunnel can only be oriented' // &
734	'either in x- or in y-direction.'
735	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0207', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
736	ENDIF
737	!
738	!-- Tunnel axis along y
739	IF ( tunnel_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
740	IF ( tunnel_width_x > ( nx + 1 ) * dx ) THEN
741	message_string = 'Tunnel width too large'
742	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0207', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
743	ENDIF
744
745	txs_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx - tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp )
746	txe_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx + tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp )
747	txs_in = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx - &
748	( tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp - td ) )
749	txe_in = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx + &
750	( tunnel_width_x * 0.5_wp - td ) )
751
752	tys_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy - tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
753	tye_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy + tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
754	tys_in = tys_out
755	tye_in = tye_out
756	ENDIF
757	IF ( tunnel_width_x /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
758	tunnel_width_x - 2.0_wp * tunnel_wall_depth <= 2.0_wp * dx ) THEN
759	message_string = 'Tunnel width too small'
760	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0207', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
761	ENDIF
762	IF ( tunnel_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. &
763	tunnel_width_y - 2.0_wp * tunnel_wall_depth <= 2.0_wp * dy ) THEN
764	message_string = 'Tunnel width too small'
765	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0207', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
766	ENDIF
767	!
768	!-- Tunnel axis along x
769	IF ( tunnel_width_y /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
770	IF ( tunnel_width_y > ( ny + 1 ) * dy ) THEN
771	message_string = 'Tunnel width too large'
772	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0207', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
773	ENDIF
774
775	txs_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx - tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
776	txe_out = INT( ( nx + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dx + tunnel_length * 0.5_wp )
777	txs_in = txs_out
778	txe_in = txe_out
779
780	tys_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy - tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp )
781	tye_out = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy + tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp )
782	tys_in = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy - &
783	( tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp - td ) )
784	tye_in = INT( ( ny + 1 ) * 0.5_wp * dy + &
785	( tunnel_width_y * 0.5_wp - td ) )
786	ENDIF
787
788	topo_3d = 0
789	DO i = nxl, nxr
790	DO j = nys, nyn
791	!
792	!-- Use heaviside function to model outer tunnel surface
793	hv_out = th * 0.5_wp * &
794	( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txs_out ) + 1.0_wp ) &
795	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txe_out ) + 1.0_wp ) )
796
797	hv_out = hv_out * 0.5_wp * &
798	( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tys_out ) + 1.0_wp ) &
799	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tye_out ) + 1.0_wp ) )
800	!
801	!-- Use heaviside function to model inner tunnel surface
802	hv_in = ( th - td ) * 0.5_wp * &
803	( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txs_in ) + 1.0_wp ) &
804	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, i * dx - txe_in ) + 1.0_wp ) )
805
806	hv_in = hv_in * 0.5_wp * &
807	( ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tys_in ) + 1.0_wp ) &
808	- ( SIGN( 1.0_wp, j * dy - tye_in ) + 1.0_wp ) )
809	!
810	!-- Set flags at x-y-positions without any tunnel surface
811	IF ( hv_out - hv_in == 0.0_wp ) THEN
812	topo_3d(nzb+1:nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(nzb+1:nzt+1,j,i), 0 )
813	!
814	!-- Set flags at x-y-positions with tunnel surfaces
815	ELSE
816	DO k = nzb + 1, nzt + 1
817	!
818	!-- Inner tunnel
819	IF ( hv_out - hv_in == th ) THEN
820	IF ( zw(k) <= hv_out ) THEN
821	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
822	ELSE
823	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
824	ENDIF
825	ENDIF
826	!
827	!-- Lateral tunnel walls
828	IF ( hv_out - hv_in == td ) THEN
829	IF ( zw(k) <= hv_in ) THEN
830	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
831	ELSEIF ( zw(k) > hv_in .AND. zw(k) <= hv_out ) THEN
832	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBCLR( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
833	ELSEIF ( zw(k) > hv_out ) THEN
834	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
835	ENDIF
836	ENDIF
837	ENDDO
838	ENDIF
839	ENDDO
840	ENDDO
841
842	nzb_local = 0
843	!
844	!-- level of detail is required for output routines. Here, 3D topography.
845	lod = 2
846
847	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nbgp )
848
849	CASE ( 'read_from_file' )
850
851	ALLOCATE ( oro_height(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
852	ALLOCATE ( topo_height(nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
853	oro_height = 0.0_wp
854	topo_height = 0.0_wp
855
856	DO ii = 0, io_blocks-1
857	IF ( ii == io_group ) THEN
858
859	!
860	!-- Arbitrary irregular topography data in PALM format (exactly
861	!-- matching the grid size and total domain size).
862	!-- First, check if NetCDF file for topography exist or not.
863	!-- This case, read topography from NetCDF, else read it from
864	!-- ASCII file.
865	#if defined ( __netcdf )
866	INQUIRE( FILE='TOPOGRAPHY_DATA_NC'//TRIM( coupling_char ), &
867	EXIST=netcdf_extend )
868	!
869	!-- NetCDF branch
870	IF ( netcdf_extend ) THEN
871	!
872	!-- Open file in read-only mode
873	CALL netcdf_open_read_file( 'TOPOGRAPHY_DATA_NC', &
874	id_topo, 20 ) !Error number still need to be set properly
875
876	!
877	!-- Read terrain height. Reading is done PE-wise, i.e. each
878	!-- processor reads its own domain. Reading is realized
879	!-- via looping over x-dimension, i.e. calling
880	!-- netcdf_get_variable reads topography along y for given x.
881	!-- Orography is 2D.
882	DO i = nxl, nxr
883	CALL netcdf_get_variable( id_topo, 'orography_0', &
884	i, oro_height(:,i), 20 ) !Error number still need to be set properly
885	ENDDO
886	!
887	!-- Read attribute lod (level of detail), required for variable
888	!-- buildings_0
889	CALL netcdf_get_attribute( id_topo, "lod", lod, .FALSE., &
890	20, 'buildings_0' ) !Error number still need to be set properly
891	!
892	!-- Read building height
893	!-- 2D for lod = 1, 3D for lod = 2
894	IF ( lod == 1 ) THEN
895	DO i = nxl, nxr
896	CALL netcdf_get_variable( id_topo, 'buildings_0', &
897	i, topo_height(:,i), 20 ) !Error number still need to be set properly
898	ENDDO
899
900	ELSEIF ( lod == 2 ) THEN
901	!
902	!-- Read data PE-wise. Read yz-slices.
903	DO i = nxl, nxr
904	DO j = nys, nyn
905	CALL netcdf_get_variable( id_topo, 'buildings_0', &
906	i, j, topo_3d(:,j,i), 20 ) !Error number still need to be set properly
907	ENDDO
908	ENDDO
909	ELSE
910	message_string = 'NetCDF attribute lod ' // &
911	'(level of detail) is not set properly.'
912	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0208', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 ) !Error number still need to be set properly
913	ENDIF
914	!
915	!-- Close topography input file
916	CALL netcdf_close_file( id_topo, 20 )
917	#endif
918
919	!
920	!-- ASCII branch. Please note, reading of 3D topography is not
921	!-- supported in ASCII format. Further, no distinction is made
922	!-- between orography and buildings
923	ELSE
924
925	OPEN( 90, FILE='TOPOGRAPHY_DATA'//TRIM( coupling_char ), &
926	STATUS='OLD', FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=10 )
927	!
928	!-- Read topography PE-wise. Rows are read from nyn to nys, columns
929	!-- are read from nxl to nxr. At first, ny-nyn rows need to be skipped.
930	skip_n_rows = 0
931	DO WHILE ( skip_n_rows < ny - nyn )
932	READ( 90, * )
933	skip_n_rows = skip_n_rows + 1
934	ENDDO
935	!
936	!-- Read data from nyn to nys and nxl to nxr. Therefore, skip
937	!-- column until nxl-1 is reached
938	DO j = nyn, nys, -1
939	READ( 90, *, ERR=11, END=11 ) &
940	( dum, i = 0, nxl-1 ), &
941	( topo_height(j,i), i = nxl, nxr )
942	ENDDO
943
944	GOTO 12
945
946	10 message_string = 'file TOPOGRAPHY'//TRIM( coupling_char )// &
947	' does not exist'
948	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0208', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
949
950	11 message_string = 'errors in file TOPOGRAPHY_DATA'// &
951	TRIM( coupling_char )
952	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0209', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
953
954	12 CLOSE( 90 )
955
956	ENDIF
957
958	ENDIF
959	#if defined( __parallel )
960	CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
961	#endif
962	ENDDO
963
964	!
965	!-- Calculate the index height of the topography
966	nzb_local = 0
967	DO i = nxl, nxr
968	DO j = nys, nyn
969	IF ( .NOT. ocean ) THEN
970	nzb_local(j,i) = MINLOC( ABS( zw - topo_height(j,i) &
971	- oro_height(j,i) ), 1 ) - 1
972	IF ( ABS( zw(nzb_local(j,i) ) - topo_height(j,i) &
973	- oro_height(j,i) ) == &
974	ABS( zw(nzb_local(j,i)+1) - topo_height(j,i) &
975	- oro_height(j,i) ) ) &
976	nzb_local(j,i) = nzb_local(j,i) + 1
977	ELSE
978	nzb_local(j,i) = MINLOC( ABS( zw - zw(0) &
979	- topo_height(j,i) &
980	- oro_height(j,i) ), 1 ) - 1
981	IF ( ABS( zw(nzb_local(j,i) ) - zw(0) &
982	- topo_height(j,i) &
983	- oro_height(j,i) ) == &
984	ABS( zw(nzb_local(j,i)+1) - zw(0) &
985	- topo_height(j,i) &
986	- oro_height(j,i) ) ) &
987	nzb_local(j,i) = nzb_local(j,i) + 1
988	ENDIF
989
990	ENDDO
991	ENDDO
992
993	DEALLOCATE ( oro_height )
994	DEALLOCATE ( topo_height )
995	!
996	!-- Filter topography, i.e. fill holes resolved by only one grid point.
997	!-- Such holes are suspected to lead to velocity blow-ups as continuity
998	!-- equation on discrete grid cannot be fulfilled in such case.
999	!-- For now, check only for holes and fill them to the lowest height level
1000	!-- of the directly adjoining grid points along x- and y- direction.
1001	!-- Before checking for holes, set lateral boundary conditions for
1002	!-- topography. After hole-filling, boundary conditions must be set again!
1003	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_local, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1004
1005	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
1006	IF ( nys == 0 ) nzb_local(-1,:) = nzb_local(0,:)
1007	IF ( nyn == ny ) nzb_local(ny+1,:) = nzb_local(ny,:)
1008	ENDIF
1009
1010	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
1011	IF ( nxl == 0 ) nzb_local(:,-1) = nzb_local(:,0)
1012	IF ( nxr == nx ) nzb_local(:,nx+1) = nzb_local(:,nx)
1013	ENDIF
1014
1015	num_hole_l = 0
1016	DO i = nxl, nxr
1017	DO j = nys, nyn
1018
1019	num_wall = 0
1020
1021	IF ( nzb_local(j-1,i) > nzb_local(j,i) ) &
1022	num_wall = num_wall + 1
1023	IF ( nzb_local(j+1,i) > nzb_local(j,i) ) &
1024	num_wall = num_wall + 1
1025	IF ( nzb_local(j,i-1) > nzb_local(j,i) ) &
1026	num_wall = num_wall + 1
1027	IF ( nzb_local(j,i+1) > nzb_local(j,i) ) &
1028	num_wall = num_wall + 1
1029
1030	IF ( num_wall == 4 ) THEN
1031	nzb_local(j,i) = MIN( nzb_local(j-1,i), nzb_local(j+1,i), &
1032	nzb_local(j,i-1), nzb_local(j,i+1) )
1033	num_hole_l = num_hole_l + 1
1034	ENDIF
1035	ENDDO
1036	ENDDO
1037	!
1038	!-- Count the total number of holes, required for informative message.
1039	#if defined( __parallel )
1040	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( num_hole_l, num_hole, 1, MPI_INTEGER, MPI_SUM, &
1041	comm2d, ierr )
1042	#else
1043	num_hole = num_hole_l
1044	#endif
1045	!
1046	!-- Create an informative message if any hole was removed.
1047	IF ( num_hole > 0 ) THEN
1048	WRITE( message_string, * ) num_hole, 'hole(s) resolved by only '//&
1049	'one grid point were filled'
1050	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0430', 0, 0, 0, 6, 0 )
1051	ENDIF
1052
1053	!
1054	!-- Set bit array to mask topography. Only required for lod = 1
1055	IF ( lod == 1 ) THEN
1056	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1057	DO j = nysg, nyng
1058	topo_3d(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i) = &
1059	IBSET( topo_3d(nzb_local(j,i)+1:nzt+1,j,i), 0 )
1060	ENDDO
1061	ENDDO
1062	ENDIF
1063	!
1064	!-- Exchange ghost-points, as well as add cyclic or Neumann boundary
1065	!-- conditions.
1066	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nbgp )
1067	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_local, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1068
1069	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
1070	IF ( nys == 0 ) topo_3d(:,-1,:) = topo_3d(:,0,:)
1071	IF ( nyn == ny ) topo_3d(:,ny+1,:) = topo_3d(:,ny,:)
1072
1073	IF ( nys == 0 ) nzb_local(-1,:) = nzb_local(0,:)
1074	IF ( nyn == ny ) nzb_local(ny+1,:) = nzb_local(ny,:)
1075	ENDIF
1076
1077	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
1078	IF ( nxl == 0 ) topo_3d(:,:,-1) = topo_3d(:,:,0)
1079	IF ( nxr == nx ) topo_3d(:,:,nx+1) = topo_3d(:,:,nx)
1080
1081	IF ( nxl == 0 ) nzb_local(:,-1) = nzb_local(:,0)
1082	IF ( nxr == nx ) nzb_local(:,nx+1) = nzb_local(:,nx)
1083	ENDIF
1084
1085
1086	CASE DEFAULT
1087	!
1088	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter topography
1089	!-- contains a wrong character string or if the user has defined a special
1090	!-- case in the user interface. There, the subroutine user_init_grid
1091	!-- checks which of these two conditions applies.
1092	CALL user_init_grid( topo_3d )
1093
1094	END SELECT
1095	!
1096	!-- Consistency checks and index array initialization are only required for
1097	!-- non-flat topography, also the initialization of topography height arrays
1098	!-- zu_s_inner and zw_w_inner
1099	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'flat' ) THEN
1100	#if defined( __parallel )
1101	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MAXVAL( nzb_local ), nzb_local_max, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
1102	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr )
1103	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MINVAL( nzb_local ), nzb_local_min, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
1104	MPI_MIN, comm2d, ierr )
1105	#else
1106	nzb_local_max = MAXVAL( nzb_local )
1107	nzb_local_min = MINVAL( nzb_local )
1108	#endif
1109
1110	!
1111	!-- Consistency checks
1112	IF ( nzb_local_min < 0 .OR. nzb_local_max > nz + 1 ) THEN
1113	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'nzb_local values are outside the', &
1114	'model domain', &
1115	'&MINVAL( nzb_local ) = ', nzb_local_min, &
1116	'&MAXVAL( nzb_local ) = ', nzb_local_max
1117	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0210', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1118	ENDIF
1119	!
1120	!-- In case of non-flat topography, check whether the convention how to
1121	!-- define the topography grid has been set correctly, or whether the default
1122	!-- is applicable. If this is not possible, abort.
1123	IF ( TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) == ' ' ) THEN
1124	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'single_building' .AND. &
1125	TRIM( topography ) /= 'single_street_canyon' .AND. &
1126	TRIM( topography ) /= 'tunnel' .AND. &
1127	TRIM( topography ) /= 'read_from_file') THEN
1128	!-- The default value is not applicable here, because it is only valid
1129	!-- for the two standard cases 'single_building' and 'read_from_file'
1130	!-- defined in init_grid.
1131	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
1132	'The value for "topography_grid_convention" ', &
1133	'is not set. Its default value is & only valid for ', &
1134	'"topography" = ''single_building'', ', &
1135	'''single_street_canyon'' & or ''read_from_file''.', &
1136	' & Choose ''cell_edge'' or ''cell_center''.'
1137	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0239', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1138	ELSE
1139	!-- The default value is applicable here.
1140	!-- Set convention according to topography.
1141	IF ( TRIM( topography ) == 'single_building' .OR. &
1142	TRIM( topography ) == 'single_street_canyon' ) THEN
1143	topography_grid_convention = 'cell_edge'
1144	ELSEIF ( TRIM( topography ) == 'read_from_file' .OR. &
1145	TRIM( topography ) == 'tunnel') THEN
1146	topography_grid_convention = 'cell_center'
1147	ENDIF
1148	ENDIF
1149	ELSEIF ( TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) /= 'cell_edge' .AND. &
1150	TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) /= 'cell_center' ) THEN
1151	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
1152	'The value for "topography_grid_convention" is ', &
1153	'not recognized. & Choose ''cell_edge'' or ''cell_center''.'
1154	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0240', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1155	ENDIF
1156
1157	!
1158	!-- In case of non-flat topography, check whether the convention how to
1159	!-- define the topography grid has been set correctly, or whether the default
1160	!-- is applicable. If this is not possible, abort.
1161	IF ( TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) == ' ' ) THEN
1162	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'single_building' .AND. &
1163	TRIM( topography ) /= 'single_street_canyon' .AND. &
1164	TRIM( topography ) /= 'read_from_file' ) THEN
1165	!-- The default value is not applicable here, because it is only valid
1166	!-- for the two standard cases 'single_building' and 'read_from_file'
1167	!-- defined in init_grid.
1168	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
1169	'The value for "topography_grid_convention" ', &
1170	'is not set. Its default value is & only valid for ', &
1171	'"topography" = ''single_building'', ', &
1172	'''single_street_canyon'' & or ''read_from_file''.', &
1173	' & Choose ''cell_edge'' or ''cell_center''.'
1174	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0239', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1175	ELSE
1176	!-- The default value is applicable here.
1177	!-- Set convention according to topography.
1178	IF ( TRIM( topography ) == 'single_building' .OR. &
1179	TRIM( topography ) == 'single_street_canyon' ) THEN
1180	topography_grid_convention = 'cell_edge'
1181	ELSEIF ( TRIM( topography ) == 'read_from_file' ) THEN
1182	topography_grid_convention = 'cell_center'
1183	ENDIF
1184	ENDIF
1185	ELSEIF ( TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) /= 'cell_edge' .AND. &
1186	TRIM( topography_grid_convention ) /= 'cell_center' ) THEN
1187	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
1188	'The value for "topography_grid_convention" is ', &
1189	'not recognized. & Choose ''cell_edge'' or ''cell_center''.'
1190	CALL message( 'init_grid', 'PA0240', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1191	ENDIF
1192
1193	IF ( topography_grid_convention == 'cell_edge' ) THEN
1194	!
1195	!-- The array nzb_local as defined using the 'cell_edge' convention
1196	!-- describes the actual total size of topography which is defined at the
1197	!-- cell edges where u=0 on the topography walls in x-direction and v=0
1198	!-- on the topography walls in y-direction. However, PALM uses individual
1199	!-- arrays nzb_u\|v\|w\|s_inner\|outer that are based on nzb_s_inner.
1200	!-- Therefore, the extent of topography in nzb_local is now reduced by
1201	!-- 1dx at the E topography walls and by 1dy at the N topography walls
1202	!-- to form the basis for nzb_s_inner.
1203	!-- Note, the reverse memory access (i-j instead of j-i) is absolutely
1204	!-- required at this point.
1205	DO j = nys+1, nyn+1
1206	DO i = nxl-1, nxr
1207	nzb_local(j,i) = MIN( nzb_local(j,i), nzb_local(j,i+1) )
1208	ENDDO
1209	ENDDO
1210	!
1211	!-- Exchange ghost points
1212	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_local, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1213
1214	DO i = nxl, nxr+1
1215	DO j = nys-1, nyn
1216	nzb_local(j,i) = MIN( nzb_local(j,i), nzb_local(j+1,i) )
1217	ENDDO
1218	ENDDO
1219	!
1220	!-- Exchange ghost points
1221	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_local, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1222	!
1223	!-- Apply cell-edge convention also for 3D topo array. The former setting
1224	!-- of nzb_local will be removed later.
1225	DO j = nys+1, nyn+1
1226	DO i = nxl-1, nxr
1227	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1228	IF ( BTEST( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 ) .OR. &
1229	BTEST( topo_3d(k,j,i+1), 0 ) ) &
1230	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
1231	ENDDO
1232	ENDDO
1233	ENDDO
1234	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nbgp )
1235
1236	DO i = nxl, nxr+1
1237	DO j = nys-1, nyn
1238	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1239	IF ( BTEST( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 ) .OR. &
1240	BTEST( topo_3d(k,j+1,i), 0 ) ) &
1241	topo_3d(k,j,i) = IBSET( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 )
1242	ENDDO
1243	ENDDO
1244	ENDDO
1245	CALL exchange_horiz_int( topo_3d, nbgp )
1246
1247	ENDIF
1248
1249	!
1250	!-- Initialize index arrays nzb_s_inner and nzb_w_inner
1251
1252	nzb_s_inner = nzb_local
1253	nzb_w_inner = nzb_local
1254
1255	!
1256	!-- Initialize remaining index arrays:
1257	!-- first pre-initialize them with nzb_s_inner...
1258	nzb_u_inner = nzb_s_inner
1259	nzb_u_outer = nzb_s_inner
1260	nzb_v_inner = nzb_s_inner
1261	nzb_v_outer = nzb_s_inner
1262	nzb_w_outer = nzb_s_inner
1263	nzb_s_outer = nzb_s_inner
1264
1265	!
1266	!-- ...then extend pre-initialized arrays in their according directions
1267	!-- based on nzb_local using nzb_tmp as a temporary global index array
1268
1269	!
1270	!-- nzb_s_outer:
1271	!-- extend nzb_local east-/westwards first, then north-/southwards
1272	nzb_tmp = nzb_local
1273	DO j = nys, nyn
1274	DO i = nxl, nxr
1275	nzb_tmp(j,i) = MAX( nzb_local(j,i-1), nzb_local(j,i), &
1276	nzb_local(j,i+1) )
1277	ENDDO
1278	ENDDO
1279
1280	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_tmp, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1281
1282	DO i = nxl, nxr
1283	DO j = nys, nyn
1284	nzb_s_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j-1,i), nzb_tmp(j,i), &
1285	nzb_tmp(j+1,i) )
1286	ENDDO
1287	!
1288	!-- non-cyclic boundary conditions (overwritten by call of
1289	!-- exchange_horiz_2d_int below in case of cyclic boundary conditions)
1290	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
1291	j = -1
1292	nzb_s_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j+1,i), nzb_tmp(j,i) )
1293	ENDIF
1294	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
1295	j = ny + 1
1296	nzb_s_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j-1,i), nzb_tmp(j,i) )
1297	ENDIF
1298	ENDDO
1299	!
1300	!-- nzb_w_outer:
1301	!-- identical to nzb_s_outer
1302	nzb_w_outer = nzb_s_outer
1303
1304	!
1305	!-- nzb_u_inner:
1306	!-- extend nzb_local rightwards only
1307	nzb_tmp = nzb_local
1308	DO j = nys, nyn
1309	DO i = nxl, nxr
1310	nzb_tmp(j,i) = MAX( nzb_local(j,i-1), nzb_local(j,i) )
1311	ENDDO
1312	ENDDO
1313
1314	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_tmp, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1315
1316	nzb_u_inner = nzb_tmp
1317	!
1318	!-- nzb_u_outer:
1319	!-- extend current nzb_tmp (nzb_u_inner) north-/southwards
1320	DO i = nxl, nxr
1321	DO j = nys, nyn
1322	nzb_u_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j-1,i), nzb_tmp(j,i), &
1323	nzb_tmp(j+1,i) )
1324	ENDDO
1325	!
1326	!-- non-cyclic boundary conditions (overwritten by call of
1327	!-- exchange_horiz_2d_int below in case of cyclic boundary conditions)
1328	IF ( nys == 0 ) THEN
1329	j = -1
1330	nzb_u_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j+1,i), nzb_tmp(j,i) )
1331	ENDIF
1332	IF ( nyn == ny ) THEN
1333	j = ny + 1
1334	nzb_u_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j-1,i), nzb_tmp(j,i) )
1335	ENDIF
1336	ENDDO
1337
1338	!
1339	!-- nzb_v_inner:
1340	!-- extend nzb_local northwards only
1341	nzb_tmp = nzb_local
1342	DO i = nxl, nxr
1343	DO j = nys, nyn
1344	nzb_tmp(j,i) = MAX( nzb_local(j-1,i), nzb_local(j,i) )
1345	ENDDO
1346	ENDDO
1347
1348	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_tmp, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1349	nzb_v_inner = nzb_tmp
1350
1351	!
1352	!-- nzb_v_outer:
1353	!-- extend current nzb_tmp (nzb_v_inner) right-/leftwards
1354	DO j = nys, nyn
1355	DO i = nxl, nxr
1356	nzb_v_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j,i-1), nzb_tmp(j,i), &
1357	nzb_tmp(j,i+1) )
1358	ENDDO
1359	!
1360	!-- non-cyclic boundary conditions (overwritten by call of
1361	!-- exchange_horiz_2d_int below in case of cyclic boundary conditions)
1362	IF ( nxl == 0 ) THEN
1363	i = -1
1364	nzb_v_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j,i+1), nzb_tmp(j,i) )
1365	ENDIF
1366	IF ( nxr == nx ) THEN
1367	i = nx + 1
1368	nzb_v_outer(j,i) = MAX( nzb_tmp(j,i-1), nzb_tmp(j,i) )
1369	ENDIF
1370	ENDDO
1371
1372	!
1373	!-- Exchange of lateral boundary values (parallel computers) and cyclic
1374	!-- boundary conditions, if applicable.
1375	!-- Since nzb_s_inner and nzb_w_inner are derived directly from nzb_local
1376	!-- they do not require exchange and are not included here.
1377	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_u_inner, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1378	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_u_outer, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1379	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_v_inner, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1380	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_v_outer, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1381	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_w_outer, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1382	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_s_outer, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1383
1384	ENDIF
1385	!
1386	!-- Deallocate temporary array, as it might be reused for different
1387	!-- grid-levels further below.
1388	DEALLOCATE( nzb_tmp )
1389
1390	!
1391	!-- Determine the maximum level of topography. It is used for
1392	!-- steering the degradation of order of the applied advection scheme.
1393	!-- In case of non-cyclic lateral boundaries, the order of the advection
1394	!-- scheme has to be reduced up to nzt (required at the lateral boundaries).
1395	k_top = 0
1396	DO i = nxl, nxr
1397	DO j = nys, nyn
1398	DO k = nzb, nzt + 1
1399	k_top = MAX( k_top, MERGE( k, 0, &
1400	.NOT. BTEST( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 ) ) )
1401	ENDDO
1402	ENDDO
1403	ENDDO
1404	#if defined( __parallel )
1405	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( k_top + 1, nzb_max, 1, MPI_INTEGER, & !is +1 really necessary here?
1406	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr )
1407	#else
1408	nzb_max = k_top + 1
1409	#endif
1410	IF ( inflow_l .OR. outflow_l .OR. inflow_r .OR. outflow_r .OR. &
1411	inflow_n .OR. outflow_n .OR. inflow_s .OR. outflow_s .OR. &
1412	nest_domain ) &
1413	THEN
1414	nzb_max = nzt
1415	ENDIF
1416	!
1417	!-- Finally, if topography extents up to the model top, limit nzb_max to nzt.
1418	nzb_max = MIN( nzb_max, nzt )
1419
1420	!
1421	!-- Set the individual index arrays which define the k index from which on
1422	!-- the usual finite difference form (which does not use surface fluxes) is
1423	!-- applied
1424	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
1425	nzb_diff_s_inner = nzb_s_inner + 2
1426	nzb_diff_s_outer = nzb_s_outer + 2
1427	ELSE
1428	nzb_diff_s_inner = nzb_s_inner + 1
1429	nzb_diff_s_outer = nzb_s_outer + 1
1430	ENDIF
1431
1432	!
1433	!-- Set-up topography flags. First, set flags only for s, u, v and w-grid.
1434	!-- Further special flags will be set in following loops.
1435	wall_flags_0 = 0
1436	DO j = nys, nyn
1437	DO i = nxl, nxr
1438	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1439	!
1440	!-- scalar grid
1441	IF ( BTEST( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1442	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 )
1443	!
1444	!-- v grid
1445	IF ( BTEST( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
1446	BTEST( topo_3d(k,j-1,i), 0 ) ) &
1447	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 )
1448	!
1449	!-- To do: set outer arrays on basis of topo_3d array, adjust for downward-facing walls
1450	!-- s grid outer array
1451	IF ( k >= nzb_s_outer(j,i) ) &
1452	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 24 )
1453	!
1454	!-- s grid outer array
1455	IF ( k >= nzb_u_outer(j,i) ) &
1456	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 26 )
1457	!
1458	!-- s grid outer array
1459	IF ( k >= nzb_v_outer(j,i) ) &
1460	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 27 )
1461	!
1462	!-- w grid outer array
1463	IF ( k >= nzb_w_outer(j,i) ) &
1464	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 28 )
1465	ENDDO
1466
1467	DO k = nzb, nzt
1468	!
1469	!-- w grid
1470	IF ( BTEST( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
1471	BTEST( topo_3d(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1472	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 3 )
1473	ENDDO
1474	wall_flags_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(nzt+1,j,i), 3 )
1475
1476	ENDDO
1477	ENDDO
1478	!
1479	!-- u grid. Note, reverse
1480	!-- memory access is required for setting flag on u-grid
1481	DO j = nys, nyn
1482	DO i = nxl, nxr
1483	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1484	IF ( BTEST( topo_3d(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
1485	BTEST( topo_3d(k,j,i-1), 0 ) ) &
1486	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 )
1487	ENDDO
1488	ENDDO
1489	ENDDO
1490	!
1491	!-- Set further special flags
1492	DO i = nxl, nxr
1493	DO j = nys, nyn
1494	DO k = nzb, nzt+1
1495	!
1496	!-- scalar grid, former nzb_diff_s_inner.
1497	!-- Note, use this flag also to mask topography in diffusion_u and
1498	!-- diffusion_v along the vertical direction. In case of
1499	!-- use_surface_fluxes, fluxes are calculated via MOST, else, simple
1500	!-- gradient approach is applied. Please note, in case of u- and v-
1501	!-- diffuison, a small error is made at edges (on the east side for u,
1502	!-- at the north side for v), since topography on scalar grid point
1503	!-- is used instead of topography on u/v-grid. As number of topography grid
1504	!-- points on uv-grid is different than s-grid, different number of
1505	!-- surface elements would be required. In order to avoid this,
1506	!-- treat edges (u(k,j,i+1)) simply by a gradient approach, i.e. these
1507	!-- points are not masked within diffusion_u. Tests had shown that the
1508	!-- effect on the flow is negligible.
1509	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
1510	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1511	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 8 )
1512	ELSE
1513	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 8 )
1514	ENDIF
1515
1516	ENDDO
1517	!
1518	!-- Special flag to control vertical diffusion at model top - former
1519	!-- nzt_diff
1520	wall_flags_0(:,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(:,j,i), 9 )
1521	IF ( use_top_fluxes ) &
1522	wall_flags_0(nzt:nzt+1,j,i) = IBCLR( wall_flags_0(nzt:nzt+1,j,i), 9 )
1523
1524	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1525	!
1526	!-- Special flag on u grid, former nzb_u_inner + 1, required
1527	!-- for disturb_field and initialization. Do not disturb directly at
1528	!-- topography, as well as initialize u with zero one grid point outside
1529	!-- of topography.
1530	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
1531	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
1532	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 1 ) ) &
1533	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 20 )
1534	!
1535	!-- Special flag on v grid, former nzb_v_inner + 1, required
1536	!-- for disturb_field and initialization. Do not disturb directly at
1537	!-- topography, as well as initialize v with zero one grid point outside
1538	!-- of topography.
1539	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
1540	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
1541	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 2 ) ) &
1542	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 21 )
1543	!
1544	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, former nzb_s_inner+1. Used for
1545	!-- lpm_sgs_tke
1546	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
1547	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
1548	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1549	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 25 )
1550	!
1551	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, nzb_diff_s_outer - 1, required in
1552	!-- in production_e
1553	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
1554	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 24 ) .AND. &
1555	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 24 ) .AND. &
1556	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1557	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 29 )
1558	ELSE
1559	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1560	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 29 )
1561	ENDIF
1562	!
1563	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, nzb_diff_s_outer - 1, required in
1564	!-- in production_e
1565	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
1566	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
1567	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
1568	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1569	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 30 )
1570	ELSE
1571	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1572	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 30 )
1573	ENDIF
1574	ENDDO
1575	!
1576	!-- Flags indicating downward facing walls
1577	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1578	!
1579	!-- Scalar grid
1580	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
1581	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1582	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 13 )
1583	!
1584	!-- Downward facing wall on u grid
1585	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
1586	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) ) &
1587	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 15 )
1588	!
1589	!-- Downward facing wall on v grid
1590	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
1591	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) ) &
1592	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 17 )
1593	!
1594	!-- Downward facing wall on w grid
1595	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 3 ) .AND. &
1596	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 3 ) ) &
1597	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 19 )
1598	ENDDO
1599	!
1600	!-- Flags indicating upward facing walls
1601	DO k = nzb, nzt
1602	!
1603	!-- Upward facing wall on scalar grid
1604	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
1605	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1606	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 12 )
1607	!
1608	!-- Upward facing wall on u grid
1609	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) .AND. &
1610	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 1 ) ) &
1611	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 14 )
1612
1613	!
1614	!-- Upward facing wall on v grid
1615	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) .AND. &
1616	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 2 ) ) &
1617	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 16 )
1618
1619	!
1620	!-- Upward facing wall on w grid
1621	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 3 ) .AND. &
1622	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 3 ) ) &
1623	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 18 )
1624	!
1625	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, former nzb_s_inner
1626	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .OR. &
1627	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 12 ) .OR. &
1628	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 13 ) ) &
1629	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 22 )
1630	!
1631	!-- Special flag on scalar grid, nzb_diff_s_inner - 1, required for
1632	!-- flow_statistics
1633	IF ( constant_flux_layer .OR. use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
1634	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) .AND. &
1635	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1636	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 23 )
1637	ELSE
1638	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 22 ) ) &
1639	wall_flags_0(k,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 23 )
1640	ENDIF
1641
1642
1643	ENDDO
1644	wall_flags_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(nzt+1,j,i), 22 )
1645	wall_flags_0(nzt+1,j,i) = IBSET( wall_flags_0(nzt+1,j,i), 23 )
1646	ENDDO
1647	ENDDO
1648	!
1649	!-- Exchange ghost points for wall flags
1650	CALL exchange_horiz_int( wall_flags_0, nbgp )
1651	!
1652	!-- Set boundary conditions also for flags. Can be interpreted as Neumann
1653	!-- boundary conditions for topography.
1654	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
1655	IF ( nys == 0 ) wall_flags_0(:,-1,:) = wall_flags_0(:,0,:)
1656	IF ( nyn == ny ) wall_flags_0(:,ny+1,:) = wall_flags_0(:,ny,:)
1657	ENDIF
1658	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
1659	IF ( nxl == 0 ) wall_flags_0(:,:,-1) = wall_flags_0(:,:,0)
1660	IF ( nxr == nx ) wall_flags_0(:,:,nx+1) = wall_flags_0(:,:,nx)
1661	ENDIF
1662
1663	!
1664	!-- Initialize boundary conditions via surface type
1665	CALL init_bc
1666	!
1667	!-- Allocate and set topography height arrays required for data output
1668	IF ( TRIM( topography ) /= 'flat' ) THEN
1669	!
1670	!-- Allocate and set the arrays containing the topography height
1671
1672	IF ( nxr == nx .AND. nyn /= ny ) THEN
1673	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn), &
1674	zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn) )
1675	ELSEIF ( nxr /= nx .AND. nyn == ny ) THEN
1676	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn+1), &
1677	zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn+1) )
1678	ELSEIF ( nxr == nx .AND. nyn == ny ) THEN
1679	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn+1), &
1680	zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr+1,nys:nyn+1) )
1681	ELSE
1682	ALLOCATE( zu_s_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn), &
1683	zw_w_inner(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn) )
1684	ENDIF
1685
1686	zu_s_inner = 0.0_wp
1687	zw_w_inner = 0.0_wp
1688	!
1689	!-- Determine local topography height on scalar and w-grid. Note, setting
1690	!-- lateral boundary values is not necessary, realized via wall_flags_0
1691	!-- array. Further, please note that loop bounds are different from
1692	!-- nxl to nxr and nys to nyn on south and right model boundary, hence,
1693	!-- use intrinsic lbound and ubound functions to infer array bounds.
1694	DO i = lbound(zu_s_inner, 1), ubound(zu_s_inner, 1)
1695	DO j = lbound(zu_s_inner, 2), ubound(zu_s_inner, 2)
1696	!
1697	!-- Topography height on scalar grid. Therefore, determine index of
1698	!-- upward-facing surface element on scalar grid (bit 12).
1699	zu_s_inner(i,j) = zu( MAXLOC( MERGE( &
1700	1, 0, BTEST( wall_flags_0(:,j,i), 12 )&
1701	), DIM = 1 &
1702	) - 1 &
1703	)
1704	!
1705	!-- Topography height on w grid. Therefore, determine index of
1706	!-- upward-facing surface element on w grid (bit 18).
1707	zw_w_inner(i,j) = zw( MAXLOC( MERGE( &
1708	1, 0, BTEST( wall_flags_0(:,j,i), 18 )&
1709	), DIM = 1 &
1710	) - 1 &
1711	)
1712	ENDDO
1713	ENDDO
1714
1715
1716	ENDIF
1717
1718	!
1719	!-- Calculate wall flag arrays for the multigrid method.
1720	!-- Please note, wall flags are only applied in the not cache-optimized
1721	!-- version.
1722	IF ( psolver == 'multigrid_noopt' ) THEN
1723
1724	!
1725	!-- Gridpoint increment of the current level.
1726	inc = 1
1727	DO l = maximum_grid_level, 1 , -1
1728	!
1729	!-- Set grid_level as it is required for exchange_horiz_2d_int
1730	grid_level = l
1731
1732	nxl_l = nxl_mg(l)
1733	nxr_l = nxr_mg(l)
1734	nys_l = nys_mg(l)
1735	nyn_l = nyn_mg(l)
1736	nzt_l = nzt_mg(l)
1737	!
1738	!-- Assign the flag level to be calculated
1739	SELECT CASE ( l )
1740	CASE ( 1 )
1741	flags => wall_flags_1
1742	CASE ( 2 )
1743	flags => wall_flags_2
1744	CASE ( 3 )
1745	flags => wall_flags_3
1746	CASE ( 4 )
1747	flags => wall_flags_4
1748	CASE ( 5 )
1749	flags => wall_flags_5
1750	CASE ( 6 )
1751	flags => wall_flags_6
1752	CASE ( 7 )
1753	flags => wall_flags_7
1754	CASE ( 8 )
1755	flags => wall_flags_8
1756	CASE ( 9 )
1757	flags => wall_flags_9
1758	CASE ( 10 )
1759	flags => wall_flags_10
1760	END SELECT
1761
1762	!
1763	!-- Depending on the grid level, set the respective bits in case of
1764	!-- neighbouring walls
1765	!-- Bit 0: wall to the bottom
1766	!-- Bit 1: wall to the top (not realized in remaining PALM code so far)
1767	!-- Bit 2: wall to the south
1768	!-- Bit 3: wall to the north
1769	!-- Bit 4: wall to the left
1770	!-- Bit 5: wall to the right
1771	!-- Bit 6: inside building
1772
1773	flags = 0
1774
1775	!
1776	!-- In case of masking method, flags are not set and multigrid method
1777	!-- works like FFT-solver
1778	IF ( .NOT. masking_method ) THEN
1779
1780	!
1781	!-- Allocate temporary array for topography heights on coarser grid
1782	!-- level. Please note, 2 ghoist points are required, in order to
1783	!-- calculate flags() on the interior ghost point.
1784	ALLOCATE( nzb_tmp(nys_l-2:nyn_l+2,nxl_l-2:nxr_l+2) )
1785	nzb_tmp = 0
1786
1787	DO i = nxl_l, nxr_l
1788	DO j = nys_l, nyn_l
1789	nzb_tmp(j,i) = nzb_local(jinc,iinc)
1790	ENDDO
1791	ENDDO
1792	!
1793	!-- Exchange ghost points on respective multigrid level. 2 ghost points
1794	!-- are required, in order to calculate flags on
1795	!-- nys_l-1 / nyn_l+1 / nxl_l-1 / nxr_l+1. The alternative would be to
1796	!-- exchange 3D-INTEGER array flags on the respective multigrid level.
1797	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( nzb_tmp, nys_l, nyn_l, nxl_l, nxr_l, 2 )
1798	!
1799	!-- Set non-cyclic boundary conditions on respective multigrid level
1800	IF ( .NOT. bc_ns_cyc ) THEN
1801	IF ( inflow_s .OR. outflow_s .OR. nest_bound_s ) THEN
1802	nzb_tmp(-2,:) = nzb_tmp(0,:)
1803	nzb_tmp(-1,:) = nzb_tmp(0,:)
1804	ENDIF
1805	IF ( inflow_n .OR. outflow_n .OR. nest_bound_n ) THEN
1806	nzb_tmp(nyn_l+2,:) = nzb_tmp(nyn_l,:)
1807	nzb_tmp(nyn_l+1,:) = nzb_tmp(nyn_l,:)
1808	ENDIF
1809	ENDIF
1810	IF ( .NOT. bc_lr_cyc ) THEN
1811	IF ( inflow_l .OR. outflow_l .OR. nest_bound_l ) THEN
1812	nzb_tmp(:,-2) = nzb_tmp(:,0)
1813	nzb_tmp(:,-1) = nzb_tmp(:,0)
1814	ENDIF
1815	IF ( inflow_r .OR. outflow_r .OR. nest_bound_r ) THEN
1816	nzb_tmp(:,nxr_l+1) = nzb_tmp(:,nxr_l)
1817	nzb_tmp(:,nxr_l+2) = nzb_tmp(:,nxr_l)
1818	ENDIF
1819	ENDIF
1820
1821	DO i = nxl_l-1, nxr_l+1
1822	DO j = nys_l-1, nyn_l+1
1823	DO k = nzb, nzt_l+1
1824	!
1825	!-- Inside/outside building (inside building does not need
1826	!-- further tests for walls)
1827	IF ( k*inc <= nzb_tmp(j,i) ) THEN
1828
1829	flags(k,j,i) = IBSET( flags(k,j,i), 6 )
1830
1831	ELSE
1832	!
1833	!-- Bottom wall
1834	IF ( (k-1)*inc <= nzb_tmp(j,i) ) THEN
1835	flags(k,j,i) = IBSET( flags(k,j,i), 0 )
1836	ENDIF
1837	!
1838	!-- South wall
1839	IF ( k*inc <= nzb_tmp(j-1,i) ) THEN
1840	flags(k,j,i) = IBSET( flags(k,j,i), 2 )
1841	ENDIF
1842	!
1843	!-- North wall
1844	IF ( k*inc <= nzb_tmp(j+1,i) ) THEN
1845	flags(k,j,i) = IBSET( flags(k,j,i), 3 )
1846	ENDIF
1847	!
1848	!-- Left wall
1849	IF ( k*inc <= nzb_tmp(j,i-1) ) THEN
1850	flags(k,j,i) = IBSET( flags(k,j,i), 4 )
1851	ENDIF
1852	!
1853	!-- Right wall
1854	IF ( k*inc <= nzb_tmp(j,i+1) ) THEN
1855	flags(k,j,i) = IBSET( flags(k,j,i), 5 )
1856	ENDIF
1857
1858	ENDIF
1859
1860	ENDDO
1861	ENDDO
1862	ENDDO
1863
1864	DEALLOCATE( nzb_tmp )
1865
1866	ENDIF
1867
1868	inc = inc * 2
1869
1870	ENDDO
1871	!
1872	!-- Reset grid_level to "normal" grid
1873	grid_level = 0
1874
1875	ENDIF
1876	!
1877	!-- Allocate flags needed for masking walls. Even though these flags are only
1878	!-- required in the ws-scheme, the arrays need to be allocated here as they are
1879	!-- used in OpenACC directives.
1880	ALLOCATE( advc_flags_1(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
1881	advc_flags_2(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1882	advc_flags_1 = 0
1883	advc_flags_2 = 0
1884	!
1885	!-- Init flags for ws-scheme to degrade order of the numerics near walls, i.e.
1886	!-- to decrease the numerical stencil appropriately.
1887	IF ( momentum_advec == 'ws-scheme' .OR. scalar_advec == 'ws-scheme' &
1888	) THEN
1889	CALL ws_init_flags
1890	ENDIF
1891
1892	!
1893	!-- In case of topography: limit near-wall mixing length l_wall further:
1894	!-- Go through all points of the subdomain one by one and look for the closest
1895	!-- surface
1896	DO i = nxl, nxr
1897	DO j = nys, nyn
1898	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
1899	!
1900	!-- Check if current gridpoint belongs to the atmosphere
1901	IF ( BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) THEN
1902	!
1903	!-- Check for neighbouring grid-points.
1904	!-- Vertical distance, down
1905	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1906	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_grid(k), zu(k) - zw(k-1) )
1907	!
1908	!-- Vertical distance, up
1909	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 0 ) ) &
1910	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_grid(k), zw(k) - zu(k) )
1911	!
1912	!-- y-distance
1913	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j-1,i), 0 ) .OR. &
1914	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j+1,i), 0 ) ) &
1915	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), 0.5_wp * dy )
1916	!
1917	!-- x-distance
1918	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1919	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i+1), 0 ) ) &
1920	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), 0.5_wp * dx )
1921	!
1922	!-- yz-distance (vertical edges, down)
1923	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j-1,i), 0 ) .OR. &
1924	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j+1,i), 0 ) ) &
1925	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), &
1926	SQRT( 0.25_wp * dy**2 + &
1927	( zu(k) - zw(k-1) )**2 ) )
1928	!
1929	!-- yz-distance (vertical edges, up)
1930	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j-1,i), 0 ) .OR. &
1931	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j+1,i), 0 ) ) &
1932	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), &
1933	SQRT( 0.25_wp * dy**2 + &
1934	( zw(k) - zu(k) )**2 ) )
1935	!
1936	!-- xz-distance (vertical edges, down)
1937	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1938	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i+1), 0 ) ) &
1939	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), &
1940	SQRT( 0.25_wp * dx**2 + &
1941	( zu(k) - zw(k-1) )**2 ) )
1942	!
1943	!-- xz-distance (vertical edges, up)
1944	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1945	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i+1), 0 ) ) &
1946	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), &
1947	SQRT( 0.25_wp * dx**2 + &
1948	( zw(k) - zu(k) )**2 ) )
1949	!
1950	!-- xy-distance (horizontal edges)
1951	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j-1,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1952	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j+1,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1953	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j-1,i+1), 0 ) .OR. &
1954	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j+1,i+1), 0 ) ) &
1955	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), &
1956	SQRT( 0.25_wp * ( dx2 + dy2 ) ) )
1957	!
1958	!-- xyz distance (vertical and horizontal edges, down)
1959	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j-1,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1960	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j+1,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1961	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j-1,i+1), 0 ) .OR. &
1962	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j+1,i+1), 0 ) ) &
1963	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), &
1964	SQRT( 0.25_wp * ( dx2 + dy2 ) &
1965	+ ( zu(k) - zw(k-1) )**2 ) )
1966	!
1967	!-- xyz distance (vertical and horizontal edges, up)
1968	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j-1,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1969	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j+1,i-1), 0 ) .OR. &
1970	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j-1,i+1), 0 ) .OR. &
1971	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j+1,i+1), 0 ) ) &
1972	l_wall(k,j,i) = MIN( l_wall(k,j,i), l_grid(k), &
1973	SQRT( 0.25_wp * ( dx2 + dy2 ) &
1974	+ ( zw(k) - zu(k) )**2 ) )
1975
1976	ENDIF
1977	ENDDO
1978	ENDDO
1979	ENDDO
1980	!
1981	!-- Set lateral boundary conditions for l_wall
1982	CALL exchange_horiz( l_wall, nbgp )
1983
1984
1985	END SUBROUTINE init_grid

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