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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/diffusion_u.f90 @ 4672

Last change on this file since 4672 was 4671, checked in by pavelkrc, 4 years ago
Radiative transfer model RTM version 4.1
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1	!> @file diffusion_u.f90
2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General
6	! Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
7	! (at your option) any later version.
8	!
9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the
10	! implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General
11	! Public License for more details.
12	!
13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with PALM. If not, see
14	! <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
15	!
16	! Copyright 1997-2020 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
18	!
19	! Current revisions:
20	! -----------------
21	!
22	!
23	! Former revisions:
24	! -----------------
25	! $Id: diffusion_u.f90 4671 2020-09-09 20:27:58Z pavelkrc $
26	! Implementation of downward facing USM and LSM surfaces
27	!
28	! 4583 2020-06-29 12:36:47Z raasch
29	! file re-formatted to follow the PALM coding standard
30	!
31	! 4360 2020-01-07 11:25:50Z suehring
32	! Introduction of wall_flags_total_0, which currently sets bits based on static topography
33	! information used in wall_flags_static_0
34	!
35	! 4329 2019-12-10 15:46:36Z motisi
36	! Renamed wall_flags_0 to wall_flags_static_0
37	!
38	! 4182 2019-08-22 15:20:23Z scharf
39	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
40	!
41	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
42	! OpenACC port for SPEC
43	!
44	! Revision 1.1 1997/09/12 06:23:51 raasch
45	! Initial revision
46	!
47	!
48	! Description:
49	! ------------
50	!> Diffusion term of the u-component
51	!> @todo additional damping (needed for non-cyclic bc) causes bad vectorization and slows down the
52	! speed on NEC about 5-10%
53	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
54	MODULE diffusion_u_mod
55
56
57	PRIVATE
58	PUBLIC diffusion_u
59
60	INTERFACE diffusion_u
61	MODULE PROCEDURE diffusion_u
62	MODULE PROCEDURE diffusion_u_ij
63	END INTERFACE diffusion_u
64
65	CONTAINS
66
67
68	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
69	! Description:
70	! ------------
71	!> Call for all grid points
72	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
73	SUBROUTINE diffusion_u
74
75	USE arrays_3d, &
76	ONLY: ddzu, ddzw, drho_air, km, rho_air_zw, tend, u, v, w
77
78	USE control_parameters, &
79	ONLY: constant_top_momentumflux, use_surface_fluxes, use_top_fluxes
80
81	USE grid_variables, &
82	ONLY: ddx, ddx2, ddy
83
84	USE indices, &
85	ONLY: nxlu, nxr, nyn, nys, nzb, nzt, wall_flags_total_0
86
87	USE kinds
88
89	USE surface_mod, &
90	ONLY : surf_def_h, surf_def_v, surf_lsm_h, surf_lsm_v, surf_usm_h, surf_usm_v
91
92	IMPLICIT NONE
93
94	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
95	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
96	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
97	INTEGER(iwp) :: l !< running index of surface type, south- or north-facing wall
98	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
99	INTEGER(iwp) :: surf_e !< end index of surface elements at (j,i)-gridpoint
100	INTEGER(iwp) :: surf_s !< start index of surface elements at (j,i)-gridpoint
101
102	REAL(wp) :: flag !< flag to mask topography grid points
103	REAL(wp) :: kmym !< diffusion coefficient on southward side of the u-gridbox - interpolated onto xu-yv grid
104	REAL(wp) :: kmyp !< diffusion coefficient on northward side of the u-gridbox - interpolated onto xu-yv grid
105	REAL(wp) :: kmzm !< diffusion coefficient on bottom of the gridbox - interpolated onto xu-zw grid
106	REAL(wp) :: kmzp !< diffusion coefficient on top of the gridbox - interpolated onto xu-zw grid
107	REAL(wp) :: mask_bottom !< flag to mask vertical upward-facing surface
108	REAL(wp) :: mask_north !< flag to mask vertical surface north of the grid point
109	REAL(wp) :: mask_south !< flag to mask vertical surface south of the grid point
110	REAL(wp) :: mask_top !< flag to mask vertical downward-facing surface
111
112
113
114	!$ACC PARALLEL LOOP COLLAPSE(2) PRIVATE(i, j, k, l, m) &
115	!$ACC PRIVATE(surf_e, surf_s, flag, kmym, kmyp, kmzm, kmzp) &
116	!$ACC PRIVATE(mask_bottom, mask_north, mask_south, mask_top) &
117	!$ACC PRESENT(wall_flags_total_0, km) &
118	!$ACC PRESENT(u, v, w) &
119	!$ACC PRESENT(ddzu, ddzw, drho_air, rho_air_zw) &
120	!$ACC PRESENT(surf_def_h(0:2), surf_def_v(0:1)) &
121	!$ACC PRESENT(surf_lsm_h, surf_lsm_v(0:1)) &
122	!$ACC PRESENT(surf_usm_h, surf_usm_v(0:1)) &
123	!$ACC PRESENT(tend)
124	DO i = nxlu, nxr
125	DO j = nys, nyn
126	!
127	!-- Compute horizontal diffusion
128	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
129	!
130	!-- Predetermine flag to mask topography and wall-bounded grid points.
131	!-- It is sufficient to masked only north- and south-facing surfaces, which need special
132	!-- treatment for the u-component.
133	flag = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
134	mask_south = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-1,i), 1 ) )
135	mask_north = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+1,i), 1 ) )
136	!
137	!-- Interpolate eddy diffusivities on staggered gridpoints
138	kmyp = 0.25_wp * ( km(k,j,i)+km(k,j+1,i)+km(k,j,i-1)+km(k,j+1,i-1) )
139	kmym = 0.25_wp * ( km(k,j,i)+km(k,j-1,i)+km(k,j,i-1)+km(k,j-1,i-1) )
140
141	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) &
142	+ 2.0_wp * ( &
143	km(k,j,i) * ( u(k,j,i+1) - u(k,j,i) ) &
144	- km(k,j,i-1) * ( u(k,j,i) - u(k,j,i-1) ) &
145	) * ddx2 * flag &
146	+ ( mask_north * ( &
147	kmyp * ( u(k,j+1,i) - u(k,j,i) ) * ddy &
148	+ kmyp * ( v(k,j+1,i) - v(k,j+1,i-1) ) * ddx &
149	) &
150	- mask_south * ( &
151	kmym * ( u(k,j,i) - u(k,j-1,i) ) * ddy &
152	+ kmym * ( v(k,j,i) - v(k,j,i-1) ) * ddx &
153	) &
154	) * ddy * flag
155	ENDDO
156	!
157	!-- Add horizontal momentum flux u'v' at north- (l=0) and south-facing (l=1) surfaces.
158	!-- Note, in the the flat case, loops won't be entered as start_index > end_index.
159	!-- Furtermore, note, no vertical natural surfaces so far.
160	!-- Default-type surfaces
161	DO l = 0, 1
162	surf_s = surf_def_v(l)%start_index(j,i)
163	surf_e = surf_def_v(l)%end_index(j,i)
164	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
165	k = surf_def_v(l)%k(m)
166	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + surf_def_v(l)%mom_flux_uv(m) * ddy
167	ENDDO
168	ENDDO
169	!
170	!-- Natural-type surfaces
171	DO l = 0, 1
172	surf_s = surf_lsm_v(l)%start_index(j,i)
173	surf_e = surf_lsm_v(l)%end_index(j,i)
174	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
175	k = surf_lsm_v(l)%k(m)
176	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + surf_lsm_v(l)%mom_flux_uv(m) * ddy
177	ENDDO
178	ENDDO
179	!
180	!-- Urban-type surfaces
181	DO l = 0, 1
182	surf_s = surf_usm_v(l)%start_index(j,i)
183	surf_e = surf_usm_v(l)%end_index(j,i)
184	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
185	k = surf_usm_v(l)%k(m)
186	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + surf_usm_v(l)%mom_flux_uv(m) * ddy
187	ENDDO
188	ENDDO
189
190	!
191	!-- Compute vertical diffusion. In case of simulating a surface layer, respective grid
192	!-- diffusive fluxes are masked (flag 8) within this loop, and added further below, else,
193	!-- simple gradient approach is applied. Model top is also mask if top-momentum flux is
194	!-- given.
195	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
196	!
197	!-- Determine flags to mask topography below and above. Flag 1 is used to mask
198	!-- topography in general, and flag 8 implies information about use_surface_fluxes.
199	!-- Flag 9 is used to control momentum flux at model top.
200	mask_bottom = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 8 ) )
201	mask_top = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 8 ) ) * &
202	MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 9 ) )
203	flag = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
204	!
205	!-- Interpolate eddy diffusivities on staggered gridpoints
206	kmzp = 0.25_wp * ( km(k,j,i)+km(k+1,j,i)+km(k,j,i-1)+km(k+1,j,i-1) )
207	kmzm = 0.25_wp * ( km(k,j,i)+km(k-1,j,i)+km(k,j,i-1)+km(k-1,j,i-1) )
208
209	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) &
210	+ ( kmzp * ( ( u(k+1,j,i) - u(k,j,i) ) * ddzu(k+1) &
211	+ ( w(k,j,i) - w(k,j,i-1) ) * ddx &
212	) * rho_air_zw(k) * mask_top &
213	- kmzm * ( ( u(k,j,i) - u(k-1,j,i) ) * ddzu(k) &
214	+ ( w(k-1,j,i) - w(k-1,j,i-1) ) * ddx &
215	) * rho_air_zw(k-1) * mask_bottom &
216	) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k) * flag
217	ENDDO
218
219	!
220	!-- Vertical diffusion at the first grid point above the surface, if the momentum flux at
221	!-- the bottom is given by the Prandtl law or if it is prescribed by the user.
222	!-- Difference quotient of the momentum flux is not formed over half of the grid spacing
223	!-- (2.0*ddzw(k)) any more, since the comparison with other (LES) models showed that the
224	!-- values of the momentum flux becomes too large in this case.
225	!-- The term containing w(k-1,..) (see above equation) is removed here because the vertical
226	!-- velocity is assumed to be zero at the surface.
227	IF ( use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
228	!
229	!-- Default-type surfaces, upward-facing
230	surf_s = surf_def_h(0)%start_index(j,i)
231	surf_e = surf_def_h(0)%end_index(j,i)
232	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
233
234	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
235
236	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) &
237	+ ( - ( - surf_def_h(0)%usws(m) ) ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
238	ENDDO
239	!
240	!-- Default-type surfaces, dowward-facing
241	surf_s = surf_def_h(1)%start_index(j,i)
242	surf_e = surf_def_h(1)%end_index(j,i)
243	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
244
245	k = surf_def_h(1)%k(m)
246
247	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) &
248	+ ( - surf_def_h(1)%usws(m) ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
249	ENDDO
250	!
251	!-- Natural-type surfaces, upward-facing
252	surf_s = surf_lsm_h(0)%start_index(j,i)
253	surf_e = surf_lsm_h(0)%end_index(j,i)
254	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
255
256	k = surf_lsm_h(0)%k(m)
257
258	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) &
259	+ ( - ( - surf_lsm_h(0)%usws(m) ) ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
260	ENDDO
261	!
262	!-- Natural-type surfaces, downward-facing
263	surf_s = surf_lsm_h(1)%start_index(j,i)
264	surf_e = surf_lsm_h(1)%end_index(j,i)
265	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
266
267	k = surf_lsm_h(1)%k(m)
268
269	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) &
270	+ ( - surf_lsm_h(1)%usws(m) ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
271	ENDDO
272	!
273	!-- Urban-type surfaces, upward-facing
274	surf_s = surf_usm_h(0)%start_index(j,i)
275	surf_e = surf_usm_h(0)%end_index(j,i)
276	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
277
278	k = surf_usm_h(0)%k(m)
279
280	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) &
281	+ ( - ( - surf_usm_h(0)%usws(m) ) ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
282	ENDDO
283	!
284	!-- Urban-type surfaces, downward-facing
285	surf_s = surf_usm_h(1)%start_index(j,i)
286	surf_e = surf_usm_h(1)%end_index(j,i)
287	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
288
289	k = surf_usm_h(1)%k(m)
290
291	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) &
292	+ ( - surf_usm_h(1)%usws(m) ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
293	ENDDO
294
295	ENDIF
296	!
297	!-- Add momentum flux at model top
298	IF ( use_top_fluxes .AND. constant_top_momentumflux ) THEN
299	surf_s = surf_def_h(2)%start_index(j,i)
300	surf_e = surf_def_h(2)%end_index(j,i)
301	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
302
303	k = surf_def_h(2)%k(m)
304
305	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) &
306	+ ( - surf_def_h(2)%usws(m) ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
307	ENDDO
308	ENDIF
309
310	ENDDO
311	ENDDO
312
313	END SUBROUTINE diffusion_u
314
315
316	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
317	! Description:
318	! ------------
319	!> Call for grid point i,j
320	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
321	SUBROUTINE diffusion_u_ij( i, j )
322
323	USE arrays_3d, &
324	ONLY: ddzu, ddzw, drho_air, km, tend, u, v, w, rho_air_zw
325
326	USE control_parameters, &
327	ONLY: constant_top_momentumflux, use_surface_fluxes, use_top_fluxes
328
329	USE grid_variables, &
330	ONLY: ddx, ddx2, ddy
331
332	USE indices, &
333	ONLY: nzb, nzt, wall_flags_total_0
334
335	USE kinds
336
337	USE surface_mod, &
338	ONLY : surf_def_h, surf_def_v, surf_lsm_h, surf_lsm_v, surf_usm_h, surf_usm_v
339
340	IMPLICIT NONE
341
342	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index x direction
343	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index y direction
344	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index z direction
345	INTEGER(iwp) :: l !< running index of surface type, south- or north-facing wall
346	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index surface elements
347	INTEGER(iwp) :: surf_e !< End index of surface elements at (j,i)-gridpoint
348	INTEGER(iwp) :: surf_s !< Start index of surface elements at (j,i)-gridpoint
349
350	REAL(wp) :: flag !< flag to mask topography grid points
351	REAL(wp) :: kmym !< diffusion coefficient on southward side of the u-gridbox - interpolated onto xu-yv grid
352	REAL(wp) :: kmyp !<diffusion coefficient on northward side of the u-gridbox - interpolated onto xu-yv grid
353	REAL(wp) :: kmzm !< diffusion coefficient on bottom of the gridbox - interpolated onto xu-zw grid
354	REAL(wp) :: kmzp !< diffusion coefficient on top of the gridbox - interpolated onto xu-zw grid
355	REAL(wp) :: mask_bottom !< flag to mask vertical upward-facing surface
356	REAL(wp) :: mask_north !< flag to mask vertical surface north of the grid point
357	REAL(wp) :: mask_south !< flag to mask vertical surface south of the grid point
358	REAL(wp) :: mask_top !< flag to mask vertical downward-facing surface
359	!
360	!-- Compute horizontal diffusion
361	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
362	!
363	!-- Predetermine flag to mask topography and wall-bounded grid points.
364	!-- It is sufficient to masked only north- and south-facing surfaces, which need special
365	!-- treatment for the u-component.
366	flag = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
367	mask_south = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j-1,i), 1 ) )
368	mask_north = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j+1,i), 1 ) )
369	!
370	!-- Interpolate eddy diffusivities on staggered gridpoints
371	kmyp = 0.25_wp * ( km(k,j,i)+km(k,j+1,i)+km(k,j,i-1)+km(k,j+1,i-1) )
372	kmym = 0.25_wp * ( km(k,j,i)+km(k,j-1,i)+km(k,j,i-1)+km(k,j-1,i-1) )
373
374	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) &
375	+ 2.0_wp * ( &
376	km(k,j,i) * ( u(k,j,i+1) - u(k,j,i) ) &
377	- km(k,j,i-1) * ( u(k,j,i) - u(k,j,i-1) ) &
378	) * ddx2 * flag &
379	+ ( &
380	mask_north * kmyp * ( ( u(k,j+1,i) - u(k,j,i) ) * ddy &
381	+ ( v(k,j+1,i) - v(k,j+1,i-1) ) * ddx &
382	) &
383	- mask_south * kmym * ( ( u(k,j,i) - u(k,j-1,i) ) * ddy &
384	+ ( v(k,j,i) - v(k,j,i-1) ) * ddx &
385	) &
386	) * ddy * flag
387	ENDDO
388
389	!
390	!-- Add horizontal momentum flux u'v' at north- (l=0) and south-facing (l=1) surfaces. Note, in
391	!-- the the flat case, loops won't be entered as start_index > end_index. Furtermore, note, no
392	!-- vertical natural surfaces so far.
393	!-- Default-type surfaces
394	DO l = 0, 1
395	surf_s = surf_def_v(l)%start_index(j,i)
396	surf_e = surf_def_v(l)%end_index(j,i)
397	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
398	k = surf_def_v(l)%k(m)
399	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + surf_def_v(l)%mom_flux_uv(m) * ddy
400	ENDDO
401	ENDDO
402	!
403	!-- Natural-type surfaces
404	DO l = 0, 1
405	surf_s = surf_lsm_v(l)%start_index(j,i)
406	surf_e = surf_lsm_v(l)%end_index(j,i)
407	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
408	k = surf_lsm_v(l)%k(m)
409	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + surf_lsm_v(l)%mom_flux_uv(m) * ddy
410	ENDDO
411	ENDDO
412	!
413	!-- Urban-type surfaces
414	DO l = 0, 1
415	surf_s = surf_usm_v(l)%start_index(j,i)
416	surf_e = surf_usm_v(l)%end_index(j,i)
417	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
418	k = surf_usm_v(l)%k(m)
419	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + surf_usm_v(l)%mom_flux_uv(m) * ddy
420	ENDDO
421	ENDDO
422	!
423	!-- Compute vertical diffusion. In case of simulating a surface layer, respective grid diffusive
424	!-- fluxes are masked (flag 8) within this loop, and added further below, else, simple gradient
425	!-- approach is applied. Model top is also mask if top-momentum flux is given.
426	DO k = nzb+1, nzt
427	!
428	!-- Determine flags to mask topography below and above. Flag 1 is used to mask topography in
429	!-- general, and flag 8 implies information about use_surface_fluxes. Flag 9 is used to
430	!-- control momentum flux at model top.
431	mask_bottom = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k-1,j,i), 8 ) )
432	mask_top = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 8 ) ) * &
433	MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k+1,j,i), 9 ) )
434	flag = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
435	!
436	!-- Interpolate eddy diffusivities on staggered gridpoints
437	kmzp = 0.25_wp * ( km(k,j,i)+km(k+1,j,i)+km(k,j,i-1)+km(k+1,j,i-1) )
438	kmzm = 0.25_wp * ( km(k,j,i)+km(k-1,j,i)+km(k,j,i-1)+km(k-1,j,i-1) )
439
440	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) &
441	+ ( kmzp * ( ( u(k+1,j,i) - u(k,j,i) ) * ddzu(k+1) &
442	+ ( w(k,j,i) - w(k,j,i-1) ) * ddx &
443	) * rho_air_zw(k) * mask_top &
444	- kmzm * ( ( u(k,j,i) - u(k-1,j,i) ) * ddzu(k) &
445	+ ( w(k-1,j,i) - w(k-1,j,i-1) ) * ddx &
446	) * rho_air_zw(k-1) * mask_bottom &
447	) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k) * flag
448	ENDDO
449
450	!
451	!-- Vertical diffusion at the first surface grid points, if the momentum flux at the bottom is
452	!-- given by the Prandtl law or if it is prescribed by the user.
453	!-- Difference quotient of the momentum flux is not formed over half of the grid spacing
454	!-- (2.0*ddzw(k)) any more, since the comparison with other (LES) models showed that the values
455	!-- of the momentum flux becomes too large in this case.
456	IF ( use_surface_fluxes ) THEN
457	!
458	!-- Default-type surfaces, upward-facing
459	surf_s = surf_def_h(0)%start_index(j,i)
460	surf_e = surf_def_h(0)%end_index(j,i)
461	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
462
463	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
464
465	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - ( - surf_def_h(0)%usws(m) ) ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
466	ENDDO
467	!
468	!-- Default-type surfaces, dowward-facing (except for model-top fluxes)
469	surf_s = surf_def_h(1)%start_index(j,i)
470	surf_e = surf_def_h(1)%end_index(j,i)
471	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
472
473	k = surf_def_h(1)%k(m)
474
475	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - surf_def_h(1)%usws(m) ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
476	ENDDO
477	!
478	!-- Natural-type surfaces, upward-facing
479	surf_s = surf_lsm_h(0)%start_index(j,i)
480	surf_e = surf_lsm_h(0)%end_index(j,i)
481	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
482
483	k = surf_lsm_h(0)%k(m)
484
485	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - ( - surf_lsm_h(0)%usws(m) ) ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
486	ENDDO
487	!
488	!-- Natural-type surfaces, downward-facing
489	surf_s = surf_lsm_h(1)%start_index(j,i)
490	surf_e = surf_lsm_h(1)%end_index(j,i)
491	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
492
493	k = surf_lsm_h(1)%k(m)
494
495	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - surf_lsm_h(1)%usws(m) ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
496	ENDDO
497	!
498	!-- Urban-type surfaces, upward-facing
499	surf_s = surf_usm_h(0)%start_index(j,i)
500	surf_e = surf_usm_h(0)%end_index(j,i)
501	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
502
503	k = surf_usm_h(0)%k(m)
504
505	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - ( - surf_usm_h(0)%usws(m) ) ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
506	ENDDO
507	!
508	!-- Urban-type surfaces, downward-facing
509	surf_s = surf_usm_h(1)%start_index(j,i)
510	surf_e = surf_usm_h(1)%end_index(j,i)
511	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
512
513	k = surf_usm_h(1)%k(m)
514
515	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - surf_usm_h(1)%usws(m) ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
516	ENDDO
517
518	ENDIF
519	!
520	!-- Add momentum flux at model top
521	IF ( use_top_fluxes .AND. constant_top_momentumflux ) THEN
522	surf_s = surf_def_h(2)%start_index(j,i)
523	surf_e = surf_def_h(2)%end_index(j,i)
524	DO m = surf_s, surf_e
525
526	k = surf_def_h(2)%k(m)
527
528	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - surf_def_h(2)%usws(m) ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
529	ENDDO
530	ENDIF
531
532
533	END SUBROUTINE diffusion_u_ij
534
535	END MODULE diffusion_u_mod

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