source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/diffusion_s.f90 @ 3924

!> @file diffusion_s.f90
!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
! This file is part of the PALM model system.
!
! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
! version.
!
! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
!
! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
!
! Copyright 1997-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
!
! Current revisions:
! ------------------
! 
! 
! Former revisions:
! -----------------
! $Id: diffusion_s.f90 3761 2019-02-25 15:31:42Z monakurppa $
! unused variables removed
! 
! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
! nopointer option removed
! 
! 3634 2018-12-18 12:31:28Z knoop
! OpenACC port for SPEC
! 
! 3547 2018-11-21 13:21:24Z suehring
! variables documented
! 
! 2759 2018-01-17 16:24:59Z suehring
! Major bugfix, horizontal diffusion at vertical surfaces corrected.
! 
! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
! Corrected "Former revisions" section
! 
! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
! Change in file header (GPL part)
!
! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
!
! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
! Adjustments to new topography and surface concept
! 
! 2118 2017-01-17 16:38:49Z raasch
! OpenACC version of subroutine removed
! 
! 2037 2016-10-26 11:15:40Z knoop
! Anelastic approximation implemented
! 
! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
! 
! 1873 2016-04-18 14:50:06Z maronga
! Module renamed (removed _mod)
!
! 1850 2016-04-08 13:29:27Z maronga
! Module renamed
! 
! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
! Formatting corrections.
! 
! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
! Code annotations made doxygen readable 
! 
! 1374 2014-04-25 12:55:07Z raasch
! missing variables added to ONLY list
! 
! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
!
! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
! revision history before 2012 removed,
! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
! all variable declaration statements
! 
! 1257 2013-11-08 15:18:40Z raasch
! openacc loop and loop vector clauses removed
!
! 1128 2013-04-12 06:19:32Z raasch
! loop index bounds in accelerator version replaced by i_left, i_right, j_south,
! j_north
!
! 1092 2013-02-02 11:24:22Z raasch
! unused variables removed
!
! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
!
! 1015 2012-09-27 09:23:24Z raasch
! accelerator version (*_acc) added
!
! 1010 2012-09-20 07:59:54Z raasch
! cpp switch __nopointer added for pointer free version
!
! 1001 2012-09-13 14:08:46Z raasch
! some arrays comunicated by module instead of parameter list
!
! Revision 1.1  2000/04/13 14:54:02  schroeter
! Initial revision
!
!
! Description:
! ------------
!> Diffusion term of scalar quantities (temperature and water content)
!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
 MODULE diffusion_s_mod
 

    PRIVATE
    PUBLIC diffusion_s

    INTERFACE diffusion_s
       MODULE PROCEDURE diffusion_s
       MODULE PROCEDURE diffusion_s_ij
    END INTERFACE diffusion_s

 CONTAINS


!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
! Description:
! ------------
!> Call for all grid points
!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
    SUBROUTINE diffusion_s( s, s_flux_def_h_up,    s_flux_def_h_down,          &
                               s_flux_t,                                       &
                               s_flux_lsm_h_up,    s_flux_usm_h_up,            &
                               s_flux_def_v_north, s_flux_def_v_south,         &
                               s_flux_def_v_east,  s_flux_def_v_west,          &
                               s_flux_lsm_v_north, s_flux_lsm_v_south,         &
                               s_flux_lsm_v_east,  s_flux_lsm_v_west,          &
                               s_flux_usm_v_north, s_flux_usm_v_south,         &
                               s_flux_usm_v_east,  s_flux_usm_v_west )

       USE arrays_3d,                                                          &
           ONLY:  ddzu, ddzw, kh, tend, drho_air, rho_air_zw
       
       USE control_parameters,                                                 & 
           ONLY: use_surface_fluxes, use_top_fluxes
       
       USE grid_variables,                                                     &
           ONLY:  ddx, ddx2, ddy, ddy2
       
       USE indices,                                                            &
           ONLY:  nxl, nxr, nyn, nys, nzb, nzt, wall_flags_0
       
       USE kinds

       USE surface_mod,                                                        &
           ONLY :  surf_def_h, surf_def_v, surf_lsm_h, surf_lsm_v, surf_usm_h, &
                   surf_usm_v 

       IMPLICIT NONE

       INTEGER(iwp) ::  i             !< running index x direction
       INTEGER(iwp) ::  j             !< running index y direction
       INTEGER(iwp) ::  k             !< running index z direction
       INTEGER(iwp) ::  m             !< running index surface elements
       INTEGER(iwp) ::  surf_e        !< End index of surface elements at (j,i)-gridpoint
       INTEGER(iwp) ::  surf_s        !< Start index of surface elements at (j,i)-gridpoint

       REAL(wp) ::  flag              !< flag to mask topography grid points
       REAL(wp) ::  mask_bottom       !< flag to mask vertical upward-facing surface     
       REAL(wp) ::  mask_east         !< flag to mask vertical surface east of the grid point 
       REAL(wp) ::  mask_north        !< flag to mask vertical surface north of the grid point
       REAL(wp) ::  mask_south        !< flag to mask vertical surface south of the grid point 
       REAL(wp) ::  mask_west         !< flag to mask vertical surface west of the grid point
       REAL(wp) ::  mask_top          !< flag to mask vertical downward-facing surface  

       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_def_v(0)%ns) ::  s_flux_def_v_north !< flux at north-facing vertical default-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_def_v(1)%ns) ::  s_flux_def_v_south !< flux at south-facing vertical default-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_def_v(2)%ns) ::  s_flux_def_v_east  !< flux at east-facing vertical default-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_def_v(3)%ns) ::  s_flux_def_v_west  !< flux at west-facing vertical default-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_def_h(0)%ns) ::  s_flux_def_h_up    !< flux at horizontal upward-facing default-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_def_h(1)%ns) ::  s_flux_def_h_down  !< flux at horizontal donwward-facing default-type surfaces 
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_lsm_h%ns)    ::  s_flux_lsm_h_up    !< flux at horizontal upward-facing natural-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_lsm_v(0)%ns) ::  s_flux_lsm_v_north !< flux at north-facing vertical natural-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_lsm_v(1)%ns) ::  s_flux_lsm_v_south !< flux at south-facing vertical natural-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_lsm_v(2)%ns) ::  s_flux_lsm_v_east  !< flux at east-facing vertical natural-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_lsm_v(3)%ns) ::  s_flux_lsm_v_west  !< flux at west-facing vertical natural-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_usm_h%ns)    ::  s_flux_usm_h_up    !< flux at horizontal upward-facing urban-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_usm_v(0)%ns) ::  s_flux_usm_v_north !< flux at north-facing vertical urban-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_usm_v(1)%ns) ::  s_flux_usm_v_south !< flux at south-facing vertical urban-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_usm_v(2)%ns) ::  s_flux_usm_v_east  !< flux at east-facing vertical urban-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_usm_v(3)%ns) ::  s_flux_usm_v_west  !< flux at west-facing vertical urban-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_def_h(2)%ns) ::  s_flux_t           !< flux at model top

       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER ::  s  !< treated scalar


       !$ACC PARALLEL LOOP COLLAPSE(2) PRIVATE(i, j, k, m) &
       !$ACC PRIVATE(surf_e, surf_s, flag, mask_top, mask_bottom) &
       !$ACC PRIVATE(mask_north, mask_south, mask_west, mask_east) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(wall_flags_0, kh) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(s) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(ddzu, ddzw, drho_air, rho_air_zw) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(surf_def_h(0:2), surf_def_v(0:3)) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(surf_lsm_h, surf_lsm_v(0:3)) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(surf_usm_h, surf_usm_v(0:3)) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(s_flux_def_h_up, s_flux_def_h_down) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(s_flux_t) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(s_flux_def_v_north, s_flux_def_v_south) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(s_flux_def_v_east, s_flux_def_v_west) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(s_flux_lsm_h_up) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(s_flux_lsm_v_north, s_flux_lsm_v_south) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(s_flux_lsm_v_east, s_flux_lsm_v_west) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(s_flux_usm_h_up) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(s_flux_usm_v_north, s_flux_usm_v_south) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(s_flux_usm_v_east, s_flux_usm_v_west) &
       !$ACC PRESENT(tend)
       DO  i = nxl, nxr
          DO  j = nys,nyn
!
!--          Compute horizontal diffusion
             DO  k = nzb+1, nzt
!
!--             Predetermine flag to mask topography and wall-bounded grid points
                flag = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) 
!
!--             Predetermine flag to mask wall-bounded grid points, equivalent to
!--             former s_outer array
                mask_west  = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i-1), 0 ) )
                mask_east  = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i+1), 0 ) )
                mask_south = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j-1,i), 0 ) )
                mask_north = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j+1,i), 0 ) )

                tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i)                                      &
                                          + 0.5_wp * (                         &
                        mask_east  * ( kh(k,j,i) + kh(k,j,i+1) )               &
                                   * ( s(k,j,i+1) - s(k,j,i)   )               &
                      - mask_west  * ( kh(k,j,i) + kh(k,j,i-1) )               &
                                   * ( s(k,j,i)   - s(k,j,i-1) )               &
                                                     ) * ddx2 * flag           &
                                          + 0.5_wp * (                         &
                        mask_north * ( kh(k,j,i) + kh(k,j+1,i) )               &
                                   * ( s(k,j+1,i) - s(k,j,i)   )               &
                      - mask_south * ( kh(k,j,i) + kh(k,j-1,i) )               &
                                   * ( s(k,j,i)   - s(k,j-1,i) )               &
                                                     ) * ddy2 * flag
             ENDDO

!
!--          Apply prescribed horizontal wall heatflux where necessary. First,
!--          determine start and end index for respective (j,i)-index. Please
!--          note, in the flat case following loop will not be entered, as
!--          surf_s=1 and surf_e=0. Furtermore, note, no vertical natural surfaces
!--          so far. 
!--          First, for default-type surfaces 
!--          North-facing vertical default-type surfaces
             surf_s = surf_def_v(0)%start_index(j,i)
             surf_e = surf_def_v(0)%end_index(j,i)
             DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
                k           = surf_def_v(0)%k(m)
                tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_def_v_north(m) * ddy
             ENDDO
!
!--          South-facing vertical default-type surfaces
             surf_s = surf_def_v(1)%start_index(j,i)
             surf_e = surf_def_v(1)%end_index(j,i)
             DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
                k           = surf_def_v(1)%k(m)
                tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_def_v_south(m) * ddy
             ENDDO
!
!--          East-facing vertical default-type surfaces
             surf_s = surf_def_v(2)%start_index(j,i)
             surf_e = surf_def_v(2)%end_index(j,i)
             DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
                k           = surf_def_v(2)%k(m)
                tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_def_v_east(m) * ddx
             ENDDO
!
!--          West-facing vertical default-type surfaces
             surf_s = surf_def_v(3)%start_index(j,i)
             surf_e = surf_def_v(3)%end_index(j,i)
             DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
                k           = surf_def_v(3)%k(m)
                tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_def_v_west(m) * ddx
             ENDDO
!
!--          Now, for natural-type surfaces.
!--          North-facing
             surf_s = surf_lsm_v(0)%start_index(j,i)
             surf_e = surf_lsm_v(0)%end_index(j,i)
             DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
                k           = surf_lsm_v(0)%k(m)
                tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_lsm_v_north(m) * ddy
             ENDDO
!
!--          South-facing
             surf_s = surf_lsm_v(1)%start_index(j,i)
             surf_e = surf_lsm_v(1)%end_index(j,i)
             DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
                k           = surf_lsm_v(1)%k(m)
                tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_lsm_v_south(m) * ddy
             ENDDO
!
!--          East-facing
             surf_s = surf_lsm_v(2)%start_index(j,i)
             surf_e = surf_lsm_v(2)%end_index(j,i)
             DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
                k           = surf_lsm_v(2)%k(m)
                tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_lsm_v_east(m) * ddx
             ENDDO
!
!--          West-facing
             surf_s = surf_lsm_v(3)%start_index(j,i)
             surf_e = surf_lsm_v(3)%end_index(j,i)
             DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
                k           = surf_lsm_v(3)%k(m)
                tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_lsm_v_west(m) * ddx
             ENDDO
!
!--          Now, for urban-type surfaces.
!--          North-facing
             surf_s = surf_usm_v(0)%start_index(j,i)
             surf_e = surf_usm_v(0)%end_index(j,i)
             DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
                k           = surf_usm_v(0)%k(m)
                tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_usm_v_north(m) * ddy
             ENDDO
!
!--          South-facing
             surf_s = surf_usm_v(1)%start_index(j,i)
             surf_e = surf_usm_v(1)%end_index(j,i)
             DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
                k           = surf_usm_v(1)%k(m)
                tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_usm_v_south(m) * ddy
             ENDDO
!
!--          East-facing
             surf_s = surf_usm_v(2)%start_index(j,i)
             surf_e = surf_usm_v(2)%end_index(j,i)
             DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
                k           = surf_usm_v(2)%k(m)
                tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_usm_v_east(m) * ddx
             ENDDO
!
!--          West-facing
             surf_s = surf_usm_v(3)%start_index(j,i)
             surf_e = surf_usm_v(3)%end_index(j,i)
             DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
                k           = surf_usm_v(3)%k(m)
                tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_usm_v_west(m) * ddx
             ENDDO

!
!--          Compute vertical diffusion. In case that surface fluxes have been
!--          prescribed or computed at bottom and/or top, index k starts/ends at
!--          nzb+2 or nzt-1, respectively. Model top is also mask if top flux
!--          is given.
             DO  k = nzb+1, nzt
!
!--             Determine flags to mask topography below and above. Flag 0 is 
!--             used to mask topography in general, and flag 8 implies 
!--             information about use_surface_fluxes. Flag 9 is used to control 
!--             flux at model top. 
                mask_bottom = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp,                           &
                                     BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 8 ) ) 
                mask_top    = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp,                           &
                                     BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 8 ) ) *     &
                              MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp,                           &
                                     BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 9 ) ) 
                flag        = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp,                           &
                                     BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) )

                tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i)                                      &
                                       + 0.5_wp * (                            &
                                      ( kh(k,j,i) + kh(k+1,j,i) ) *            &
                                          ( s(k+1,j,i)-s(k,j,i) ) * ddzu(k+1)  &
                                                            * rho_air_zw(k)    &
                                                            * mask_top         &
                                    - ( kh(k,j,i) + kh(k-1,j,i) ) *            &
                                          ( s(k,j,i)-s(k-1,j,i) ) * ddzu(k)    &
                                                            * rho_air_zw(k-1)  &
                                                            * mask_bottom      &
                                                  ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)    &
                                                              * flag
             ENDDO

!
!--          Vertical diffusion at horizontal walls.
             IF ( use_surface_fluxes )  THEN
!
!--             Default-type surfaces, upward-facing               
                surf_s = surf_def_h(0)%start_index(j,i)
                surf_e = surf_def_h(0)%end_index(j,i)
                DO  m = surf_s, surf_e

                   k   = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
                   tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_def_h_up(m)              &
                                       * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)

                ENDDO
!
!--             Default-type surfaces, downward-facing               
                surf_s = surf_def_h(1)%start_index(j,i)
                surf_e = surf_def_h(1)%end_index(j,i)
                DO  m = surf_s, surf_e

                   k   = surf_def_h(1)%k(m)
                   tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_def_h_down(m)            &
                                       * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)

                ENDDO
!
!--             Natural-type surfaces, upward-facing  
                surf_s = surf_lsm_h%start_index(j,i)
                surf_e = surf_lsm_h%end_index(j,i)
                DO  m = surf_s, surf_e

                   k   = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
                   tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_lsm_h_up(m)              &
                                       * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)

                ENDDO
!
!--             Urban-type surfaces, upward-facing     
                surf_s = surf_usm_h%start_index(j,i)
                surf_e = surf_usm_h%end_index(j,i)
                DO  m = surf_s, surf_e

                   k   = surf_usm_h%k(m)
                   tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_usm_h_up(m)              &
                                       * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)

                ENDDO

             ENDIF
!
!--          Vertical diffusion at the last computational gridpoint along z-direction
             IF ( use_top_fluxes )  THEN
                surf_s = surf_def_h(2)%start_index(j,i)
                surf_e = surf_def_h(2)%end_index(j,i)
                DO  m = surf_s, surf_e

                   k   = surf_def_h(2)%k(m)
                   tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i)                                   &
                           + ( - s_flux_t(m) ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
                ENDDO
             ENDIF

          ENDDO
       ENDDO

    END SUBROUTINE diffusion_s

!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
! Description:
! ------------
!> Call for grid point i,j
!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
    SUBROUTINE diffusion_s_ij( i, j, s,                                        &
                               s_flux_def_h_up,    s_flux_def_h_down,          &
                               s_flux_t,                                       &
                               s_flux_lsm_h_up,    s_flux_usm_h_up,            &
                               s_flux_def_v_north, s_flux_def_v_south,         &
                               s_flux_def_v_east,  s_flux_def_v_west,          &
                               s_flux_lsm_v_north, s_flux_lsm_v_south,         &
                               s_flux_lsm_v_east,  s_flux_lsm_v_west,          &
                               s_flux_usm_v_north, s_flux_usm_v_south,         &
                               s_flux_usm_v_east,  s_flux_usm_v_west )       

       USE arrays_3d,                                                          &
           ONLY:  ddzu, ddzw, kh, tend, drho_air, rho_air_zw
           
       USE control_parameters,                                                 & 
           ONLY: use_surface_fluxes, use_top_fluxes
       
       USE grid_variables,                                                     &
           ONLY:  ddx, ddx2, ddy, ddy2
       
       USE indices,                                                            &
           ONLY:  nzb, nzt, wall_flags_0
       
       USE kinds

       USE surface_mod,                                                        &
           ONLY :  surf_def_h, surf_def_v, surf_lsm_h, surf_lsm_v, surf_usm_h, &
                   surf_usm_v 

       IMPLICIT NONE

       INTEGER(iwp) ::  i             !< running index x direction
       INTEGER(iwp) ::  j             !< running index y direction
       INTEGER(iwp) ::  k             !< running index z direction
       INTEGER(iwp) ::  m             !< running index surface elements
       INTEGER(iwp) ::  surf_e        !< End index of surface elements at (j,i)-gridpoint
       INTEGER(iwp) ::  surf_s        !< Start index of surface elements at (j,i)-gridpoint

       REAL(wp) ::  flag              !< flag to mask topography grid points
       REAL(wp) ::  mask_bottom       !< flag to mask vertical upward-facing surface     
       REAL(wp) ::  mask_east         !< flag to mask vertical surface east of the grid point 
       REAL(wp) ::  mask_north        !< flag to mask vertical surface north of the grid point
       REAL(wp) ::  mask_south        !< flag to mask vertical surface south of the grid point 
       REAL(wp) ::  mask_west         !< flag to mask vertical surface west of the grid point
       REAL(wp) ::  mask_top          !< flag to mask vertical downward-facing surface  

       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_def_v(0)%ns) ::  s_flux_def_v_north !< flux at north-facing vertical default-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_def_v(1)%ns) ::  s_flux_def_v_south !< flux at south-facing vertical default-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_def_v(2)%ns) ::  s_flux_def_v_east  !< flux at east-facing vertical default-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_def_v(3)%ns) ::  s_flux_def_v_west  !< flux at west-facing vertical default-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_def_h(0)%ns) ::  s_flux_def_h_up    !< flux at horizontal upward-facing default-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_def_h(1)%ns) ::  s_flux_def_h_down  !< flux at horizontal donwward-facing default-type surfaces 
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_lsm_h%ns)    ::  s_flux_lsm_h_up    !< flux at horizontal upward-facing natural-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_lsm_v(0)%ns) ::  s_flux_lsm_v_north !< flux at north-facing vertical urban-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_lsm_v(1)%ns) ::  s_flux_lsm_v_south !< flux at south-facing vertical urban-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_lsm_v(2)%ns) ::  s_flux_lsm_v_east  !< flux at east-facing vertical urban-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_lsm_v(3)%ns) ::  s_flux_lsm_v_west  !< flux at west-facing vertical urban-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_usm_h%ns)    ::  s_flux_usm_h_up    !< flux at horizontal upward-facing urban-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_usm_v(0)%ns) ::  s_flux_usm_v_north !< flux at north-facing vertical urban-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_usm_v(1)%ns) ::  s_flux_usm_v_south !< flux at south-facing vertical urban-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_usm_v(2)%ns) ::  s_flux_usm_v_east  !< flux at east-facing vertical urban-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_usm_v(3)%ns) ::  s_flux_usm_v_west  !< flux at west-facing vertical urban-type surfaces
       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:surf_def_h(2)%ns) ::  s_flux_t           !< flux at model top

       REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER ::  s  !< treated scalar

!
!--    Compute horizontal diffusion
       DO  k = nzb+1, nzt
!
!--       Predetermine flag to mask topography and wall-bounded grid points
          flag = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) 
!
!--       Predetermine flag to mask wall-bounded grid points, equivalent to
!--       former s_outer array
          mask_west  = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i-1), 0 ) )
          mask_east  = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i+1), 0 ) )
          mask_south = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j-1,i), 0 ) )
          mask_north = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j+1,i), 0 ) )
!
!--       Finally, determine flag to mask both topography itself as well
!--       as wall-bounded grid points, which will be treated further below

          tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i)                                            &
                                          + 0.5_wp * (                         &
                            mask_east  * ( kh(k,j,i) + kh(k,j,i+1) )           &
                                       * ( s(k,j,i+1) - s(k,j,i)   )           &
                          - mask_west  * ( kh(k,j,i) + kh(k,j,i-1) )           &
                                       * ( s(k,j,i)   - s(k,j,i-1) )           &
                                                     ) * ddx2 * flag           &
                                          + 0.5_wp * (                         &
                            mask_north * ( kh(k,j,i) + kh(k,j+1,i) )           &
                                       * ( s(k,j+1,i) - s(k,j,i)   )           &
                          - mask_south * ( kh(k,j,i) + kh(k,j-1,i) )           &
                                       * ( s(k,j,i)  - s(k,j-1,i)  )           &
                                                     ) * ddy2 * flag
       ENDDO

!
!--    Apply prescribed horizontal wall heatflux where necessary. First,
!--    determine start and end index for respective (j,i)-index. Please
!--    note, in the flat case following loops will not be entered, as
!--    surf_s=1 and surf_e=0. Furtermore, note, no vertical natural surfaces
!--    so far. 
!--    First, for default-type surfaces
!--    North-facing vertical default-type surfaces
       surf_s = surf_def_v(0)%start_index(j,i)
       surf_e = surf_def_v(0)%end_index(j,i)
       DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
          k           = surf_def_v(0)%k(m)
          tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_def_v_north(m) * ddy
       ENDDO
!
!--    South-facing vertical default-type surfaces
       surf_s = surf_def_v(1)%start_index(j,i)
       surf_e = surf_def_v(1)%end_index(j,i)
       DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
          k           = surf_def_v(1)%k(m)
          tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_def_v_south(m) * ddy
       ENDDO
!
!--    East-facing vertical default-type surfaces
       surf_s = surf_def_v(2)%start_index(j,i)
       surf_e = surf_def_v(2)%end_index(j,i)
       DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
          k           = surf_def_v(2)%k(m)
          tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_def_v_east(m) * ddx
       ENDDO
!
!--    West-facing vertical default-type surfaces
       surf_s = surf_def_v(3)%start_index(j,i)
       surf_e = surf_def_v(3)%end_index(j,i)
       DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
          k           = surf_def_v(3)%k(m)
          tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_def_v_west(m) * ddx
       ENDDO
!
!--    Now, for natural-type surfaces
!--    North-facing
       surf_s = surf_lsm_v(0)%start_index(j,i)
       surf_e = surf_lsm_v(0)%end_index(j,i)
       DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
          k           = surf_lsm_v(0)%k(m)
          tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_lsm_v_north(m) * ddy
       ENDDO
!
!--    South-facing
       surf_s = surf_lsm_v(1)%start_index(j,i)
       surf_e = surf_lsm_v(1)%end_index(j,i)
       DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
          k           = surf_lsm_v(1)%k(m)
          tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_lsm_v_south(m) * ddy
       ENDDO
!
!--    East-facing
       surf_s = surf_lsm_v(2)%start_index(j,i)
       surf_e = surf_lsm_v(2)%end_index(j,i)
       DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
          k           = surf_lsm_v(2)%k(m)
          tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_lsm_v_east(m) * ddx
       ENDDO
!
!--    West-facing
       surf_s = surf_lsm_v(3)%start_index(j,i)
       surf_e = surf_lsm_v(3)%end_index(j,i)
       DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
          k           = surf_lsm_v(3)%k(m)
          tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_lsm_v_west(m) * ddx
       ENDDO
!
!--    Now, for urban-type surfaces
!--    North-facing
       surf_s = surf_usm_v(0)%start_index(j,i)
       surf_e = surf_usm_v(0)%end_index(j,i)
       DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
          k           = surf_usm_v(0)%k(m)
          tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_usm_v_north(m) * ddy
       ENDDO
!
!--    South-facing
       surf_s = surf_usm_v(1)%start_index(j,i)
       surf_e = surf_usm_v(1)%end_index(j,i)
       DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
          k           = surf_usm_v(1)%k(m)
          tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_usm_v_south(m) * ddy
       ENDDO
!
!--    East-facing
       surf_s = surf_usm_v(2)%start_index(j,i)
       surf_e = surf_usm_v(2)%end_index(j,i)
       DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
          k           = surf_usm_v(2)%k(m)
          tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_usm_v_east(m) * ddx
       ENDDO
!
!--    West-facing
       surf_s = surf_usm_v(3)%start_index(j,i)
       surf_e = surf_usm_v(3)%end_index(j,i)
       DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
          k           = surf_usm_v(3)%k(m)
          tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_usm_v_west(m) * ddx
       ENDDO


!
!--    Compute vertical diffusion. In case that surface fluxes have been
!--    prescribed or computed at bottom and/or top, index k starts/ends at
!--    nzb+2 or nzt-1, respectively. Model top is also mask if top flux 
!--    is given. 
       DO  k = nzb+1, nzt
!
!--       Determine flags to mask topography below and above. Flag 0 is 
!--       used to mask topography in general, and flag 8 implies 
!--       information about use_surface_fluxes. Flag 9 is used to control 
!--       flux at model top.   
          mask_bottom = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp,                                 &
                               BTEST( wall_flags_0(k-1,j,i), 8 ) ) 
          mask_top    = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp,                                 &
                               BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 8 ) )  *          &
                        MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp,                                 &
                               BTEST( wall_flags_0(k+1,j,i), 9 ) )
          flag        = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp,                                 &
                               BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) )

          tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i)                                            &
                                       + 0.5_wp * (                            &
                                      ( kh(k,j,i) + kh(k+1,j,i) ) *            &
                                          ( s(k+1,j,i)-s(k,j,i) ) * ddzu(k+1)  &
                                                            * rho_air_zw(k)    &
                                                            * mask_top         &
                                    - ( kh(k,j,i) + kh(k-1,j,i) ) *            &
                                          ( s(k,j,i)-s(k-1,j,i) ) * ddzu(k)    &
                                                            * rho_air_zw(k-1)  &
                                                            * mask_bottom      &
                                                  ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)    &
                                                              * flag
       ENDDO

!
!--    Vertical diffusion at horizontal walls.
!--    TO DO: Adjust for downward facing walls and mask already in main loop
       IF ( use_surface_fluxes )  THEN
!
!--       Default-type surfaces, upward-facing
          surf_s = surf_def_h(0)%start_index(j,i)
          surf_e = surf_def_h(0)%end_index(j,i)
          DO  m = surf_s, surf_e

             k   = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)

             tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_def_h_up(m)                    &
                                       * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
          ENDDO
!
!--       Default-type surfaces, downward-facing
          surf_s = surf_def_h(1)%start_index(j,i)
          surf_e = surf_def_h(1)%end_index(j,i)
          DO  m = surf_s, surf_e

             k   = surf_def_h(1)%k(m)

             tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_def_h_down(m)                  &
                                       * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
          ENDDO
!
!--       Natural-type surfaces, upward-facing
          surf_s = surf_lsm_h%start_index(j,i)
          surf_e = surf_lsm_h%end_index(j,i)
          DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
             k   = surf_lsm_h%k(m)

             tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_lsm_h_up(m)                    &
                                       * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
          ENDDO
!
!--       Urban-type surfaces, upward-facing
          surf_s = surf_usm_h%start_index(j,i)
          surf_e = surf_usm_h%end_index(j,i)
          DO  m = surf_s, surf_e
             k   = surf_usm_h%k(m)

             tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + s_flux_usm_h_up(m)                    &
                                       * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
          ENDDO
       ENDIF
!
!--    Vertical diffusion at the last computational gridpoint along z-direction
       IF ( use_top_fluxes )  THEN
          surf_s = surf_def_h(2)%start_index(j,i)
          surf_e = surf_def_h(2)%end_index(j,i)
          DO  m = surf_s, surf_e

             k   = surf_def_h(2)%k(m)
             tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i)                                         &
                           + ( - s_flux_t(m) ) * ddzw(k) * drho_air(k)
          ENDDO
       ENDIF

    END SUBROUTINE diffusion_s_ij

 END MODULE diffusion_s_mod