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1	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
2	<html><head>
3	<meta content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" http-equiv="content-type"><title>PALM chapter 4.2</title></head>
4	<body>
5	<h3 style="line-height: 100%;"><a name="Kapitel4.2"></a>4.2 <a href="#Laufparameter">Runtime
6	parameters</a> and <a href="#Paketparameter">package
7	parameters</a></h3>
8	<h3 style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;"><a name="Laufparameter"></a>
9	Runtime parameters:</h3>
10	<br>
11	<br>
12	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
13	<tbody>
14	<tr>
15	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Parameter name</b></font></td>
16	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Type</b></font></td>
17	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
18	<p><b><font size="4">Default</font></b> <br>
19	<b><font size="4">value</font></b></p>
20	</td>
21	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Explanation</b></font></td>
22	</tr>
23	<tr>
24	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="averaging_interval"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">averaging_interval</span><br>
25	</td>
26	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
27	</td>
28	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span><br>
29	</td>
30	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Averaging interval for all output of temporally averaged data (in s).<br><br>This
31	parameter defines the time interval length for temporally averaged data
32	(vertical profiles, spectra, 2d cross-sections, 3d volume data). By
33	default, data are not subject to temporal averaging. The interval
34	length is limited by the parameter <a href="#dt_data_output_av">dt_data_output_av</a>. In any case, <span style="font-weight: bold;">averaging_interval</span> <= <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_data_output_av</span> must hold.<br><br>If
35	an interval is defined, then by default the average is calculated from
36	the data values of all timesteps lying within this interval. The number
37	of time levels entering into the average can be reduced with the
38	parameter <a href="#dt_averaging_input">dt_averaging_input</a>.<br><br>If an averaging interval can not be completed at the end of a run, it
39	will be finished at the beginning of the next restart run. Thus for
40	restart runs, averaging intervals do not
41	necessarily begin at the beginning of the run.<br><br>Parameters <a href="#averaging_interval_pr">averaging_interval_pr</a> and <a href="#averaging_interval_sp">averaging_interval_sp</a> can be used to define different averaging intervals for vertical profile data and spectra, respectively.<br>
42	</td>
43	</tr>
44	<tr>
45	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
46	<p><a name="averaging_interval_pr"></a><b>averaging_interval_pr</b></p>
47	</td>
48	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
49	</td>
50	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="#averaging_interval">averaging_<br>
51	interval</a><br>
52	</span>
53	</td>
54	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
55	<p>Averaging interval for output of vertical profiles to local
56	file <font color="#000000"><font color="#000000"><a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_1D_PR_NETCDF">DATA_1D_PR_NETCDF</a> </font></font>and/or  <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>
57	(in s).  </p>
58	<p>If
59	this parameter is given a non-zero value, temporally
60	averaged vertical profile data are output. By default, profile data
61	data are not subject to temporal averaging. The interval length is
62	limited by the parameter <a href="#dt_dopr">dt_dopr</a>. In any case <b>averaging_interval_pr</b> <= <b>dt_dopr </b>must
63	hold.</p>If an interval is defined, then by default the average is calculated
64	from the data values of all timesteps lying within this interval. The
65	number of time levels entering into the average can be reduced with the
66	parameter <a href="#dt_averaging_input_pr">dt_averaging_input_pr</a>.
67	<p>If
68	an averaging interval can not be completed at the end of a run, it will
69	be finished at the beginning of the next restart run. Thus for restart
70	runs, averaging intervals do not
71	necessarily begin at the beginning of the run.</p>
72	</td>
73	</tr>
74
75	<tr>
76	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="call_psolver_at_all_substeps"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">call_psolver_at_all_<br>
77	substeps</span></td>
78	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
79	</td>
80	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span><br>
81	</td>
82	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Switch
83	to steer the call of the pressure solver.<br>
84	<br>
85	In order to speed-up performance, the Poisson equation for perturbation
86	pressure (see <a href="#psolver">psolver</a>) can be called only at the last substep of multistep Runge-Kutta
87	timestep schemes (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#timestep_scheme">timestep_scheme</a>) by setting <span style="font-weight: bold;">call_psolver_at_all_substeps</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span>.
88	In many cases, this sufficiently reduces the divergence of the velocity
89	field. Nevertheless, small-scale ripples (2-delta-x) may occur. In this
90	case and in case
91	of non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions, <span style="font-weight: bold;">call_psolver_at_all_timesteps</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> should be used. <span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></td>
92	</tr>
93	<tr>
94	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
95	<p><a name="fcl_factor"></a><b>cfl_factor</b></p>
96	</td>
97	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
98	</td>
99	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
100	<p><i>0.1, 0.8 or 0.9</i> <br>
101	<i>(see right)</i></p>
102	</td>
103	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
104	<p lang="en-GB">Time step limiting factor.  </p>
105
106
107	<p><span lang="en-GB">In the model, the <span lang="en-GB">maximum
108	allowed </span>time step according to CFL and diffusion-criterion
109	dt_max is reduced by </span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB">dt</span></a> <span lang="en-GB">= dt_max * <b>cfl_factor</b>
110	in order to avoid stability problems which may arise in the vicinity of
111	the maximum allowed timestep. The condition <i>0.0</i> < <b>cfl_factor</b>
112	< <i>1.0 </i>applies.<br>
113	</span></p>
114
115
116	<p><span lang="en-GB">The default value of cfl_factor depends on
117	the </span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#timestep_scheme"><span lang="en-GB">timestep_scheme</span></a><span lang="en-GB"> used:<br>
118	</span></p>
119
120
121	<p><span lang="en-GB">For the third order Runge-Kutta scheme it
122	is <b>cfl_factor</b> = </span><span style="font-style: italic;">0.9</span><span lang="en-GB">.<br>
123	</span></p>
124
125
126	<p><span lang="en-GB">In case of the leapfrog scheme a quite
127	restrictive value of <span style="font-weight: bold;">cfl_factor</span>
128	= <span style="font-style: italic;">0.1 </span></span><span lang="en-GB">is used because for larger values the velocity divergence
129	significantly effects the accuracy of the model results.</span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#scalar_advec"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><span lang="en-GB"> Possibly larger values may
130	be used with the leapfrog scheme but these are to be determined by
131	appropriate test runs.<span style="font-family: times new roman;"><br>
132	</span></span></p>
133
134	<span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"></span><font face="Times New Roman">The default value for the Euler scheme is <span style="font-weight: bold;">cfl_factor</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">0.8</span> .</font></span></td>
135	</tr>
136	<tr>
137	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
138	<p><a name="create_disturbances"></a><b>create_disturbances</b></p>
139	</td>
140	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
141	</td>
142	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span><br>
143	</td>
144	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
145	<p>Switch to impose random perturbations to the horizontal
146	velocity field.  </p>
147	<p>With <b>create_disturbances</b> = <i>.T.,</i> random
148	perturbations can be imposed to the horizontal velocity field at
149	certain times e.g. in order to trigger off the onset of convection,
150	etc..<br>
151	</p>
152	<p>The temporal interval between these times can be steered with <a href="#dt_disturb">dt_disturb</a>,
153	the vertical range of the perturbations with <a href="#disturbance_level_b">disturbance_level_b</a>
154	and <a href="#disturbance_level_t">disturbance_level_t</a>,
155	and the perturbation amplitude with <a href="#disturbance_amplitude">disturbance_amplitude</a>.
156	In case of non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
157	and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>),
158	the horizontal range of the perturbations is determined by <a href="chapter_4.1.html#inflow_disturbance_begin">inflow_disturbance_begin</a>
159	and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#inflow_disturbance_end">inflow_disturbance_end</a>.
160	A perturbation is added to each grid point with its individual value
161	determined by multiplying the disturbance amplitude with a uniformly
162	distributed random number.
163	After this, the arrays of u and v are smoothed by applying a
164	Shuman-filter twice and made divergence-free by applying the pressure
165	solver.<br>
166	</p>
167	<p>The random number generator to be used can be chosen with <a href="chapter_4.1.html#random_generator">random_generator</a>.<br>
168	</p>
169	<p>As soon as the desired flow features have developed
170	(e.g.  convection has started), further imposing of perturbations
171	is not necessary and can be omitted (this does not hold for non-cyclic
172	lateral boundaries!). This can be steered by assigning
173	an upper limit value for the perturbation energy (the perturbation
174	energy is defined by the deviation of the velocity from the mean flow)
175	using the parameter <a href="#disturbance_energy_limit">disturbance_energy_limit</a>.
176	As soon as the perturbation energy has exceeded this energy limit, no
177	more random perturbations are assigned<br>
178	.  <br>
179	Timesteps where a random perturbation has been imposed are marked in
180	the local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>
181	by the character "D" appended to the values of the maximum horizontal
182	velocities. </p>
183	</td>
184	</tr>
185	<tr>
186	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
187	<p><a name="cross_normalized_x"></a><b>cross_normalized_x</b></p>
188	</td>
189	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*10  <br>
190	(100)</td>
191	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>100 * ' '</i></td>
192	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
193	<p>Type of normalization applied to the x-coordinate of vertical
194	profiles to be plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>.</p>
195	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p><p>If vertical profiles are plotted with the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span> (data on local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>,
196	parameters on local file <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/PLOT1D_PAR">PLOT1D_PAR</a>)
197	the x-values of the data points can be normalized with respect to
198	certain quantities (e.g. the near-surface heat flux) in order to ensure
199	a better comparability. This type of normalization then applies to all
200	profiles of one coordinate system (panel). The normalization quantities
201	are re-calculated for each output time of each individual profile. If
202	temporally averaged profiles are output (see <a href="#averaging_interval_pr">averaging_interval_pr</a>),
203	then the normalization quantities are also temporally averaged
204	accordingly. If the value of a normalization quantity becomes zero,
205	then normalization for the total respective coordinate system (panel)
206	is switched off automatically (also for the y-axis).<br>
207	</p>
208	<p>By default, the normalization quantities are calculated as the
209	horizontal mean of the total model domain and and these values are also
210	used for the normalization of profiles from subdomains (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#statistic_regions">statistic_regions</a>).
211	Instead of this, they can be calculated from the data of a certain
212	subdomain by using the parameter <a href="#normalizing_region">normalizing_region</a>
213	(however, they are used again for all subdomains and even for the total
214	domain).  </p>
215	<p>The user can choose between the following normalization
216	quantities: <br>
217	</p>
218	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
219	<tbody>
220	<tr>
221	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'wpt0'</i></td>
222	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Normalization with respect
223	to the total surface sensible heat
224	flux (k=0 ).</td>
225	</tr>
226	<tr>
227	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><i>'ws2'</i></td>
228	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Normalization with respect
229	to w<sub>*</sub> <sup>2</sup>
230	(square of the characteristic vertical wind speed of the CBL)</td>
231	</tr>
232	<tr>
233	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'tsw2'</i></td>
234	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Normalization with respect
235	to the square of the characteristic
236	temperature of the CBL theta<sub>*</sub> (this is defined as ratio of
237	the surface heat flux and w<sub>*</sub>).</td>
238	</tr>
239	<tr>
240	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><i>'ws3'</i></td>
241	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Normalization with respect
242	to w<sub>*</sub> <sup>3</sup>.</td>
243	</tr>
244	<tr>
245	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><i>'ws2tsw'</i></td>
246	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Normalization with respect
247	to w<sub></sub><sup>2</sup>theta<sub></sub>
248	(for definition of theta<sub>*</sub> see <span style="font-style: italic;">'tsw2'</span>).</td>
249	</tr>
250	<tr>
251	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><i>'wstsw2'</i></td>
252	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Normalization with respect
253	to w<sub></sub><sup>2 </sup>theta<sub></sub>
254	(for definition of theta<sub>*</sub> see <span style="font-style: italic;">'tsw2'</span>).</td>
255	</tr>
256	</tbody>
257	</table>
258	<p>For each coordinate system (panel) to be drawn (see <a href="#cross_profiles">cross_profiles</a>)
259	an individual normalization quantity can be assigned. For example: if <span style="font-weight: bold;">cross_normalized_x</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'ws2'</span><i>,'ws3'</i>, then the
260	x-values in the 1st coordinate system are normalized with respect to w<sub>*</sub><sup>2</sup>
261	and in the 2nd system with respect to w<sub>*</sub><sup>3</sup>. Data
262	of the further coordinate systems (if any are to be drawn) are not
263	normalized.  </p>
264	<p>Using a normalization leaves all vertical profile data on
265	local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>
266	unaffected, it only affects the visualization. Within <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>, the normalization is steered
267	by parameter <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/institut/software/profil_beschreibung.html#NORMX">normx</a>
268	which may be changed subsequently by the user in the parameter file
269	(local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_PAR">PLOT1D_PAR</a>).<br>
270	<br>
271	The assigned normalization quantity is noted in the axes labels of the
272	respective coordinate systems (see <a href="#cross_xtext">cross_xtext</a>).</p>
273	</td>
274	</tr>
275	<tr>
276	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
277	<p><a name="cross_normalized_y"></a><b>cross_normalized_y</b></p>
278	</td>
279	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*10  <br>
280	(100)</td>
281	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>100 * ' '</i></td>
282	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
283	<p>Type of normalization applied to the y-coordinate of vertical
284	profiles to be plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>. </p>
285	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p><p>If vertical profiles are plotted with the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span> (data on local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>,
286	parameter on local file <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/PLOT1D_PAR">PLOT1D_PAR</a>)
287	the y-values of the data points can be normalized with respect to
288	certain quantities (at present only the normalization with respect to
289	the boundary layer height is possible) in order to ensure a better
290	comparability. </p>
291	<p>The user can choose between the following normalization
292	quantities: <br>
293	</p>
294	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
295	<tbody>
296	<tr>
297	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'z_i'</i></td>
298	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Normalization with respect
299	to the boundary layer height
300	(determined from the height where the heat flux achieves its minimum
301	value).</td>
302	</tr>
303	</tbody>
304	</table>
305	<p>For further explanations see <a href="#cross_normalized_x">cross_normalized_x.</a></p>
306	</td>
307	</tr>
308	<tr>
309	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
310	<p><a name="cross_profiles"></a><b>cross_profiles</b></p>
311	</td>
312	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*100  <br>
313	(100)</td>
314	<td style="vertical-align: top;">see right<br>
315	</td>
316	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
317	<p>Determines which vertical profiles are to be presented in
318	which coordinate system if the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span> is used.   </p>
319	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p><p>The default assignment is:  </p>
320	<p><b>cross_profiles</b> =  </p>
321	<ul>
322	<p><span style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">'
323	u v ',</span><br>
324	<span style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">' pt
325	',  </span><br style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">
326	<span style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">'
327	w"pt" wpt wptBC wpt wptBC ',  </span><br style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">
328	<span style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">'
329	w"u" wu wu w"v"wv wv ',  </span><br style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">
330	<span style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">' km
331	kh ',</span><br style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">
332	<span style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">' l '
333	,</span><br>
334	14 * <span style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">' '</span></p>
335	</ul>
336	<p>If plot output of vertical profiles is produced (see <a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>),
337	the appropriate data are written to the local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>.
338	Simultaneously, the model produces a parameter file (local name <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_PAR">PLOT1D_PAR</a>)
339	which describes the layout for a plot to be generated with the plot
340	program <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>. The parameter <b>cross_profiles</b>
341	determines how many coordinate systems (panels) the plot contains and
342	which profiles are supposed to be drawn into which panel. <b>cross_profiles</b>
343	expects a character string (up to 100 characters long) for each
344	coordinate system, which consists of the names of the profiles to be
345	drawn into this system (all available profiles and their respective
346	names are described at parameter <a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>).
347	The single names have to be separated by one blank (' ') and a blank
348	must be spent also at the beginning and at the end of the string.
349	</p>
350	<p>Example:  </p>
351	<ul>
352	<p><b>cross_profiles</b> = <span style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">' u v ', ' pt '</span></p>
353	</ul>
354	<p>In this case the plot consists of two coordinate systems
355	(panels) with the first panel containing the profiles of the horizontal
356	velocity components (<span style="font-style: italic;">'u'</span> and <span style="font-style: italic;">'v'</span>) of all output times (see <a href="#dt_dopr">dt_dopr</a>)
357	and the second one containing the profiles of the potential temperature
358	(<span style="font-style: italic;">'pt'</span>).<br>
359	</p>
360	<p>Whether the coordinate systems are actually drawn, depends on
361	whether data of the appropriate profiles were output during the run
362	(profiles to be output have to be selected with the parameter <a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>).
363	For example if <b>data_output_pr</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'u'</span>,
364	<span style="font-style: italic;">'v'</span> was assigned, then
365	the plot only consists of one panel, since no profiles of the potential
366	temperature were output. On the other hand, if profiles were assigned
367	to <b>data_output_pr </b>whose names do not appear in <b>cross_profiles</b>,
368	then the respective profile data are output (<a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>)
369	but they are not drawn in the plot. <br>
370	</p>
371	The arrangement of the panels in the plot can be controlled
372	with the parameters <a href="#profile_columns">profile_columns</a>
373	and <a href="#profile_rows">profile_rows</a>.
374	Up to 100 panels systems are allowed in a plot (however, they may be
375	distributed on several pages).</td>
376	</tr>
377	<tr>
378	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
379	<p><a name="cross_ts_uymax"></a><b>cross_ts_uymax</b></p>
380	</td>
381	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R(10)</td>
382	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">10 *  </span><br>
383	999.999</td>
384	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
385	<p>Maximum of the range of y-axis values for coordinate systems
386	of time series plots.  </p>
387	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p><p>If time series are output and plotted (see <a href="#data_output_ts">data_output_ts</a>),
388	their range of values (which are to be presented at the y axis) is
389	determined by the absolute maximum or minimum values these variables
390	take within the time series. Singular extreme events can make the
391	timeseries difficult to interpret. In order to solve for this problem,
392	the range of values of the y-axis can be assigned manually with the
393	parameters <b>cross_ts_uymax</b> and <a href="#cross_ts_uymin">cross_ts_uymin</a>.
394	This can be done separately for each of the time series coordinate
395	systems (panels). These panels are listed in the description of
396	parameter <a href="#data_output_ts">data_output_ts</a>.
397	If, for example, the user wants to limit the range of values of theta<sub>*</sub>,
398	this may bbe done by <b>cross_ts_uymax</b>(4) = <i>5.0 </i>and <b>cross_ts_uymin</b>(4)
399	= <i>- 5.0 </i>(theta* is by default presented in the 4th panel (see <a href="#data_output_ts">data_output_ts</a>).
400	A one-sided limitation of the range of values may also be assigned.</p>
401	</td>
402	</tr>
403	<tr>
404	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
405	<p><a name="cross_ts_uymin"></a><b>cross_ts_uymin</b></p>
406	</td>
407	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)</td>
408	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
409	<p><i>10 *</i>  <br>
410	<i>999.999</i></p>
411	</td>
412	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
413	<p>Minimum of the range of y-axis values for coordinate systems
414	of time series plot.  </p>
415	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p><p>For details see <a href="#cross_ts_uymax">cross_ts_uymax</a>.</p>
416	</td>
417	</tr>
418	<tr>
419	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
420	<p><a name="cross_xtext"></a><b>cross_xtext</b></p>
421	</td>
422	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*40  <br>
423	(100)</td>
424	<td style="vertical-align: top;">see right<br>
425	</td>
426	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
427	<p>x-axis labels of vertical profile coordinate systems to be
428	plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>.  </p>
429	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p><p>The default assignment is:  </p>
430	<p><b>cross_xtext</b> =  </p>
431	<ul>
432	<p><span style="font-style: italic;">'wind speed in
433	ms>->1',  </span><br style="font-style: italic;">
434	<span style="font-style: italic;">'pot. temperature in
435	K',  </span><br style="font-style: italic;">
436	<span style="font-style: italic;">'heat flux in K
437	ms>->1',  </span><br style="font-style: italic;">
438	<span style="font-style: italic;">'momentum flux in
439	m>2s>2',  </span><br style="font-style: italic;">
440	<span style="font-style: italic;">'eddy diffusivity in
441	m>2s>->1',  </span><br style="font-style: italic;">
442	<span style="font-style: italic;">'mixing length in m',</span>
443	<br>
444	14 * <span style="font-style: italic;">' '</span></p>
445	</ul>
446	<p>This parameter can be used to assign x-axis labels to vertical
447	profiles to be plotted with the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil </span>(for output of vertical
448	profile data see <a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>).<br>
449	The labels are assigned to those coordinate systems (panels) defined by
450	<a href="#cross_profiles">cross_profiles</a>
451	according to their respective order (compare the default values of <b>cross_xtext</b>
452	and <b>cross_profiles</b>). </p>
453	<p>Umlauts are possible (write “ in front of, similar to TeX), as
454	well as super- and subscripts (use ">" or "<" in front of each
455	character), special characters etc. (see UNIRAS manuals) when using the
456	plot software <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/institut/software/profil_beschreibung.html#chapter3.2.6">profil</a>.</p>
457	</td>
458	</tr>
459	<tr>
460	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
461	<p><a name="cycle_mg"></a><b>cycle_mg</b></p>
462	</td>
463	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*1</td>
464	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'w'</i></td>
465	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
466	<p>Type of cycle to be used with the multi-grid method.  </p>
467	<p>This parameter determines which type of cycle is applied in
468	the multi-grid method used for solving the Poisson equation for
469	perturbation pressure (see <a href="#psolver">psolver</a>).
470	It defines in which way it is switched between the fine and coarse
471	grids. So-called v- and w-cycles are realized (i.e. <b>cycle_mg</b>
472	may be assigned the values <i>'v'</i> or <i>'w'</i>). The
473	computational cost of w-cycles is much higher than that of v-cycles,
474	however, w-cycles give a much better convergence. </p>
475	</td>
476	</tr>
477	<tr>
478	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
479	<p><a name="data_output"></a><b>data_output</b></p>
480	</td>
481	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 10 (100)<br>
482	</td>
483	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">100 * ' '</span><br>
484	</td>
485	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Quantities for which 2d cross section and/or 3d volume data are to be output.<br><br>PALM
486	allows the output of instantaneous data as well as of temporally
487	averaged data which is steered by the strings assigned to this
488	parameter (see below).<br><br>By default, cross section data are output (depending on the selected cross sections(s), see below)  to local files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_2D_XY_NETCDF">DATA_2D_XY_NETCDF</a>, <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_2D_XZ_NETCDF">DATA_2D_XZ_NETCDF</a> and/or <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_2D_YZ_NETCDF">DATA_2D_YZ_NETCDF</a>. Volume data are output to file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_3D_NETCDF">DATA_3D_NETCDF</a>. If the user has switched on the output of temporally averaged data, these are written seperately to local files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_2D_XY_AV_NETCDF">DATA_2D_XY_AV_NETCDF</a>, <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_2D_XZ_AV_NETCDF">DATA_2D_XZ_AV_NETCDF</a>, <a href="chapter_4.3.html#DATA_2D_YZ_AV_NETCDF">DATA_2D_YZ_AV_NETCDF</a>, and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_3D_AV_NETCDF">DATA_3D_AV_NETCDF</a>, respectively.<br><br>The
489	filenames already suggest that all files have NetCDF format.
490	Informations about the file content (kind of quantities, array
491	dimensions and grid coordinates) are part of the self describing NetCDF
492	format and can be extracted from the NetCDF files using the command
493	"ncdump -c <filename>". See chapter <a href="chapter_4.5.1.html">4.5.1</a> about processing the PALM NetCDF data.<br><br>The following quantities are available for output by default:<br><br><table style="text-align: left; width: 576px; height: 481px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 106px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">quantity name</span></td><td style="width: 196px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">meaning</span></td><td><span style="font-weight: bold;">unit</span></td><td><span style="font-weight: bold;">remarks</span></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px;"><span style="font-style: italic;">e</span></td><td style="width: 196px;">SGS TKE</td><td>m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup></td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">lwp</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">liquid water path</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">m</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">only horizontal cross section is allowed, requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_physics">cloud_physics</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">p</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">perturpation pressure</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">N/m<sup>2</sup>, Pa</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">pc</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">particle/droplet concentration</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">#/gridbox</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">requires that particle advection is switched on by <span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span>-option "-p particles"</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">pr</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">mean particle/droplet radius </td><td style="vertical-align: top;">m</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">requires that particle advection is switched on by <span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span>-option "-p particles"</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">pt</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">potential temperature<br></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">K</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">q</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">specific humidity (or total water content, if cloud physics is switched on)</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">kg/kg</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#moisture">moisture</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">ql</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">liquid water content</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">kg/kg</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_physics">cloud_physics</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span> or <a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_droplets">cloud_droplets</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">ql_c</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">change in liquid water content due to condensation/evaporation during last timestep</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">kg/kg</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_droplets">cloud_droplets</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">ql_v</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">volume of liquid water</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">m<sup>3</sup>/gridbox</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_droplets">cloud_droplets</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">ql_vp</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">weighting factor</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_droplets">cloud_droplets</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">qv</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">water vapor content (specific humidity)</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">kg/kg</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_physics">cloud_physics</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">s</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">concentration of the scalar</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">1/m<sup>3</sup></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#passive_scalar">passive_scalar</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">t</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">(near surface) characteristic temperature</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">K</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">only horizontal cross section is allowed</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">u</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">u-component of the velocity</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">m/s</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">u*</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">(near surface) friction velocity</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">m/s</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">only horizontal cross section is allowed</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">v</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">v-component of the velocity</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">m/s</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">vpt</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">virtual potential temperature</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">K</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#moisture">moisture</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">w</span></td><td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">w-component of the velocity</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">m/s</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"></td></tr></tbody></table><br>Multiple quantities can be assigned, e.g. <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'e'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'u'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'w'</span>.<br><br>By
494	assigning the pure strings from the above table, 3d volume data is
495	output. Cross section data can be output by appending the string <span style="font-style: italic;">'_xy'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'_xz'</span>, or <span style="font-style: italic;">'_yz'</span> to the respective quantities. Time averaged output is created by appending the string <span style="font-style: italic;">'_av' </span>(for
496	cross section data, this string must be appended after the cross
497	section string). Cross section data can also be (additionally) averaged
498	along the direction normal to the respective section (see below).
499	Assignments of quantities can be given in arbitrary
500	order:<br><br>Example:<br><br><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'u'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'pt_xz_av'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'w_xy'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'u_av'</span>.<br></div><br>This
501	example will create the following output: instantaneous 3d volume data
502	of u-velocity component (by default on file DATA_3D_NETCDF), temporally
503	averaged 3d volume data of u-velocity component (by default on file
504	DATA_3D_AV_NETCDF), instantaneous horizontal cross section data of
505	w-velocity component (by default on file DATA_2D_XY_NETCDF), and
506	temporally averaged vertical cross section data of potential
507	temperature (by default on file DATA_2D_XZ_AV_NETCDF).<br><br>The user is allowed to extend the above list of quantities by defining his own output quantities (see the user-parameter <a href="chapter_4.3.html#data_output_user">data_output_user</a>).<br><br>The time interval of the output times is determined via <a href="#dt_data_output">dt_data_output</a>.
508	This is valid for all types of output quantities by default. Individual
509	time intervals for instantaneous  (!) 3d and section data can be
510	declared using <a href="#dt_do3d">dt_do3d</a>, <a href="#dt_do2d_xy">dt_do2d_xy</a>, <a href="#dt_do2d_xz">dt_do2d_xz</a>, and <a href="#dt_do2d_yz">dt_do2d_yz</a>.<br><br>Also, an individual time interval for output of temporally averaged data can be assigned using parameter <a href="#dt_data_output_av">dt_data_output_av</a>. This applies to both 3d volume and cross section data. The length of the averaging interval is controlled via parameter <a href="#averaging_interval">averaging_interval</a>.<br><br>The parameter <a href="#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_data_output</a> can be used to shift data output activities for a given time interval. Individual intervals can be set using <a href="#skip_time_do3d">skip_time_do3d</a>, <a href="#skip_time_do2d_xy">skip_time_do2d_xy</a>, <a href="#skip_time_do2d_xz">skip_time_do2d_xz</a>, <a href="#skip_time_do2d_yz">skip_time_do2d_yz</a>, and <a href="#skip_time_data_output_av">skip_time_data_output_av</a>.<br><p>With the parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#nz_do3d">nz_do3d</a>
511	the output can be limited in the vertical direction up to a certain
512	grid point.<br>
513	</p>
514
515	Cross sections extend through the total model
516	domain. In the two horizontal directions all grid points with 0 <= i
517	<= nx+1 and 0 <= j
518	<= ny+1 are output so that in case of cyclic boundary conditions the
519	complete total domain is represented. The location(s) of the cross sections can be defined with parameters <a href="#section_xy">section_xy</a>, <a href="#section_xz">section_xz</a>, and <a href="#section_yz">section_yz</a>. Assigning <span style="font-weight: bold;">section_..</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">-1</span> causes the output data to be averaged along the direction normal to the respective section.<br><br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Output of user defined quantities:</span><br><br>Beside
520	the standard quantities from the above list, the user can output any
521	other quantities. These have to be defined and calculated within the
522	user-defined code (see <a href="chapter_3.5.4.html">3.5.4</a>). They can be selected for output with the user-parameter <a href="chapter_4.3.html#data_output_user">data_output_user</a> for which the same rules apply as for <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output</span>.
523	Output of the user defined quantities (time interval, averaging,
524	selection of cross sections, etc.) is controlled with the parameters
525	listed above and data are written to the same file(s) as the standard
526	quantities.<br><br><p style="font-weight: bold;">Output on parallel machines:</p><p>
527	By default, with parallel runs, processors output only data
528	of their respective subdomains into seperate local files (file names
529	are
530	constructed by appending the four digit processor ID, e.g.
531	<filename>_0000, <filename>_0001, etc.). After PALM has
532	finished, the contents of these individual
533	files are sampled into one final file<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span> using the program <tt><font style="font-size: 11pt;" size="2">combine_plot_fields.x</font></tt>
534	(to be started e.g. by a suitable OUTPUT command in the <span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span>
535	configuration file).</p>
536	<p>Alternatively, PALM is able to collect all grid points of a
537	cross section on PE0 before output is done. In this case only one
538	output file (DATA_2D_XY_NETCDF, etc.) is created and <tt><font style="font-size: 11pt;" size="2">combine_plot_fields.x</font></tt>
539	does not have to be called. In case of very large numbers of horizontal gridpoints, sufficient
540	memory is required on PE0.  This method can be used by assigning <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_2d_on_each_pe">data_output_2d_on_each_pe</a>
541	= <i>.F.</i>.</p><p>3d volume data output is always handled seperately by each processor so that <span style="font-family: monospace;">combine_plot_fields.x</span> has to be called anyway after PALM has been finished.</p><p><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Old formats:</span></p>
542	<p>Beside
543	the NetCDF format, 2d cross section data and 3d volume data can
544	also be output, for historical reasons, in a different (binary) format
545	using parameter <a href="#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>.</p><p>By assigning <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format </span>= <span style="font-style: italic;">'avs'</span>, the 3d volume data is output to the local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT3D_DATA">PLOT3D_DATA</a>.
546	Output is in FORTRAN binary format readable by
547	the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">AVS</span>.
548	The order of data on the file follows the order used in the assignment
549	for <b>data_output</b> (e.g. <b>data_output</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'p'</span>,
550	<span style="font-style: italic;">'v'</span>,...
551	means that the file starts with the pressure data, followed by the
552	v-component of the velocity, etc.). Both instantaneous and time
553	averaged data are written on this file! Additional to this file, PALM
554	creates
555	a second binary file (local name <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT3D_COOR">PLOT3D_COOR</a>)
556	with coordinate information needed by <span style="font-weight: bold;">AVS</span>.
557	As third and
558	fourth file two ASCII files are created (AVS-FLD-format, local name <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT3D_FLD">PLOT3D_FLD</a>
559	and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT3D_FLD_COOR">PLOT3D_FLD_COOR</a>),
560	which describe the contents of the data file and/or coordinate file
561	and are used by AVS. However, AVS expects the content description in
562	one file. This needs the local file PLOT3D_FLD_COOR to be appended to
563	the file
564	PLOT3D_FLD (by suitable OUTPUT command in the <span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span>
565	configuration file: “<span style="font-family: monospace;">cat
566	PLOT3D_FLD_COOR >> PLOT3D_FLD</span>”) after PALM has
567	finished. To reduce the amount of data, output to this file can be done
568	in
569	compressed form (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#do3d_compress">do3d_compress</a>). Further details about plotting 3d volume data with <span style="font-weight: bold;">AVS </span>can be found in <a href="chapter_4.5.5.html">chapter
570	4.5.5</a>.</p>By assigning <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format </span>= <span style="font-style: italic;">'iso2d'</span>, the cross section data is output to the local files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_XY">PLOT2D_XY</a>, <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_XZ">PLOT2D_XZ</a>, and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_YZ">PLOT2D_YZ</a>.
571	Output is in FORTRAN binary format readable by
572	the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d</span>.
573	The order of data on the files follows the order used in the assignment
574	for <b>data_output</b> (e.g. <b>data_output</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'p_xy'</span>,
575	<span style="font-style: italic;">'v_xy_av'</span>,...
576	means that the file containing the horizontal cross section data starts
577	with the instantaneous pressure data, followed by the
578	temporally averaged v-component of the velocity, etc.). Both
579	instantaneous and time averaged data are written on this
580	file!Additional to these binary files, PALM
581	creates NAMELIST parameter files
582	(local names <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_XY_GLOBAL">PLOT2D_XY_GLOBAL</a>,
583	<a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_XY_LOCAL">PLOT2D_XY_LOCAL</a>, <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_XZ_GLOBAL">PLOT2D_XZ_GLOBAL</a>, <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_XZ_LOCAL">PLOT2D_XZ_LOCAL</a>, <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_YZ_GLOBAL">PLOT2D_YZ_GLOBAL</a>, <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_YZ_LOCAL">PLOT2D_YZ_LOCAL</a>)
584	which can be used as parameter input files for the plot software <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/institut/software/iso2d_beschreibung.html">iso2d</a>.
585	That needs local files with suffix _LOCAL to be appended to the
586	respective files with suffix _GLOBAL (by
587	suitable OUTPUT commands in the <span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span>
588	configuration file, e.g.: “<span style="font-family: monospace;">cat
589	PLOT2D_XY_LOCAL >> PLOT2D_XY_GLOBAL</span>”) after PALM has
590	finished. Cross sections can be directly plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d</span> using the respective data and
591	parameter file. The plot layout is steered via the parameter input
592	file.
593	The values of these <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d</span>
594	parameters are determined by a set of mostly internal PALM parameters
595	(exception: <a href="chapter_4.2.html#z_max_do2d">z_max_do2d</a>).
596	All parameter values can be changed by editing the parameter input
597	file. Further details about plotting 2d cross sections with <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d </span>can be found in <a href="chapter_4.5.4.html">chapter
598	4.5.4</a>.<br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Important:</span><br>There is no guarantee that iso2d- and avs-output will be available in future PALM versions (later than 3.0).
599
600	</td>
601	</tr>
602	<tr>
603	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="data_output_format"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format</span><br>
604	</td>
605	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 10 (10)
606	</td>
607	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'netcdf'</span>
608	</td>
609	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Format of output data.<br><br>By default, all data (profiles, time
610	series, spectra, particle data, cross sections, volume data) are output
611	in NetCDF format (see chapter <a href="chapter_4.5.1.html">4.5.1</a>). Exception: restart data (local files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#BININ">BININ</a>, <a href="chapter_3.4.html#BINOUT">BINOUT</a>, <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_IN">PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_IN</a>, <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_OUT">PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_OUT</a>)
612	are always output in FORTRAN binary format.<br><br>The numerical precision of the NetCDF output is determined with parameter <a href="#chapter_4.1.html#netcdf_precision">netcdf_precision</a>.<br><br>The maximum file size for NetCDF files is 2 GByte by default. Use the parameter <a href="#netcdf_64bit">netcdf_64bit</a> if larger files have to be created.<br><br>For historical reasons, other data formats are still available. Beside 'netcdf', <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format</span> may be assigned the following values:<br><br><table style="text-align: left; width: 594px; height: 104px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span></td><td>output of profiles, time series and spectra in ASCII format to be read by the graphic software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil </span>(see chapters <a href="chapter_4.5.2.html">4.5.2</a>, <a href="#chapter_4.5.3.html">4.5.3</a>)</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'iso2d'</span></td><td>output of 2d cross-sections in FORTRAN binary format to be read by the graphic software <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d</span> (see chapter <a href="chapter_4.5.4.html">4.5.4</a>)</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'avs'</span></td><td>output of 3d volume data in FORTRAN binary format to be read by the graphic software <span style="font-weight: bold;">AVS</span> (see chapter <a href="chapter_4.5.5.html">4.5.5</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><br>Multiple values can be assigned to <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format</span>, i.e. if the user wants to have both the "old" data format suitable for <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d</span> as well as cross section data in NetCDF format, then <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'iso2d'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'netcdf'</span> has to be assigned.<br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Warning:</span> There is no guarantee that the "old" formats will be available in future PALM versions (beyond 3.0)!<br>
613	</td>
614	</tr>
615	<tr>
616	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
617	<p><a name="data_output_pr"></a><b>data_output_pr</b></p>
618	</td>
619	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 10  <br>
620
621	(100)</td>
622	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>100 * ' '</i></td>
623	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
624	<p>Quantities for which vertical profiles (horizontally averaged)
625	are to be output.  </p>
626
627
628	<p>By default vertical profile data is output to the local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_1D_PR_NETCDF">DATA_1D_PR_NETCDF</a>. The file's format is NetCDF.  Further details about processing NetCDF data are given in chapter <a href="chapter_4.5.1.html">4.5.1</a>.</p><p>For historical reasons, data can also be output in ASCII-format on local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a> which is readable by the graphic software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>. See parameter <a href="#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> for defining the format in which data shall be output.<br>
629	</p>
630
631
632	<p>For horizontally averaged vertical
633	profiles always <span style="font-weight: bold;">all</span> vertical
634	grid points (0 <= k <= nz+1) are output to file. Vertical
635	profile data refers to the total domain but profiles for subdomains can
636	also be output (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#statistic_regions">statistic_regions</a>).
637	</p>
638
639
640	<p>The temporal interval of the output times of profiles is
641	assigned via the parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_dopr">dt_dopr</a>.
642	Within the file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>, the profiles are ordered with respect to their
643	output times.</p><p>Profiles can also be temporally averaged (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#averaging_interval_pr">averaging_interval_pr</a>). <br>
644	</p>
645
646
647
648
649
650	<p>The following list shows the values which can be assigned to <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_pr</span>.
651	The profile data is either defined on
652	u-v-levels (variables marked in <font color="#ff6600">red</font>) or
653	on w-levels (<font color="#33ff33">green</font>). According to this,
654	the
655	z-coordinates of the individual profiles vary. Beyond that, with a
656	Prandtl layer switched on (<a href="chapter_4.1.html#prandtl_layer">prandtl_layer</a>)
657	the lowest output
658	level is z = zu(1) instead of z = zw(0) for profiles <i>w'' u'',w''v"</i>,
659	<i>wu</i> and <i>wv</i> .  <br>
660	</p>
661
662
663	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
664
665	<tbody>
666	<tr>
667	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>u</i></font></td>
668	<td style="vertical-align: top;">u-component of the
669	velocity (in m/s).</td>
670	</tr>
671	<tr>
672	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>v</i></font></td>
673	<td style="vertical-align: top;">v-component of the
674	velocity (in m/s).</td>
675	</tr>
676	<tr>
677	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w</i></font></td>
678	<td style="vertical-align: top;">w-component of the
679	velocity (in m/s).</td>
680	</tr>
681	<tr>
682	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>pt</i></font></td>
683	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Potential temperature (in
684	K).</td>
685	</tr>
686	<tr>
687	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>vpt</i></font></td>
688	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Virtual potential
689	temperature (in K).</td>
690	</tr>
691	<tr>
692	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>lpt</i></font></td>
693	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Potential liquid water
694	temperature (in K).</td>
695	</tr>
696	<tr>
697	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>q</i></font></td>
698	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total water content
699	(in kg/kg).</td>
700	</tr>
701	<tr>
702	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>qv</i></font></td>
703	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Specific humidity (in
704	kg/kg).</td>
705	</tr>
706	<tr>
707	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>ql</i></font></td>
708	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Liquid water content
709	(in kg/kg).</td>
710	</tr>
711	<tr>
712	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#ff6600">s</font></td>
713	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Scalar concentration (in
714	kg/m<sup>3</sup>).</td>
715	</tr>
716	<tr>
717	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>e</i></font></td>
718	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Turbulent kinetic energy
719	(TKE, subgrid-scale) (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).</td>
720	</tr>
721	<tr>
722	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>e*</i></font></td>
723	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Perturbation energy
724	(resolved) (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).</td>
725	</tr>
726	<tr>
727	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>km</i></font></td>
728	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Eddy diffusivity for
729	momentum (in m<sup>2</sup>/s).</td>
730	</tr>
731	<tr>
732	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>kh</i></font></td>
733	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Eddy diffusivity for heat
734	(in m<sup>2</sup>/s).</td>
735	</tr>
736	<tr>
737	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>l</i></font></td>
738	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Mixing length (in m).</td>
739	</tr>
740	<tr>
741	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w"u"</i></font></td>
742	<td style="vertical-align: top;">u-component of the
743	subgrid-scale vertical momentum flux (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).</td>
744	</tr>
745	<tr>
746	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wu</i></font></td>
747	<td style="vertical-align: top;">u-component of the
748	resolved vertical momentum flux (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).</td>
749	</tr>
750	<tr>
751	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wu</i></font></td>
752	<td style="vertical-align: top;">u-component of the total
753	vertical momentum flux (<i>w"u"</i> + <i>wu</i>) (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).</td>
754	</tr>
755	<tr>
756	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w"v"</i></font></td>
757	<td style="vertical-align: top;">v-component of the
758	subgrid-scale vertical momentum flux (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).</td>
759	</tr>
760	<tr>
761	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wv</i></font></td>
762	<td style="vertical-align: top;">v-component of the
763	resolved vertical momentum flux (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).</td>
764	</tr>
765	<tr>
766	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wv</i></font></td>
767	<td style="vertical-align: top;">v-component of the total
768	vertical momentum flux (<i>w"v"</i> + <i>wv</i>) (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).</td>
769	</tr>
770	<tr>
771	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w"pt"</i></font></td>
772	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgrid-scale vertical
773	sensible heat flux (in K m/s).</td>
774	</tr>
775	<tr>
776	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wpt</i></font></td>
777	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Resolved vertical sensible
778	heat flux (in K m/s).</td>
779	</tr>
780	<tr>
781	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wpt</i></font></td>
782	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total vertical sensible
783	heat flux (<i>w"pt"</i> + <i>wpt</i>)
784	(in K
785	m/s).</td>
786	</tr>
787	<tr>
788	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wptBC</i></font></td>
789	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgrid-scale vertical
790	sensible heat flux using the
791	Bott-Chlond scheme (in K m/s).</td>
792	</tr>
793	<tr>
794	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wptBC</i></font></td>
795	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total vertical sensible
796	heat flux using the Bott-Chlond scheme
797	(<i>w"pt"</i>
798	+ <i>wptBC</i>) (in K m/s).</td>
799	</tr>
800	<tr>
801	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w"vpt"</i></font></td>
802	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgrid-scale vertical
803	buoyancy flux (in K m/s).</td>
804	</tr>
805	<tr>
806	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wpt</i></font></td>
807	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Resolved vertical buoyancy
808	flux (in K m/s).</td>
809	</tr>
810	<tr>
811	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wvpt</i></font></td>
812	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total vertical buoyancy
813	flux (w"vpt" + wvpt) (in K m/s).</td>
814	</tr>
815	<tr>
816	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w"q"</i></font></td>
817	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgrid-scale vertical
818	water flux (in kg/kg m/s).</td>
819	</tr>
820	<tr>
821	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wq</i></font></td>
822	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Resolved vertical water
823	flux (in kg/kg m/s).</td>
824	</tr>
825	<tr>
826	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wq</i></font></td>
827	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total vertical water flux
828	(w"q" + wq) (in kg/kg m/s).</td>
829	</tr>
830	<tr>
831	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w"qv"</i></font></td>
832	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgrid-scale vertical
833	latent heat flux (in kg/kg m/s).</td>
834	</tr>
835	<tr>
836	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wqv</i></font></td>
837	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Resolved vertical latent
838	heat flux (in kg/kg m/s).</td>
839	</tr>
840	<tr>
841	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wqv</i></font></td>
842	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total vertical latent heat
843	flux (w"qv" + wqv) (in kg/kg m/s).</td>
844	</tr>
845	<tr>
846	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w"s"</i></font></td>
847	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgrid-scale vertical
848	scalar concentration flux (in kg/m<sup>3 </sup>m/s).</td>
849	</tr>
850	<tr>
851	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>ws</i></font></td>
852	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Resolved vertical scalar
853	concentration flux (in kg/m<sup>3</sup>)</td>
854	</tr>
855	<tr>
856	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>ws</i></font></td>
857	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total vertical scalar
858	concentration flux (w"s" + ws) (in kg/m<sup>3 </sup>m/s).</td>
859	</tr>
860	<tr>
861	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>we</i></font></td>
862	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Vertical flux of
863	perturbation energy (resolved)</td>
864	</tr>
865	<tr>
866	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>u*2</i></font></td>
867	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Variance of the u-velocity
868	component (resolved)</td>
869	</tr>
870	<tr>
871	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>v*2</i></font></td>
872	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Variance of the v-velocity
873	component (resolved)</td>
874	</tr>
875	<tr>
876	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w*2</i></font></td>
877	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Variance of the potential
878	temperature (resolved)</td>
879	</tr>
880	<tr>
881	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>pt*2</i></font></td>
882	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Variance of the potential
883	temperature (resolved)</td>
884	</tr>
885	<tr>
886	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w*3</i></font></td>
887	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Third moment of the
888	w-velocity component (resolved)</td>
889	</tr>
890	<tr>
891	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>Sw</i></font></td>
892	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Skewness of the w-velocity
893	component (resolved, S<sub>w</sub>
894	= W<sup>3</sup>/(w<sup>2</sup>)<sup>1.5</sup>)</td>
895	</tr>
896	<tr>
897	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w2pt</i></font></td>
898	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Third moment (resolved)</td>
899	</tr>
900	<tr>
901	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wpt2</i></font></td>
902	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Third moment (resolved)</td>
903	</tr>
904	<tr>
905	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6666"><i>wuu*/dz</i></font></td>
906	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Energy production by shear
907	(resolved)</td>
908	</tr>
909	<tr>
910	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6666"><i>wp/dz</i></font></td>
911	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Energy production by
912	turbulent transport of pressure
913	fluctuations (resolved)</td>
914	</tr>
915	<tr>
916	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6666"><i>w"e/dz</i></font></td>
917	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Energy production by
918	transport of resolved-scale TKE</td>
919	</tr>
920	</tbody>
921
922	</table>
923
924	<br>
925
926	Beyond that, initial profiles (t=0) of some variables can be also be
927	output (this output is only done once
928	with the first plot output and not repeated with the profile output at
929	later
930	times). The names of these profiles result from the ones specified
931	above leaded by a hash "#".  Allowed values are:<br>
932
933
934	<ul>
935	<p><i>#u</i>, <i>#v</i>, <i>#pt</i>, <i>#km</i>, <i>#kh</i>,
936	<i>#l</i></p>
937	</ul>
938
939
940	<p>These initial profiles have been either set by the user or
941	have been calculated by a 1d-model prerun.<br>
942	</p>In case of ASCII data output to local file PLOT1D_DATA,
943	PALM additionally creates a NAMELIST parameter file (local name <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_PAR">PLOT1D_PAR</a>)
944	which can be used as parameter input file for the plot software <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/institut/software/profil_intro.html">profil</a>.
945	Profiles can be directly plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>
946	using these two files. The
947	plot layout is
948	steered via the parameter input file. The values of these <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>-parameters are determined by
949	a set of PALM parameters (<a href="chapter_4.2.html#profile_columns">profile_columns</a>,
950	<a href="chapter_4.2.html#profile_rows">profile_rows</a>, <a href="chapter_4.2.html#z_max_do1d">z_max_do1d</a>,
951	<a href="chapter_4.2.html#cross_profiles">cross_profiles</a>,
952	etc.) All parameter values can be changed by editing the parameter
953	input
954	file. <br><br>Further details about plotting vertical profiles with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil </span>can be found in <a href="chapter_4.5.2.html">chapter
955	4.5.2</a></td>
956	</tr>
957	<tr>
958	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
959	<p><a name="data_output_ts"></a><b>data_output_ts</b></p>
960	</td>
961	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 10 (100)<br>
962	</td>
963	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>100 * ' '</i></td>
964	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Quantities for which time series
965	are to be output (plot).  <br><p>By default time series data is output to the local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_1D_TS_NETCDF">DATA_1D_TS_NETCDF</a>. The file's format is NetCDF.  Further details about processing NetCDF data are given in chapter <a href="chapter_4.5.1.html">4.5.1</a>.</p><p>For historical reasons, data can also be output in ASCII-format on local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOTTS_DATA</a> which is readable by the graphic software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>. See parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> for defining the format in which data shall be output.<br>
966	</p>
967
968
969
970
971	Time series of different quantities can be output by assigning <b>data_output_ts</b>
972	one or more of the following strings:<br> <br>
973
974
975	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
976
977	<tbody>
978	<tr>
979	<td style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: middle;">E<br>
980	</td>
981	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total kinetic energy of
982	the flow (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>)
983	(normalized with respect to the total number of grid points).</td>
984	</tr>
985	<tr>
986	<td style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: middle;">E*<br>
987	</td>
988	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Perturbation kinetic
989	energy of the flow (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>)<sup> </sup>(normalized
990	with respect to the total number of grid
991	points)</td>
992	</tr>
993	<tr>
994	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">dt<br>
995	</td>
996	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Time step size (in s).</td>
997	</tr>
998	<tr>
999	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">u<sub>*</sub></td>
1000	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Friction velocity (in m/s)
1001	(horizontal average).</td>
1002	</tr>
1003	<tr>
1004	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">w<sub>*</sub></td>
1005	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Vertical velocity scale of
1006	the CBL (in m/s) (horizontal average)</td>
1007	</tr>
1008	<tr>
1009	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">th<sub>*</sub></td>
1010	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Temperature
1011	scale (Prandtl layer), defined as <i>w"pt"0
1012	/ </i><i>u<sub>*</sub></i> (horizontal
1013	average) (in K).</td>
1014	</tr>
1015	<tr>
1016	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">umax<br>
1017	</td>
1018	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Maximum u-component of the
1019	velocity (in m/s).</td>
1020	</tr>
1021	<tr>
1022	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">vmax<br>
1023	</td>
1024	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Maximum v-component of the
1025	velocity (in m/s).</td>
1026	</tr>
1027	<tr>
1028	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">wmax<br>
1029	</td>
1030	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Maximum w-component of the
1031	velocity (in m/s).</td>
1032	</tr>
1033	<tr>
1034	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">div_old<br>
1035	</td>
1036	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Divergence of the velocity
1037	field before the pressure
1038	solver has been called (normalized with respect to the total number of
1039	grid points) (in 1/s).</td>
1040	</tr>
1041	<tr>
1042	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">div_new</td>
1043	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Divergence of the velocity
1044	field after the pressure
1045	solver has been called (normalized with respect to the total number of
1046	grid points) (in 1/s).</td>
1047	</tr>
1048	<tr>
1049	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">z_i_wpt</td>
1050	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Height of the convective
1051	boundary layer (horizontal average)
1052	determined by the height of the minimum sensible heat flux (in m).</td>
1053	</tr>
1054	<tr>
1055	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">z_i_pt</td>
1056	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Height of the convective
1057	boundary layer (horizontal average)
1058	determined by the temperature profile (in m).</td>
1059	</tr>
1060	<tr>
1061	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">w"pt"0</td>
1062	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgrid-scale sensible
1063	heat flux near the surface (horizontal
1064	average)
1065	between z = 0 and z = z<sub>p</sub> = zu(1) (there it corresponds to
1066	the total heat flux) (in K m/s).</td>
1067	</tr>
1068	<tr>
1069	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">w"pt"</td>
1070	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgrid-scale heat flux
1071	(horizontal average) for z = zw(1) (in K
1072	m/s).</td>
1073	</tr>
1074	<tr>
1075	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">wpt</td>
1076	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total heat flux
1077	(horizontal average) for z = zw(1) (in K m/s).</td>
1078	</tr>
1079	<tr>
1080	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">pt(0)</td>
1081	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Potential temperature at
1082	the surface (horizontal average) (in K).</td>
1083	</tr>
1084	<tr>
1085	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">pt(zp)</td>
1086	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Potential temperature for
1087	z = zu(1) (horizontal average) (in K).</td>
1088	</tr>
1089	<tr>
1090	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">splptx</td>
1091	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Percentage of grid points
1092	using upstream scheme along x with
1093	upstream-spline advection switched on.</td>
1094	</tr>
1095	<tr>
1096	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">splpty</td>
1097	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Percentage of grid points
1098	using upstream scheme along y with
1099	upstream-spline
1100	advection switched on.</td>
1101	</tr>
1102	<tr>
1103	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">splptz</td>
1104	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Percentage of grid points
1105	using upstream scheme along z with
1106	upstream-spline
1107	advection switched on.<br>
1108	</td>
1109	</tr>
1110	<tr>
1111	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">L</td>
1112	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Monin-Obukhov length.</td>
1113	</tr>
1114	</tbody>
1115
1116	</table>
1117
1118	<br>
1119	Always <b>all</b> time series available are output to the file,
1120	regardless of the value of <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_ts</span>.
1121	Time series data refers to the total
1122	domain, but time series for subdomains can also be output (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#statistic_regions">statistic_regions</a>).
1123	However, the following time series always present the values of the
1124	total model domain (even with output for subdomains): <i>umax</i>, <i>vmax</i>,
1125	<i>wmax</i>, <i>div_old</i>, <i>div_new</i>.<br><br>The temporal interval of the data points of the time series is assigned via the parameter <a href="#dt_dots">dt_dots</a>.<br>
1126
1127
1128	<p>In case of <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>, the data of the individual time series are output in columns
1129	to file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOTTS_DATA</a>
1130	starting from the second column (the simulated time is output as the
1131	first column). Their sequence (with respect to the columns)
1132	corresponds to the list given above. Additional to the file
1133	PLOTTS_DATA, which contains the data,
1134	PALM creates a NAMELIST parameter file (local name <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOTTS_PAR">PLOTTS_PAR</a>)
1135	which can be used as parameter input file for the plot software <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/institut/software/profil_intro.html">profil</a>.
1136	Time series can be directly plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span> using these two files. The
1137	plot layout is
1138	steered via the parameter input file. The values of these <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>-parameters are determined by
1139	a set of PALM-internal parameters. All
1140	parameter values can be changed by editing the parameter input file.<b> </b>In this case (<span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>)<b> data_output_ts</b>
1141	determines which time series are actually to be plotted. They are
1142	plotted
1143	into individual coordinate systems (panels). Typically several time
1144	series are plotted
1145	together into one panel. The grouping is fixed PALM-internally (it can
1146	be changed by editing the parameter input file). The time series are
1147	assigned to the panels
1148	as: <br>
1149	</p>
1150
1151
1152	<ul>
1153	<p>panel 1:  <i>E E *</i>  <br>
1154	panel 2:  <i>dt</i> <br>
1155	panel 3:  <i>u* w*</i>  <br>
1156	panel 4:  <i>th*</i>  <br>
1157	panel 5:  <i>umax vmax wmax</i> <br>
1158	panel 6:  <i>div_old div_new</i> <br>
1159	panel 7:  <i>z_i_wpt z_i_pt</i> <br>
1160	panel 8:  <i>w"pt"0 w"pt"wpt</i> <br>
1161	panel 9:  <i>pt(0) pt(zp)</i> <br>
1162	panel 10: <i>splptx splpty splptz</i><br>
1163	panel 11: <i>L</i></p>
1164	</ul>
1165
1166
1167	<p>The range of values (y-axes) which are to be plotted can be
1168	assigned to each panel with the parameters <a href="chapter_4.2.html#cross_ts_uymin">cross_ts_uymin</a>
1169	and <a href="chapter_4.2.html#cross_ts_uymax">cross_ts_uymax</a>.
1170	If not a single time series of a panel is assigned by <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_ts</span>,
1171	then this panel is completely omitted in the plot.<br>
1172	</p>
1173
1174
1175	<p>Further details about plotting time series with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil </span>can be found in <a href="chapter_4.5.3.html">chapter
1176	4.5.3</a>.</p>
1177	</td>
1178	</tr>
1179	<tr>
1180	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1181	<p><a name="data_output_2d_on_each_pe"></a><b>data_output_2d_on</b> <br>
1182	<b>_each_pe</b></p>
1183	</td>
1184	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
1185	</td>
1186	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span><br>
1187	</td>
1188	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Output 2d cross section data by one or
1189	all processors.
1190
1191	<p>In runs with several processors, by default, each processor
1192	outputs cross section data of its subdomain into an individual file. After PALM
1193	has finished, the contents of these files have to be sampled into one file<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span> using
1194	the program <tt>combine_plot_fields.x</tt>.  </p>
1195
1196
1197	<p>Alternatively, by assigning <b>data_output_2d_on_each_pe</b> = <i>.F.,</i>
1198	the respective data is gathered on PE0 and output is done directly
1199	into one file, so <tt>combine_plot_fields.x</tt> does not have to be
1200	called. However, in case of very large numbers of horizontal gridpoints, sufficient
1201	memory is required on PE0. </p>
1202	</td>
1203	</tr>
1204	<tr>
1205	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1206	<p><a name="disturbance_amplitude"></a><b>disturbance<br>
1207	_amplitude</b></p>
1208	</td>
1209	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1210	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.25</i></td>
1211	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1212	<p>Maximum perturbation amplitude of the random perturbations
1213	imposed to the horizontal velocity field (in m/s).  </p>
1214	<p>The parameter <a href="#create_disturbances">create_disturbances</a>
1215	describes how to impose random perturbations to the horizontal velocity
1216	field. Since the perturbation procedure includes two filter operations,
1217	the amplitude assigned by <b>disturbance_amplitude</b> is only an
1218	approximate value of the real magnitude of the perturbation.</p>
1219	</td>
1220	</tr>
1221	<tr>
1222	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1223	<p><a name="disturbance_energy_limit"></a><b>disturbance_energy</b>
1224	<br>
1225	<b>_limit</b></p>
1226	</td>
1227	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1228	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.01</i></td>
1229	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1230	<p lang="en-GB">Upper limit value of the perturbation energy of
1231	the velocity field used as a criterion for imposing random
1232	perturbations (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).  </p>
1233	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">The parameter
1234	</font></span><a href="#create_disturbances"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">create_disturbances</font></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB"> describes how to impose
1235	random perturbations to the horizontal velocity field. The perturbation
1236	energy is defined as the volume average (over the total model domain)
1237	of the squares of the deviations of the velocity components from the
1238	mean flow (horizontal average). If the perturbation energy exceeds the
1239	assigned value, random perturbations to the fields of horizontal
1240	velocities are imposed no more. The value of this parameter usually
1241	must be determined by trial and error (it depends e.g. on the total
1242	number of grid points).</span> </font> </p>
1243	</td>
1244	</tr>
1245	<tr>
1246	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1247	<p><a name="disturbance_level_b"></a><b>disturbance_level_b</b></p>
1248	</td>
1249	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1250	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>zu(3)</i></td>
1251	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1252	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"><font size="3">Lower
1253	limit of the vertical range for which random perturbations are to be
1254	imposed on the horizontal wind field (</font></font>in <font face="Thorndale, serif"><font size="3">m).  </font></font> </p>
1255	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">This
1256	parameter must hold the condition zu<i>(3)</i> <= <b>disturbance_level_b</b>
1257	<= <i>zu(</i></font></span><i><a href="chapter_4.1.html#nz"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">nz-1</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">)</font></span></i><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">. Additionally, <b>disturbance_level_b</b>
1258	<= </font></span><a href="#disturbance_level_t"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">disturbance_level_t</font></span></a> <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">must also hold. <br>
1259	</font></span></p>
1260	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">The parameter
1261	</font></span><a href="#create_disturbances"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">create_disturbances</font></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB"> describes how to impose
1262	random perturbations to the horizontal velocity field</span></font><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">.</span> </font> </p>
1263	</td>
1264	</tr>
1265	<tr>
1266	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1267	<p><a name="disturbance_level_t"></a><b>disturbance_level_t</b></p>
1268	</td>
1269	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1270	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>zu(nz/3)</i></td>
1271	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1272	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"><font size="3">Upper
1273	limit of the vertical range for which random perturbations are to be
1274	imposed on the horizontal wind field (</font></font>in <font face="Thorndale, serif"><font size="3">m).  </font></font> </p>
1275	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">This
1276	parameter must hold the condition <b>disturbance_level_t</b> <= zu<i>(</i></font></span><i><a href="chapter_4.1.html#nz"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">nz-1</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">)</font></span></i><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">. Additionally, </font></span><a href="#disturbance_level_b"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">disturbance_level_b</font></span></a> <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"><= <b>disturbance_level_t</b>
1277	must also hold.<br>
1278	</font></span></p>
1279	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">The parameter
1280	</font></span><a href="#create_disturbances"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">create_disturbances</font></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB"> describes how to impose
1281	random perturbations to the horizontal velocity field</span></font><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">.</span> </font> </p>
1282	</td>
1283	</tr>
1284	<tr>
1285	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1286	<p><a name="do2d_at_begin"></a><b>do2d_at_begin</b></p>
1287	</td>
1288	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
1289	</td>
1290	<td style="vertical-align: top;">.F.<br>
1291	</td>
1292	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1293	<p>Output of 2d cross section data at the beginning of a run.  </p>
1294
1295
1296	<p>The temporal intervals of output times of 2d cross section data (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output">data_output</a>)
1297	are usually determined with parameters <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_do2d_xy">dt_do2d_xy</a>,
1298	<a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_do2d_xz">dt_do2d_xz</a>
1299	and <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_do2d_yz">dt_do2d_yz</a>.
1300	By assigning <b>do2d_at_begin</b> = <i>.T.</i> an additional output
1301	will be made at the
1302	beginning of a run (thus at the time t = 0 or at the respective
1303	starting times of restart runs).</p>
1304	</td>
1305	</tr>
1306	<tr>
1307	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1308	<p><a name="do3d_at_begin"></a><b>do3d_at_begin</b></p>
1309	</td>
1310	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
1311	</td>
1312	<td style="vertical-align: top;">.F.<br>
1313	</td>
1314	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Output of 3d volume data at the beginning
1315	of a run.<br><br>The temporal intervals of output times of 3d volume data (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output">data_output</a>)
1316	is usually determined with parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_do3d">dt_do3d</a>.
1317	By assigning <b>do3d_at_begin</b> = <i>.T.</i> an additional output
1318	will be made at the
1319	beginning of a run (thus at the time t = 0 or at the respective
1320	starting times of restart runs).</td>
1321	</tr>
1322	<tr>
1323	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1324	<p><a name="do3d_compress"></a><b>do3d_compress</b></p>
1325	</td>
1326	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
1327	</td>
1328	<td style="vertical-align: top;">.F.<br>
1329	</td>
1330	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1331	<p>Output of data for 3d plots in compressed form.  </p>
1332
1333
1334	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'avs'</span>.</p><p>Output of 3d volume data may need huge amounts of disc storage
1335	(up to several Terabytes ore more). Data compression can serve to
1336	reduce this requirement. PALM is able to output 3d data in compressed
1337	form using 32-bit integers, if <span style="font-weight: bold;">do3d_compress</span>
1338	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> is assigned. This
1339	yields a loss of accuracy, but the file size is clearly reduced. The
1340	parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#do3d_precision">do3d_precision</a>
1341	can be used to separately define the number of significant digits for
1342	each quantity.<br>
1343	</p>
1344
1345
1346	<p>So far compressed data output is only possible for Cray-T3E
1347	machines. Additional information for
1348	handling compressed data is given in <a href="chapter_4.5.6.html">chapter
1349	4.5.6</a>.</p>
1350	</td>
1351	</tr>
1352	<tr>
1353	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1354	<p><a name="do3d_precision"></a><b>do3d_precision</b></p>
1355	</td>
1356	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 7  <br>
1357
1358	(100)</td>
1359	<td style="vertical-align: top;">see right<br>
1360	</td>
1361	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1362	<p>Significant digits in case of compressed data output.  </p>
1363
1364
1365	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'avs'</span>.</p><p>In case that data compression is used for output of 3d data
1366	(see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#do3d_compress">do3d_compress</a>),
1367	this parameter determines the number of significant digits
1368	which are to be output.<br>
1369	</p>
1370
1371
1372	<p>Fewer digits clearly reduce the amount
1373	of data. Assignments have to be given separately for each individual
1374	quantity via a character string of the form <span style="font-style: italic;">'<quantity name><number of
1375	significant digits>'</span>, e.g. <span style="font-style: italic;">'pt2'</span>.
1376	Only those quantities listed in <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output">data_output</a>
1377	are admitted. Up to 9 significant digits are allowed (but large values
1378	are not very reasonable
1379	because they do not effect a significant compression).<br>
1380	</p>
1381
1382
1383	<p>The default assignment is <span style="font-weight: bold;">do3d_precision</span>
1384	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'u2'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'v2'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'w2'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'p5'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'pt2'</span>.</p>
1385	</td>
1386	</tr>
1387	<tr>
1388	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1389	<p><a name="dt_laufparameter"></a><b>dt</b></p>
1390	</td>
1391	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1392	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>variable</i></td>
1393	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1394	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"><font size="3">Time
1395	step to be used by the 3d-model (</font></font>in <font face="Thorndale, serif"><font size="3">s).  </font></font> </p>
1396	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">This parameter</font></span>
1397	<font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">is described in
1398	detail with the initialization parameters (see</span></font><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> </font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">dt</font></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">). Additionally, it may be
1399	used as a run parameter and then applies to all restart runs (until it
1400	is changed again). A switch from a constant time step to a variable
1401	time step can be achieved with <b>dt</b> = <i>-1.0</i>.</span> </font>
1402	</p>
1403	</td>
1404	</tr>
1405	<tr>
1406	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="dt_averaging_input"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_averaging_input</span><br>
1407	</td>
1408	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
1409	</td>
1410	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span><br>
1411	</td>
1412	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Temporal interval of data which are subject to temporal averaging (in s).<br><br>By default, data from each timestep within the interval defined by <a href="chapter_4.2.html#averaging_interval">averaging_interval</a> are used for calculating the temporal average. By choosing <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_averaging_input</span> > <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> </font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">dt</font></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB"></span></font><span lang="en-GB"></span><span style="font-style: italic;"></span>,
1413	the number of time levels entering the average can be minimized. This
1414	reduces the CPU-time of a run but may worsen the quality of the
1415	average's statistics.<br><br><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">With variable time step (see <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt</span>), the number of time levels entering the average can vary from one
1416	averaging interval to the next (for a more detailed explanation see </span></font><font><a href="#averaging_interval"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">averaging_interval</font></span></a>)</font><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">. It is approximately given by the quotient of <span style="font-weight: bold;">averaging_interval</span> / MAX(<span style="font-weight: bold;"> dt_averaging_input</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt</span>) (which gives a more or less exact value if a fixed timestep is used and if this is an integral divisor of <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_averaging_input</span>).</span></font>
1417	<br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>With an averaging interval of 100.0 s and <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_averaging_input</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">10.0</span>,
1418	the time levels entering the average have a (minimum) distance of 10.0
1419	s (their distance may of course be larger if the current timestep is
1420	larger than 10.0 s), so the average is calculated from the data of
1421	(maximum) 10 time levels.<br><br><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">It is allowed
1422	to change <b>dt_averaging_input</b> during a job chain. If the last averaging
1423	interval of the run previous to the change could not be completed (i.e.
1424	has to be finished in the current run), the individual profiles and/or
1425	spectra entering the averaging are not uniformly distributed over the
1426	averaging interval.<br><br></span></font>Parameter <a href="#dt_averaging_input_pr">dt_averaging_input_pr</a> can be used to define a different temporal interval for vertical profile data and spectra.<br>
1427	</td>
1428	</tr>
1429	<tr>
1430	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1431	<p><a name="dt_averaging_input_pr"></a><b>dt_averaging_input_pr</b></p>
1432	</td>
1433	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1434	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="#dt_averaging_input">dt_<br>averaging_<br>input</a></span></td>
1435	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1436	<p lang="en-GB">Temporal interval of data which are subject to temporal averaging of <font face="Thorndale, serif"><font size="3">vertical profiles and/or spectra (</font></font>in <font face="Thorndale, serif"><font size="3">s).  </font></font> </p>
1437	<p>By default, data from each timestep within the interval defined by<font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB"> </span></font><a href="#averaging_interval_pr"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">averaging_interval_pr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">and </font></span><a href="#averaging_interval_sp"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">averaging_interval_sp</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> </font></span>are used for calculating the temporal average. By choosing <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_averaging_input_pr</span> > <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> </font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">dt</font></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB"></span></font><span lang="en-GB"></span><span style="font-style: italic;"></span>,
1438	the number of time levels entering the average can be minimized. This
1439	reduces the CPU-time of a run but may worsen the quality of the
1440	average's statistics. <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB"></span></font><span lang="en-GB"></span><br>
1441	</p><p>For more explanations see parameter <a href="#dt_averaging_input">dt_averaging_input</a>.<a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB"></span></font></p></td>
1442	</tr>
1443	<tr>
1444	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="dt_data_output"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_data_output</span><br>
1445	</td>
1446	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
1447	</td>
1448	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">9999999.9</span><br>
1449	</td>
1450	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal interval</font>
1451	at which data (3d volume data (instantaneous or time averaged),
1452	cross sections (instantaneous or time averaged), vertical profiles,
1453	spectra) shall be output (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s). </font></p>
1454	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If data output is switched on (see </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">, <a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>, <a href="#data_output_sp">data_output_sp</a>, and </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#section_xy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">section_xy</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">), this parameter can be used to
1455	assign the temporal interval at which these data shall be
1456	output. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Output can be skipped at the beginning of a simulation using parameter <a href="#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_data_output</a>, which has zero value by default. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference time is the beginning of the simulation, i.e. output
1457	takes place at times t = <b>skip_time_data_output + dt_data_output</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_data_output</span> + 2<b>dt_data_output</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_data_output</span> + 3<b>dt_data_output</b>,
1458	etc. Since output is only done at the discrete time levels given by
1459	the timestep used, the actual output times can slightly deviate
1460	from these theoretical values</font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">.<br><br>Individual temporal intervals for the different output quantities can be assigned using parameters <a href="#dt_do3d">dt_do3d</a>, <a href="#dt_do2d_xy">dt_do2d_xy</a>, <a href="dt_do2d_xz">dt_do2d_xz</a>, <a href="#dt_do2d_yz">dt_do2d_yz</a>, <a href="#dt_dopr">dt_dopr</a>, <a href="#dt_dosp">dt_dosp</a>, and <a href="#dt_data_output_av">dt_data_output_av</a>.</font></span>
1461	</td>
1462	</tr>
1463	<tr>
1464	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="dt_data_output_av"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_data_output_av</span><br>
1465	</td>
1466	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
1467	</td>
1468	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>value of  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_data_output">dt_data_<br>output</a></i>
1469	</td>
1470	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal interval</font>
1471	at which time averaged 3d volume data and/or 2d cross section data
1472	shall be output (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s). </font></p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If data output of time averaged 2d and 3d data is switched on (see </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a> <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">and </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#section_xy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">section_xy</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">), this parameter can be used to
1473	assign the temporal interval at which they shall be
1474	output. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Output can be skipped at the beginning of a simulation using parameter <a href="#skip_time_data_output_av">skip_time_data_output_av</a>, which has zero value by default. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference time is the beginning of the simulation, i.e. output
1475	takes place at times t = <b>skip_time_data_output_av + dt_data_output_av</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_data_output_av</span> + 2<b>dt_data_output_av</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_data_output_av</span> + 3<b>dt_data_output_av</b>,
1476	etc. Since output is only done at the discrete time levels given by
1477	the timestep used, the actual output times can slightly deviate from
1478	these theoretical values</font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">.<br><br></font></span>The length of the averaging interval is controlled via parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#averaging_interval">averaging_interval</a>.</td>
1479	</tr>
1480	<tr>
1481	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1482	<p><a name="dt_disturb"></a><b>dt_disturb</b></p>
1483	</td>
1484	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1485	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>9999999.9</i></td>
1486	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1487	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal interval</font> at which random
1488	perturbations are to be imposed on the horizontal velocity field
1489	(</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s).  </font> </p>
1490	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">The parameter
1491	</font></span><a href="#create_disturbances"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">create_disturbances</font></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB"> describes how to impose
1492	random perturbations to the horizontal velocity field</span></font><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">.</span> </font> </p>
1493	</td>
1494	</tr>
1495	<tr>
1496	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1497	<p><a name="dt_dopr"></a><b>dt_dopr</b></p>
1498	</td>
1499	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1500	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>value of  <a href="#dt_data_output">dt_data_<br>output</a></i></td>
1501	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1502	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Temporal interval at
1503	which data of vertical profiles shall be output (to local
1504	file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_1D_PR_NETCDF">DATA_1D_PR_NETCDF</a> or/and </font></span><a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">PLOT1D_DATA</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">) (</font></span>in <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">s).  </font></span> </p>
1505
1506
1507	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output of
1508	horizontally averaged vertical profiles is switched on (see </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_pr"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output_pr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">), </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">this parameter can be used to
1509	assign the temporal interval at which profile data shall be output.</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"> </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Output can be skipped at the beginning of a simulation using parameter <a href="#skip_time_dopr">skip_time_dopr</a>, which has zero value by default. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference time is the beginning
1510	of the simulation, thus t = 0, </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">i.e. output
1511	takes place at times t = <b>skip_time_dopr + dt_dopr</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_dopr</span> + 2<b>dt_dopr</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_dopr</span> + 3<b>dt_dopr</b>,
1512	etc.</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"> Since
1513	profiles can not be calculated for times lying within a time step
1514	interval, the output times can deviate from these theoretical values.
1515	If a time step ranges from t = 1799.8 to t = 1800.2, then in the
1516	example above the output would take place at t = 1800.2. In general,
1517	the output always lie between t = 1800.0 and t = 1800.0 + </font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">. If the model uses a variable time step, these
1518	deviations from the theoretical output times will of course be
1519	different for each output time.<br>
1520	</font></span></p>
1521
1522
1523	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">In order to
1524	guarantee an output of profile data at the end of a simulation (see </font></span><font><a href="chapter_4.1.html#end_time"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">end_time</font></span></a></font><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">) in any way</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">,  <span style="font-weight: bold;">end_time</span>
1525	should be equal or a little bit
1526	larger than the respective theoretical output time. For example, if <b>dt_dopr</b>
1527	= <i>900.0</i><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span>and 3600.0
1528	seconds are to be simulated, then <b>end_time</b>
1529	>= 3600.0 should be chosen.</font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>  </font></span> </p>
1530
1531
1532	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">A selection of
1533	profiles to be output can be done via parameter </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_pr"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output_pr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">. </font></span> </p>
1534	</td>
1535	</tr>
1536	<tr>
1537	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="dt_dopr_listing"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_dopr_listing</span><br>
1538	</td>
1539	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
1540	</td>
1541	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>9999999.9</i></td>
1542	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1543	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal
1544	interval</font> at which data <font face="Thorndale">of vertical
1545	profiles shall be output (output for printouts, local file </font></span><a href="chapter_3.4.html#LIST_PROFIL"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">LIST_PROFIL</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">) (</font></span>in <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">s). </font></span> </p>
1546
1547
1548	<p>T<span lang="en-GB"></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pr1d"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">his
1549	parameter can be used to
1550	assign the temporal interval at which profile data shall be output.</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"> Reference time is the beginning
1551	of the simulation, thus t = 0. For example if <b>dt_dopr_listing</b> = 1800.0,
1552	then output takes place at t = 1800.0, 3600.0, 5400.0, etc. Since
1553	profiles can not be calculated for times lying within a time step
1554	interval, the output times can deviate from these theoretical values.
1555	If a time step ranges from t = 1799.8 to t = 1800.2, then in the
1556	example above the output would take place at t = 1800.2. In general,
1557	the output always lie between t = 1800.0 and t = 1800.0 + </font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt</font></span></a>
1558	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">(numbers are related to
1559	the
1560	example above). If the model uses a variable time step, these
1561	deviations from the theoretical output times will of course be
1562	different for each output time.<br>
1563	</font></span></p>
1564
1565
1566	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">In order to
1567	guarantee an output of profile data at the end of a simulation (see </font></span><font><a href="chapter_4.1.html#end_time"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">end_time</font></span></a></font><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">) in any way</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">,  <span style="font-weight: bold;">end_time</span>
1568	should be a little bit
1569	larger than the respective theoretical output time. For example, if <b>dt_dopr_listing</b>
1570	= <i>900.0</i><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span>and 3600.0
1571	seconds are to be simulated, then it should be at least  <b>end_time</b>
1572	> 3600.0 + </font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">. If variable time steps are used
1573	(which is the default), <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt</span>
1574	should be properly estimated.  </font></span> </p>
1575
1576
1577	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Data and output
1578	format of the file </font></span><a href="chapter_3.4.html#LIST_PROFIL"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">LIST_PROFIL</font></span></a> <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">is internally fixed. In this file
1579	the profiles of the most important model variables are arranged in
1580	adjacent columns.</font></span> </p>
1581	</td>
1582	</tr>
1583	<tr>
1584	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1585	<p><a name="dt_dots"></a><b>dt_dots</b></p>
1586	</td>
1587	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1588	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">see right</span></td>
1589	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1590	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal interval</font> at which time series data shall be output (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s).
1591	</font> </p>
1592	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output of time
1593	series is switched on (see </font></span><a href="#data_output_ts"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output_ts</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">), </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">this parameter can be used to
1594	assign the temporal interval at which data points shall be output. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference time is the beginning of
1595	the simulation, i.e. output takes place at times t = <b>dt_dots</b>,
1596	2<b>dt_dots</b>, 3<b>dt_dots</b>, etc. The actual output times can
1597	deviate from these theoretical values (see </font></span><a href="#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt_dopr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">).  Is <b>dt_dots</b> < </font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">, then data of the time series are
1598	written after each time step (if this is requested it should be <b>dt_dots</b>
1599	= <i>0</i>).</font></span></p><p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">The default value of <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_dots</span> is calculated as follows:</font></span></p>       IF ( <a href="#averaging_interval_pr">averaging_interval_pr</a> == 0.0 )  THEN<br>          <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_dots</span> = MIN( <a href="#dt_run_control">dt_run_control</a>, <a href="#dt_dopr">dt_dopr</a> )<br>       ELSE<br>          <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_dots</span> = MIN( <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_run_control</span>, <a href="#dt_averaging_input_pr">dt_averaging_input_pr</a> )<br>       ENDIF<br><br>(which minimizes the number of calls of routine flow_statistics).</td>
1600	</tr>
1601
1602	<tr>
1603	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1604	<p><a name="dt_do2d_xy"></a><b>dt_do2d_xy</b></p>
1605	</td>
1606	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1607	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>value of  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_data_output">dt_data_<br>output</a></i></td>
1608	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1609	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal interval</font> at which horizontal cross section data shall be output (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s).  </font> </p>
1610	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output of
1611	horizontal cross sections is switched on (see </font></span><a href="#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a>
1612	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">and </font></span><a href="#section_xy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">section_xy</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">), this parameter can be used to
1613	assign the temporal interval at which cross section data shall be
1614	output. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Output can be skipped at the beginning of a simulation using parameter <a href="#skip_time_do2d_xy">skip_time_do2d_xy</a>, which has zero value by default. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference time is the beginning of the simulation, i.e. output
1615	takes place at times t = <b>skip_time_do2d_xy + dt_do2d_xy</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_xy</span> + 2<b>dt_do2d_xy</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_xy</span> + 3<b>dt_do2d_xy</b>,
1616	etc. The actual output times can deviate from these theoretical values
1617	(see </font></span><a href="#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt_dopr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">).<br>
1618	</font></span></p>
1619	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Parameter </font></span><a href="#do2d_at_begin"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">do2d_at_begin</font></span></a>
1620	has to be used if an additional output is wanted at the start of a run <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">(thus at the time t = 0 or at the
1621	respective starting times of restart runs).</font></span> </p>
1622	</td>
1623	</tr>
1624	<tr>
1625	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1626	<p><a name="dt_do2d_xz"></a><b>dt_do2d_xz</b></p>
1627	</td>
1628	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1629	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>value of  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_data_output">dt_data_<br>output</a></i></td>
1630	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1631	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal interval</font> at which vertical cross sections data (xz) shall be output (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s).  </font> </p>
1632	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output of
1633	horizontal cross sections is switched on (see </font></span><a href="#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a>
1634	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">and </font></span><a href="#section_xz"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">section_xz</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">),
1635	this parameter can be used to assign the temporal interval at which
1636	cross section data shall be output. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Output can be skipped at the beginning of a simulation using parameter <a href="#skip_time_do2d_xz">skip_time_do2d_xz</a>, which has zero value by default. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference time is the beginning of
1637	the simulation, i.e. output takes place at times t = <b>skip_time_do2d_xz + dt_do2d_xz</b>,
1638	<span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_xz</span> + 2<b>dt_do2d_xz</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_xz</span> + 3<b>dt_do2d_xz</b>, etc. The actual output times
1639	can deviate from these theoretical values (see </font></span><a href="#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt_dopr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">).<br>
1640	</font></span></p>
1641	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Parameter </font></span><a href="#do2d_at_begin"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">do2d_at_begin</font></span></a>
1642	has to be used if an additional output is wanted at the start of a run <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">(thus at the time t = 0 or at the
1643	respective starting times of restart runs).</font></span> </p>
1644	</td>
1645	</tr>
1646	<tr>
1647	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1648	<p><a name="dt_do2d_yz"></a><b>dt_do2d_yz</b></p>
1649	</td>
1650	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1651	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>value of  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_data_output">dt_data_<br>output</a></i></td>
1652	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1653	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal interval</font> at which vertical cross section data (yz) shall be output (</font>in s<font face="Thorndale">).  </font> </p>
1654	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output of
1655	horizontal cross sections is switched on (see </font></span><a href="#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a>
1656	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">and </font></span><a href="#section_yz"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">section_yz</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">),
1657	this parameter can be used to assign the temporal interval at which
1658	cross section data shall be output. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Output can be skipped at the beginning of a simulation using parameter <a href="#skip_time_do2d_yz">skip_time_do2d_yz</a>, which has zero value by default. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference time is the beginning of
1659	the simulation, i.e. output takes place at times t = <b>skip_time_do2d_yz + dt_do2d_yz</b>,
1660	<span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_yz</span> + 2<b>dt_do2d_yz</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_yz </span>+ 3<b>dt_do2d_yz</b>, etc. The actual output times
1661	can deviate from these theoretical values (see </font></span><a href="#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt_dopr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">).<br>
1662	</font></span></p>
1663	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Parameter </font></span><a href="#do2d_at_begin"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">do2d_at_begin</font></span></a>
1664	has to be used if an additional output is wanted at the start of a run <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">(thus at the time t = 0 or at the
1665	respective starting times of restart runs).</font></span> </p>
1666	</td>
1667	</tr>
1668	<tr>
1669	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1670	<p><a name="dt_do3d"></a><b>dt_do3d</b></p>
1671	</td>
1672	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1673	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>value of  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_data_output">dt_data_<br>output</a></i></td>
1674	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1675	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal interval</font> at which 3d volume data shall be output (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s).  </font>
1676	</p>
1677	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output of
1678	3d-volume data is switched on (see </font></span><font><a href="#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a>)<span style="font-family: thorndale;">, this parameter can be used to assign
1679	th</span></font><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">e temporal
1680	interval at which 3d-data shall be output. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Output can be skipped at the beginning of a simulation using parameter <a href="#skip_time_do3d">skip_time_do3d</a>, which has zero value by default. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference time is the
1681	beginning of the simulation, i.e. output takes place at times t = <b>skip_time_do3d + dt_do3d</b>,
1682	<span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do3d</span> + 2<b>dt_do3d</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do3d</span> + 3<b>dt_do3d</b>, etc. The actual output times can
1683	deviate from these theoretical values (see </font></span><a href="#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt_dopr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">). <br>
1684	</font></span></p>
1685	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Parameter </font></span><a href="#do3d_at_begin"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">do3d_at_begin</font></span></a>
1686	has to be used if an additional output is wanted at the start of a run <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">(thus at the time t = 0 or at the
1687	respective starting times of restart runs).</font></span> </p>
1688	</td>
1689	</tr>
1690
1691	<tr>
1692	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1693	<p><a name="dt_restart"></a><b>dt_restart</b></p>
1694	</td>
1695	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1696	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>9999999.9</i></td>
1697	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1698	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal interval</font> at which a new
1699	restart run is to be carried out (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s).
1700	</font> </p>
1701	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">For a description
1702	how to assign restart times manually see run time parameter </font></span><a href="#restart_time"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">restart_time</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">. <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_restart</span>
1703	does not show any effect, if <span style="font-weight: bold;">restart_time</span>
1704	has not been set.</font></span> </p>
1705	</td>
1706	</tr>
1707	<tr>
1708	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1709	<p><a name="dt_run_control"></a><b>dt_run_control</b></p>
1710	</td>
1711	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1712	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>60.0</i></td>
1713	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1714	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal interval</font> at which run control
1715	output is to be made (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s).  </font>
1716	</p>
1717	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Run control
1718	information is output to the local ASCII-file </font></span><a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">RUN_CONTROL</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">. At each output time, one line
1719	with information about the size of the time step, maximum speeds, total
1720	kinetic energy etc. is written to this file. Reference time is the
1721	beginning of the simulation, i.e. output takes place at times t = <b>dt_run_control</b>,
1722	2<b>dt_run_control</b>, 3<b>dt_run_control</b>, etc., and always at
1723	the beginning of a model run (thus at the time t = 0 or at the
1724	respective starting times of restart runs). The actual output times can
1725	deviate from these theoretical values (see </font></span><a href="#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt_dopr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">).<br>
1726	</font></span></p>
1727	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Run control
1728	information is output after each time step can be achieved via <b>dt_run_control</b>
1729	= <i>0.0</i>.</font></span> </p>
1730	</td>
1731	</tr>
1732
1733
1734
1735	<tr>
1736	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1737	<p><a name="end_time"></a><b>end_time</b></p>
1738	</td>
1739	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1740	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
1741	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1742	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Simulation time of the 3D
1743	model (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s).  </font> </p>
1744	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">The simulation time
1745	is starting from the beginning of the initialization run (t = 0), not
1746	starting from the beginning of the respective restart run.</font></span>
1747	</p>
1748	</td>
1749	</tr>
1750
1751	<tr>
1752	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1753	<p><a name="force_print_header"></a><b>force_print_header</b></p>
1754	</td>
1755	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
1756	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.F.</i></td>
1757	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1758	<p>Steering of header output to the local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>.  </p>
1759	<p>By default, informations about the model parameters in use are
1760	output to the beginning of file RUN_CONTROL for initial runs only
1761	(these informations are identical to that which are output to the local
1762	file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#HEADER">HEADER</a>).
1763	With <b>force_print_header</b> = <i>.T.</i>, these informations are
1764	also output to <a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>
1765	at restart runs.</p>
1766	</td>
1767	</tr>
1768	<tr>
1769	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1770	<p><a name="mg_cycles"></a><b>mg_cycles</b></p>
1771	</td>
1772	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
1773	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>-1</i></td>
1774	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1775	<p>Number of cycles to be used with the multi-grid scheme.<br>
1776	<br>
1777	This parameter determines the number of cycles to be carried out in the
1778	multi-grid method used for solving the Poisson equation for
1779	perturbation pressure (see <a href="#psolver">psolver</a>).
1780	The type of the cycles can be set with <a href="#cycle_mg">cycle_mg</a>.<br>
1781	</p>
1782	<br>
1783	By default (<b>mg_cyles</b> = <i>- 1</i>), the number of cycles
1784	depends on the requested accuracy of the scheme (see <a href="#residual_limit">residual_limit</a>)
1785	and may vary from time step to time step. In this case, the CPU time
1786	for a run will be difficult to estimate, since it heavily depends on
1787	the total number of the cycles to be carried out.<br>
1788	<br>
1789	By assigning <b>mg_cycles</b> a value (>=<span style="font-style: italic;">1</span>), the number of cycles can be
1790	fixed so that the CPU time can be clearly estimated. <br>
1791	<br>
1792	<b>Note:</b> When using a fixed number of cycles, the user must
1793	examine the local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>
1794	regularly to check whether the divergence of the velocity field is
1795	sufficiently reduced by the pressure solver. It should be reduced at
1796	least by two orders of magnitude. For cyclic boundary conditions along
1797	both horizontal directions (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
1798	and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>) <span style="font-weight: bold;">mg_cycles</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">2</span> is typically a good choice, for
1799	non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions <span style="font-weight: bold;">mg_cycles</span>
1800	= <span style="font-style: italic;">4</span> may be sufficient.</td>
1801	</tr>
1802	<tr>
1803	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="mg_switch_to_pe0_level"></a><b>mg_switch_to_pe0_<br>
1804	level</b></td>
1805	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
1806	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
1807	</td>
1808	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Grid
1809	level at which data shall be gathered on PE0.<br>
1810	<br>
1811	In case of a run using several PEs and the multigrid method for solving
1812	the Poisson equation for perturbation pressure (see <a href="#psolver">psolver</a>),
1813	the value of this parameter defines on which grid level the data are
1814	gathered on PE0 in order to allow for a further coarsening of the grid.
1815	The finest grid defines the largest grid level. By default, the
1816	gathering level is determined automatically and displayed in file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>.
1817	It is only possible to gather data from a level larger than the one
1818	determined automatically. A test run may be neccessary to determine
1819	this level.</td>
1820	</tr>
1821	<tr>
1822	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="netcdf_64bit"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">netcdf_64bit</span><br>
1823	</td>
1824	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
1825	</td>
1826	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span><br>
1827	</td>
1828	<td style="vertical-align: top;">NetCDF files will have 64 bit offset format.<br><br>By
1829	default, the maximum file size of the NetCDF files opened by PALM is 2
1830	GByte. Using netcdf_64bit = .TRUE. allows file sizes larger than 2
1831	GByte.<br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Warning:</span><br>Some (PD or commercial) software may not support the 64 bit offset format.<br>
1832	</td>
1833	</tr>
1834	<tr>
1835	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1836	<p><a name="ngsrb"></a><b>ngsrb</b></p>
1837	</td>
1838	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
1839	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>2</i></td>
1840	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Grid
1841	level at which data shall be gathered on PE0.<br>
1842	<br>
1843	In case of a run using several PEs and the multigrid method for solving
1844	the Poisson equation for perturbation pressure (see <a href="#psolver">psolver</a>),
1845	the value of this parameter defines on which grid level the data are
1846	gathered on PE0 in order to allow for a further coarsening of the grid.
1847	The finest grid defines the largest grid level. By default, the
1848	gathering level is determined automatically and displayed in file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>.
1849	It is only possible to gather data from a level larger than the one
1850	determined automatically. A test run may be neccessary to determine
1851	this level.</td>
1852	</tr>
1853	<tr>
1854	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1855	<p><a name="normalizing_region"></a><b>normalizing_region</b></p>
1856	</td>
1857	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
1858	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0</span><br>
1859	</td>
1860	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1861	<p>Determines the subdomain from which the normalization
1862	quantities are calculated.  </p>
1863	<p>If output data of the horizontally averaged vertical profiles
1864	(see <a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>)
1865	is to be normalized (see <a href="#cross_normalized_x">cross_normalized_x</a>,
1866	<a href="#cross_normalized_y">cross_normalized_y</a>),
1867	the respective normalization quantities are by default calculated from
1868	the averaged data of the total model domain (<b>normalizing_region</b>
1869	= <i>0</i>) and are thus representative for the total domain. Instead
1870	of that, normalization quantities can also be calculated for a
1871	subdomain. The wanted subdomain can be given with the parameter <span style="font-weight: bold;">normalizing_region</span>, where <i>1</i>
1872	<= <b>normalizing_region</b> <= <i>9 </i>must hold. These
1873	quantities are then used for normalizing of all profiles (even for that
1874	of the total domain).</p>
1875	</td>
1876	</tr>
1877	<tr>
1878	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1879	<p><a name="nsor"></a><b>nsor</b></p>
1880	</td>
1881	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
1882	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>20</i></td>
1883	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1884	<p>Number of iterations to be used with the SOR-scheme.  </p>
1885	<p>This parameter is only effective if the SOR-scheme is selected
1886	as pressure solver (<a href="#psolver">psolver</a>
1887	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'sor'</span>). The number of
1888	iterations necessary for a sufficient convergence of the scheme depends
1889	on the grid point numbers and is to be determined by appropriate test
1890	runs (the default value will not at all be sufficient for larger grid
1891	point numbers). The number of iterations used for the first call of the
1892	SOR-scheme (t = 0) is determined via the parameter <a href="chapter_4.1.html#nsor_ini">nsor_ini</a>.</p>
1893	</td>
1894	</tr>
1895	<tr>
1896	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1897	<p><a name="nz_do3d"></a><b>nz_do3d</b></p>
1898	</td>
1899	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
1900	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>nz+1</i></td>
1901	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1902
1903
1904	Limits the output of 3d volume data along the vertical direction (grid point index k).<br><br>By default, data for all grid points along z are output. The parameter <span style="font-weight: bold;">nz_do3d</span>
1905	can be used to limit the output up to a certain vertical grid point
1906	(e.g. in order to reduce the amount of output data). It affects all
1907	output of volume data ("normal" output to file, see <a href="#data_output">data_output</a>, as well as output for <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span>-software, see <a href="#mode_dvrp">mode_dvrp</a>).</td>
1908	</tr>
1909	<tr>
1910	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1911	<p><a name="omega_sor"></a><b>omega_sor</b></p>
1912	</td>
1913	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1914	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>1.8</i></td>
1915	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1916	<p>Convergence factor to be used with the the SOR-scheme.  </p>
1917	<p>If the SOR-scheme is selected (<a href="#psolver">psolver</a>
1918	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'sor'</span>), this parameter
1919	determines the value of the convergence factor, where <i>1.0</i> <=
1920	<b>omega_sor</b> < <i>2.0 </i>. The optimum value of <b>omega_sor</b>
1921	depends on the number of grid points along the different directions in
1922	space. For non-equidistant grids it can only be determined by
1923	appropriate test runs.</p>
1924	</td>
1925	</tr>
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934	<tr>
1935	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1936	<p><a name="prandtl_number"></a><b>prandtl_number</b></p>
1937	</td>
1938	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
1939	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>1.0</i></td>
1940	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1941	<p>Ratio of the eddy diffusivities for momentum and heat (K<sub>m</sub>/K<sub>h</sub>).
1942	</p>
1943	<p>For runs with constant eddy diffusivity (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#km_constant">km_constant</a>),
1944	this parameter can be used to assign the Prandtl number (ratio K<sub>m</sub>
1945	/ K<sub>h</sub>).</p>
1946	</td>
1947	</tr>
1948	<tr>
1949	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1950	<p><a name="profile_columns"></a><b>profile_columns</b></p>
1951	</td>
1952	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
1953	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>3</i></td>
1954	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1955	<p>Number of coordinate systems to be plotted<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span> in one row by <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>.  </p>
1956	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p><p>It determines the layout of plots of
1957	horizontally averaged profiles (<a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>)
1958	when plotted with the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>.
1959	Generally, the number and sequence of coordinate systems (panels) to be
1960	plotted on one page are
1961	determined by <a href="#cross_profiles">cross_profiles</a>. <b>profile_columns</b>
1962	determines how many panels are to be
1963	arranged next to each other in one row (number of columns). The
1964	respective number of rows on a page is assigned by <a href="#profile_rows">profile_rows</a>.
1965	According to their order given by <a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>,
1966	the panels are arranged beginning in the top row from left to right and
1967	then continued in the following row. If the number of panels cranz >
1968	<b>profile_columns</b> * <b>profile_rows</b>, the remaining
1969	panels are drawn on an additional page. If cranz < <b>profile_columns</b>,
1970	then <b>profile_columns</b> = cranz is automatically set. If
1971	row  contains any panel, then the value of <b>profile_rows</b>
1972	is reduced automatically.</p>
1973	</td>
1974	</tr>
1975	<tr>
1976	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1977	<p><a name="profile_rows"></a><b>profile_rows</b></p>
1978	</td>
1979	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
1980	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>2</i></td>
1981	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1982	<p>Number of rows of coordinate systems to be plotted on one page
1983	by <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>.  </p>
1984	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p><p>It determines the layout of plots of horizontally averaged
1985	profiles. See <a href="#profile_columns">profile_columns</a>.</p>
1986	</td>
1987	</tr>
1988	<tr>
1989	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1990	<p><a name="psolver"></a><b>psolver</b></p>
1991	</td>
1992	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 10</td>
1993	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'poisfft'</i></td>
1994	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1995	<p>Scheme to be used to solve the Poisson equation for the
1996	perturbation pressure.  </p>
1997	<br>
1998	The user can choose between the following schemes:<br>
1999	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
2000	<tbody>
2001	<tr>
2002	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>poisfft</i></td>
2003	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Direct method using FFT
2004	along x and y, solution of a
2005	tridiagonal matrix along z, and backward
2006	FFT (see Siano, institute reports, volume 54). The FFT routines to be
2007	used can be determined via the initialization parameter <a href="chapter_4.1.html#fft_method">fft_method</a>.<br>
2008	This solver is specially optimized for 1d domain decompositions.
2009	Vectorization is optimized for domain decompositions along x only.</td>
2010	</tr>
2011	<tr>
2012	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2013	<p><i>poisfft_</i> <br>
2014	<i>hybrid</i></p>
2015	</td>
2016	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Direct method using FFT
2017	along x and y, solution of a
2018	tridiagonal matrix along z, and backward
2019	FFT (see Siano, institute reports, volume 54). The FFT routines to be
2020	used can be determined via the initialization parameter <a href="chapter_4.1.html#fft_method">fft_method</a>.<br>
2021	This solver is specially optimized for 1d domain decompositions.
2022	Vectorization is optimized for domain decompositions along x only.</td>
2023	</tr>
2024	<tr>
2025	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>multigrid</i></td>
2026	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2027	<p>Multi-grid scheme (see Uhlenbrock, diploma thesis). v-
2028	and
2029	w-cycles (see <a href="#cycle_mg">cycle_mg</a>)
2030	are implemented. The convergence of the iterative scheme can be
2031	steered by the number of v-/w-cycles to be carried out for each call of
2032	the scheme (<a href="#mg_cycles">mg_cycles</a>)
2033	and by the number of Gauss-Seidel iterations (see <a href="#ngsrb">ngsrb</a>)
2034	to be carried out on each grid level. Instead the requested accuracy
2035	can be given via <a href="#residual_limit">residual_limit</a>. <span style="font-weight: bold;">This is the default!</span>
2036	The
2037	smaller this limit is, the more cycles have to be carried out in this
2038	case and the number of cycles may vary from timestep to timestep.</p>
2039	<br>
2040	If <a href="#mg_cycles">mg_cycles</a>
2041	is set to its optimal value, the computing time of the
2042	multi-grid scheme amounts approximately to that of the direct solver <span style="font-style: italic;">poisfft</span>, as long as the number of
2043	grid points in the three directions
2044	of space corresponds to a power-of-two (2<sup>n</sup>)
2045	where <i>n</i> >= 5 must hold. With large <i>n, </i>the
2046	multi-grid scheme can even be faster than the direct solver (although
2047	its accuracy is several orders of magnitude worse, but this does not
2048	affect the accuracy of the simulation). Nevertheless, the user should
2049	always carry out some test runs in order to find out the optimum value
2050	for <a href="#mg_cycles">mg_cycles</a>,
2051	because the CPU time of a run very critically depends on this
2052	parameter.
2053	<p>This scheme requires that the number of grid points of
2054	the
2055	subdomains (or of the total domain, if only one PE is uesd) along each
2056	of the directions can at least be devided once by 2 without rest.</p>
2057	With parallel runs, starting from a certain grid level the
2058	data of the subdomains are possibly gathered on PE0 in order to allow
2059	for a further coarsening of the grid. The grid level for gathering can
2060	be manually set by <a href="#mg_switch_to_pe0_level">mg_switch_to_pe0_level</a>.<br>
2061	<p>Using this procedure requires the subdomains to be of
2062	identical size (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#grid_matching">grid_matching</a>).</p>
2063	</td>
2064	</tr>
2065	<tr>
2066	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>sor</i></td>
2067	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Successive over relaxation
2068	method (SOR). The convergence of
2069	this
2070	iterative scheme is steered with the parameters <a href="#omega_sor">omega_sor</a>,
2071	<a href="chapter_4.1.html#nsor_ini">nsor_ini</a>
2072	and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#nsor">nsor</a>.  <br>
2073	Compared to the direct method and the multi-grid method, this scheme
2074	needs substantially
2075	more computing time. It should only be used for test runs, e.g. if
2076	errors in the other pressure solver methods are assumed.</td>
2077	</tr>
2078	</tbody>
2079	</table>
2080	<br>
2081	In order to speed-up performance, the Poisson equation is by default
2082	only solved at the last substep of a multistep Runge-Kutta scheme (see <a href="#call_psolver_at_all_substeps">call_psolver
2083	at_all_substeps</a> and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#timestep_scheme">timestep_scheme</a>).
2084	</td>
2085	</tr>
2086	<tr>
2087	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2088	<p><a name="rayleigh_damping_factor"></a><b>rayleigh_damping</b> <br>
2089	<b>_factor</b></p>
2090	</td>
2091	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2092	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0 or</i><br>
2093	<i>0.01</i></td>
2094	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2095	<p>Factor for Rayleigh damping.  </p>
2096	<p>A so-called Rayleigh damping is applied to all prognostic
2097	variables if a non-zero value is assigned to <b>rayleigh_damping_factor</b>.
2098	If switched on, variables are forced towards the value of their
2099	respective basic states (e.g. the geostrophic wind). The intensity of
2100	damping is controlled by the value the <b>rayleigh_damping_factor</b>
2101	is assigned to.
2102	The damping starts weakly at a height defined by <a href="#rayleigh_damping_height">rayleigh_damping_height</a>
2103	and rises according to a sin<sup>2</sup>-function to its maximum value
2104	at
2105	the top boundary. </p>
2106	<p>This method
2107	effectively damps gravity waves, caused by boundary layer convection,
2108	which may spread out vertically in the inversion layer and which are
2109	reflected  at the top
2110	boundary. This particularly happens with the upstream-spline scheme
2111	switched on (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#momentum_advec">momentum_advec</a>
2112	or <a href="chapter_4.1.html#scalar_advec">scalar_advec</a>).
2113	Therefore, with this scheme the Rayleigh damping is switched on (<b>rayleigh_damping_factor</b>
2114	= <i>0.01</i>) by default. Otherwise it remains switched off.  </p>
2115	<p>The Rayleigh damping factor must hold the condition <i>0.0</i>
2116	<= <b>rayleigh_damping_factor</b>
2117	<= <i>1.0</i>. Large values (close to <span style="font-style: italic;">1.0</span>) can cause
2118	numerical instabilities.</p>
2119	</td>
2120	</tr>
2121	<tr>
2122	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2123	<p><a name="rayleigh_damping_height"></a><b>rayleigh_damping</b> <br>
2124	<b>_height</b></p>
2125	</td>
2126	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2127	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2128	<p><i>2/3 *</i> <br><span style="font-style: italic;">
2129	zu</span><i style="font-style: italic;">(nz)</i></p>
2130	</td>
2131	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2132	<p>Height where the Rayleigh damping starts (in m).  </p>
2133	<p>With Rayleigh damping switched on (see <a href="#rayleigh_damping_factor">rayleigh_damping_factor</a>),
2134	this parameter determines the range where damping is applied. By
2135	default, Rayleigh damping will be applied in the upper third of the
2136	model
2137	domain.</p>
2138	</td>
2139	</tr>
2140	<tr>
2141	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2142	<p><a name="residual_limit"></a><b>residual_limit</b></p>
2143	</td>
2144	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2145	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>1.0E-6</i></td>
2146	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2147	<p>Largest residual permitted for the multi-grid scheme (in s<sup>-2</sup>m<sup>-3</sup>).
2148	</p>
2149	<p>This is a parameter to steer the accuracy of the multi-grid
2150	scheme (see <a href="#psolver">psolver</a>).
2151	The assigned cycle (v- or w-cycle, see <a href="#mg_cycles">mg_cycles</a>)
2152	is passed through until the residual falls below the limit given by <span style="font-weight: bold;">residual_limit</span>. If this
2153	is not the case after 1000 cycles, the PALM aborts with a corresponding
2154	error message.</p>
2155	<p>The reciprocal value of this parameter can be interpreted as
2156	a factor by the divergence of the provisional
2157	velocity field is approximately reduced after the multi-grid scheme has
2158	been applied (thus the default value causes a reduction of the
2159	divergence by approx. 6 orders of magnitude).  </p>
2160	</td>
2161	</tr>
2162	<tr>
2163	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2164	<p><a name="restart_time"></a><b>restart_time</b></p>
2165	</td>
2166	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2167	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>9999999.9</i></td>
2168	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2169	<p>Simulated time after which a restart run is to be carried out
2170	(in s). </p>
2171	<p>The simulated time refers to the beginning of the
2172	initial run (t = 0), not to the beginning of the respective
2173	restart run. Restart runs can additionally be forced to be carried out
2174	in regular intervals using the run time parameter <a href="#dt_restart">dt_restart</a>.
2175	</p>
2176	<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Note:</span><br>
2177	A successful operation of this parameter requires additional
2178	modifications in the <span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span>-call
2179	for the respective run (see <a href="chapter_3.3.html">chapter
2180	3.3</a>).<br>
2181	</p>
2182	<p>The choice of <b>restart_time</b> or <b>dt_restart</b> does
2183	not override the automatic start of restart runs in case that the job
2184	runs out of CPU time. <br>
2185	</p>
2186	</td>
2187	</tr>
2188	<tr>
2189	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2190	<p><a name="section_xy"></a><b>section_xy</b></p>
2191	</td>
2192	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I(100)<br>
2193	</td>
2194	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">no section</span><br>
2195	</td>
2196	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2197	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Position of cross section(s) for output of 2d horizontal cross sections (grid point index k).  </font>
2198	</p>
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output of
2205	horizontal cross sections is selected (see </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">), this parameter can be used to
2206	define the position(s) of the cross section(s). Up to 100 positions of
2207	cross sections can be selected by assigning <b>section_xy</b>
2208	the
2209	corresponding vertical grid point index/indices k of the requested
2210	cross section(s). The exact location (height level) of the cross
2211	section depends on the variable for which the output is made: zu(k) for
2212	scalars and horizontal velocities, zw(k) for the vertical velocity.
2213	Information about the exact location of the cross section is contained
2214	in the NetCDF output file (if the default NetCDF output is switched on;
2215	see <a href="#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>).</font></span></p><p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Assigning <span style="font-weight: bold;">section_xy</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">-1</span>
2216	creates the output of horizontal cross sections averaged along z. In the
2217	NetCDF output file these (averaged) cross sections are given the z-coordinate <span style="font-style: italic;">-1.0</span>.</font></span></p><p><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Assignments to <b>section_xy</b>
2218	does not effect the output of horizontal cross sections of variable u<sub>*</sub>
2219	and theta<sub></sub> and the liquid water path lwp. For these quantities always only one cross
2220	section (for z=zu(1)) is output.</font></span></p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">In case of <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'iso2d'</span> and if several cross sections are selected (e.g. <b>section_xy</b>
2221	= <i>1</i>, <i>10</i>, <i>15</i>), then the respective data are
2222	successively written to file. The output order follows the order given
2223	by <b>section_xy</b>. </font></span></td>
2224	</tr>
2225	<tr>
2226	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2227	<p><a name="section_xz"></a><b>section_xz</b></p>
2228	</td>
2229	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I(100)<br>
2230	</td>
2231	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">no section</span></td>
2232	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2233	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Position of cross section(s) for output of 2d (xz) vertical cross sections (grid point index j).  </font>
2234	</p>
2235
2236	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output of
2237	vertical xz cross sections is selected (see </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">), this parameter can be used to
2238	define the position(s) of the cross section(s). Up to 100 positions of
2239	cross sections can be selected by assigning <b>section_xz</b> the
2240	corresponding horizontal grid point index/indices j of the requested
2241	cross section(s). The exact position (in y-direction) of the cross
2242	section is given by j</font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dy</font></span></a> <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">or (j-0.5)</font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dy</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">, depending on which grid the output quantity is defined. However, in the NetCDF output file </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">(if the default NetCDF output is switched on; see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>) no distinction is made between the quantities and j*<span style="font-weight: bold;">dy</span> is used for all positions.<br><br>Assigning <span style="font-weight: bold;">section_xz</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">-1</span>
2243	creates the output of vertical cross sections averaged along y. In the
2244	NetCDF output file these (averaged) cross sections are given the
2245	y-coordinate <span style="font-style: italic;">-1.0</span>.<br></font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><br></font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">In case of <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'iso2d'</span> and </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">if several cross sections are
2246	selected (e.g. <b>section_xz</b> = <i>0</i>, <i>12</i>, <i>27</i>),
2247	then the respective data are successively written to file. The output
2248	order follows the order given by <b>section_xz</b>.</font></span></td>
2249	</tr>
2250	<tr>
2251	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2252	<p><a name="section_yz"></a><b>section_yz</b></p>
2253	</td>
2254	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I(100)<br>
2255	</td>
2256	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">no section</span></td>
2257	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2258	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Position of cross section(s) for output of 2d (yz) vertical cross sections (grid point index i).  </font>
2259	</p>
2260
2261	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output of
2262	vertical yz cross sections is selected (see </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">),
2263	this parameter can be used to define the position(s) of the cross
2264	section(s). Up to 100 positions of cross sections can be selected by
2265	assigning <b>section_yz</b> the corresponding horizontal grid point
2266	index/indices i of the requested cross section(s). The exact position
2267	(in x-direction) of the cross section is given by i*</font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dx"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dx</font></span></a>
2268	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">or (i-0.5)</font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dx"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dx</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">, depending on which grid the output quantity is defined. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">However, in the NetCDF output file </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">(if the default NetCDF output is switched on; see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>) no distinction is made between the quantities and i<span style="font-weight: bold;">dx</span> is used for all positions.<br><br></font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Assigning <span style="font-weight: bold;">section_yz</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">-1</span>
2269	creates the output of vertical cross sections averaged along x. In the
2270	NetCDF output file these (averaged) cross sections are given the x-coordinate <span style="font-style: italic;">-1.0</span>.</font></span><br><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"> <br></font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">In case of <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'iso2d'</span> and </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">if several cross sections are
2271	selected (e.g. <b>section_yz</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">3</span>,
2272	<span style="font-style: italic;">27</span>, 19), then the
2273	respective data are successively written to file. The output order
2274	follows the order given by <b>section_yz</b>.</font></span></td>
2275	</tr>
2276	<tr>
2277	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="skip_time_data_output"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_data_output</span><br>
2278	</td>
2279	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
2280	</td>
2281	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span><br>
2282	</td>
2283	<td style="vertical-align: top;">No data output before this interval has passed (in s).<br><br>This
2284	parameter causes that data output activities are starting not before this interval
2285	(counting from the beginning of the simulation, t=0) has passed. By default, this
2286	applies for output of instantaneous 3d volume data, cross section data,
2287	spectra and vertical profile data as well as for temporally averaged 2d
2288	and 3d data. Individual intervals can be assigned using parameters <a href="#skip_time_do3d">skip_time_do3d</a>, <a href="#skip_time_do2d_xy">skip_time_do2d_xy</a>, <a href="#skip_time_do2d_xz">skip_time_do2d_xz</a>, <a href="#skip_time_do2d_yz">skip_time_do2d_yz</a>, <a href="#skip_time_dosp">skip_time_dosp</a>, <a href="#skip_time_dopr">skip_time_dopr</a>, and <a href="#skip_time_data_output_av">skip_time_data_output_av</a>.<br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>If the user has set <a href="#dt_data_output">dt_data_output</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">3600.0</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_data_output</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">1800.0</span>, then the first output will be done at t = 5400 s.<br>
2289	</td>
2290	</tr>
2291	<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="skip_time_data_output_av"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_data_output_av</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_<br>data_output</a></span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">No output of temporally averaged 2d/3d data before this interval has passed (in s).<br><br>This
2292	parameter causes that data output activities are starting not before this interval
2293	(counting from the beginning of the simulation, t=0) has passed. <br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>If the user has set <a href="#dt_data_output_av">dt_data_output_av</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">3600.0</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_data_output_av</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">1800.0</span>, then the first output will be done at t = 5400 s.</td></tr><tr>
2294	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="skip_time_dopr"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_dopr</span><br>
2295	</td>
2296	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
2297	</td>
2298	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="chapter_4.2.html#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_<br>data_output</a></span>
2299	</td>
2300	<td style="vertical-align: top;">No output of vertical profile data before this interval has passed (in s).<br><br>This
2301	parameter causes that data output activities are starting not before this interval
2302	(counting from the beginning of the simulation, t=0) has passed. <br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>If the user has set <a href="#dt_dopr">dt_dopr</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">3600.0</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_dopr</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">1800.0</span>, then the first output will be done at t = 5400 s.
2303	</td>
2304	</tr>
2305
2306	<tr>
2307	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="skip_time_do2d_xy"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_xy</span><br>
2308	</td>
2309	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
2310	</td>
2311	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="chapter_4.2.html#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_<br>data_output</a></span>
2312	</td>
2313	<td style="vertical-align: top;">No output of instantaneous horizontal cross section data before this interval has passed (in s).<br><br>This
2314	parameter causes that data output activities are starting not before this interval
2315	(counting from the beginning of the simulation, t=0) has passed. <br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>If the user has set <a href="#dt_do2d_xy">dt_do2d_xy</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">3600.0</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_xy</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">1800.0</span>, then the first output will be done at t = 5400 s.
2316	</td>
2317	</tr>
2318	<tr>
2319	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="skip_time_do2d_xz"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_xz</span><br>
2320	</td>
2321	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
2322	</td>
2323	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="chapter_4.2.html#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_<br>data_output</a></span>
2324	</td>
2325	<td style="vertical-align: top;">No output of instantaneous vertical (xz) cross section data before this interval has passed (in s).<br><br>This
2326	parameter causes that data output activities are starting not before this interval
2327	(counting from the beginning of the simulation, t=0) has passed. <br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>If the user has set <a href="#dt_do2d_xz">dt_do2d_xz</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">3600.0</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_xz</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">1800.0</span>, then the first output will be done at t = 5400 s.
2328	</td>
2329	</tr>
2330	<tr>
2331	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="skip_time_do2d_yz"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_yz</span><br>
2332	</td>
2333	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
2334	</td>
2335	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="chapter_4.2.html#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_<br>data_output</a></span>
2336	</td>
2337	<td style="vertical-align: top;">No output of instantaneous vertical (yz) cross section data before this interval has passed (in s).<br><br>This
2338	parameter causes that data output activities are starting not before this interval
2339	(counting from the beginning of the simulation, t=0) has passed. <br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>If the user has set <a href="#dt_do2d_yz">dt_do2d_yz</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">3600.0</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_yz</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">1800.0</span>, then the first output will be done at t = 5400 s.
2340	</td>
2341	</tr>
2342	<tr>
2343	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="skip_time_do3d"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do3d</span><br>
2344	</td>
2345	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
2346	</td>
2347	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="chapter_4.2.html#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_<br>data_output</a></span>
2348	</td>
2349	<td style="vertical-align: top;">No output of instantaneous 3d volume data before this interval has passed (in s).<br><br>This
2350	parameter causes that data output activities are starting not before this interval
2351	(counting from the beginning of the simulation, t=0) has passed. <br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>If the user has set <a href="#dt_do3d">dt_do3d</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">3600.0</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do3d</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">1800.0</span>, then the first output will be done at t = 5400 s.
2352	</td>
2353	</tr>
2354	<tr>
2355	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2356	<p><a name="termination_time_needed"></a><b>termination_time</b> <br>
2357	<b>_needed</b></p>
2358	</td>
2359	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
2360	</td>
2361	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">35.0</span><br>
2362	</td>
2363	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2364	<p>CPU time needed for terminal actions at the end of a run in
2365	batch mode (in s).<br>
2366	</p>
2367	<p>If the environment variable <b>write_binary </b>is
2368	set <i>true</i> (see <a href="chapter_3.3.html">chapter
2369	3.3</a>), PALM checks the remaining CPU time of the job after each
2370	timestep. Time integration must not consume the CPU time completely,
2371	since several actions still have to be carried out after time
2372	integration has finished (e.g. writing of binary data for the restart
2373	run, carrying out output commands, copying of local files to their
2374	permanent destinations, etc.) which also takes some time. The maximum
2375	possible time needed for these activities plus a reserve is to be given
2376	with the parameter <b>termination_time_needed</b>. Among other things,
2377	it depends on
2378	the number of grid points used. If its value is selected too small,
2379	then the
2380	respective job will be prematurely aborted by the queuing system, which
2381	may result in a data loss and will possibly interrupt the job chain.<br>
2382	</p>
2383	<p>An abort happens in any way, if the environment variable <span style="font-weight: bold;">write_binary</span> is not set to <span style="font-style: italic;">true</span> and if moreover the job has
2384	been assigned an insufficient CPU time by <b>mrun</b> option <tt><tt>-t</tt></tt>.
2385	<i><br>
2386	</i> </p>
2387	<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Note:</span><br>
2388	On the IBM computers of the HLRN the time used by the job <span style="font-weight: bold;">before</span> the start of PALM
2389	have also to be accounted for (e.g. for
2390	compilation and copying of input files).</p>
2391	</td>
2392	</tr>
2393	<tr>
2394	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2395	<p><a name="use_prior_plot1d_parameters"></a><b>use_prior_plot1d</b>
2396	<br>
2397	<b>_parameters</b></p>
2398	</td>
2399	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
2400	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.F.</i></td>
2401	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2402	<p>Additional plot of vertical profile data with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span> from preceding runs of the
2403	job chain.  </p>
2404	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p><p>By default, plots of horizontally averaged vertical profiles
2405	(see <a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>)
2406	only contain profiles of data produced by the model
2407	run. If profiles of prior times (i.e. data of preceding jobs of a
2408	job chain) shall be plotted additionally (e.g. for comparison
2409	purposes), <b>use_prior_plot1d_parameters</b> = <i>.T</i>. must be
2410	set.<br>
2411	</p>
2412	<p>For further explanation see <a href="chapter_4.5.2.html">chapter
2413	4.5.2</a>.</p>
2414	</td>
2415	</tr>
2416
2417	<tr>
2418	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2419	<p><a name="z_max_do1d"></a><b>z_max_do1d</b></p>
2420	</td>
2421	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2422	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>zu(nzt+1) (model top)</i></td>
2423	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2424	<p>Height level up to which horizontally averaged profiles are to
2425	be
2426	plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span> (in
2427	m).  </p>
2428	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p><p>It affects plots of horizontally averaged profiles
2429	(<a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>)
2430	when plotted with the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>.
2431	By default, profiles are plotted up to the top boundary. The height
2432	level up to which profiles are plotted can be decreased by assigning <span style="font-weight: bold;">z_max_do1d</span> a smaller value.
2433	Nevertheless, <span style="font-weight: bold;">all</span> vertical
2434	grid points (0 <= k <= nz+1) are still output to file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>.</p>
2435	<p>If a normalization for the vertical axis was selected (see <a href="#cross_normalized_y">cross_normalized_y</a>), <b>z_max_do1d</b>
2436	has no effect. Instead, <a href="#z_max_do1d_normalized">z_max_do1d_normalized</a>
2437	must be used.</p>
2438	</td>
2439	</tr>
2440	<tr>
2441	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2442	<p><a name="z_max_do1d_normalized"></a><b>z_max_do1d</b> <br>
2443	<b>_normalized</b></p>
2444	</td>
2445	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2446	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>determined by plot</i> <br>
2447	<i>data</i> <br>
2448	</td>
2449	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2450	<p>Normalized height level up to which horizontally averaged
2451	profiles are to be plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>.
2452	</p>
2453	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p><p>It affects plots of horizontally averaged profiles
2454	(<a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>)
2455	when plotted with the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>,
2456	if a normalization for the vertical axis is selected
2457	(see <a href="#cross_normalized_y">cross_normalized_y</a>).
2458	If e.g. the boundary layer height is used for normalization, then <b>z_max_do1d_normalized</b>
2459	= <i>1.5</i> means that all profiles up to the height level of z =
2460	1.5* z<sub>i </sub>are plotted.</p>
2461	</td>
2462	</tr>
2463	<tr>
2464	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2465	<p><a name="z_max_do2d"></a><b>z_max_do2d</b></p>
2466	</td>
2467	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
2468	</td>
2469	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">zu(nz)</span><br>
2470	</td>
2471	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2472	<p>Height level up to which 2d cross sections are to be plotted
2473	with <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d</span>
2474	(in m).  </p>
2475	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'iso2d'</span>.</p><p>It affects plots of  2d vertical cross
2476	sections (<a href="#data_output">data_output</a>)
2477	when plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d</span>. By
2478	default, vertical sections are plotted up to the top boundary. <span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>In contrast, with <b>z_max_do2d </b>the
2479	visualization within
2480	the plot can be limited to a certain height level (0 <= z <= <b>z_max_do2d</b>).
2481	Nevertheless, <span style="font-weight: bold;">all</span> grid points
2482	of the complete cross section are still output to the local files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_XZ">PLOT2D_XZ</a>
2483	or <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_YZ">PLOT2D_YZ</a>.
2484	The level up to which the section is visualized can later be changed by
2485	manually editing the
2486	file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_XZ_GLOBAL">PLOT2D_XZ_GLOBAL</a>
2487	or <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_YZ_GLOBAL">PLOT2D_YZ_GLOBAL</a>
2488	(the respective <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d</span>-parameter
2489	is <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/institut/software/iso2d_beschreibung.html#YRIGHT">yright</a>).</p>
2490	</td>
2491	</tr>
2492	</tbody>
2493	</table>
2494	<br>
2495	<br>
2496	<h3 style="line-height: 100%;"><a name="Paketparameter"></a>Package
2497	parameters: </h3>
2498	Package (<span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span> option -p): <span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="particles_package"></a>particles</span>
2499	NAMELIST group name: <span style="font-weight: bold;">particles_par<br>
2500	</span>
2501	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
2502	<tbody>
2503	<tr>
2504	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Parameter name</b></font></td>
2505	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Type</b></font></td>
2506	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2507	<p><b><font size="4">Default</font></b> <br>
2508	<b><font size="4">value</font></b></p>
2509	</td>
2510	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2511	<p><font size="4"><b>Explanation</b></font></p>
2512	</td>
2513	</tr>
2514	<tr>
2515	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2516	<p><a name="dt_prel"></a><b>dt_prel</b></p>
2517	</td>
2518	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2519	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>9999999.9</i></td>
2520	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2521	<p><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">Temporal
2522	interval at
2523	which particles are to be released <span lang="en-GB">from a particle
2524	source </span>(</span></font>in <font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">s).</span>  </font> </p>
2525	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">By default
2526	particles are released only at the beginning of a simulation
2527	(t_init=0). The time of the first release (t_init) can be changed with
2528	package parameter </font></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><font><a href="#particle_advection_start"><font face="Thorndale, serif">particle_advection_start</font></a>.
2529	</font><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">The time of the last release can be set with the package parameter <a href="#end_time_prel">end_time_prel</a>. If <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_prel</span> has been set, additional
2530	releases will be at t = t_init+<span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_prel</span>,
2531	t_init+2<span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_prel</span>, t_init+3<span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_prel</span>, etc.. Actual release times
2532	may slightly deviate from thesel values (</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">see e.g. </font></span><a href="#dt_dopr"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">dt_dopr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">).</font></span></p>
2533	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> The domain
2534	of the particle <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">source
2535	</font></span>as well as the distance of  released particles
2536	within this source </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">are determined via package parameters </font></span><a href="#pst"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pst</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="#psl"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psl</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="#psr"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="#pss"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pss</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="#psn"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psn</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="#psb"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psb</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="#pdx"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdx</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="#pdy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdy</font></span></a>
2537	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">and </font></span><a href="#pdz"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdz</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">.</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> By default, one particle is released at all points defined by these parameters. The package parameter <a href="#particles_per_point">particles_per_point</a> can be used to start more than one particle per point.<br>
2538	</font></span></p>
2539	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Up to 10
2540	different groups of particles can be released at the same time (see </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#number_of_particle_groups"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">number_of_particle_groups</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">) where each group may have a different source. All particles belonging
2541	to one group have the same density ratio and the same radius. All other particle features (e.g. location of the source) are
2542	identical for all groups of particles.</font></span></p>Subgrid
2543	scale velocities can (optionally) be included for calculating the
2544	particle advection, using the method of Weil et al. (2004, JAS, 61,
2545	2877-2887). This method is switched on by the package
2546	parameter <a href="#use_sgs_for_particles">use_sgs_for_particles</a>. This also forces the Euler/upstream method to be used for time advancement of the TKE (see initialization parameter <a href="chapter_4.1.html#use_upstream_for_tke">use_upstream_for_tke</a>). The minimum timestep during the sub-timesteps is controlled by package parameter <a href="#dt_min_part">dt_min_part</a>. <p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">By
2547	default, particles are weightless and transported passively with the
2548	resolved scale flow. Particles can be given a mass and thus an inertia
2549	by assigning the
2550	package parameter </font></span><a href="#density_ratio"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">density_ratio</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> a non-zero value (it
2551	defines the ratio of the density of the fluid and the density of the
2552	particles). In these cases their </font></span><a href="#radius"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">radius</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">
2553	must also be defined, which affects their flow resistance. </font></span><a href="#diameter"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> </font></span> </p>
2554	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Boundary
2555	conditions for the particle transport can be defined with package
2556	parameters </font></span><a href="#bc_par_t"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">bc_par_t</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="#bc_par_lr"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">bc_par_lr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="bc_par_ns"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">bc_par_ns</font></span></a>
2557	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">and </font></span><a href="#bc_par_b"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">bc_par_b</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">.</font></span></p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Timeseries of particle quantities in NetCDF format can be output to local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_1D_PTS_NETCDF">DATA_1D_PTS_NETCDF</a> by using package parameter <a href="#dt_dopts">dt_dopts</a>.<br></font></span><p>For analysis, additional output of
2558	particle
2559	information in equidistant temporal intervals can be carried out using <a href="#dt_write_particle_data">dt_write_particle_data</a>
2560	(file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARTICLE_DATA">PARTICLE_DATA</a>).<br>
2561	</p>
2562	<p><span style="font-family: thorndale,serif;">Statistical
2563	informations</span> (e.g. the total number of particles used, the
2564	number of particles exchanged between the PEs, etc.) are output to the
2565	local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARTICLE_DATA">PARTICLE_INFOS</a>,
2566	if switched on by the parameter <a href="#write_particle_statistics">write_particle_statistics</a>.
2567	<br>
2568	</p>
2569	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">If a job
2570	chain is to be carried out, particle
2571	informations </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">for the restart run (e.g. current location of
2572	all
2573	particles at the end of the
2574	run) is output to
2575	the local file</font></span> <font><a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_dvrp"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a></font><a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_OUT">PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_OUT</a><font><a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_dvrp"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a></font>, <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">which must be saved at the
2576	end of the run <tt><span lang="en-GB"></span></tt>and given as an
2577	input file to the restart run
2578	under local file name</font></span> <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_IN">PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_IN</a>
2579	u<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">sing respective file
2580	connection statements in the <span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span>
2581	configuration file.
2582	</font></span>
2583	<span lang="en-GB"></span></p><p><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">The output of
2584	particles for visualization with the graphic software <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span> is steered by the package
2585	parameter </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_dvrp"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">dt_dvrp</font></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">. For visualization
2586	purposes particles can be given a
2587	diameter by the parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dvrp_psize">dvrp_psize</a>
2588	(this diameter only affects the visualization). All particles have the
2589	same size. Alternatively, particles can be given an individual size and
2590	a </span>color
2591	<span lang="en-GB">by modifying the user-interface (subroutine</span></font>
2592	<span style="font-family: monospace;">user_init_particles</span>)<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">. Particles can pull a
2593	“tail” behind themselves to improve their visualization.
2594	This is steered via the parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#use_particle_tails">use_particle_tails</a>.</font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#maximum_number_of_tailpoints"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a></p>
2595	<span lang="en-GB"></span><p><b>So far, the particle transport realized in PALM does only
2596	work
2597	duly in case of a constant vertical grid spacing!</b></p>
2598	</td>
2599	</tr>
2600	<tr>
2601	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2602	<p><a name="bc_par_b"></a><b>bc_par_b</b></p>
2603	</td>
2604	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*15</td>
2605	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>´reflect´</i></td>
2606	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2607	<p>Bottom boundary condition for particle transport. </p>
2608	<p>By default, particles are reflected at the bottom boundary.
2609	Alternatively, a particle absorption can set by <b>bc_par_b</b>
2610	= <i>´absorb´</i>.</p>
2611	</td>
2612	</tr>
2613	<tr>
2614	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2615	<p><a name="bc_par_lr"></a><b>bc_par_lr</b></p>
2616	</td>
2617	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*15</td>
2618	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>´cyclic´</i></td>
2619	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2620	<p>Lateral boundary condition (x-direction) for particle
2621	transport. </p>
2622	<p>By default, cyclic boundary conditions are used along x.
2623	Alternatively, reflection (<b>bc_par_lr</b>
2624	= <i>´reflect´</i>) or absorption (<b>bc_par_lr</b> = <i>´absorb´</i>)
2625	can be set. <br>
2626	</p>
2627	<p>This lateral boundary conditions should correspond to the
2628	lateral boundary condition used for the flow (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>).</p>
2629	</td>
2630	</tr>
2631	<tr>
2632	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2633	<p><a name="bc_par_ns"></a><b>bc_par_ns</b></p>
2634	</td>
2635	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*15</td>
2636	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>´cyclic´</i></td>
2637	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2638	<p>Lateral boundary condition (y-direction) for particle
2639	transport. </p>
2640	<p>By default, cyclic boundary conditions are used along y.
2641	Alternatively, reflection (<b>bc_par_ns</b>
2642	= <i>´reflect´</i>) or absorption (<b>bc_par_ns</b> = <i>´absorb´</i>)
2643	can be set.<br>
2644	</p>
2645	This lateral boundary conditions should correspond to the lateral
2646	boundary condition used for the flow (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>).</td>
2647	</tr>
2648	<tr>
2649	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2650	<p><a name="bc_par_t"></a><b>bc_par_t</b></p>
2651	</td>
2652	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*15</td>
2653	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>´absorb´</i></td>
2654	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2655	<p>Top boundary condition for particle transport. </p>
2656	<p>By default, particles are absorbed at the top boundary.
2657	Alternatively, a reflection condition can be set by <b>bc_par_t</b>
2658	= <i>´reflect´</i>.</p>
2659	</td>
2660	</tr>
2661	<tr>
2662	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2663	<p><a name="density_ratio"></a><b>density_ratio</b></p>
2664	</td>
2665	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)</td>
2666	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2667	<p><i>0.0, 9</i> *<br>
2668	<i>9999999.9</i></p>
2669	</td>
2670	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2671	<p>Ratio of the density of the fluid and the density of the
2672	particles. </p>
2673	<p>With the default value<i> </i>the
2674	particles are weightless and transported passively with the resolved
2675	scale flow.
2676	In case of <span style="font-weight: bold;">density_ratio</span> /=
2677	0.0 particles have a mass and hence inertia so that their velocity
2678	deviates more or less from the velocity of the surrounding flow.
2679	Particle velocity is calculated analytically and depends on (besides
2680	the density ratio and the current velocity difference between particles
2681	and surrounding fluid) the
2682	particle radius which is determined via <a href="#radius">radius</a>
2683	as well as on the molecular viscosity (assumed as 1.461E-5 m<sup>2</sup>/s).
2684	</p>
2685	<p>If <b>density_ratio</b> = <i>1.0</i>, the particle density
2686	corresponds to the density of the surrounding fluid and the particles
2687	do not feel any buoyancy. Otherwise, particles will be accelerated
2688	upwards (<b>density_ratio</b> > <i>1.0</i>)
2689	or downwards (<b>density_ratio</b> < <i>1.0</i>).<br>
2690	</p>
2691	<p>
2692	With several groups of particles (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#number_of_particle_groups">number_of_particle_groups</a>), each group can be assigned a different value. If the number of values given for <span style="font-weight: bold;">density_ratio</span> is less than the number of
2693	groups defined by <span style="font-weight: bold;">number_of_particle_groups</span>,
2694	then the last assigned value is used for all remaining groups. This
2695	means that by default the particle density ratio for all groups will be <span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span>.</p>
2696
2697
2698	</td>
2699	</tr>
2700
2701	<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="dt_dopts"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_dopts</span></td><td align="left" valign="top">R</td><td align="left" valign="top"><i>value of  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_data_output">dt_data_<br>output</a></i></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal interval</font> at which time series data of particle quantities shall be output (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s). </font></p>
2702	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If particle advection is switched on (see</font></span><font><span style="font-family: thorndale;"> <a href="#dt_prel">dt_prel</a>) this parameter can be used to assign
2703	th</span></font><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">e temporal
2704	interval at which time series of particle quantities shall be output. Output is written in NetCDF format on local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_1D_PTS_NETCDF">DATA_1D_PTS_NETCDF</a>.<br><br>The
2705	following list gives a short description of the quantities
2706	available. Most quantities are averages over all particles. The
2707	quantity name given in the first column is identical to the respective
2708	name of the variable on the NetCDF file (see section <a href="chapter_4.5.1.html">4.5.1</a> for a general description of the NetCDF files).<br><br>In case of using more than one particle group (see <a href="#number_of_particle_groups">number_of_particle_groups</a>),
2709	seperate time series are output for each of the groups. The long names
2710	of the variables in the NetCDF file containing the respective
2711	timeseries all end with the string</font><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: monospace;">' PG ##'</span><font face="Thorndale">, where ## is the number of the particle group (<span style="font-style: italic;">01</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">02</span>, etc.). <br> </font></span><table style="text-align: left; width: 631px; height: 652px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"><tbody><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">tnpt</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">total number of particles</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">x_</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">particle x-coordinate with respect to the particle origin (in m)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">y_</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">particle y-coordinate with respect to the particle origin (in m)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">z_</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">particle z-coordinate with respect to the particle origin (in m)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">z_abs</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">absolute particle z-coordinate (in m)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">u</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">u particle velocity component (in m/s)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">v</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">v particle velocity component (in m/s)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">w</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">w particle velocity component (in m/s)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">u"</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">subgrid-scale u particle velocity component (in m/s)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">v"</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">subgrid-scale v particle velocity component (in m/s)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">w"</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">subgrid-scale w particle velocity component (in m/s)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">npt_up</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">total number of upward moving particles</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">w_up</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">vertical velocity of the upward moving particles (in m/s)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">w_down</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">vertical velocity of the downward moving particles (in m/s)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">npt_max</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">maximum number of particles in a subdomain (=tnpt for non-parallel runs)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">npt_min</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">minimum number of particles in a subdomain (=tnpt for non-parallel runs)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">x2</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">variance of the particle x-coordinate with respect to <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">x_ </span>(in m<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">y2</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">variance of the particle y-coordinate with respect to <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">y_</span> (in m<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">z2</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">variance of the particle z-coordinate with respect to <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">z_</span> (in m<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">u2</span></td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">variance of the u particle velocity component with respect to <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">u </span>(in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">v2</td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">variance of the v particle velocity component with respect to <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">v </span>(in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">w2</td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">variance of the w particle velocity component with respect to <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">w </span>(in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">u"2</td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">variance of the subgrid-scale u particle velocity component with respect to <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">u" </span>(in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">v"2</td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">variance of the subgrid-scale v particle velocity component with respect to <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">v" </span>(in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">w"2</td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">variance of the subgrid-scale w particle velocity component with respect to <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">w" </span>(in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">npt*2</td><td align="undefined" valign="undefined">variance of the number of particles with respect to the average number of particles per subdomain</td></tr></tbody></table><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"></span></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="dt_min_part"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_min_part</span></td><td align="left" valign="top">R</td><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0002</span></td><td align="left" valign="top">Minimum value for the particle timestep when SGS velocities are used (in s).<br><br>For a further explanation see package parameter <a href="#use_sgs_for_particles">use_sgs_for_particles</a>.</td></tr><tr>
2712	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2713	<p><a name="dt_write_particle_data"></a><b>dt_write_particle_</b>
2714	<b>data</b></p>
2715	</td>
2716	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
2717	</td>
2718	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>9999999.9</i></td>
2719	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2720	<p>Temporal interval for output of particle data (in s). </p>
2721	<p>T<span lang="en-GB"></span><a href="#pr1d"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">his
2722	parameter can be used to
2723	assign the temporal interval at which particle data shall be output.</font></span>
2724	Data are output to
2725	the local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARTICLE_DATA">PARTICLE_DATA</a>.
2726	<span style="font-family: mon;">See the file description for more
2727	details about its format</span>. </p>
2728	<p>By default, no particle data are output.</p>
2729	</td>
2730	</tr>
2731	<tr>
2732	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2733	<p><a name="dvrp_psize"></a><b>dvrp_psize</b></p>
2734	</td>
2735	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
2736	</td>
2737	<td style="vertical-align: top;">0.2 * dx<br>
2738	</td>
2739	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2740	<p>Diameter that the particles is given in visualizations with
2741	the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span> software (in
2742	m).  </p>
2743	<p>In case that particles are visualized with the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span> software (see <a href="chapter_4.5.7.html">chapter
2744	4.5.7</a>), their size can be set by parameter <b>dvrp_psize</b>. All
2745	particles are displayed with this same size.<br>
2746	</p>
2747	<p>Alternatively, the particle diameters can be set with the
2748	user-interface in routine <span style="font-family: monospace;">user_init_particles</span>
2749	(at the beginning of the simulation) and/or can be redefined after each
2750	timestep in routine <tt>user<font style="font-size: 11pt;" size="2">_particle_attributes</font></tt>
2751	(both routines can be found in file <tt><font style="font-size: 11pt;" size="2">user_interface.f90</font></tt><font style="font-size: 11pt;" size="2">)</font>. </p>
2752	<p><b>Note:</b> This parameter determines exclusively the size
2753	under which particles appear in the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span>
2754	visualization. The flow relevant particle radius is determined via the particle package parameter <a href="#radius">radius</a>!</p>
2755	</td>
2756	</tr>
2757	<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="end_time_prel"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">end_time_prel</span></td><td align="left" valign="top">R</td><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-style: italic;">9999999.9</span></td><td align="left" valign="top">Time of the last release of particles (in s).<br><br>See also <a href="#particle_advection_start">particle_advection_start</a>.</td></tr><tr>
2758	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="initial_weighting_factor"></a>initial_weighting_factor</span></td>
2759	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
2760	</td>
2761	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">1.0</span><br>
2762	</td>
2763	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Factor to define the real number of initial droplets in a grid box.<br>
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775	<br>
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787	In case of explicitly simulating cloud droplets (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_droplets">cloud_droplets</a>),
2788	the real number of initial droplets in a grid box is equal to the
2789	initial number of droplets in this box (defined by the particle source
2790	parameters <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pst"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pst</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#psl"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psl</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#psr"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pss"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pss</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#psn"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psn</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#psb"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psb</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pdx"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdx</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pdy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdy</font></span></a>
2791	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">and </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pdz"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdz</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"></span>) times the <span style="font-weight: bold;">initial_weighting_factor</span>.</td>
2792	</tr>
2793	<tr>
2794	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2795	<p><a name="maximum_number_of_particles"></a><b>maximum_number_of_</b>
2796	<br>
2797	<b>particles</b></p>
2798	</td>
2799	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
2800	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>1000</i></td>
2801	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2802	<p>Maximum number of particles (on a PE).  </p>
2803	<p>This parameter allows to set the number of particles for which
2804	memory must be allocated at the beginning of the run.
2805	If this memory becomes insufficient during the run, due to the
2806	release of further particles (see <a href="#dt_prel">dt_prel</a>),
2807	then more memory is automatically allocated.<br>
2808	</p>
2809	For runs on several processors, <span style="font-weight: bold;">maximum_number_of_particles</span>
2810	defines
2811	the maximum number on each PE. This number must be larger than the
2812	maximum number of particles initially released in a subdomain.</td>
2813	</tr>
2814	<tr>
2815	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2816	<p><a name="maximum_number_of_tailpoints"></a><b>maximum_number_of_</b>
2817	<br>
2818	<b>tailpoints</b></p>
2819	</td>
2820	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
2821	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>100</i></td>
2822	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2823	<p>Maximum number of tailpoints that a particle tail can
2824	have.  </p>
2825	<p> <b>maximum_number_of_tailpoints</b>
2826	sets the number of descrete points the tail consists of. A new point is
2827	added to the particle tails after each time step. If the maximum number
2828	of tail
2829	points is reached after the corresponding number of timesteps, the
2830	oldest respective tail points is deleted within the following
2831	timestep.  </p>
2832	<p>All particle tails have the same number of points. The maximum
2833	length of
2834	these
2835	tails is determined by the value of <b>maximum_number_of_tailpoints</b>
2836	and by the minimum distance between each of the adjoining
2837	tailpoints,  which can be set by <a href="#minimum_tailpoint_distance">minimum_tailpoint_distance</a>.
2838	Additionally, it can be determined that the temporal displacement
2839	between the current position of the particle and the oldest point of
2840	the tail may become not larger than a value to be assigned by <a href="#maximum_tailpoint_age">maximum_tailpoint_age</a>.</p>
2841	</td>
2842	</tr>
2843	<tr>
2844	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2845	<p><a name="maximum_tailpoint_age"></a><b>maximum_tailpoint_</b> <br>
2846	<b>age</b></p>
2847	</td>
2848	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2849	<td style="vertical-align: top;">100000.0</td>
2850	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2851	<p>Maximum age that the end point of a particle tail is allowed to have (in s).  </p>
2852	<p>If the temporal displacement between the oldest point of a
2853	particle tail and the current position of the particle becomes larger
2854	than the value given by <b>maximum_tailpoint_age</b>, this oldest
2855	point (which defines the end of the tail) is
2856	removed. If this time is so small that the number of points defining
2857	the particle tail do not exceed the value given by <b>maximum_number_of_tailpoints</b>,
2858	then the length the particle tails is a measure for the distance the
2859	particle travelled along during the time interval defined via <b>maximum_tailpoint_age</b>,
2860	i.e. for the
2861	particle velocity. Fast particles will have long tails, slow particles
2862	shorter ones (note: this will not neccessarily hold if <a href="#minimum_tailpoint_distance">minimum_tailpoint_distance</a>
2863	= <i>0.0</i>).</p>
2864	</td>
2865	</tr>
2866	<tr>
2867	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2868	<p><a name="minimum_tailpoint_distance"></a><b>minimum_tailpoint_distance</b></p>
2869	</td>
2870	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2871	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
2872	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2873	<p>Minimum distance allowed between two adjacent points of a
2874	particle tail (in m).  </p>
2875	<p>In case of <b>minimum_tailpoint_distance</b> > <i>0.0 </i>the
2876	particle tail is extended by a new point only if the distance between
2877	its current position and the most recent tail point exceed the
2878	distance given via <b>minimum_tailpoint_distance</b>.<br>
2879	</p>
2880	<p>If the length of the particle tails shall be proportional to
2881	the respective particle velocity, the parameter <a href="#maximum_tailpoint_age">maximum_tailpoint_age</a>
2882	must also be set appropriately. </p>
2883	<b>Note:</b><br>
2884	A suitable choice of <b>minimum_tailpoint_distance</b>
2885	> <i>0.0</i> is recommended, because then the tail coordinates of
2886	slowly moving particles require less memory and can also be drawn
2887	faster. The upper limit of <b>minimum_tailpoint_distance</b>
2888	should be chosen in a way that the visualized particle
2889	tails still appear as smooth lines. Example: with a model domain of
2890	1000 m and a monitor resolution of 1280 * 1024 pixels it
2891	should be sufficient to set <b>minimum_tailpoint_distance</b> = <i>5.0</i>
2892	(m). </td>
2893	</tr>
2894	<tr>
2895	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="number_of_particle_groups"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">number_of_particle_groups</span><br>
2896	</td>
2897	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I<br>
2898	</td>
2899	<td style="vertical-align: top;">1<br>
2900	</td>
2901	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Number of particle groups to be used.<br>
2902	<br>
2903	Each particle group can be assigned its own source region (see <a href="#pdx">pdx</a>, <a href="#psl">psl</a>, <a href="#psr">psr</a>, etc.), particle diameter (<a href="#radius">radius</a>) and particle density ratio (<a href="density_ratio">density_ratio</a>).<br><br>If less values are given for <a href="#pdx">pdx</a>, <a href="#psl">psl</a>,
2904	etc. than the number of particle groups, then the last value is used
2905	for the remaining values (or the default value, if the user did not set
2906	the parameter).<br>
2907	<br>
2908	The maximum allowed number of particle groups is limited to <span style="font-style: italic;">10</span>.<br>
2909	</td>
2910	</tr>
2911	<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="particles_per_point"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">particles_per_point</span></td><td align="left" valign="top">I</td><td align="left" valign="top">1</td><td align="left" valign="top">Number of particles to be started per point.<br><br>By default, one particle is started at all points of the particle source, defined by <span style="font-family: Thorndale,serif;">the </span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">package parameters </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pst"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pst</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#psl"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psl</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#psr"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pss"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pss</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#psn"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psn</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#psb"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psb</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pdx"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdx</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pdy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdy</font></span></a>
2912	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">and </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pdz"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdz</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">.</font></span><span lang="en-GB"></span></td></tr><tr>
2913	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2914	<p><a name="particle_advection_start"></a><b>particle_advection_</b>
2915	<br>
2916	<b>start</b></p>
2917	</td>
2918	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R </td>
2919	<td style="vertical-align: top;">0.0 </td>
2920	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2921	<p>Time of the first release of particles (in s). </p>
2922	<p>If particles are not to be released at the beginning of the
2923	run, the release time can be set via <b>particle_advection_start</b>.<br>
2924	If particle transport is switched on in a restart run, then <a href="#read_particles_from_restartfile">read_particles_from_restartfile</a>
2925	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span> is also required.</p><p>See also <a href="#end_time_prel">end_time_prel</a>. </p>
2926	</td>
2927	</tr>
2928	<tr>
2929	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2930	<p><a name="particle_maximum_age"></a><b>particle_maximum_age</b></p>
2931	</td>
2932	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R </td>
2933	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>9999999.9</i> </td>
2934	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2935	<p>Maximum allowed age of particles (in s).  </p>
2936	<p>If the age of a particle exceeds the time set by <b>particle_maximum_age</b>,
2937	the particle as well as its tail is deleted.</p>
2938	</td>
2939	</tr>
2940	<tr>
2941	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2942	<p><a name="pdx"></a><b>pdx</b></p>
2943	</td>
2944	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)<br>
2945	</td>
2946	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>10 * dx</i> </td>
2947	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2948	<p>Distance along x between particles within a particle source
2949	(in m).  </p>
2950	<p>If the particle source shall be confined to one grid point,
2951	the distances given by <span style="font-weight: bold;">pdx</span>, <a href="#pdy">pdy</a>
2952	and <a href="#pdz">pdz</a>
2953	must be set larger than the respective domain size or <a href="#psl">psl</a> = <a href="#psr">psr</a> has to be set alternatively.<br>
2954	</p>
2955	<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">pdx</span> can be assigned a different value for each particle group (see <a href="#number_of_particle_groups">number_of_particle_groups</a>).<br>
2956	</p>
2957
2958	</td>
2959	</tr>
2960	<tr>
2961	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2962	<p><a name="pdy"></a><b>pdy</b></p>
2963	</td>
2964	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)<br>
2965	</td>
2966	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>10 * dy</i> </td>
2967	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Distance along y between
2968	particles within a
2969	particle source (in m).  </td>
2970	</tr>
2971	<tr>
2972	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2973	<p><a name="pdz"></a><b>pdz</b></p>
2974	</td>
2975	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)<br>
2976	</td>
2977	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>10 * ( zu(2) - zu(1) )</i> </td>
2978	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Distance along z between
2979	particles within a particle source
2980	(in m). </td>
2981	</tr>
2982	<tr>
2983	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2984	<p><a name="psb"></a><b>psb</b></p>
2985	</td>
2986	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)<br>
2987	</td>
2988	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>10  * zu(nz/2)</i> </td>
2989	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Bottom edge of a particle
2990	source (in m). </td>
2991	</tr>
2992	<tr>
2993	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2994	<p><a name="psl"></a><b>psl</b></p>
2995	</td>
2996	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)<br>
2997	</td>
2998	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>10 * 0.0</i> </td>
2999	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Left edge of a particle source
3000	(in m). </td>
3001	</tr>
3002	<tr>
3003	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3004	<p><a name="psn"></a><b>psn</b></p>
3005	</td>
3006	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)<br>
3007	</td>
3008	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>10 * (ny * dy)</i> </td>
3009	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Rear (“north”) edge of a
3010	particle source (in m). </td>
3011	</tr>
3012	<tr>
3013	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3014	<p><a name="psr"></a><b>psr</b></p>
3015	</td>
3016	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)<br>
3017	</td>
3018	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>10 * (nx * dx)</i> </td>
3019	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Right edge of a particle
3020	source (in m). </td>
3021	</tr>
3022	<tr>
3023	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3024	<p><a name="pss"></a><b>pss</b></p>
3025	</td>
3026	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)<br>
3027	</td>
3028	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>10 * 0.0</i> </td>
3029	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Front (“south”) edge of a
3030	particle source (in m). </td>
3031	</tr>
3032	<tr>
3033	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3034	<p><a name="pst"></a><b>pst</b></p>
3035	</td>
3036	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)<br>
3037	</td>
3038	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>10 * zu(nz/2)</i> </td>
3039	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Top edge of a particle source
3040	(in m). </td>
3041	</tr>
3042	<tr>
3043	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3044	<p><a name="radius"></a><b>radius</b></p>
3045	</td>
3046	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)</td>
3047	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0, 9</i>*<br>
3048
3049	<i>9999999.9</i></td>
3050	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Particle radius (in m).<br>
3051
3052	<br>
3053
3054	The viscous friction (in case of a velocity difference between
3055	particles and surrounding fluid) depends on the particle radius which
3056	must be assigned as soon as <a href="chapter_4.2.html#density_ratio">density_ratio</a>
3057	/= <i>0.0</i>.<br>
3058
3059	<br>
3060
3061	With several groups of particles (see <a href="#number_of_particle_groups">number_of_particle_groups</a>), each group can be assigned a different value. If the number of values given for <span style="font-weight: bold;">radius</span> is less than the number of
3062	groups defined by <span style="font-weight: bold;">number_of_particle_groups</span>,
3063	then the last assigned value is used for all remaining groups. This
3064	means that by default the particle radius for all groups will be <span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span>.<br>
3065	</td>
3066	</tr>
3067	<tr>
3068	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3069	<p><a name="random_start_position"></a><b>random_start_position</b></p>
3070	</td>
3071	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
3072	</td>
3073	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.F.</i> </td>
3074	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3075	<p><span style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><font color="#000000">Initial position of the</font></span> particles is
3076	varied randomly within certain limits.  </p>
3077	<p>By default, the initial positions of particles within the
3078	source excatly correspond with the positions given by <a href="#psl">psl</a>,
3079	<a href="#psr">psr</a>, <a href="#psn">psn</a>, <a href="#pss">pss</a>,
3080	<a href="#psb">psb</a>, <a href="#pst">pst</a>, <a href="#pdx">pdx</a>,
3081	<a href="#pdy">pdy</a>,
3082	and<a href="#pdz">
3083	pdz</a>. With <b>random_start_position</b> = <i>.T. </i>the initial
3084	positions of the particles are allowed to randomly vary from these
3085	positions within certain limits.  </p>
3086	<p><b>Very important:<br>
3087	</b>In case of <b>random_start_position</b> = <i>.T.</i>, the
3088	random-number generators on the individual PEs no longer
3089	run synchronously. If random disturbances are applied to the velocity
3090	field
3091	(see <a href="#create_disturbances">create_disturbances</a>), <font color="#000000">then as consequence for parallel runs the
3092	realizations of the turbulent flow
3093	fields will deviate between runs which used different numbers of PEs!</font></p>
3094	</td>
3095	</tr>
3096	<tr>
3097	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3098	<p><a name="read_particles_from_restartfile"></a><b>read_particles_from_</b>
3099	<br>
3100	<b>restartfile</b></p>
3101	</td>
3102	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
3103	</td>
3104	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.T.</i> </td>
3105	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3106	<p>Read particle data from the previous run.  </p>
3107	<p>By default, with restart runs particle data is read
3108	from file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_IN">PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_IN</a>,
3109	which is created by the preceding run. If this is not requested or if
3110	in a restart run particle transport is switched on for the
3111	first time (see <a href="#particle_advection_start">particle_advection_start</a>),
3112	then <b>read_particles_from_restartfile</b> = <i>.F.</i>
3113	is required.</p>
3114	</td>
3115	</tr>
3116	<tr>
3117	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="skip_particles_for_tail"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_particles_for_tail</span><br>
3118	</td>
3119	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I<br>
3120	</td>
3121	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">1</span><br>
3122	</td>
3123	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Limit the number of particle tails.<br>
3124	<br>
3125	If particle tails are switched on (see <a href="#use_particle_tails">use_particle_tails</a>), every particle is given a tail by default. <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_particles_for_tail </span>can be used to give only every n'th particle a tail.<br>
3126	<br>
3127	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>
3128	<span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_particles_for_tail</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">10</span> means that only every 10th particle will be given a tail.<br>
3129	</td>
3130	</tr>
3131	<tr>
3132	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="use_particle_tails"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">use_particle_tails</span><br>
3133	</td>
3134	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
3135	</td>
3136	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span><br>
3137	</td>
3138	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Give particles a tail.<br>
3139	<br>
3140	A particle tail is defined by the path a particle has moved
3141	along starting from some point of time in the past. It consists of a
3142	set of descrete points in space which may e.g. be connected by a line
3143	in order visualize how the particle has moved.<br>
3144	<br>
3145
3146	By default, particles have no tail. Parameter <a href="#skip_particles_for_tail">skip_particles_for_tail</a> can be used to give only every n'th particle a tail.<br>
3147	<br>
3148	The length of the tail is controlled by parameters <a href="#maximum_number_of_tailpoints">maximum_number_of_tailpoints</a>, <a href="#maximum_tailpoint_age">maximum_tailpoint_age</a>, and <a href="#minimum_tailpoint_distance">minimum_tailpoint_distance</a>.<br>
3149	</td>
3150	</tr>
3151	<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a name="use_sgs_for_particles"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">use_sgs_for_particles</span></td><td align="left" valign="top">L</td><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span></td><td align="left" valign="top">Use subgrid-scale velocities for particle advection.<br><br>These
3152	velocities are calculated from the resolved and subgrid-scale TKE using
3153	the Monte-Carlo random-walk method described by Weil et al. (2004, JAS,
3154	61,
3155	2877-2887). When using this method, the timestep for the advancement of
3156	the particles is limited by the so-called Lagrangian time scale. This
3157	may be smaller than the current LES timestep so that several particle
3158	(sub-) timesteps have to be carried out within one LES timestep. In
3159	order to limit the number of sub-timesteps (and to limit the CPU-time),
3160	the minimum value for the particle timestep is defined by the package
3161	parameter <a href="#dt_min_part">dt_min_part</a>.<br><br>Setting <span style="font-weight: bold;">use_sgs_for_particles</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span> automatically forces <a href="chapter_4.1.html#use_upstream_for_tke">use_upstream_for_tke</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span>.
3162	This inhibits the occurrence of large (artificial) spatial gradients of
3163	the subgrid-scale TKE which otherwise would lead to wrong results for
3164	the particle advection.</td></tr><tr>
3165	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3166	<p><a name="vertical_particle_advection"></a><b>vertical_particle_</b>
3167	<br>
3168	<b>advection</b></p>
3169	</td>
3170	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
3171	</td>
3172	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.T.</i> </td>
3173	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3174	<p>Switch on/off vertical particle transport. </p>
3175	<p>By default, particles are transported along all three
3176	directions in space. With <b>vertical_particle_advection</b> = <i>.F.,
3177	</i>the
3178	particles will only be transported horizontally.</p>
3179	</td>
3180	</tr>
3181	<tr>
3182	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3183	<p><a name="write_particle_statistics"></a><b>write_particle_</b>
3184	<br>
3185	<b>statistics</b></p>
3186	</td>
3187	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
3188	</td>
3189	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.F.</i> </td>
3190	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3191	<p>Switch on/off output of particle informations.<br>
3192	</p>
3193	<p><br>
3194	For <span style="font-weight: bold;">write_particle_statistics</span>
3195	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> s<span style="font-family: thorndale,serif;">tatistical
3196	informations</span> (e.g. the total number of particles used, the
3197	number of particles exchanged between the PEs, etc.) which may be used
3198	for debugging are output to the
3199	local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARTICLE_DATA">PARTICLE_INFOS</a>.
3200	</p>
3201	<p><b>Note:</b> For parallel runs files may become very large
3202	and performance of PALM may decrease.</p>
3203	</td>
3204	</tr>
3205	</tbody>
3206	</table>
3207	<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br>
3208	<br>
3209	</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Package (<span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span> option -p): <span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="dvrp_graphics"></a>dvrp_graphics</span>
3210
3211	NAMELIST group name: <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp_graphics_par<br>
3212	<br>
3213	</span></span>
3214	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
3215	<tbody>
3216	<tr>
3217	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Parameter name</b></font></td>
3218	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Type</b></font></td>
3219	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3220	<p><b><font size="4">Default</font></b> <br>
3221	<b><font size="4">value</font></b></p>
3222	</td>
3223	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Explanation</b></font></td>
3224	</tr>
3225	<tr>
3226	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3227	<p><a name="dt_dvrp"></a><b>dt_dvrp</b></p>
3228	</td>
3229	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3230	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>9999999.9</i></td>
3231	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3232	<p>Temporal interval of scenes to be displayed with the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span> software (in s).  </p>
3233	<p>Isosurfaces, cross sections and particles can be displayed
3234	simultaneous. The display of particles requires that the particle
3235	transport is switched on (see <a href="#dt_prel">dt_prel</a>).
3236	Objects to be displayed have to be determined with <a href="#mode_dvrp">mode_dvrp</a>.
3237	</p>
3238	<p>If output of scenes created by dvrp software is switched on
3239	(see <a href="#mode_dvrp">mode_dvrp</a>),
3240	this parameter can be used to assign the temporal interval at which
3241	scenes are to be created (and the respective  graphical data is to
3242	be output to the streaming server). <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference time is the beginning of
3243	the simulation, i.e. output takes place at times t = <b>dt_dvrp</b>,
3244	2<b>dt_dvrp</b>, 3<b>dt_dvrp</b>, etc. The actual output times can
3245	deviate from these theoretical values (see </font></span><a href="#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt_dopr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">).  Is <b>dt_dvrp</b> < </font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">, then scenes are created and
3246	output after each time step (if this is requested it should be <b>dt_dvrp</b>
3247	= <i>0</i>).</font></span> </p>
3248	</td>
3249	</tr>
3250	<tr>
3251	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3252	<p><a name="dvrp_directory"></a><b>dvrp_directory</b></p>
3253	</td>
3254	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*80</td>
3255	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'default'</i></td>
3256	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3257	<p>Name of the directory into which data created by the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span>
3258	software shall be saved.  </p>
3259	<p>By default, the directory name is generated from the user
3260	name
3261	(see package parameter <a href="#dvrp_username">dvrp_username</a>)
3262	and the base file name (given as the argument of <span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span> option -d) as <span style="font-style: italic;">'<user name>/<base file name>'</span>.</p>
3263	</td>
3264	</tr>
3265	<tr>
3266	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3267	<p><a name="dvrp_file"></a><b>dvrp_file</b></p>
3268	</td>
3269	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*80</td>
3270	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'default'</i></td>
3271	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3272	<p>Name of the file into which data created by the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span> software shall be output.
3273	</p>
3274	<p>This parameter can be given a value only in case of <a href="#dvrp_output">dvrp_output</a>
3275	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'local'</span><i> </i>which
3276	determines that the data created by <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span>
3277	is output to a local file (on the machine where PALM is executed).
3278	Apart from the default, it is only allowed to assign <span style="font-style: italic;">'/dev/null'</span> (which
3279	means that no output is really stored). This can be used for special
3280	runtime measurements of the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span>
3281	software.</p>
3282	</td>
3283	</tr>
3284	<tr>
3285	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3286	<p><a name="dvrp_host"></a><b>dvrp_host</b></p>
3287	</td>
3288	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*80</td>
3289	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3290	<p><i>'origin.rvs.</i> <br>
3291	u<i>ni- hanover.de'</i></p>
3292	</td>
3293	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3294	<p>Name of the computer to which data created by the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span> software shall be
3295	transferred.  </p>
3296	<p>In case of <a href="#dvrp_output">dvrp_output</a>
3297	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'rtsp'</span> only the default
3298	value is allowed (streaming server of
3299	the RRZN). For <a href="#dvrp_output">dvrp_output</a>
3300	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'local'</span><i> </i>the
3301	assigned value is ignored.</p>
3302	</td>
3303	</tr>
3304	<tr>
3305	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3306	<p><a name="dvrp_output"></a><b>dvrp_output</b></p>
3307	</td>
3308	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*10</td>
3309	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'rtsp'</i></td>
3310	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3311	<p>Output mode for the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span>
3312	software. <br>
3313	<br>
3314	</p>
3315	The following settings are allowed:<br>
3316	<br>
3317	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
3318	<tbody>
3319	<tr>
3320	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'rtsp'</i></td>
3321	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Data created by the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span>
3322	software is transferred using
3323	a special transmission protocol to a so-called streaming server, which
3324	is able to continuously transfer visualization data with a
3325	high transmission rate.  <br>
3326	Additionally, with this output mode a
3327	set of files is generated automatically
3328	within a directory on the streaming server (beside the visualization
3329	data e.g. some html-files) which can be used to
3330	visualize the data via an internet-browser plugin. Host
3331	(streaming-server) and directory can be defined by the user with <a href="#dvrp_host">dvrp_host</a>
3332	and <a href="#dvrp_directory">dvrp_directory</a>.</td>
3333	</tr>
3334	<tr>
3335	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'ftp'</i></td>
3336	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Data created by the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span>
3337	software is transferred to the destination host (see <a href="#dvrp_host">dvrp_host</a>
3338	and <a href="#dvrp_directory">dvrp_directory</a>)
3339	using ftp.</td>
3340	</tr>
3341	<tr>
3342	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'local'</i></td>
3343	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Data created by the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span>
3344	software is output locally on a file defined by <a href="#dvrp_file">dvrp_file
3345	</a>.</td>
3346	</tr>
3347	</tbody>
3348	</table>
3349	<br>
3350	</td>
3351	</tr>
3352	<tr>
3353	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3354	<p><a name="dvrp_password"></a><b>dvrp_password</b></p>
3355	</td>
3356	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*80</td>
3357	<td style="vertical-align: top;">'********'</td>
3358	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3359	<p>Password for the computer to which data created by the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span> software is to be
3360	transferred.  </p>
3361	<p>Assigning a password is only necessary in case of <a href="#dvrp_output">dvrp_output</a>
3362	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'ftp'</span>. For <a href="#dvrp_output">dvrp_output</a>
3363	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'rtsp'</span><i> </i>the default
3364	value must not be changed!</p>
3365	</td>
3366	</tr>
3367	<tr>
3368	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3369	<p><a name="dvrp_username"></a><b>dvrp_username</b></p>
3370	</td>
3371	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*80</td>
3372	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
3373	</td>
3374	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3375	<p>User name of a valid account on the computer to which data
3376	created by the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span> software
3377	is to be
3378	transferred.  </p>
3379	<p>Assigning a value to this parameter is required in case of <a href="#dvrp_output">dvrp_output</a>
3380	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'rtsp'</span> or <span style="font-style: italic;">'ftp'</span>.</p>
3381	</td>
3382	</tr>
3383	<tr>
3384	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3385	<p><a name="mode_dvrp"></a><b>mode_dvrp</b></p>
3386	</td>
3387	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*20  <br>
3388	(10)</td>
3389	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>10 * ''</i></td>
3390	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3391	<p>Graphical objects (isosurfaces, slicers, particles) which are
3392	to be created by the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span>
3393	software.  </p>
3394	<p>Several different objects can be assigned simultaneously and
3395	will be displayed in the same scene. Allowed values for <span style="font-weight: bold;">mode_dvrp</span> are <span style="font-style: italic;">'isosurface#'</span>
3396	(isosurface), <span style="font-style: italic;">'slicer#'</span>
3397	(cross sections), and <span style="font-style: italic;">'particles'</span>.
3398	Within the strings the hash character ("#") has to be replaced by a
3399	digit ≤9. Up to 10 objects
3400	can be assigned at the same time, e.g. :  </p>
3401	<blockquote><b>mode_dvrp</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'isosurface2'</span><i>,
3402	'slicer1',
3403	'particles', 'slicer2'</i></blockquote>
3404	<p>In this case one isosurface, two cross sections, and particles
3405	will be created. The quantities for which an isosurface are to be
3406	created have to be selected with
3407	the parameter <a href="#data_output">data_output</a>,
3408	those for cross sections with <a href="#data_output">data_output</a>
3409	(<span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output</span> also determines the
3410	orientation of the cross section, thus xy, xz, or yz). Since for <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output</span> lists of variables may be
3411	assigned, the digit at the end of the <span style="font-weight: bold;">mode_dvrp</span>-string
3412	selects the quantity, which is given
3413	at the respective position in the respective list (e.g. <span style="font-style: italic;">'isosurface2'</span> selects the quantity
3414	given in the second position of <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output</span>).
3415	If e.g. <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output</span> are assigned as <b>data_output</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'u_xy'</span><i>,
3416	'w_xz', 'v_yz'</i> and <b>data_output</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'pt'</span><i>,
3417	'u', 'w' </i>are
3418	indicated, then - assuming the above assignment of <span style="font-weight: bold;">mode_dvrp</span> - an isosurface of u, a
3419	horizontal cross section of u and
3420	a vertical cross section (xz) of w is created. For locations of the
3421	cross sections see <a href="#data_output">data_output</a>.
3422	The theshold value for which the isosurface is
3423	to be created can be defined with parameter <a href="#threshold">threshold</a>.<br>
3424	</p>
3425	<p>The vertical extension of the displayed domain is given by <a href="#nz_do3d">nz_do3d</a>.<br>
3426	</p>
3427	<p>The vertical extension of the displayed domain is given by <a href="#nz_do3d">nz_do3d</a>. </p>
3428	<p><b>Assignments of mode_dvrp must correspond to those of data_output
3429	and
3430	data_output! </b>If e.g. <b>data_output</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'pt_xy'</span>
3431	and <b>data_output</b>
3432	= 'w'<i> </i>was set, then only the digit "1" is allowed for <b>mode_dvrp</b>,
3433	thus <span style="font-style: italic;">'isosurface1'</span> and/or <span style="font-style: italic;">'slicer1'</span><i>.</i>  </p>
3434	<p>Further details about using the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span> software are given in <a href="chapter_4.5.7.html">chapter
3435	4.5.7</a>.<br>
3436	</p>
3437	<b>Note:</b><br>
3438	The declaration color charts to be
3439	used still have to be given "manually" in subroutine <span style="font-family: monospace;">user_dvrp_coltab</span> (file <tt><font style="font-size: 11pt;" size="2">user_interface.f90</font></tt>).
3440	<br>
3441	A change of particle colors and/or particle diameters (e.g. according
3442	to the local characteristics of the flow field) to be used for the
3443	visualization, must be carried out by adding respective code extensions
3444	to <tt><font style="font-size: 11pt;" size="2">user_particle_attributes</font></tt>
3445	(in file <tt><font style="font-size: 11pt;" size="2">user_interface.f90</font></tt>). </td>
3446	</tr>
3447	<tr>
3448	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="slicer_range_limits_dvrp"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">slicer_range_limits_<br>
3449	dvrp</span></td>
3450	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R(2,10)</td>
3451	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">10
3452	* (-1,1)</span></td>
3453	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Ranges
3454	of values to which a color table has to be mapped (units of the
3455	respective quantity).<br>
3456	<br>
3457	In case that slicers have to be displayed (see <a href="#threshold">mode_dvrp</a>),
3458	this parameter defines the ranges of values of the respective
3459	quantities to which the colortable in use has to be mapped. If e.g. a
3460	temperature slice shall be displayed, the colortable defines colors
3461	from blue to red, and <span style="font-weight: bold;">slicer_range_limits_dvrp</span>
3462	= 290.0, 305.0 then areas with temperature of 290 K are displayed in
3463	dark blue and those with 305.0 are displayed in dark red. Temperatures
3464	within these limits will be displayed by a continuous color gradient
3465	from blue to red and Temperatures outside the limits will
3466	be displayed either in dark blue or in dark red.<br>
3467	<br>
3468	Up to ten different ranges can be assigned in case that more than one
3469	slicer has to be displayed.<br>
3470	<br>
3471	See <a href="#threshold">mode_dvrp</a>
3472	for the declaration of color charts.</td>
3473	</tr>
3474	<tr>
3475	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3476	<p><a name="superelevation"></a><b>superelevation</b></p>
3477	</td>
3478	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3479	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>1.0</i></td>
3480	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3481	<p>Superelevation factor for the vertical coordinate.  </p>
3482	<p>For domains with unfavorable ratio between the vertical and
3483	the horizontal size
3484	(the vertical size is determined by <a href="#nz_do3d">nz_do3d</a>)
3485	a <span style="font-weight: bold;">superelevation</span> /= <span style="font-style: italic;">1.0</span> may be used. If e.g. the
3486	horizontal size is substantially larger
3487	than the vertical size, a <span style="font-weight: bold;">superelevation</span>
3488	much larger than <span style="font-style: italic;">1.0</span> should
3489	be used, since otherwise the domain appears as a
3490	"flat disk" in the visualization and thus the vertical direction is
3491	only very poorly resolved.</p>
3492	</td>
3493	</tr>
3494	<tr>
3495	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3496	<p><a name="superelevation_x"></a><b>superelevation_x</b></p>
3497	</td>
3498	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
3499	</td>
3500	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">1.0<br>
3501	</td>
3502	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3503	<p>Superelevation factor for the horizontal (x) coordinate.
3504	</p>
3505	<p>This parameter can be used to stretch the displayed domain
3506	along the x-direction. See also <a href="#superelevation">superelevation</a>.</p>
3507	</td>
3508	</tr>
3509	<tr>
3510	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3511	<p><a name="superelevation_y"></a><b>superelevation_y</b></p>
3512	</td>
3513	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
3514	</td>
3515	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">1.0<br>
3516	</td>
3517	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Superelevation factor for the
3518	horizontal (y) coordinate.
3519	<p>This parameter can be used to
3520	stretch the displayed domain along the y-direction. See also <a href="#superelevation">superelevation</a>.</p>
3521	</td>
3522	</tr>
3523	<tr>
3524	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3525	<p><a name="threshold"></a><b>threshold</b></p>
3526	</td>
3527	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R(10)<br>
3528	</td>
3529	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">0.0<br>
3530	</td>
3531	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3532	<p>Threshold value for which an isosurface is to be created by
3533	the <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span> software.  </p>
3534	<p>If the creation of isosurfaces is switched on via
3535	parameter <a href="#mode_dvrp">mode_dvrp</a>,
3536	then the respective threshold value for which the isosurface is to be
3537	created can be assigned via <b>threshold</b>. If several isosurfaces
3538	are given by <b>mode_dvrp</b>, then an individual threshold value for
3539	each isosurface can be assigned. The order of the threshold values
3540	refers to the order of the isosurfaces given by <b>mode_dvrp</b>.</p>
3541	</td>
3542	</tr>
3543	</tbody>
3544	</table>
3545	<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br>
3546	</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Package (<span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span>
3547	option -p): <span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="spectra"></a>spectra</span>
3548	NAMELIST group name: <span style="font-weight: bold;">spectra_par<br>
3549	<br>
3550	</span></span></span>
3551	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
3552	<tbody>
3553	<tr>
3554	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Parameter name</b></font></td>
3555	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Type</b></font></td>
3556	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3557	<p><b><font size="4">Default</font></b> <br>
3558	<b><font size="4">value</font></b></p>
3559	</td>
3560	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Explanation</b></font></td>
3561	</tr>
3562	<tr>
3563	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3564	<p><a name="averaging_interval_sp"></a><b>averaging_interval_sp</b></p>
3565	</td>
3566	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
3567	</td>
3568	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="chapter_4.2.html#averaging_interval">averaging_<br>
3569	interval</a></span>
3570	</td>
3571	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3572	<p>Averaging interval for spectra output to local
3573	file <font color="#000000"><font color="#000000"><a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_1D_SP_NETCDF">DATA_1D_SP_NETCDF</a> </font></font>and/or  <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOTSP_X_DATA">PLOTSP_X_DATA</a>
3574	/    <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOTSP_Y_DATA">PLOTSP_Y_DATA</a> (in s).  </p>
3575	<p>If
3576	this parameter is given a non-zero value, temporally
3577	averaged spectra data are output. By default, spectra data data are not
3578	subject to temporal averaging. The interval length is limited by the
3579	parameter <a href="#dt_dosp">dt_dosp</a>. In any case <b>averaging_interval_sp</b> <= <b>dt_dosp </b>must
3580	hold.</p>If an interval is defined, then by default the average is calculated
3581	from the data values of all timesteps lying within this interval. The
3582	number of time levels entering into the average can be reduced with the
3583	parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_averaging_input_pr">dt_averaging_input_pr</a>.
3584	<p>If
3585	an averaging interval can not be completed at the end of a run, it will
3586	be finished at the beginning of the next restart run. Thus for restart
3587	runs, averaging intervals do not
3588	necessarily begin at the beginning of the run.</p></td>
3589	</tr>
3590	<tr>
3591	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><b><a name="comp_spectra_level"></a>comp_spectra_level</b></td>
3592	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I(10)</td>
3593	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>no level</i></td>
3594	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3595	<p>Vertical level for which horizontal spectra are to be
3596	calculated and output (gridpoints).<br>
3597	</p>
3598	<br>
3599	Spectra can be calculated for up to ten levels.</td>
3600	</tr>
3601	<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><p><a name="data_output_sp"></a><b>data_output_sp</b></p></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">C10 (10)</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>10 ' '</i></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><p>Quantities for which horizontal spectra are to be calculated
3602	and output.</p>
3603	<p>Allowed values are:  <b>data_output_sp</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'u'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'v'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'w'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'pt'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'q'</span>.<br>
3604	</p>
3605	<p>Spectra are calculated using the FFT-method defined by <a href="chapter_4.1.html#fft_method">fft_method</a>.</p>
3606	<p>By default spectra data are output to the local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_1D_SP_NETCDF">DATA_1D_SP_NETCDF</a>. The file's format is NetCDF.  Further details about processing NetCDF data are given in chapter <a href="chapter_4.5.1.html">4.5.1</a>.</p><p>The temporal interval of the output times of profiles is
3607	assigned via the parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_dosp">dt_dosp</a>. </p><p>The vertical levels for which spectra are to be computed and output must be given by parameter <font><a href="chapter_4.2.html#comp_spectra_level"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">comp_spectra_level</font></span></a></font>.
3608	</p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Note:</span><br>
3609	Beside <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_sp</span>, values <span style="font-weight: bold;">must</span> be given for each of the
3610	parameters,  <font><a href="chapter_4.2.html#comp_spectra_level"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">comp_spectra_level</font></span></a></font>,
3611	and <font><a href="chapter_4.2.html#spectra_direction"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">spectra_direction</font></span></a></font>,
3612	otherwise <span style="font-weight: bold;">no</span> output will be
3613	created!<br><br><br>
3614	Calculation of spectra requires cyclic boundary conditions
3615	along the respective directions (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
3616	and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>).For historical reasons, data can also be output in ASCII-format on local files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOTSP_X_DATA">PLOTSP_X_DATA</a>
3617	and/or <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOTSP_Y_DATA">PLOTSP_Y_DATA</a> (depending on the direction(s) along which spectra are to be calculated; see <font><a href="chapter_4.2.html#spectra_direction"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">spectra_direction</font></span></a>),</font>
3618	which are readable by the graphic software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>. See parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a> for defining the format in which data shall be output. Within these file, the spectra are ordered with respect to their
3619	output times. Spectra can also be temporally averaged (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#averaging_interval_sp">averaging_interval_sp</a>
3620	). <font><a href="chapter_4.2.html#spectra_direction"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a>Each data point of a spectrum is output in a single line (1st column:
3621	wavenumber, 2nd column: spectral coefficient). If spectra are to be
3622	calculated and output for more than one height (see </font><font><a href="chapter_4.2.html#comp_spectra_level"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">comp_spectra_level</font></span></a></font><font>),
3623	the spectral coefficients for the further heighs can be found in the
3624	subsequent columns. </font>The order
3625	of the data in the file follows the order used in the assignment for <b>data_output_sp</b>
3626	(<b>data_output_sp</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'u'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'v'</span>,…
3627	means that the file starts with the spectra of the u-component,
3628	followed by the v-component spectra, etc.). Additional to the files PLOTSP_X_DATA and PLOTSP_Y_DATA which contain
3629	the data,
3630	PALM creates NAMELIST parameter files (local name <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOTSP_X_PAR">PLOTSP_X_PAR</a>
3631	and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOTSP_X_PAR">PLOTSP_Y_PAR</a>)
3632	which can be used as parameter input file for the plot software <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/institut/software/profil_intro.html">profil</a>.
3633	Spectra can be directly plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>
3634	using the data and the corresponding parameter file. The
3635	plot layout is
3636	steered via the parameter input file. The vertical levels for which
3637	spectra are to be plotted must be given by <font><a href="chapter_4.2.html#plot_spectra_level"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">plot_spectra_level</font></span></a></font><font><a href="chapter_4.2.html#comp_spectra_level"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a></font>.
3638	<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>Otherwise, no spectra
3639	will appear on the plot, although data are available on file. All
3640	parameter values can be changed by editing the parameter
3641	input
3642	file.<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br></span></td></tr><tr>
3643	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3644	<p><a name="dt_dosp"></a><b>dt_dosp</b></p>
3645	</td>
3646	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3647	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>value of  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_data_output">dt_data_<br>output</a></i></td>
3648	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3649	<p>Temporal interval at which spectra data shall be output
3650	(in s).  </p>
3651	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output of
3652	horizontal spectra is switched on (see </font></span><a href="#data_output_sp"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output_sp</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">), </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">this parameter can be used to
3653	assign the temporal interval at which spectral data  shall be
3654	output. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Output can be skipped at the beginning of a simulation using parameter <a href="#skip_time_dosp">skip_time_dosp</a>, which has zero value by default. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference
3655	time is the beginning of
3656	the simulation, i.e. output takes place at times t = <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_dosp</span> + <b>dt_dosp</b>,
3657	<span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_dosp</span> + 2<b>dt_dosp</b>, skip_time_dosp + 3<b>dt_dosp</b>, etc. The actual output times can
3658	deviate from these theoretical values (see </font></span><a href="#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt_dopr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">).  If <b>dt_dosp</b> < </font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">, then spectral data are output
3659	after each time step (if this is requested it should be <b>dt_dosp</b>
3660	= <i>0</i>).</font></span> </p>
3661	</td>
3662	</tr>
3663	<tr>
3664	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3665	<p><a name="plot_spectra_level"></a><b>plot_spectra_level</b></p>
3666	</td>
3667	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I(10)</td>
3668	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>no level</i></td>
3669	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3670	<p>Vertical level(s) for which horizontal spectra are to be
3671	plotted (in gridpoints).  </p>
3672	<p>This parameter only affects the display of spectra in plots
3673	created with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>. The
3674	spectral data created and output to file are exclusively determined via
3675	<font><a href="#comp_spectra_level"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">comp_spectra_level</font></span></a></font>.</p>
3676	</td>
3677	</tr>
3678
3679	<tr>
3680	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="skip_time_dosp"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_dosp</span></td>
3681	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
3682	</td>
3683	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="chapter_4.2.html#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_<br>data_output</a></span>
3684	</td>
3685	<td style="vertical-align: top;">No output of spectra data before this interval has passed (in s).<br><br>This
3686	parameter causes that data output activities are starting not before this interval
3687	(counting from the beginning of the simulation, t=0) has passed. <br><br><span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>If the user has set <a href="#dt_dosp">dt_dosp</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">3600.0</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_dosp</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">1800.0</span>, then the first output will be done at t = 5400 s.
3688	</td>
3689	</tr>
3690	<tr>
3691	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3692	<p><a name="spectra_direction"></a><b>spectra_direction</b></p>
3693	</td>
3694	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*2 (10)</td>
3695	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>10 * ' '</i></td>
3696	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3697	<p>Direction(s) along which spectra are to be calculated.  </p>
3698	<p>Allowed values are <span style="font-style: italic;">'x'</span>,
3699	<span style="font-style: italic;">'y'</span> and <span style="font-style: italic;">'xy'</span>. For
3700	every quantity given by <a href="#data_output_sp">data_output_sp</a>
3701	a corresponding
3702	direction<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>must be assigned.<br>
3703	</p>
3704	<p>Calculation of spectra requires cyclic boundary conditions
3705	along the respective directions (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
3706	and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>).</p>
3707	</td>
3708	</tr>
3709	</tbody>
3710	</table>
3711	<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br>
3712	</span></span></span>
3713	<h3 style="line-height: 100%;"><br>
3714	<a href="chapter_4.1.html"><img src="left.gif" name="Grafik1" align="bottom" border="2" height="32" width="32"></a><a href="index.html"><img src="up.gif" name="Grafik2" align="bottom" border="2" height="32" width="32"></a><a href="chapter_4.3.html"><img src="right.gif" name="Grafik3" align="bottom" border="2" height="32" width="32"></a></h3>
3715	<span style="font-style: italic;">Last change:</span> 22/08/06 (SR)<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br>
3716	</span></span>
3717	<br>
3718	</body></html>

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