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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 2675

Last change on this file since 2675 was 2669, checked in by raasch, 7 years ago
file attributes and activation strings in .palm.iofiles revised, file extensions for nesting, masked output, wind turbine data, etc. changed
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 66.6 KB

Rev	Line
[1826]	1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
[2000]	2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1036]	3	! This file is part of PALM.
	4	!
[2000]	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
	6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
	7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
	8	! version.
[1036]	9	!
	10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	13	!
	14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	16	!
[2101]	17	! Copyright 1997-2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[2000]	18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1036]	19	!
[257]	20	! Current revisions:
[138]	21	! -----------------
[2214]	22	!
[2318]	23	!
[2214]	24	! Former revisions:
	25	! -----------------
	26	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 2669 2017-12-06 16:03:27Z basit $
[2669]	27	! coupling_char removed
	28	!
	29	! 2512 2017-10-04 08:26:59Z raasch
[2512]	30	! upper bounds of 3d output changed from nx+1,ny+1 to nx,ny
	31	! no output of ghost layer data
	32	!
	33	! 2318 2017-07-20 17:27:44Z suehring
[2318]	34	! Get topography top index via Function call
	35	!
	36	! 2317 2017-07-20 17:27:19Z suehring
[2274]	37	! Changed error messages
	38	!
	39	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
[2214]	40	!
[2233]	41	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
	42	! Adjustments to new topography concept
	43	!
[2214]	44	! 2213 2017-04-24 15:10:35Z kanani
[2213]	45	! Bugfix: exchange of ghost points in array pc_heating_rate needed for output
	46	! of pcm_heatrate, onetime ghost point exchange of lad_s after initialization.
	47	! Formatting and clean-up of subroutine pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d,
	48	! minor re-organization of canopy-heating initialization.
[2008]	49	!
[2210]	50	! 2209 2017-04-19 09:34:46Z kanani
	51	! Added 3d output of leaf area density (pcm_lad) and canopy
	52	! heat rate (pcm_heatrate)
	53	!
[2025]	54	! 2024 2016-10-12 16:42:37Z kanani
	55	! Added missing lad_s initialization
	56	!
[2012]	57	! 2011 2016-09-19 17:29:57Z kanani
	58	! Renamed canopy_heat_flux to pc_heating_rate, since the original meaning/
	59	! calculation of the quantity has changed, related to the urban surface model
	60	! and similar future applications.
	61	!
[2008]	62	! 2007 2016-08-24 15:47:17Z kanani
[2007]	63	! Added SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d for reading 3d plant canopy data
	64	! from file (new case canopy_mode=read_from_file_3d) in the course of
	65	! introduction of urban surface model,
	66	! introduced variable ext_coef,
	67	! resorted SUBROUTINEs to alphabetical order
[1827]	68	!
[2001]	69	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
	70	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
	71	!
[1961]	72	! 1960 2016-07-12 16:34:24Z suehring
	73	! Separate humidity and passive scalar
	74	!
[1954]	75	! 1953 2016-06-21 09:28:42Z suehring
	76	! Bugfix, lad_s and lad must be public
	77	!
[1827]	78	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
	79	! Further modularization
	80	!
[1722]	81	! 1721 2015-11-16 12:56:48Z raasch
	82	! bugfixes: shf is reduced in areas covered with canopy only,
	83	! canopy is set on top of topography
	84	!
[1683]	85	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
	86	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
	87	!
[1485]	88	! 1484 2014-10-21 10:53:05Z kanani
[1484]	89	! Changes due to new module structure of the plant canopy model:
	90	! module plant_canopy_model_mod now contains a subroutine for the
[1826]	91	! initialization of the canopy model (pcm_init),
[1484]	92	! limitation of the canopy drag (previously accounted for by calculation of
	93	! a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
	94	! in subroutine timestep) is now realized by the calculation of pre-tendencies
[1826]	95	! and preliminary velocities in subroutine pcm_tendency,
	96	! some redundant MPI communication removed in subroutine pcm_init
[1484]	97	! (was previously in init_3d_model),
	98	! unnecessary 3d-arrays lad_u, lad_v, lad_w removed - lad information on the
	99	! respective grid is now provided only by lad_s (e.g. in the calculation of
	100	! the tendency terms or of cum_lai_hf),
	101	! drag_coefficient, lai, leaf_surface_concentration,
	102	! scalar_exchange_coefficient, sec and sls renamed to canopy_drag_coeff,
	103	! cum_lai_hf, leaf_surface_conc, leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, lsec and lsc,
	104	! respectively,
	105	! unnecessary 3d-arrays cdc, lsc and lsec now defined as single-value constants,
	106	! USE-statements and ONLY-lists modified accordingly
[1341]	107	!
	108	! 1340 2014-03-25 19:45:13Z kanani
	109	! REAL constants defined as wp-kind
	110	!
[1321]	111	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
[1320]	112	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
	113	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
	114	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
	115	! old module precision_kind is removed,
	116	! revision history before 2012 removed,
	117	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
	118	! all variable declaration statements
[153]	119	!
[1037]	120	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
	121	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
	122	!
[139]	123	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
	124	! Initial revision
	125	!
[138]	126	! Description:
	127	! ------------
[1682]	128	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
[1826]	129	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
[1682]	130	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
[1826]	131	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
[138]	132	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	133	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
	134
[1484]	135	USE arrays_3d, &
[2232]	136	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
[138]	137
[1484]	138	USE indices, &
	139	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
[2317]	140	nz, nzb, nzt
[1484]	141
	142	USE kinds
	143
[2317]	144	USE surface_mod, &
	145	ONLY: get_topography_top_index
[1484]	146
[2317]	147
[1484]	148	IMPLICIT NONE
	149
	150
[1682]	151	CHARACTER (LEN=20) :: canopy_mode = 'block' !< canopy coverage
[1484]	152
[1682]	153	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
[1484]	154	INTEGER(iwp) :: &
[1682]	155	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
[1484]	156
[1682]	157	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
	158	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy = .FALSE. !< switch for use of canopy model
[1484]	159
[1682]	160	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
	161	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
	162	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
	163	REAL(wp) :: cdc = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coeff. (abbreviation used in equations)
	164	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
	165	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
[2007]	166	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
[1682]	167	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
	168	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
[1484]	169	REAL(wp) :: &
[1682]	170	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
[1484]	171	REAL(wp) :: &
[1682]	172	leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
	173	REAL(wp) :: lsec = 0.0_wp !< leaf scalar exchange coeff.
	174	REAL(wp) :: lsc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
[1484]	175
	176	REAL(wp) :: &
[1682]	177	lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
[1484]	178	REAL(wp) :: &
[1682]	179	lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
[1484]	180
[1682]	181	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
	182	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
[1484]	183
	184	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[2011]	185	pc_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
[1682]	186	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
	187	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
[1484]	188
	189
	190	SAVE
	191
	192
[138]	193	PRIVATE
[1826]	194
	195	!
	196	!-- Public functions
[2209]	197	PUBLIC pcm_check_data_output, pcm_check_parameters, pcm_data_output_3d, &
	198	pcm_define_netcdf_grid, pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
[138]	199
[1826]	200	!
	201	!-- Public variables and constants
[2011]	202	PUBLIC pc_heating_rate, canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, &
[2007]	203	pch_index, plant_canopy
	204
[1484]	205
[2209]	206	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
	207	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
	208	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
	209
[1826]	210	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
	211	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
[2209]	212	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
	213
	214	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
	215	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
	216	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
	217
	218	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
	219	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
	220	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
[1826]	221
	222	INTERFACE pcm_header
	223	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
	224	END INTERFACE pcm_header
	225
	226	INTERFACE pcm_init
	227	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
	228	END INTERFACE pcm_init
[138]	229
[1826]	230	INTERFACE pcm_parin
	231	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
[2007]	232	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
	233
	234	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	235	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	236	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
[1826]	237
	238	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
	239	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
	240	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
	241	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
[1484]	242
	243
[138]	244	CONTAINS
	245
[2209]	246
	247	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	248	! Description:
	249	! ------------
	250	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
	251	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	252	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
[1826]	253
[2209]	254
	255	USE control_parameters, &
	256	ONLY: data_output, message_string
	257
	258	IMPLICIT NONE
	259
	260	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
	261	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
	262
	263
	264	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
	265
	266	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
	267	unit = 'K s-1'
	268
	269	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
	270	unit = 'm2 m-3'
	271
	272
	273	CASE DEFAULT
	274	unit = 'illegal'
	275
	276	END SELECT
	277
	278
	279	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
	280
	281
[1826]	282	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	283	! Description:
	284	! ------------
	285	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
	286	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	287	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
[138]	288
[1826]	289	USE control_parameters, &
	290	ONLY: cloud_physics, message_string, microphysics_seifert
	291
	292
	293	IMPLICIT NONE
	294
	295
	296	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
	297	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
	298	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
	299	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	300	ENDIF
	301
	302	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
	303	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	304	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
	305	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
	306	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
	307	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	308	ENDIF
	309
	310	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
	311	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
	312	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
	313	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
	314	'lai_beta = 0.0'
	315	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	316	ENDIF
	317
	318	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[2274]	319	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
	320	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
[1826]	321	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
	322	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
	323	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
	324	'density profile'
	325	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	326	ENDIF
	327
	328	IF ( cloud_physics .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
	329	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
	330	' seifert_beheng'
	331	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	332	ENDIF
	333
	334
	335	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
	336
	337
[138]	338	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2209]	339	!
[1484]	340	! Description:
	341	! ------------
[2209]	342	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables
	343	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	344	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf )
	345
	346	USE control_parameters, &
	347	ONLY : nz_do3d
	348
	349	USE indices
	350
	351	USE kinds
	352
	353
	354	IMPLICIT NONE
	355
	356	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
	357
	358	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !<
	359	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
	360	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
	361	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
	362
	363	LOGICAL :: found !<
	364
[2512]	365	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb:nz_do3d) :: local_pf !<
[2209]	366
	367
	368	found = .TRUE.
	369
	370
	371	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
	372
	373	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
	374	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
[2512]	375	DO i = nxl, nxr
	376	DO j = nys, nyn
[2209]	377	DO k = nzb_s_inner(j,i), nz_do3d
[2213]	378	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(k-nzb_s_inner(j,i),j,i)
[2209]	379	ENDDO
	380	ENDDO
	381	ENDDO
	382	ENDIF
	383
	384
	385	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
	386	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
[2512]	387	DO i = nxl, nxr
	388	DO j = nys, nyn
[2209]	389	DO k = nzb_s_inner(j,i), nz_do3d
[2213]	390	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k-nzb_s_inner(j,i),j,i)
[2209]	391	ENDDO
	392	ENDDO
	393	ENDDO
	394	ENDIF
	395
	396
	397	CASE DEFAULT
	398	found = .FALSE.
	399
	400	END SELECT
	401
	402
	403	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
	404
	405	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	406	!
	407	! Description:
	408	! ------------
	409	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
	410	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
	411	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	412	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
	413
	414	IMPLICIT NONE
	415
	416	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
	417	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
	418	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
	419	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
	420	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
	421
	422	found = .TRUE.
	423
	424	!
	425	!-- Check for the grid
	426	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
	427
	428	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad' )
	429	grid_x = 'x'
	430	grid_y = 'y'
	431	grid_z = 'zu'
	432
	433	CASE DEFAULT
	434	found = .FALSE.
	435	grid_x = 'none'
	436	grid_y = 'none'
	437	grid_z = 'none'
	438	END SELECT
	439
	440	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
	441
	442
	443	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	444	! Description:
	445	! ------------
[1826]	446	!> Header output for plant canopy model
	447	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	448	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
	449
	450	USE control_parameters, &
	451	ONLY: dz, passive_scalar
	452
	453
	454	IMPLICIT NONE
	455
	456	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
	457
	458	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
	459	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
	460	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
	461	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
	462
	463	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
	464	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
	465	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
	466
	467	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
	468
	469	canopy_height = pch_index * dz
	470
	471	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
	472	canopy_drag_coeff
	473	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
	474	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
	475	leaf_surface_conc
	476	ENDIF
	477
	478	!
	479	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
	480	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
	481
	482	!
	483	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
	484	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
	485	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
	486
	487	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
	488	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
	489	gradients = '------'
	490	slices = ' 0'
	491	coordinates = ' 0.0'
	492	i = 1
	493	DO WHILE ( i < 11 .AND. lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) &
	494	/= -9999 )
	495
	496	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
	497	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
	498	TRIM( coor_chr )
	499
	500	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
	501	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	502
	503	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
	504	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	505
	506	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
	507	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	508
	509	i = i + 1
	510	ENDDO
	511
	512	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
	513	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
	514
	515	ELSE
	516
	517	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
	518	coordinates = ' 0.0'
	519
	520	DO k = 1, pch_index
	521
	522	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
	523	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
	524	TRIM( coor_chr )
	525
	526	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
	527	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
	528
	529	ENDDO
	530
	531	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
	532	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
	533
	534	ENDIF
	535
	536	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
	537	' ------------------------------'// &
	538	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
	539	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
	540	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
	541	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
	542	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
	543	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
	544	' K m/s')
	545	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
	546	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
	547	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
	548	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
	549	' Gridpoint: ',A)
	550	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
	551	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
	552	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
	553	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
	554	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
	555	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
	556
	557	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
	558
	559
	560	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	561	! Description:
	562	! ------------
[1682]	563	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
[138]	564	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1826]	565	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
[1484]	566
	567
	568	USE control_parameters, &
[2669]	569	ONLY: dz, humidity, io_blocks, io_group, message_string, ocean, &
	570	passive_scalar, urban_surface
[1484]	571
[2232]	572	USE surface_mod, &
	573	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
[1484]	574
	575	IMPLICIT NONE
	576
[2007]	577	CHARACTER(10) :: pct
	578
	579	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	580	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< index
	581	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	582	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[2232]	583	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
[1484]	584
[2007]	585	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
	586	REAL(wp) :: dzh !< vertical grid spacing in units of canopy height
	587	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
	588	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
	589	REAL(wp) :: pcv(nzb:nzt+1) !<
	590
[1484]	591	!
	592	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
	593	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
	594	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
	595	lad = 0.0_wp
	596	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
	597
	598	!
[1826]	599	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
	600	!-- a beta probability density function
	601	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	602	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
	603	ENDIF
	604
	605
	606	!
[1484]	607	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
	608	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
	609	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
	610	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
	611	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
	612	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
	613
	614	!
	615	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
	616	i = 1
	617	gradient = 0.0_wp
	618
	619	IF ( .NOT. ocean ) THEN
	620
	621	lad(0) = lad_surface
	622	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
	623
	624	DO k = 1, pch_index
	625	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
	626	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
	627	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	628	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
	629	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
	630	i = i + 1
	631	ENDIF
	632	ENDIF
	633	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	634	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
	635	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
	636	ELSE
	637	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
	638	ENDIF
	639	ELSE
	640	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
	641	ENDIF
	642	ENDDO
	643
	644	ENDIF
	645
	646	!
	647	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
	648	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
	649	!-- file.
	650	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	651	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
	652	ENDIF
	653
	654	ELSE
	655
	656	!
	657	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
	658	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
	659	canopy_height = pch_index * dz
	660
[2232]	661	DO k = 0, pch_index
[1484]	662	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
[1826]	663	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
	664	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
	665	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
	666	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
[1484]	667	ENDDO
	668
	669	!
	670	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
[2232]	671	DO k = 0, pch_index
[1826]	672	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
	673	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
	674	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
	675	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
	676	) / canopy_height
[1484]	677	ENDDO
	678
	679	!
	680	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
	681	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
	682	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
	683	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
[2232]	684	DO k = 1, pch_index
[1484]	685	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
	686	ENDDO
	687
	688	ENDIF
	689
	690	!
[2213]	691	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
[1484]	692	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	693
	694	!
	695	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
	696	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
	697	!-- with the prescribed values
	698	cdc = canopy_drag_coeff
	699	lsec = leaf_scalar_exch_coeff
	700	lsc = leaf_surface_conc
	701
	702	!
	703	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
	704	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'block' initializes a canopy, which
	705	!-- fully covers the domain surface
	706	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
	707
	708	CASE( 'block' )
	709
	710	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	711	DO j = nysg, nyng
	712	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
	713	ENDDO
	714	ENDDO
	715
[2007]	716	CASE ( 'read_from_file_3d' )
	717	!
	718	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
	719	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
	720	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
	721	!-- each location).
	722	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	723
[1484]	724	CASE DEFAULT
	725	!
[2007]	726	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
	727	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
	728	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
	729	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
	730	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
	731	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
[1484]	732
	733	END SELECT
	734
	735	!
[2011]	736	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
	737	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
	738	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
	739	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
	740	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
	741	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
	742	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
	743	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
	744	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
	745	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
[2213]	746	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
	747	!-- When using the urban surface model (USM), canopy heating (pc_heating_rate)
	748	!-- by radiation is calculated in the USM.
	749	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface) THEN
	750
	751	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
	752	pc_heating_rate(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1484]	753	!
[2011]	754	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
[1484]	755	!-- integration of the leaf area density
	756	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
	757	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	758	DO j = nysg, nyng
	759	DO k = pch_index-1, 0, -1
	760	IF ( k == pch_index-1 ) THEN
	761	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
	762	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
	763	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
	764	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
	765	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
	766	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
	767	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
	768	ELSE
	769	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
	770	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
	771	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
	772	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
	773	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
	774	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
	775	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
	776	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
	777	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
	778	ENDIF
	779	ENDDO
	780	ENDDO
	781	ENDDO
	782
[2232]	783	!
	784	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
	785	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
	786	!-- Start with default surface type
	787	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
	788	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
	789	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
	790	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
	791	ENDDO
[1484]	792	!
[2232]	793	!-- Natural surfaces
	794	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
	795	k = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
	796	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
	797	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
	798	ENDDO
	799	!
	800	!-- Urban surfaces
	801	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
	802	k = surf_usm_h%k(m)
	803	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
	804	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
	805	ENDDO
	806	!
	807	!
[2011]	808	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
[2232]	809	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
	810	!-- canopy.
	811	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
	812	!-- rate (pc_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
	813	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
	814	!-- of the respective layer
[1484]	815	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	816	DO j = nysg, nyng
[2232]	817	DO k = 1, pch_index
	818	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
	819	pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
	820	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
	821	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
	822	ENDIF
	823	ENDDO
[1721]	824	ENDDO
	825	ENDDO
[1484]	826
	827	ENDIF
	828
	829
	830
[1826]	831	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
[1484]	832
	833
[2007]	834	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	835	! Description:
	836	! ------------
	837	!> Parin for &canopy_par for plant canopy model
	838	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	839	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
[1484]	840
[2007]	841
	842	IMPLICIT NONE
	843
	844	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
	845
	846	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
	847	canopy_mode, cthf, &
	848	lad_surface, &
	849	lad_vertical_gradient, &
	850	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
	851	lai_beta, &
	852	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
	853	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index
	854
	855	line = ' '
	856
	857	!
	858	!-- Try to find radiation model package
	859	REWIND ( 11 )
	860	line = ' '
	861	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
	862	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
	863	ENDDO
	864	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
	865
	866	!
	867	!-- Read user-defined namelist
	868	READ ( 11, canopy_par )
	869
	870	!
	871	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
	872	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
	873
	874	10 CONTINUE
	875
	876
	877	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
	878
	879
	880
[1484]	881	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	882	! Description:
	883	! ------------
[2007]	884	!
	885	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
	886	!>
	887	!> num_levels
	888	!> dtype,x,y,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
	889	!> dtype,x,y,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
	890	!> dtype,x,y,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
	891	!> ...
	892	!>
	893	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
	894	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
	895	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
	896	!>
	897	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
[2213]	898	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
[2007]	899	!>
	900	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
	901	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
	902	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	903	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
[2213]	904
	905	USE control_parameters, &
	906	ONLY: message_string, passive_scalar
[2007]	907
[2213]	908	USE indices, &
	909	ONLY: nbgp
	910
	911	IMPLICIT NONE
[2007]	912
[2213]	913	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
	914	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
	915	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
	916	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
	917	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
	918
	919	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
[2007]	920
[2213]	921	!
	922	!-- Initialize lad_s array
	923	lad_s = 0.0_wp
	924
	925	!
	926	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
	927	OPEN(152, file='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D', access='SEQUENTIAL', &
	928	action='READ', status='OLD', form='FORMATTED', err=515)
	929	READ(152, *, err=516, end=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
	930
	931	ALLOCATE(col(0:nzp-1))
[2007]	932
[2213]	933	DO
	934	READ(152, *, err=516, end=517) dtype, i, j, col(:)
	935	IF ( i < nxlg .or. i > nxrg .or. j < nysg .or. j > nyng ) CYCLE
[2007]	936
[2213]	937	SELECT CASE (dtype)
	938	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
	939	!
	940	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
	941	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
	942	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
	943	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
	944	lad_s(0:nzp-1, j, i) = col(0:nzp-1)
	945
	946	CASE DEFAULT
	947	write(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
	948	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
	949	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	950	END SELECT
	951	ENDDO
[2007]	952
[2213]	953	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
	954	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2007]	955
[2213]	956	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
	957	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	958
	959	517 CLOSE(152)
	960	DEALLOCATE(col)
	961
	962	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
[2007]	963
	964	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
	965
	966
	967
	968	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	969	! Description:
	970	! ------------
[1682]	971	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
	972	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
	973	!>
	974	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
[1826]	975	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
[1682]	976	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
	977	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
	978	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
	979	!>
	980	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
	981	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
	982	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
	983	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
	984	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
	985	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
	986	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
	987	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
	988	!>
	989	!>
	990	!> Call for all grid points
[1484]	991	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1826]	992	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
[138]	993
	994
[1320]	995	USE control_parameters, &
[1484]	996	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
[1320]	997
	998	USE kinds
	999
[138]	1000	IMPLICIT NONE
	1001
[1682]	1002	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
	1003	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1004	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1005	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[2232]	1006	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
[1721]	1007	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
[1484]	1008
[1682]	1009	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
	1010	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
	1011	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
	1012	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
	1013	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
	1014	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
[1484]	1015
	1016
	1017	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
[138]	1018
	1019	!
[1484]	1020	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
[138]	1021	SELECT CASE ( component )
	1022
	1023	!
	1024	!-- u-component
	1025	CASE ( 1 )
	1026	DO i = nxlu, nxr
	1027	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1028	!
	1029	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
[2317]	1030	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 'u' )
[2232]	1031	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
[1484]	1032
[2232]	1033	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	1034	!
	1035	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
	1036	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
	1037	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
	1038	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
	1039	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
	1040	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
	1041	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
[1721]	1042	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
	1043	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp )&
	1044	THEN
	1045	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
[1484]	1046	ENDIF
	1047
	1048	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1049	pre_u = 0.0_wp
	1050	!
	1051	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1052	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1053	lad_local * &
	1054	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
	1055	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
	1056	v(k,j,i) + &
	1057	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	1058	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
	1059	)**2 + &
	1060	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
	1061	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1062	w(k,j,i-1) + &
	1063	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1064	)**2 &
	1065	) * &
	1066	u(k,j,i)
	1067
	1068	!
	1069	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1070	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1071	!
	1072	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1073	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1074	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
	1075	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1076	ELSE
	1077	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1078	ENDIF
	1079	!
	1080	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1081	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1082
[138]	1083	ENDDO
	1084	ENDDO
	1085	ENDDO
	1086
	1087	!
	1088	!-- v-component
	1089	CASE ( 2 )
	1090	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1091	DO j = nysv, nyn
[2232]	1092	!
	1093	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
[2317]	1094	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 'v' )
	1095
[2232]	1096	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
[1484]	1097
[2232]	1098	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	1099	!
	1100	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
	1101	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
	1102	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
	1103	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
	1104	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
	1105	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1) canopy
	1106	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
[1721]	1107	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
	1108	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp )&
	1109	THEN
	1110	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
[1484]	1111	ENDIF
	1112
	1113	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1114	pre_v = 0.0_wp
	1115	!
	1116	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1117	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1118	lad_local * &
	1119	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
	1120	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
	1121	u(k,j,i) + &
	1122	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1123	)**2 + &
	1124	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
	1125	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
	1126	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1127	w(k,j-1,i) + &
	1128	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1129	)**2 &
	1130	) * &
	1131	v(k,j,i)
	1132
	1133	!
	1134	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1135	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1136	!
	1137	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1138	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1139	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
	1140	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1141	ELSE
	1142	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1143	ENDIF
	1144	!
	1145	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1146	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1147
[138]	1148	ENDDO
	1149	ENDDO
	1150	ENDDO
	1151
	1152	!
	1153	!-- w-component
	1154	CASE ( 3 )
	1155	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1156	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1157	!
	1158	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
[2317]	1159	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 'w' )
	1160
[2232]	1161	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index-1
[1484]	1162
[2232]	1163	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1721]	1164
[1484]	1165	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1166	pre_w = 0.0_wp
	1167	!
	1168	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1169	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1170	(0.5_wp * &
[1721]	1171	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
[1484]	1172	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1173	u(k,j,i+1) + &
	1174	u(k+1,j,i) + &
	1175	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
	1176	)**2 + &
	1177	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1178	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	1179	v(k+1,j,i) + &
	1180	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
	1181	)**2 + &
	1182	w(k,j,i)**2 &
	1183	) * &
	1184	w(k,j,i)
	1185	!
	1186	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1187	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1188	!
	1189	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1190	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1191	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
	1192	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1193	ELSE
	1194	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1195	ENDIF
	1196	!
	1197	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1198	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1199
[138]	1200	ENDDO
	1201	ENDDO
	1202	ENDDO
	1203
	1204	!
[153]	1205	!-- potential temperature
[138]	1206	CASE ( 4 )
	1207	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1208	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1209	!
	1210	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[2317]	1211	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 's' )
	1212
[2232]	1213	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1214
	1215	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[2011]	1216	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
[153]	1217	ENDDO
	1218	ENDDO
	1219	ENDDO
	1220
	1221	!
[1960]	1222	!-- humidity
[153]	1223	CASE ( 5 )
	1224	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1225	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1226	!
	1227	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[2317]	1228	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 's' )
	1229
[2232]	1230	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1231
	1232	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	1233	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1234	lsec * &
[1721]	1235	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
[1484]	1236	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1237	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1238	)**2 + &
	1239	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1240	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1241	)**2 + &
	1242	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1243	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1244	)**2 &
	1245	) * &
	1246	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
[153]	1247	ENDDO
	1248	ENDDO
	1249	ENDDO
	1250
	1251	!
	1252	!-- sgs-tke
	1253	CASE ( 6 )
	1254	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1255	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1256	!
	1257	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[2317]	1258	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 's' )
	1259
[2232]	1260	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1261
	1262	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1484]	1263	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1264	2.0_wp * cdc * &
[1721]	1265	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
[1484]	1266	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1267	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1268	)**2 + &
	1269	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1270	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1271	)**2 + &
	1272	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
	1273	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
	1274	)**2 &
	1275	) * &
	1276	e(k,j,i)
[138]	1277	ENDDO
	1278	ENDDO
	1279	ENDDO
[1960]	1280	!
	1281	!-- scalar concentration
	1282	CASE ( 7 )
	1283	DO i = nxl, nxr
	1284	DO j = nys, nyn
[2232]	1285	!
	1286	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
[2317]	1287	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 's' )
	1288
[2232]	1289	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1290
	1291	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1960]	1292	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1293	lsec * &
	1294	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
	1295	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1296	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1297	)**2 + &
	1298	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1299	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1300	)**2 + &
	1301	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1302	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1303	)**2 &
	1304	) * &
	1305	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
	1306	ENDDO
	1307	ENDDO
	1308	ENDDO
[1484]	1309
	1310
[1960]	1311
[138]	1312	CASE DEFAULT
	1313
[257]	1314	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
[1826]	1315	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[138]	1316
	1317	END SELECT
	1318
[1826]	1319	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
[138]	1320
	1321
	1322	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1484]	1323	! Description:
	1324	! ------------
[1682]	1325	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
	1326	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
	1327	!>
	1328	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
[1826]	1329	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
[1682]	1330	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
	1331	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
	1332	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
	1333	!>
	1334	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
	1335	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
	1336	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
	1337	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
	1338	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
	1339	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
	1340	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
	1341	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
	1342	!>
	1343	!>
	1344	!> Call for grid point i,j
[138]	1345	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1826]	1346	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
[138]	1347
	1348
[1320]	1349	USE control_parameters, &
[1484]	1350	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
[1320]	1351
	1352	USE kinds
	1353
[138]	1354	IMPLICIT NONE
	1355
[1682]	1356	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
	1357	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1358	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1359	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[2232]	1360	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
[1721]	1361	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
[138]	1362
[1682]	1363	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
	1364	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
	1365	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
	1366	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
	1367	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
	1368	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
[1484]	1369
	1370
	1371	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
	1372
[138]	1373	!
[1484]	1374	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
[142]	1375	SELECT CASE ( component )
[138]	1376
	1377	!
[142]	1378	!-- u-component
[1484]	1379	CASE ( 1 )
[2232]	1380	!
	1381	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
[2317]	1382	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 'u' )
	1383
[2232]	1384	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
[138]	1385
[2232]	1386	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[138]	1387	!
[1484]	1388	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
	1389	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
	1390	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
	1391	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
	1392	!-- than inside of the canopy.
	1393	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
	1394	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
[1721]	1395	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
	1396	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1397	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
[1484]	1398	ENDIF
	1399
	1400	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1401	pre_u = 0.0_wp
	1402	!
	1403	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1404	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1405	lad_local * &
	1406	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
	1407	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
	1408	v(k,j,i) + &
	1409	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	1410	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
	1411	)**2 + &
	1412	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
	1413	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1414	w(k,j,i-1) + &
	1415	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1416	)**2 &
	1417	) * &
	1418	u(k,j,i)
	1419
	1420	!
	1421	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1422	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1423	!
	1424	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1425	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1426	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
	1427	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1428	ELSE
	1429	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1430	ENDIF
	1431	!
	1432	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1433	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1434	ENDDO
	1435
	1436
	1437	!
[142]	1438	!-- v-component
[1484]	1439	CASE ( 2 )
[2232]	1440	!
	1441	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
[2317]	1442	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 'v' )
	1443
[2232]	1444	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
[138]	1445
[2232]	1446	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[138]	1447	!
[1484]	1448	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
	1449	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
	1450	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
	1451	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
	1452	!-- than inside of the canopy.
	1453	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
	1454	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
[1721]	1455	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
	1456	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1457	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
[1484]	1458	ENDIF
	1459
	1460	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1461	pre_v = 0.0_wp
	1462	!
	1463	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1464	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1465	lad_local * &
	1466	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
	1467	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
	1468	u(k,j,i) + &
	1469	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1470	)**2 + &
	1471	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
	1472	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
	1473	w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1474	w(k,j-1,i) + &
	1475	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1476	)**2 &
	1477	) * &
	1478	v(k,j,i)
	1479
	1480	!
	1481	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1482	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1483	!
	1484	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1485	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1486	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
	1487	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1488	ELSE
	1489	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1490	ENDIF
	1491	!
	1492	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1493	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1494	ENDDO
	1495
	1496
	1497	!
[142]	1498	!-- w-component
[1484]	1499	CASE ( 3 )
[2232]	1500	!
	1501	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
[2317]	1502	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 'w' )
	1503
[2232]	1504	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index-1
[138]	1505
[2232]	1506	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[1721]	1507
[1484]	1508	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
	1509	pre_w = 0.0_wp
[138]	1510	!
[1484]	1511	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
	1512	pre_tend = - cdc * &
	1513	(0.5_wp * &
[1721]	1514	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
[1484]	1515	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1516	u(k,j,i+1) + &
	1517	u(k+1,j,i) + &
	1518	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
	1519	)**2 + &
	1520	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1521	v(k,j+1,i) + &
	1522	v(k+1,j,i) + &
	1523	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
	1524	)**2 + &
	1525	w(k,j,i)**2 &
	1526	) * &
	1527	w(k,j,i)
	1528	!
	1529	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
	1530	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
	1531	!
	1532	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
	1533	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
	1534	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
	1535	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
	1536	ELSE
	1537	pre_tend = pre_tend
	1538	ENDIF
	1539	!
	1540	!-- Calculate final tendency
	1541	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
	1542	ENDDO
	1543
	1544	!
[153]	1545	!-- potential temperature
	1546	CASE ( 4 )
[2232]	1547	!
	1548	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
[2317]	1549	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 's' )
	1550
[2232]	1551	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1552	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
[2011]	1553	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
[153]	1554	ENDDO
	1555
	1556
	1557	!
[1960]	1558	!-- humidity
[153]	1559	CASE ( 5 )
[2232]	1560	!
	1561	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
[2317]	1562	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 's' )
	1563
[2232]	1564	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1565
	1566	kk = k - k_wall
[1484]	1567	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1568	lsec * &
[1721]	1569	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
[1484]	1570	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1571	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1572	)**2 + &
	1573	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1574	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1575	)**2 + &
	1576	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1577	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1578	)**2 &
	1579	) * &
	1580	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
[153]	1581	ENDDO
	1582
	1583	!
[142]	1584	!-- sgs-tke
[1484]	1585	CASE ( 6 )
[2232]	1586	!
	1587	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
[2317]	1588	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 's' )
	1589
[2232]	1590	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1591
	1592	kk = k - k_wall
[1484]	1593	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1594	2.0_wp * cdc * &
[1721]	1595	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
[1484]	1596	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1597	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1598	)**2 + &
	1599	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1600	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1601	)**2 + &
	1602	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
	1603	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
	1604	)**2 &
	1605	) * &
	1606	e(k,j,i)
	1607	ENDDO
[1960]	1608
	1609	!
	1610	!-- scalar concentration
	1611	CASE ( 7 )
[2232]	1612	!
	1613	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
[2317]	1614	k_wall = get_topography_top_index( j, i, 's' )
	1615
[2232]	1616	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall+pch_index
	1617
	1618	kk = k - k_wall
[1960]	1619	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
	1620	lsec * &
	1621	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
	1622	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
	1623	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
	1624	)**2 + &
	1625	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
	1626	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
	1627	)**2 + &
	1628	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
	1629	w(k,j,i) ) &
	1630	)**2 &
	1631	) * &
	1632	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
	1633	ENDDO
[138]	1634
[142]	1635	CASE DEFAULT
[138]	1636
[257]	1637	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
[1826]	1638	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[138]	1639
[142]	1640	END SELECT
[138]	1641
[1826]	1642	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
[138]	1643
[2007]	1644
	1645
[138]	1646	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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