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-<h2 style="line-height: 100%;"><font size="4">2.0 Basic techniques of
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+<meta content="text/html; charset=windows-1252" http-equiv="CONTENT-TYPE"><title>PALM chapter 2.0</title> <meta content="StarOffice 7 (Win32)" name="GENERATOR"> <meta content="Marcus Oliver Letzel" name="AUTHOR"> <meta content="20040719;14534028" name="CREATED"> <meta content="20041117;10385730" name="CHANGED"> <meta content="parallel LES model" name="KEYWORDS"> <style>
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+<body style="direction: ltr;" lang="en-US"><h2 style="line-height: 100%;"><font size="4">2.0
+Basic techniques of
 the LES model and its parallelization </font>
-</h2>
-<p style="line-height: 100%;">LES models generally permit the
+</h2><p style="line-height: 100%;">LES models
+generally permit the
 simulation of turbulent flows, whereby those eddies, that carry the
 main energy are resolved by the numerical grid. Only the
@@ -28,10 +19,13 @@
 simulated directly (they are explicitly resolved) and their effects are
 represented by the advection terms. </p>
-<p style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%;">PALM is based on the
+<p style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%;">PALM is
+based on the
 non-hydrostatic incompressible Boussinesq equations. It contains a
 water cycle with cloud formation and takes into account infrared
 radiative cooling in cloudy conditions. The model has six prognostic
-quantities in total  u,v,w, liquid water potential temperature
-<font face="Thorndale, serif">&#920;</font><sub>l </sub>(BETTS,
+quantities in total &ndash; u,v,w, liquid water potential
+temperature
+<font face="Thorndale, serif">&Theta;</font><sub>l
+</sub>(BETTS,
 1973), total water content q and subgrid-scale turbulent kinetic energy
 e. The
@@ -45,5 +39,5 @@
 1993). The water cycle is closed by using a simplified version of
 KESSLERs scheme (KESSLER, 1965; 1969) to parameterize precipitation
-processes (MÜLLER and CHLOND, 1996). Incompressibility is
+processes (M&Uuml;LLER and CHLOND, 1996). Incompressibility is
 applied by means of a Poisson equation for pressure, which is solved
 with a direct method (SCHUMANN and SWEET, 1988). The Poisson equation
@@ -58,5 +52,6 @@
 horizontal directions. At the lower surface, either temperature/
 humidity or their respective fluxes can be prescribed. </p>
-<p style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%;">The advection terms
+<p style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%;">The
+advection terms
 are treated by the scheme proposed by PIACSEK and WILLIAMS (1970),
 which conserves the integral of linear and quadratic quantities up to
@@ -66,10 +61,12 @@
 with the third-order Runge-Kutta scheme. A second-order Runge-Kutta
 scheme, a leapfrog scheme and an Euler scheme are also implemented.</p>
-<p style="line-height: 100%;">By default, the time step is computed
+<p style="line-height: 100%;">By default, the time step is
+computed
 with respect to the different criteria (CFL, diffusion) and adapted
 automatically. In case of a non-zero geostrophic
 wind the coordinate system can be moved along with the mean wind in
 order to maximize the time step (Galilei-Transformation). </p>
-<p style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%;">In principle a model
+<p style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%;">In
+principle a model
 run is carried out in the following way: After reading the control
 parameters given by the user, all prognostic variables are
@@ -90,10 +87,11 @@
 corrected with the help of the pressure solver. Following this, all
 diagnostic turbulence quantities including possible
-Prandtl-layerquantities are computed. At the end of a time
+Prandtl-layer&ndash;quantities are computed. At the end of a time
 step the data output requested by the user is made
 (e.g. statistic of analyses for control purposes or profiles and/or
 graphics data). If the given end-time was reached, binary data maybe
 be saved for restart. </p>
-<p style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%;">The model is based
+<p style="font-style: normal; line-height: 100%;">The
+model is based
 on the originally non-parallel LES model which has been operated at the
 institute since 1989
@@ -109,9 +107,11 @@
 Users can choose between a two- and a one-dimensional domain
 decomposition. A 1D-decomposition is preferred on machines with a
-slow&nbsp; network interconnection. In case of a 1D-decomposition, the
+slow&nbsp; network interconnection. In case of a 1D-decomposition,
+the
 grid points along x direction are
 distributed among the individual processors, but in y- and z-direction
 all respective grid points belong to the same PE. </p>
-<p style="line-height: 100%;">The calculation of central differences or
+<p style="line-height: 100%;">The calculation of central
+differences or
 non-local arithmetic operations (e.g. global
 sums, FFT) demands communication and an appropriate data exchange
@@ -126,23 +126,16 @@
 y-direction, the data which lie distributed on the individual central
 processing elements, have to be collected and/or relocated before.
-This happens by means of the routine <tt>MPI_ALLTOALLV</tt>. Certain
+This happens by means of the routine <tt>MPI_ALLTOALLV</tt>.
+Certain
 global operations like e.g. the search for absolute maxima or minima
 within the 3D-arrays likewise require the employment of special MPI
 routines (<tt>MPI_ALLREDUCE</tt>). </p>
-<p style="line-height: 100%;">Further details of the internal model
+<p style="line-height: 100%;">Further details of the
+internal model
 structure are described in the <a href="../tec/index.html">technical/numerical
 documentation</a>. <br>
 &nbsp; </p>
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