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\institute{Institut für Meteorologie und Klimatologie, Leibniz Universität Hannover}
\date{last update: \today}
\event{PALM Seminar}
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\title[Exercise - Topography]{Exercise - Topography}
\author{Siegfried Raasch}

% Notes:
% jede subsection bekommt einen punkt im menu (vertikal ausgerichtet.
% jeder frame in einer subsection bekommt einen punkt (horizontal ausgerichtet)
\begin{document}
% Folie 1
\begin{frame}
\titlepage
\end{frame}

\section{Exercise}
\subsection{Exercise}

% Folie 2
\begin{frame}
   \frametitle{Exercise}
   Please carry out \textbf{two runs} with following conditions.
   \begin{itemize}
      \item{Single surface-mounted cube}
      \begin{itemize}
         \item[1.)]{First run ''generic'' using {\tt topography = 'single\_building'}}
         \item[2.)]{Second run ''raster'' using {\tt topography = 'read\_from\_file'}
                   with ASCII file ...\_topo}
      \end{itemize}
      \item{Neutral boundary layer in a channel}
      \item{Constant bulk velocity}
      \item{No Coriolis force}
      \item{Simulation features:}
      \begin{itemize}
         \item{domain size: (80 m)$^3$ (x/y/z)}
         \item{grid size: 2 m equidistant}
         \item{cube: size (40 m)$^3$, location centered in the domain center}
         \item{simulated time: 7200 s}
         \item{initial velocity: u = 1, v = 0 m/s}
      \end{itemize}
   \end{itemize}
   \textbf{Please use the same building (size, location) for both runs!}
\end{frame}

% Folie 3
\begin{frame}
   \frametitle{Questions to be Answered}
   \small
   \begin{itemize}
      \item{Can you identify flow convergence / divergence patterns near the cube?}
      \begin{itemize}
         \item{What kind of output do you need to answer this?}
      \end{itemize}
      \item{How does the horizontally and temporally averaged momentum flux profile look
            like?}
      \begin{itemize}
         \item{How long should the averaging time interval be?}
      \end{itemize}
      \item{Is it really a large-eddy simulation?}
      \begin{itemize}
         \item{Are the subgrid-scale fluxes much smaller than the resolved-scale fluxes?}
         \item{How do the total kinetic energy and the maximum velocity components change
               with time?}
      \end{itemize}
   \end{itemize}
   \textbf{Final question:}
   \begin{itemize}
      \item{Do the results of both runs agree?}
   \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% Folie 4
 \begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Hints (I)}
    \scriptsize
    \begin{itemize}
       \item{\textbf{Domain size}}
       \begin{itemize}
          \scriptsize
          \item{Is controlled by grid size (\textbf{dx}, \textbf{dy}, \textbf{dz}) and number of grid points 
               (\textbf{nx}, \textbf{ny}, \textbf{nz}). Since the first grid point along one of the directions has
               index 0, the total number of grid points used are \textbf{nx}+1, \textbf{ny}+1, \textbf{nz}+1.
               The total domain size in case of cyclic horizontal boundary conditions is
               (\textbf{nx}+1)$\cdot$\textbf{dx}, (\textbf{ny}+1)$\cdot$\textbf{dy}.}
       \end{itemize}
       \item{\textbf{Initial profiles}}
      \begin{itemize}
         \scriptsize
         \item{Constant with height. See parameter \textbf{initializing\_actions} for available
               initialization methods. See \textbf{ug\_surface}, \textbf{vg\_surface} for initial values of
               velocity.}
      \end{itemize}
      \item{\textbf{Boundary conditions}}
      \begin{itemize}
         \scriptsize
         \item{For channel boundary condition, see \textbf{bc\_uv\_t}.}
      \end{itemize}
      \item{\textbf{Forcing}}
      \begin{itemize}
         \scriptsize
         \item{For constant bulk velocity, see \textbf{conserve\_volume\_flow}.}
         \item{For Coriolis force, see \textbf{omega}.}
      \end{itemize}
      \item{\textbf{Topography}}
      \begin{itemize}
         \scriptsize
         \item{For generic topography, see \textbf{building\_height}, \textbf{building\_length\_x} and
               \textbf{building\_length\_y}.}
         \item{For raster topography, please use a text editor to manually create an
               ASCII ''raster\_topo'' file that contains the same building.}
      \end{itemize}      
    \end{itemize}
 \end{frame}

% Folie 5
\begin{frame}
   \frametitle{Hints (II)}
   \footnotesize
   \begin{itemize}
      \item{\textbf{Simulation time}}
      \begin{itemize}  
         \footnotesize       
         \item{See parameter \textbf{end\_time}.}
      \end{itemize}
      \item{\textbf{Variables}}
      \begin{itemize}
         \footnotesize
         \item{Output variables are chosen with parameters \textbf{data\_output} (3d-data or 
               2d-cross-sections) and \textbf{data\_output\_pr} (profiles).}
         \item{Time series are activated using \textbf{dt\_dots}.}         
      \end{itemize}
      \item{\textbf{Output intervals}}
      \begin{itemize}
         \footnotesize
         \item{Output intervals are set with parameter \textbf{dt\_data\_output}. This parameter
               affects all output (cross-sections, profiles, etc.). Individual temporal
               intervals for the different output quantities can be assigned using
               parameters \textbf{dt\_do3d}, \textbf{dt\_do2d\_xy}, \textbf{dt\_do2d\_xz}, \textbf{dt\_do2d\_yz}, \textbf{dt\_dopr},
               etc. }
      \end{itemize}
      \item{\textbf{Time averaging}}
      \begin{itemize}
         \footnotesize
         \item{Time averaging is controlled with parameters \textbf{averaging\_interval},
               \textbf{averaging\_interval\_pr}, \textbf{dt\_averaging\_input}, \textbf{dt\_averaging\_input\_pr}.}
      \end{itemize}
   \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% Folie 6
\begin{frame}
   \frametitle{Further Hints}
   \scriptsize
   Please see under \\
   \textbf{http://palm.muk.uni-hannover.de/wiki/doc/app/netcdf}  \\ 
   \par\medskip  
   where the complete PALM netCDF-data-output and the respective steering parameters are described. 
   \par\medskip
   For topography, see \\
   \textbf{http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/$\sim$raasch/PALM\_group/doc/app/
   chapter\_4.1.html\#topography}\\
   \par\medskip
   and especially for raster topography, see also
   \textbf{http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/$\sim$raasch/PALM\_group/doc/app/ 
   chapter\_3.4.html\#TOPOGRAPHY\_DATA} \\
   \par\medskip
   as well as the presentation ''Using topography (I)''.
\end{frame}

% Folie 7
\begin{frame}
   \frametitle{Proceeding}
   Please proceed as follows:
   \begin{itemize}
      \item[1.]{Please run with the ''generic'' topography case first.}
      \item[2.]{Check your results to answer all questions – except the final question.}
      \item[3.]{After this run has finished, use ncview, ncdump etc. to check the precise
               location of the building (look at 2D array zusi that is contained in 2D xy
               cross-sections and 3D volume data).}
      \item[4.]{Use this information to manually create the ''raster\_topo'' file.}
      \item[5.]{Run the ''raster'' topography case.}
      \item[6.]{Compare both simulation results to answer the final question.}
   \end{itemize} 
\end{frame}

% Folie 8
\begin{frame}
   \frametitle{How to Start?}
   \footnotesize
   \begin{itemize}
      \item{Create two \textbf{INPUT} directories for both new runs: \\
            {\tt cd $\sim$/palm/current\_version} \\            
            {\tt mkdir -p JOBS/generic/INPUT} \\
            {\tt mkdir -p JOBS/raster/INPUT}} 
      \item{Create the parameter files and {\tt raster\_topo} file and set the required
            parameters in \\
            {\tt JOBS/generic/INPUT/generic\_p3d} \\
            {\tt JOBS/raster/INPUT/raster\_p3d}}
      \item{Start the runs one by one with mrun-commands \\
            {\tt mrun -d generic -K parallel ...} \\
            {\tt mrun -d raster -K parallel ...}}
      \item{and analyze the output files in \\
            {\tt JOBS/generic/OUTPUT} \\
            {\tt JOBS/raster/OUTPUT}}
   \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\section{Results}
\subsection{Results}

% Folie 9
\begin{frame}
   \frametitle{Flow convergence / divergence (I)}
   \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/cross_sections/u_xy.eps} \hspace{0.8cm}
   \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/cross_sections/v_xy.eps} 
\end{frame}

% Folie 10
\begin{frame}
   \frametitle{Flow convergence / divergence (II)}
   \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/cross_sections/w_xy.eps} \hspace{0.8cm}
   \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/cross_sections/w_xz.eps} 
\end{frame}

% Folie 11
\begin{frame}
   \frametitle{Streamlines}
   \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/streamlines/streamlines_xy.eps} \hspace{0.8cm}
   \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/streamlines/streamlines_xz.eps} \hspace{0.8cm}
\end{frame}


% Folie 12
\begin{frame}
   \frametitle{Vertical profiles of $\overline{w'u'}$, $\overline{w'v'}$}
   \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/profiles/wu_time_pr.eps} \hspace{0.8cm}
   \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/profiles/wv_time_pr.eps}
\end{frame}

% Folie 13
\begin{frame}
   \frametitle{LES? - Fluxes}
   \begin{center}
      \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/profiles/wu_comp_pr.eps}
   \end{center}   
\end{frame}

% Folie 14
\begin{frame}
   \frametitle{LES? - Time Series (I)}
   \begin{center}
      \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/timeseries/E_ts.eps} \\
      \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/timeseries/umax_ts.eps} 
   \end{center}
\end{frame}

% Folie 15
\begin{frame}
   \frametitle{LES? - Time Series (II)}
   \begin{center}
      \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/timeseries/vmax_ts.eps} \\
      \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{exercise_topography_figures/timeseries/wmax_ts.eps}
   \end{center}
\end{frame}

\end{document}