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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 @ 2233

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1	!> @file wind_turbine_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring $
27	!
28	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
29	! Adjustments to new topography concept
30	!
31	! 2152 2017-02-17 13:27:24Z lvollmer
32	! Bugfix in subroutine wtm_read_blade_tables
33	! Addition of a tip loss model
34	!
35	! 2015 2016-09-28 08:45:18Z lvollmer
36	! Bugfix of pitch control
37	!
38	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
39	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
40	!
41	! 1929 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
42	! Bugfix: added preprocessor directives for parallel and serial mode
43	!
44	! 1914 2016-05-26 14:44:07Z witha
45	! Initial revision
46	!
47	!
48	! Description:
49	! ------------
50	!> This module calculates the effect of wind turbines on the flow fields. The
51	!> initial version contains only the advanced actuator disk with rotation method
52	!> (ADM-R).
53	!> The wind turbines include the tower effect, can be yawed and tilted.
54	!> The wind turbine model includes controllers for rotational speed, pitch and
55	!> yaw.
56	!> Currently some specifications of the NREL 5 MW reference turbine
57	!> are hardcoded whereas most input data comes from separate files (currently
58	!> external, planned to be included as namelist which will be read in
59	!> automatically).
60	!>
61	!> @todo Revise code according to PALM Coding Standard
62	!> @todo Implement ADM and ALM turbine models
63	!> @todo Generate header information
64	!> @todo Implement further parameter checks and error messages
65	!> @todo Revise and add code documentation
66	!> @todo Output turbine parameters as timeseries
67	!> @todo Include additional output variables
68	!> @todo Revise smearing the forces for turbines in yaw
69	!> @todo Revise nacelle and tower parameterization
70	!> @todo Allow different turbine types in one simulation
71	!
72	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
73	MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod
74
75	USE arrays_3d, &
76	ONLY: dd2zu, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
77
78	USE constants
79
80	USE control_parameters, &
81	ONLY: dt_3d, dz, message_string, simulated_time
82
83	USE cpulog, &
84	ONLY: cpu_log, log_point_s
85
86	USE grid_variables, &
87	ONLY: ddx, dx, ddy, dy
88
89	USE indices, &
90	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nz, &
91	nzb, nzt, wall_flags_0
92
93	USE kinds
94
95	USE pegrid
96
97
98	IMPLICIT NONE
99
100	PRIVATE
101
102	LOGICAL :: wind_turbine=.FALSE. !< switch for use of wind turbine model
103
104	!
105	!-- Variables specified in the namelist wind_turbine_par
106
107	INTEGER(iwp) :: nairfoils = 8 !< number of airfoils of the used turbine model (for ADM-R and ALM)
108	INTEGER(iwp) :: nturbines = 1 !< number of turbines
109
110	LOGICAL :: pitch_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of pitch controller
111	LOGICAL :: speed_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of speed controller
112	LOGICAL :: yaw_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of yaw controller
113	LOGICAL :: tl_cor = .FALSE. !< switch for use of tip loss correct.
114
115	REAL(wp) :: segment_length = 1.0_wp !< length of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
116	!< (in tangential direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
117	REAL(wp) :: segment_width = 0.5_wp !< width of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
118	!< (in radial direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
119	REAL(wp) :: time_turbine_on = 0.0_wp !< time at which turbines are started
120	REAL(wp) :: tilt = 0.0_wp !< vertical tilt of the rotor [degree] ( positive = backwards )
121
122	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: dtow = 0.0_wp !< tower diameter [m]
123	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: omega_rot = 0.0_wp !< inital or constant rotor speed [rad/s]
124	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: phi_yaw = 0.0_wp !< yaw angle [degree] ( clockwise, 0 = facing west )
125	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: pitch_add = 0.0_wp !< constant pitch angle
126	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcx = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in x-direction
127	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcy = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in y-direction
128	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcz = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in z-direction
129	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rnac = 0.0_wp !< nacelle diameter [m]
130	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rr = 63.0_wp !< rotor radius [m]
131	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_nacelle = 0.85_wp !< drag coefficient for nacelle
132	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_tower = 1.2_wp !< drag coefficient for tower
133
134	!
135	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for speed controller
136	!-- Default values are from the NREL 5MW research turbine (Jonkman, 2008)
137
138	REAL(wp) :: rated_power = 5296610.0_wp !< rated turbine power [W]
139	REAL(wp) :: gear_ratio = 97.0_wp !< Gear ratio from rotor to generator
140	REAL(wp) :: inertia_rot = 34784179.0_wp !< Inertia of the rotor [kg/m2]
141	REAL(wp) :: inertia_gen = 534.116_wp !< Inertia of the generator [kg/m2]
142	REAL(wp) :: gen_eff = 0.944_wp !< Electric efficiency of the generator
143	REAL(wp) :: gear_eff = 1.0_wp !< Loss between rotor and generator
144	REAL(wp) :: air_dens = 1.225_wp !< Air density to convert to W [kg/m3]
145	REAL(wp) :: rated_genspeed = 121.6805_wp !< Rated generator speed [rad/s]
146	REAL(wp) :: max_torque_gen = 47402.91_wp !< Maximum of the generator torque [Nm]
147	REAL(wp) :: slope2 = 2.332287_wp !< Slope constant for region 2
148	REAL(wp) :: min_reg2 = 91.21091_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 2 [rad/s]
149	REAL(wp) :: min_reg15 = 70.16224_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 1.5 [rad/s]
150	REAL(wp) :: max_trq_rate = 15000.0_wp !< Max generator torque increase [Nm/s]
151	REAL(wp) :: pitch_rate = 8.0_wp !< Max pitch rate [degree/s]
152
153
154	!
155	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for yaw control
156
157	REAL(wp) :: yaw_speed = 0.005236_wp !< speed of the yaw actuator [rad/s]
158	REAL(wp) :: max_miss = 0.08726_wp !< maximum tolerated yaw missalignment [rad]
159	REAL(wp) :: min_miss = 0.008726_wp !< minimum yaw missalignment for which the actuator stops [rad]
160
161	!
162	!-- Set flag for output files TURBINE_PARAMETERS
163	TYPE file_status
164	LOGICAL :: opened, opened_before
165	END TYPE file_status
166
167	TYPE(file_status), DIMENSION(500) :: openfile_turb_mod = &
168	file_status(.FALSE.,.FALSE.)
169
170	!
171	!-- Variables for initialization of the turbine model
172
173	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
174	INTEGER(iwp) :: nsegs_max !< maximum number of segments (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
175	INTEGER(iwp) :: nrings_max !< maximum number of rings (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
176	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring !< ring loop index (ring number)
177	INTEGER(iwp) :: rr_int !<
178	INTEGER(iwp) :: upper_end !<
179
180	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct !<
181
182	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_hub !< index belonging to x-position of the turbine
183	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (x-direction)
184	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_hub !< index belonging to y-position of the turbine
185	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (y-direction)
186	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_hub !< index belonging to hub height
187	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (z-direction)
188	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nrings !< number of rings per turbine
189	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs_total !< total number of segments per turbine
190
191	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs !< number of segments per ring and turbine
192
193	!
194	!- parameters for the smearing from the rotor to the cartesian grid
195	REAL(wp) :: pol_a !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
196	REAL(wp) :: pol_b !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
197	REAL(wp) :: delta_t_factor !<
198	REAL(wp) :: eps_factor !<
199	REAL(wp) :: eps_min !<
200	REAL(wp) :: eps_min2 !<
201	REAL(wp) :: sqrt_arg !<
202
203	!
204	!-- Variables for the calculation of lift and drag coefficients
205	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ard !<
206	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: crd !<
207	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: delta_r !< radial segment length
208	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lrd !<
209
210	REAL(wp) :: accu_cl_cd_tab = 0.1_wp !< Accuracy of the interpolation of
211	!< the lift and drag coeff [deg]
212
213	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_tab !< table of the blade drag coefficient
214	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_tab !< table of the blade lift coefficient
215
216	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nac_cd_surf !< 3d field of the tower drag coefficient
217	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tow_cd_surf !< 3d field of the nacelle drag coefficient
218
219	!
220	!-- Variables for the calculation of the forces
221
222	REAL(wp) :: cur_r !<
223	REAL(wp) :: delta_t !< tangential segment length
224	REAL(wp) :: phi_rotor !<
225	REAL(wp) :: pre_factor !<
226	REAL(wp) :: torque_seg !<
227	REAL(wp) :: u_int_l !<
228	REAL(wp) :: u_int_u !<
229	REAL(wp) :: u_rot !<
230	REAL(wp) :: v_int_l !<
231	REAL(wp) :: v_int_u !<
232	REAL(wp) :: w_int_l !<
233	REAL(wp) :: w_int_u !<
234	!
235	!- Tendencies from the nacelle and tower thrust
236	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_x = 0.0_wp !<
237	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_x = 0.0_wp !<
238	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_y = 0.0_wp !<
239	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_y = 0.0_wp !<
240
241	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack !<
242	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: chord !<
243	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen !< curr. generator speed
244	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: phi_rel !<
245	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pitch_add_old!<
246	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_total !<
247	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_rotor !<
248	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl !<
249	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd !<
250	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vrel !<
251	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vtheta !<
252
253	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rbx, rby, rbz !< coordinates of the blade elements
254	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rotx, roty, rotz !< normal vectors to the rotor coordinates
255
256	!
257	!- Fields for the interpolation of velocities on the rotor grid
258	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int !<
259	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int_1_l !<
260	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int !<
261	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int_1_l !<
262	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int !<
263	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int_1_l !<
264
265	!
266	!- rotor tendencies on the segments
267	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_seg !<
268	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_y !<
269	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_z !<
270
271	!
272	!- rotor tendencies on the rings
273	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_ring !<
274	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_y !<
275	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_z !<
276
277	!
278	!- rotor tendencies on rotor grids for all turbines
279	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust !<
280	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_y !<
281	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_z !<
282
283	!
284	!- rotor tendencies on coordinate grid
285	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_x !<
286	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_y !<
287	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_z !<
288	!
289	!- variables for the rotation of the rotor coordinates
290	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100,1:3,1:3) :: rot_coord_trans !< matrix for rotation of rotor coordinates
291
292	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_rad !<
293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_azi !<
294	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_nor !<
295	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: re !<
296	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rea !<
297	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: ren !<
298	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rote !<
299	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rota !<
300	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rotn !<
301
302	!
303	!-- Fixed variables for the speed controller
304
305	LOGICAL :: start_up = .TRUE. !<
306
307	REAL(wp) :: Fcorner !< corner freq for the controller low pass filter
308	REAL(wp) :: min_reg25 !< min region 2.5
309	REAL(wp) :: om_rate !< rotor speed change
310	REAL(wp) :: slope15 !< slope in region 1.5
311	REAL(wp) :: slope25 !< slope in region 2.5
312	REAL(wp) :: trq_rate !< torque change
313	REAL(wp) :: vs_sysp !<
314	REAL(wp) :: lp_coeff !< coeff for the controller low pass filter
315
316	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_old !< last gen. speed
317	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f !< filtered gen. sp
318	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f_old !< last filt. gen. sp
319	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen !< generator torque
320	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen_old !< last gen. torque
321
322	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(100) :: omega_rot_l = 0.0_wp !< local rot speed [rad/s]
323	!
324	!-- Fixed variables for the yaw controller
325
326	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: yawdir !< direction to yaw
327	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: phi_yaw_l !< local (cpu) yaw angle
328	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd30_l !< local (cpu) long running avg of the wd
329	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd2_l !< local (cpu) short running avg of the wd
330	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir !< wind direction at hub
331	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow !< wind speed at hub
332	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir_l !<
333	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow_l !<
334	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd30 !<
335	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd2 !<
336	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(1:100) :: doyaw = .FALSE. !<
337	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDLON !<
338	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDSHO !<
339
340
341	SAVE
342
343
344	INTERFACE wtm_parin
345	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_parin
346	END INTERFACE wtm_parin
347
348	INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
349	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_check_parameters
350	END INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
351
352	INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
353	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_arrays
354	END INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
355
356	INTERFACE wtm_init
357	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init
358	END INTERFACE wtm_init
359
360	INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
361	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_read_blade_tables
362	END INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
363
364	INTERFACE wtm_forces
365	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_forces
366	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_yawcontrol
367	END INTERFACE wtm_forces
368
369	INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
370	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_rotate_rotor
371	END INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
372
373	INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
374	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_speed_control
375	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_speed_control
376	END INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
377
378	INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
379	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies
380	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies_ij
381	END INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
382
383
384	PUBLIC wtm_check_parameters, wtm_forces, wtm_init, wtm_init_arrays, &
385	wtm_parin, wtm_tendencies, wtm_tendencies_ij, wind_turbine
386
387	CONTAINS
388
389
390	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
391	! Description:
392	! ------------
393	!> Parin for &wind_turbine_par for wind turbine model
394	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
395	SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
396
397
398	IMPLICIT NONE
399
400	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
401
402	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
403
404	NAMELIST /wind_turbine_par/ air_dens, dtow, gear_eff, gear_ratio, &
405	gen_eff, inertia_gen, inertia_rot, max_miss, &
406	max_torque_gen, max_trq_rate, min_miss, &
407	min_reg15, min_reg2, nairfoils, nturbines, &
408	omega_rot, phi_yaw, pitch_add, pitch_control,&
409	rated_genspeed, rated_power, rcx, rcy, rcz, &
410	rnac, rr, segment_length, segment_width, &
411	slope2, speed_control, tilt, time_turbine_on,&
412	turb_cd_nacelle, turb_cd_tower, &
413	yaw_control, yaw_speed, tl_cor
414
415	!
416	!-- Try to find wind turbine model package
417	REWIND ( 11 )
418	line = ' '
419	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&wind_turbine_par' ) == 0 )
420	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
421	ENDDO
422	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
423
424	!
425	!-- Read user-defined namelist
426	READ ( 11, wind_turbine_par, IOSTAT=ierrn )
427
428	IF ( ierrn < 0 ) THEN
429	message_string = 'errors in \$wind_turbine_par'
430	CALL message( 'wtm_parin', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
431	ENDIF
432
433	!
434	!-- Set flag that indicates that the wind turbine model is switched on
435	wind_turbine = .TRUE.
436
437	10 CONTINUE ! TBD Change from continue, mit ierrn machen
438
439
440	END SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
441
442	SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
443
444
445	IMPLICIT NONE
446
447	IF ( ( .NOT.speed_control ) .AND. pitch_control ) THEN
448	message_string = 'pitch_control = .TRUE. requires '// &
449	'speed_control = .TRUE.'
450	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
451	ENDIF
452
453	IF ( ANY( omega_rot(1:nturbines) <= 0.0 ) ) THEN
454	message_string = 'omega_rot <= 0.0, Please set omega_rot to ' // &
455	'a value larger than zero'
456	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
457	ENDIF
458
459
460	IF ( ANY( rcx(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
461	ANY( rcy(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
462	ANY( rcz(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
463
464	message_string = 'rcx, rcy, rcz ' // &
465	'have to be given for each turbine.'
466	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
467
468	ENDIF
469
470
471	END SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
472
473
474	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
475	! Description:
476	! ------------
477	!> Allocate wind turbine model arrays
478	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
479	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
480
481
482	IMPLICIT NONE
483
484	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_factor !<
485	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_init !<
486
487	!
488	!-- To be able to allocate arrays with dimension of rotor rings and segments,
489	!-- the maximum possible numbers of rings and segments have to be calculated:
490
491	ALLOCATE( nrings(1:nturbines) )
492	ALLOCATE( delta_r(1:nturbines) )
493
494	nrings(:) = 0
495	delta_r(:) = 0.0_wp
496
497	!
498	!-- Thickness (radial) of each ring and length (tangential) of each segment:
499	delta_r_factor = segment_width
500	delta_t_factor = segment_length
501	delta_r_init = delta_r_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
502	delta_t = delta_t_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
503
504	DO inot = 1, nturbines
505	!
506	!-- Determine number of rings:
507	nrings(inot) = NINT( rr(inot) / delta_r_init )
508
509	delta_r(inot) = rr(inot) / nrings(inot)
510
511	ENDDO
512
513	nrings_max = MAXVAL(nrings)
514
515	ALLOCATE( nsegs(1:nrings_max,1:nturbines) )
516	ALLOCATE( nsegs_total(1:nturbines) )
517
518	nsegs(:,:) = 0
519	nsegs_total(:) = 0
520
521
522	DO inot = 1, nturbines
523	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
524	!
525	!-- Determine number of segments for each ring:
526	nsegs(ring,inot) = MAX( 8, CEILING( delta_r_factor * pi * &
527	( 2.0_wp * ring - 1.0_wp ) / &
528	delta_t_factor ) )
529	ENDDO
530	!
531	!-- Total sum of all rotor segments:
532	nsegs_total(inot) = SUM( nsegs(:,inot) )
533
534	ENDDO
535
536	!
537	!-- Maximum number of segments per ring:
538	nsegs_max = MAXVAL(nsegs)
539
540	!!
541	!!-- TODO: Folgendes im Header ausgeben!
542	! IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
543	! PRINT*, 'nrings(1) = ', nrings(1)
544	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
545	! PRINT*, 'nsegs(:,1) = ', nsegs(:,1)
546	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
547	! PRINT*, 'nrings_max = ', nrings_max
548	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_max = ', nsegs_max
549	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_total(1) = ', nsegs_total(1)
550	! ENDIF
551
552
553	!
554	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of turbines)
555	ALLOCATE( i_hub(1:nturbines) )
556	ALLOCATE( i_smear(1:nturbines) )
557	ALLOCATE( j_hub(1:nturbines) )
558	ALLOCATE( j_smear(1:nturbines) )
559	ALLOCATE( k_hub(1:nturbines) )
560	ALLOCATE( k_smear(1:nturbines) )
561	ALLOCATE( torque_total(1:nturbines) )
562	ALLOCATE( thrust_rotor(1:nturbines) )
563
564	!
565	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for speed pitch_control
566	ALLOCATE( omega_gen(1:nturbines) )
567	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
568	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f(1:nturbines) )
569	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f_old(1:nturbines) )
570	ALLOCATE( pitch_add_old(1:nturbines) )
571	ALLOCATE( torque_gen(1:nturbines) )
572	ALLOCATE( torque_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
573
574	!
575	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for yaw control
576	ALLOCATE( yawdir(1:nturbines) )
577	ALLOCATE( u_inflow(1:nturbines) )
578	ALLOCATE( wdir(1:nturbines) )
579	ALLOCATE( u_inflow_l(1:nturbines) )
580	ALLOCATE( wdir_l(1:nturbines) )
581	ALLOCATE( phi_yaw_l(1:nturbines) )
582
583	!
584	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
585	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack(1:nsegs_max) )
586	ALLOCATE( chord(1:nsegs_max) )
587	ALLOCATE( phi_rel(1:nsegs_max) )
588	ALLOCATE( thrust_seg(1:nsegs_max) )
589	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_y(1:nsegs_max) )
590	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_z(1:nsegs_max) )
591	ALLOCATE( turb_cd(1:nsegs_max) )
592	ALLOCATE( turb_cl(1:nsegs_max) )
593	ALLOCATE( vrel(1:nsegs_max) )
594	ALLOCATE( vtheta(1:nsegs_max) )
595
596	!
597	!-- Allocate 2D arrays (dimension = number of rotor rings and segments)
598	ALLOCATE( rbx(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
599	ALLOCATE( rby(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
600	ALLOCATE( rbz(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
601	ALLOCATE( thrust_ring(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
602	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_y(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
603	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_z(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
604
605	!
606	!-- Allocate additional 2D arrays
607	ALLOCATE( rotx(1:nturbines,1:3) )
608	ALLOCATE( roty(1:nturbines,1:3) )
609	ALLOCATE( rotz(1:nturbines,1:3) )
610
611	!
612	!-- Allocate 3D arrays (dimension = number of grid points)
613	ALLOCATE( nac_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
614	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_x(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
615	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
616	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
617	ALLOCATE( thrust(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
618	ALLOCATE( torque_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
619	ALLOCATE( torque_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
620	ALLOCATE( tow_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
621
622	!
623	!-- Allocate additional 3D arrays
624	ALLOCATE( u_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
625	ALLOCATE( u_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
626	ALLOCATE( v_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
627	ALLOCATE( v_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
628	ALLOCATE( w_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
629	ALLOCATE( w_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
630
631	!
632	!-- All of the arrays are initialized with a value of zero:
633	i_hub(:) = 0
634	i_smear(:) = 0
635	j_hub(:) = 0
636	j_smear(:) = 0
637	k_hub(:) = 0
638	k_smear(:) = 0
639
640	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
641	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
642
643	omega_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
644	omega_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
645	omega_gen_f(:) = 0.0_wp
646	omega_gen_f_old(:) = 0.0_wp
647	pitch_add_old(:) = 0.0_wp
648	torque_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
649	torque_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
650
651	yawdir(:) = 0.0_wp
652	wdir(:) = 0.0_wp
653	u_inflow(:) = 0.0_wp
654
655	!
656	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
657	alpha_attack(:) = 0.0_wp
658	chord(:) = 0.0_wp
659	phi_rel(:) = 0.0_wp
660	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
661	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
662	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
663	turb_cd(:) = 0.0_wp
664	turb_cl(:) = 0.0_wp
665	vrel(:) = 0.0_wp
666	vtheta(:) = 0.0_wp
667
668	rbx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
669	rby(:,:) = 0.0_wp
670	rbz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
671	thrust_ring(:,:) = 0.0_wp
672	torque_ring_y(:,:) = 0.0_wp
673	torque_ring_z(:,:) = 0.0_wp
674
675	rotx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
676	roty(:,:) = 0.0_wp
677	rotz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
678	turb_cl_tab(:,:) = 0.0_wp
679	turb_cd_tab(:,:) = 0.0_wp
680
681	nac_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
682	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
683	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
684	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
685	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
686	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
687	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
688	tow_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
689
690	u_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
691	u_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
692	v_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
693	v_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
694	w_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
695	w_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
696
697
698	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
699
700
701	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
702	! Description:
703	! ------------
704	!> Initialization of the wind turbine model
705	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
706	SUBROUTINE wtm_init
707
708
709	IMPLICIT NONE
710
711	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
712	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
713	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
714
715	!
716	!-- Help variables for the smearing function
717	REAL(wp) :: eps_kernel !<
718
719	!
720	!-- Help variables for calculation of the tower drag
721	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_n !<
722	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_s !<
723	!
724	!-- Help variables for the calulaction of the nacelle drag
725	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ip !<
726	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ipg !<
727
728	REAL(wp) :: yvalue
729	REAL(wp) :: dy_int !<
730	REAL(wp) :: dz_int !<
731
732	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: circle_points !<
733
734	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacb !<
735	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacl !<
736	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacr !<
737	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nact !<
738
739	ALLOCATE( index_nacb(1:nturbines) )
740	ALLOCATE( index_nacl(1:nturbines) )
741	ALLOCATE( index_nacr(1:nturbines) )
742	ALLOCATE( index_nact(1:nturbines) )
743
744
745	IF ( speed_control) THEN
746
747	CALL wtm_speed_control
748
749	ENDIF
750
751	!
752	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
753	!-- Calculation of parameters for the regularization kernel
754	!-- (smearing of the forces)
755	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
756	!
757	!-- In the following, some of the required parameters for the smearing will
758	!-- be calculated:
759
760	!-- The kernel is set equal to twice the grid spacing which has turned out to
761	!-- be a reasonable value (see e.g. Troldborg et al. (2013), Wind Energy,
762	!-- DOI: 10.1002/we.1608):
763	eps_kernel = 2.0_wp * dx
764	!
765	!-- The zero point (eps_min) of the polynomial function must be the following
766	!-- if the integral of the polynomial function (for values < eps_min) shall
767	!-- be equal to the integral of the Gaussian function used before:
768	eps_min = ( 105.0_wp / 32.0_wp )*( 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp ) &
769	pi*( 1.0_wp / 6.0_wp ) eps_kernel
770	!
771	!-- Square of eps_min:
772	eps_min2 = eps_min**2
773	!
774	!-- Parameters in the polynomial function:
775	pol_a = 1.0_wp / eps_min**4
776	pol_b = 2.0_wp / eps_min**2
777	!
778	!-- Normalization factor which is the inverse of the integral of the smearing
779	!-- function:
780	eps_factor = 105.0_wp / ( 32.0_wp * pi * eps_min**3 )
781
782	!-- Change tilt angle to rad:
783	tilt = tilt * pi / 180.0_wp
784
785	!
786	!-- Change yaw angle to rad:
787	phi_yaw(:) = phi_yaw(:) * pi / 180.0_wp
788
789
790	DO inot = 1, nturbines
791	!
792	!-- Rotate the rotor coordinates in case yaw and tilt are defined
793	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
794
795	!
796	!-- Determine the indices of the hub height
797	i_hub(inot) = INT( rcx(inot) / dx )
798	j_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
799	k_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz )
800
801	!
802	!-- Determining the area to which the smearing of the forces is applied.
803	!-- As smearing now is effectively applied only for distances smaller than
804	!-- eps_min, the smearing area can be further limited and regarded as a
805	!-- function of eps_min:
806	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dx )
807	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dy )
808	k_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dz )
809
810	ENDDO
811
812	!
813	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
814	!-- Determine the area within each grid cell that overlaps with the area
815	!-- of the nacelle and the tower (needed for calculation of the forces)
816	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
817	!
818	!-- Note: so far this is only a 2D version, in that the mean flow is
819	!-- perpendicular to the rotor area.
820
821	!
822	!-- Allocation of the array containing information on the intersection points
823	!-- between rotor disk and the numerical grid:
824	upper_end = ( ny + 1 ) * 10000
825
826	ALLOCATE( circle_points(1:2,1:upper_end) )
827
828	circle_points(:,:) = 0.0_wp
829
830
831	DO inot = 1, nturbines ! loop over number of turbines
832	!
833	!-- Determine the grid index (u-grid) that corresponds to the location of
834	!-- the rotor center (reduces the amount of calculations in the case that
835	!-- the mean flow is perpendicular to the rotor area):
836	i = i_hub(inot)
837
838	!
839	!-- Determine the left and the right edge of the nacelle (corresponding
840	!-- grid point indices):
841	index_nacl(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) - rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
842	index_nacr(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
843	!
844	!-- Determine the bottom and the top edge of the nacelle (corresponding
845	!-- grid point indices).The grid point index has to be increased by 1, as
846	!-- the first level for the u-component (index 0) is situated below the
847	!-- surface. All points between z=0 and z=dz/s would already be contained
848	!-- in grid box 1.
849	index_nacb(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) - rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
850	index_nact(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
851
852	!
853	!-- Determine the indices of the grid boxes containing the left and
854	!-- the right boundaries of the tower:
855	tower_n = ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
856	tower_s = ( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
857
858	!
859	!-- Determine the fraction of the grid box area overlapping with the tower
860	!-- area and multiply it with the drag of the tower:
861	IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
862
863	DO j = nys, nyn
864	!
865	!-- Loop from south to north boundary of tower
866	IF ( ( j >= tower_s ) .AND. ( j <= tower_n ) ) THEN
867
868	DO k = nzb, nzt
869
870	IF ( k == k_hub(inot) ) THEN
871	IF ( tower_n - tower_s >= 1 ) THEN
872	!
873	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
874	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
875	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
876	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
877	( ( tower_s + 1.0_wp + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
878	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) ) * & ! extension in y-direction
879	turb_cd_tower(inot)
880	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
881	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
882	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
883	( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
884	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy ) * & ! extension in y-direction
885	turb_cd_tower(inot)
886	!
887	!-- grid boxes inbetween
888	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
889	ELSE
890	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
891	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
892	dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
893	ENDIF
894	!
895	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
896	ELSE
897	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
898	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
899	dtow(inot) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
900	ENDIF
901	!
902	!-- In case that k is smaller than k_hub the following actions
903	!-- are carried out:
904	ELSEIF ( k < k_hub(inot) ) THEN
905
906	IF ( ( tower_n - tower_s ) >= 1 ) THEN
907	!
908	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
909	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
910	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
911	( tower_s + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
912	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) &
913	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
914	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
915	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
916	( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
917	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy &
918	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
919	!
920	!-- grid boxes inbetween
921	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
922	ELSE
923	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
924	ENDIF
925	!
926	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
927	ELSE
928	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dtow(inot) * &
929	turb_cd_tower(inot)
930	ENDIF ! end if larger than grid box
931
932	ENDIF ! end if k == k_hub
933
934	ENDDO ! end loop over k
935
936	ENDIF ! end if inside north and south boundary of tower
937
938	ENDDO ! end loop over j
939
940	ENDIF ! end if hub inside domain + ghostpoints
941
942
943	CALL exchange_horiz( tow_cd_surf, nbgp )
944
945	!
946	!-- Calculation of the nacelle area
947	!-- CAUTION: Currently disabled due to segmentation faults on the FLOW HPC
948	!-- cluster (Oldenburg)
949	!!
950	!!-- Tabulate the points on the circle that are required in the following for
951	!!-- the calculation of the Riemann integral (node points; they are called
952	!!-- circle_points in the following):
953	!
954	! dy_int = dy / 10000.0_wp
955	!
956	! DO i_ip = 1, upper_end
957	! yvalue = dy_int * ( i_ip - 0.5_wp ) + 0.5_wp * dy !<--- segmentation fault
958	! sqrt_arg = rnac(inot)2 - ( yvalue - rcy(inot) )2 !<--- segmentation fault
959	! IF ( sqrt_arg >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
960	!!
961	!!-- bottom intersection point
962	! circle_points(1,i_ip) = rcz(inot) - SQRT( sqrt_arg )
963	!!
964	!!-- top intersection point
965	! circle_points(2,i_ip) = rcz(inot) + SQRT( sqrt_arg ) !<--- segmentation fault
966	! ELSE
967	! circle_points(:,i_ip) = -111111 !<--- segmentation fault
968	! ENDIF
969	! ENDDO
970	!
971	!
972	! DO j = nys, nyn
973	!!
974	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the nacelle
975	!!-- (y) it can automatically be stated that there is no overlap between
976	!!-- the grid box and the nacelle and consequently we can set
977	!!-- nac_cd_surf(:,j,i) = 0.0:
978	! IF ( ( j >= index_nacl(inot) ) .AND. ( j <= index_nacr(inot) ) ) THEN
979	! DO k = nzb+1, nzt
980	!!
981	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the
982	!!-- nacelle (z) it can automatically be stated that there is no
983	!!-- overlap between the grid box and the nacelle and consequently
984	!!-- we can set nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = 0.0:
985	! IF ( ( k >= index_nacb(inot) ) .OR. &
986	! ( k <= index_nact(inot) ) ) THEN
987	!!
988	!!-- For all other cases Riemann integrals are calculated.
989	!!-- Here, the points on the circle that have been determined
990	!!-- above are used in order to calculate the overlap between the
991	!!-- gridbox and the nacelle area (area approached by 10000
992	!!-- rectangulars dz_int * dy_int):
993	! DO i_ipg = 1, 10000
994	! dz_int = dz
995	! i_ip = j * 10000 + i_ipg
996	!!
997	!!-- Determine the vertical extension dz_int of the circle
998	!!-- within the current grid box:
999	! IF ( ( circle_points(2,i_ip) < zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
1000	! ( circle_points(2,i_ip) >= zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
1001	! dz_int = dz_int - & !<--- segmentation fault
1002	! ( zw(k) - circle_points(2,i_ip) )
1003	! ENDIF
1004	! IF ( ( circle_points(1,i_ip) <= zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
1005	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) > zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
1006	! dz_int = dz_int - &
1007	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) - zw(k-1) )
1008	! ENDIF
1009	! IF ( zw(k-1) > circle_points(2,i_ip) ) THEN
1010	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1011	! ENDIF
1012	! IF ( zw(k) < circle_points(1,i_ip) ) THEN
1013	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1014	! ENDIF
1015	! IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
1016	! nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) + & !<--- segmentation fault
1017	! dy_int * dz_int * turb_cd_nacelle(inot)
1018	! ENDIF
1019	! ENDDO
1020	! ENDIF
1021	! ENDDO
1022	! ENDIF
1023	!
1024	! ENDDO
1025	!
1026	! CALL exchange_horiz( nac_cd_surf, nbgp ) !<--- segmentation fault
1027
1028	ENDDO ! end of loop over turbines
1029
1030	tow_cd_surf = tow_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize tower drag
1031	nac_cd_surf = nac_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize nacelle drag
1032
1033	CALL wtm_read_blade_tables
1034
1035	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init
1036
1037
1038	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1039	! Description:
1040	! ------------
1041	!> Read in layout of the rotor blade , the lift and drag tables
1042	!> and the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade
1043	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1044	!
1045	SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1046
1047
1048	IMPLICIT NONE
1049
1050	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< running index
1051	INTEGER(iwp) :: jj !< running index
1052
1053	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
1054
1055	CHARACTER(200) :: chmess !< Read in string
1056
1057	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlen !< no. rows of local table
1058	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl !< no. rows of cd, cl table
1059	INTEGER(iwp) :: ialpha !< table position of current alpha value
1060	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha !<
1061	INTEGER(iwp) :: iir !<
1062	INTEGER(iwp) :: radres !< radial resolution
1063	INTEGER(iwp) :: t1 !< no. of airfoil
1064	INTEGER(iwp) :: t2 !< no. of airfoil
1065	INTEGER(iwp) :: trow !<
1066	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl_int !< no. rows of interpolated cd, cl tables
1067
1068	REAL(wp) :: alpha_attack_i !<
1069	REAL(wp) :: weight_a !<
1070	REAL(wp) :: weight_b !<
1071
1072	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint1 !<
1073	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint2 !<
1074
1075	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel1 !<
1076	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel2 !<
1077	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel1 !<
1078	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel2 !<
1079	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: read_cl_cd !< read in var array
1080
1081	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack_tab !<
1082	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad1 !<
1083	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad2 !<
1084	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_table !<
1085	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_table !<
1086
1087	ALLOCATE ( read_cl_cd(1:2*nairfoils+1) )
1088
1089	!
1090	!-- Read in the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade, the
1091	!-- layout of the rotor blade and the lift and drag tables:
1092
1093	OPEN ( 201, FILE='WTM_DATA', STATUS='OLD', FORM='FORMATTED', IOSTAT=ierrn )
1094
1095	IF ( ierrn /= 0 ) THEN
1096	message_string = 'file WTM_DATA does not exist'
1097	CALL message( 'wtm_init', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1098	ENDIF
1099	!
1100	!-- Read distribution table:
1101
1102	dlen = 0
1103
1104	READ ( 201, '(3/)' )
1105
1106	rloop3: DO
1107	READ ( 201, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1108	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop3
1109	dlen = dlen + 1
1110	ENDDO rloop3
1111
1112	ALLOCATE( trad1(1:dlen), trad2(1:dlen), ttoint1(1:dlen), ttoint2(1:dlen))
1113
1114	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1115	BACKSPACE ( 201, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1116	ENDDO
1117
1118	DO jj = 1,dlen
1119	READ ( 201, * ) trad1(jj), trad2(jj), ttoint1(jj), ttoint2(jj)
1120	ENDDO
1121
1122	!
1123	!-- Read layout table:
1124
1125	dlen = 0
1126
1127	READ ( 201, '(3/)')
1128
1129	rloop1: DO
1130	READ ( 201, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1131	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop1
1132	dlen = dlen + 1
1133	ENDDO rloop1
1134
1135	ALLOCATE( lrd(1:dlen), ard(1:dlen), crd(1:dlen) )
1136	DO jj = 1, dlen+1
1137	BACKSPACE ( 201, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1138	ENDDO
1139	DO jj = 1, dlen
1140	READ ( 201, * ) lrd(jj), ard(jj), crd(jj)
1141	ENDDO
1142
1143	!
1144	!-- Read tables (turb_cl(alpha),turb_cd(alpha) for the different profiles:
1145
1146	dlen = 0
1147
1148	READ ( 201, '(3/)' )
1149
1150	rloop2: DO
1151	READ ( 201, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1152	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop2
1153	dlen = dlen + 1
1154	ENDDO rloop2
1155
1156	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack_tab(1:dlen), turb_cl_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils), &
1157	turb_cd_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils) )
1158
1159	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1160	BACKSPACE ( 201, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1161	ENDDO
1162
1163	DO jj = 1,dlen
1164	READ ( 201, * ) read_cl_cd
1165	alpha_attack_tab(jj) = read_cl_cd(1)
1166	DO ii= 1, nairfoils
1167	turb_cl_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2)
1168	turb_cd_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2+1)
1169	ENDDO
1170
1171	ENDDO
1172
1173	dlenbl = dlen
1174
1175	CLOSE ( 201 )
1176
1177	!
1178	!-- For each possible radial position (resolution: 0.1 m --> 630 values) and
1179	!-- each possible angle of attack (resolution: 0.01 degrees --> 36000 values!)
1180	!-- determine the lift and drag coefficient by interpolating between the
1181	!-- tabulated values of each table (interpolate to current angle of attack)
1182	!-- and between the tables (interpolate to current radial position):
1183
1184	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1185	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1186	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1187	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1188
1189	radres = INT( rr(1) * 10.0_wp ) + 1_iwp
1190	dlenbl_int = INT( 360.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) + 1_iwp
1191
1192
1193	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1194	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1195
1196
1197	DO iir = 1, radres ! loop over radius
1198
1199	DO iialpha = 1, dlenbl_int ! loop over angles
1200
1201	cur_r = ( iir - 1_iwp ) * 0.1_wp
1202	alpha_attack_i = -180.0_wp + REAL( iialpha-1 ) * accu_cl_cd_tab
1203	ialpha = 1
1204
1205	DO WHILE ( ( alpha_attack_i > alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) ) .AND. (ialpha <= dlen ) )
1206	ialpha = ialpha + 1
1207	ENDDO
1208	!
1209	!-- Find position in table
1210	lct = MINLOC( ABS( trad1 - cur_r ) )
1211	! lct(1) = lct(1)
1212
1213	IF ( ( trad1(lct(1)) - cur_r ) .GT. 0.0 ) THEN
1214	lct(1) = lct(1) - 1
1215	ENDIF
1216
1217	trow = lct(1)
1218	!
1219	!-- Calculate weights for interpolation
1220	weight_a = ( trad2(trow) - cur_r ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1221	weight_b = ( cur_r - trad1(trow) ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1222	t1 = ttoint1(trow)
1223	t2 = ttoint2(trow)
1224
1225	IF ( t1 .EQ. t2 ) THEN ! if both are the same, the weights are NaN
1226	weight_a = 0.5_wp ! then do interpolate in between same twice
1227	weight_b = 0.5_wp ! using 0.5 as weight
1228	ENDIF
1229
1230	IF ( t1 == 0 .AND. t2 == 0 ) THEN
1231	turb_cd_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1232	turb_cd_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1233	turb_cl_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1234	turb_cl_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1235	ELSE
1236	turb_cd_sel1 = turb_cd_table(:,t1)
1237	turb_cd_sel2 = turb_cd_table(:,t2)
1238	turb_cl_sel1 = turb_cl_table(:,t1)
1239	turb_cl_sel2 = turb_cl_table(:,t2)
1240	ENDIF
1241
1242	!
1243	!-- Interpolation of lift and drag coefficiencts on fine grid of radius
1244	!-- segments and angles of attack
1245
1246	turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1247	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1248	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1249	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1250	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1251	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1252	( alpha_attack_i - &
1253	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1254	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1255	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1256	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha) + &
1257	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha) )
1258	turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1259	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1260	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1261	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1262	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1263	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1264	( alpha_attack_i - &
1265	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1266	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1267	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1268	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha) + &
1269	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha) )
1270
1271	ENDDO ! end loop over angles of attack
1272
1273	ENDDO ! end loop over radius
1274
1275	END SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1276
1277
1278	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1279	! Description:
1280	! ------------
1281	!> The projection matrix for the coordinate system of therotor disc in respect
1282	!> to the yaw and tilt angle of the rotor is calculated
1283	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1284	SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
1285
1286
1287	IMPLICIT NONE
1288
1289	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
1290	!
1291	!-- Calculation of the rotation matrix for the application of the tilt to
1292	!-- the rotors
1293	rot_eigen_rad(1) = SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the radial eigenvector
1294	rot_eigen_rad(2) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the radial eigenvector
1295	rot_eigen_rad(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the radial eigenvector
1296
1297	rot_eigen_azi(1) = 0.0_wp ! x-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1298	rot_eigen_azi(2) = 0.0_wp ! y-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1299	rot_eigen_azi(3) = 1.0_wp ! z-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1300
1301	rot_eigen_nor(1) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the normal eigenvector
1302	rot_eigen_nor(2) = -SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the normal eigenvector
1303	rot_eigen_nor(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the normal eigenvector
1304
1305	!
1306	!-- Calculation of the coordinate transformation matrix to apply a tilt to
1307	!-- the rotor. If tilt = 0, rot_coord_trans is a unit matrix.
1308
1309	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,1) = rot_eigen_rad(1)*2 &
1310	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1311	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,2) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1312	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1313	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1314	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,3) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1315	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1316	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1317	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,1) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1318	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1319	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1320	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,2) = rot_eigen_rad(2)*2 &
1321	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1322	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,3) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1323	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1324	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1325	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,1) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1326	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1327	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1328	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,2) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1329	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1330	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1331	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,3) = rot_eigen_rad(3)*2 &
1332	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1333
1334	!
1335	!-- Vectors for the Transformation of forces from the rotor's spheric
1336	!-- coordinate system to the cartesian coordinate system
1337	rotx(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_nor )
1338	roty(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_rad )
1339	rotz(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_azi )
1340
1341	END SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor
1342
1343
1344	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1345	! Description:
1346	! ------------
1347	!> Calculation of the forces generated by the wind turbine
1348	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1349	SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
1350
1351
1352	IMPLICIT NONE
1353
1354	CHARACTER (LEN=2) :: turbine_id
1355
1356	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k !< loop indices
1357	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
1358	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha, iir !<
1359	INTEGER(iwp) :: rseg, rseg_int !<
1360	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring, ring_int !<
1361	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii, jj, kk !<
1362
1363	REAL(wp) :: flag !< flag to mask topography grid points
1364	REAL(wp) :: sin_rot, cos_rot !<
1365	REAL(wp) :: sin_yaw, cos_yaw !<
1366
1367	REAL(wp) :: aa, bb, cc, dd !< interpolation distances
1368	REAL(wp) :: gg !< interpolation volume var
1369
1370	REAL(wp) :: dist_u_3d, dist_v_3d, dist_w_3d !< smearing distances
1371
1372
1373	!
1374	! Variables for pitch control
1375	REAL(wp) :: torque_max=0.0_wp
1376	LOGICAL :: pitch_sw=.FALSE.
1377
1378	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct=0
1379	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1) :: rad_d=0.0_wp
1380
1381	REAL(wp) :: tl_factor !< factor for tip loss correction
1382
1383
1384	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'start' )
1385
1386
1387	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
1388
1389	!
1390	!-- Set forces to zero for each new time step:
1391	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1392	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1393	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1394	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
1395	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1396	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1397	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1398	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
1399	!
1400	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1401	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1402
1403	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1404	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1405	!
1406	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1407	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1408
1409	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
1410	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
1411	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
1412	!
1413	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1414	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1415
1416	!
1417	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1418	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1419	!
1420	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1421	!-- !-- Determine coordinates of the ring segments --!
1422	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1423	!
1424	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1425	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1426	!-- with y-axis):
1427	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1428	cos_rot = COS( phi_rotor )
1429	sin_rot = SIN( phi_rotor )
1430
1431	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1432	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1433	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1434	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1435	re(3) = sin_rot
1436
1437	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1438	!
1439	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1440	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1441	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1442	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1443
1444	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1445	!-- !-- Interpolation of the velocity components from the --!
1446	!-- !-- cartesian grid point to the coordinates of each ring --!
1447	!-- !-- segment (follows a method used in the particle model) --!
1448	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1449
1450	u_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1451	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1452
1453	v_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1454	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1455
1456	w_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1457	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1458
1459	!
1460	!-- Interpolation of the u-component:
1461
1462	ii = rbx(ring,rseg) * ddx
1463	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1464	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1465	!
1466	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1467	!-- the current PE:
1468	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1469	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1470
1471	aa = ( ( ii + 1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1472	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1473	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1474	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1475	cc = ( ( ii+1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1476	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1477	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1478	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1479	gg = dx * dy
1480
1481	u_int_l = ( aa * u(kk,jj,ii) + &
1482	bb * u(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1483	cc * u(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1484	dd * u(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1485	) / gg
1486
1487	u_int_u = ( aa * u(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1488	bb * u(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1489	cc * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1490	dd * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1491	) / gg
1492
1493	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = u_int_l + &
1494	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1495	( u_int_u - u_int_l )
1496
1497	ELSE
1498	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1499	ENDIF
1500	ELSE
1501	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1502	ENDIF
1503
1504
1505	!
1506	!-- Interpolation of the v-component:
1507	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1508	jj = rby(ring,rseg) * ddy
1509	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1510	!
1511	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1512	!-- the current PE:
1513	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1514	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1515
1516	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1517	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1518	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1519	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1520	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1521	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1522	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1523	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1524	gg = dx * dy
1525
1526	v_int_l = ( aa * v(kk,jj,ii) + &
1527	bb * v(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1528	cc * v(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1529	dd * v(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1530	) / gg
1531
1532	v_int_u = ( aa * v(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1533	bb * v(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1534	cc * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1535	dd * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1536	) / gg
1537
1538	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = v_int_l + &
1539	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1540	( v_int_u - v_int_l )
1541
1542	ELSE
1543	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1544	ENDIF
1545	ELSE
1546	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1547	ENDIF
1548
1549
1550	!
1551	!-- Interpolation of the w-component:
1552	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1553	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1554	kk = rbz(ring,rseg) / dz
1555	!
1556	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1557	!-- the current PE:
1558	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1559	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1560
1561	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1562	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1563	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1564	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1565	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1566	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1567	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1568	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1569	gg = dx * dy
1570
1571	w_int_l = ( aa * w(kk,jj,ii) + &
1572	bb * w(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1573	cc * w(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1574	dd * w(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1575	) / gg
1576
1577	w_int_u = ( aa * w(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1578	bb * w(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1579	cc * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1580	dd * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1581	) / gg
1582
1583	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = w_int_l + &
1584	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zw(kk) ) / dz * &
1585	( w_int_u - w_int_l )
1586	ELSE
1587	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1588	ENDIF
1589	ELSE
1590	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1591	ENDIF
1592
1593	ENDDO
1594	ENDDO
1595
1596	ENDDO
1597
1598	!
1599	!-- Exchange between PEs (information required on each PE):
1600	#if defined( __parallel )
1601	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_int_1_l, u_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1602	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1603	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( v_int_1_l, v_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1604	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1605	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( w_int_1_l, w_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1606	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1607	#else
1608	u_int = u_int_1_l
1609	v_int = v_int_1_l
1610	w_int = w_int_1_l
1611	#endif
1612
1613
1614	!
1615	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1616
1617	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1618	pit_loop: DO
1619
1620	IF ( pitch_sw ) THEN
1621	torque_total(inot) = 0.0_wp
1622	thrust_rotor(inot) = 0.0_wp
1623	pitch_add(inot) = pitch_add(inot) + 0.25_wp
1624	! IF ( myid == 0 ) PRINT*, 'Pitch', inot, pitch_add(inot)
1625	ELSE
1626	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1627	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1628	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1629	pitch_add(inot) = MAX(pitch_add_old(inot) - pitch_rate * &
1630	dt_3d , 0.0_wp )
1631	ENDIF
1632	ENDIF
1633
1634	!
1635	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1636	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1637	!
1638	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1639	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1640	!
1641	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1642	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1643	!
1644	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1645	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1646	!-- with y-axis):
1647	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1648	cos_rot = COS(phi_rotor)
1649	sin_rot = SIN(phi_rotor)
1650	!
1651	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1652	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1653	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1654	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1655	re(3) = sin_rot
1656
1657	! The current unit vector in azimuthal direction:
1658	rea(1) = - sin_rot * sin_yaw
1659	rea(2) = - sin_rot * cos_yaw
1660	rea(3) = cos_rot
1661
1662	!
1663	!-- To respect the yawing angle for the calculations of
1664	!-- velocities and forces the unit vectors perpendicular to the
1665	!-- rotor area in direction of the positive yaw angle are defined:
1666	ren(1) = cos_yaw
1667	ren(2) = - sin_yaw
1668	ren(3) = 0.0_wp
1669	!
1670	!-- Multiplication with the coordinate transformation matrix
1671	!-- gives the final unit vector with consideration of the rotor
1672	!-- tilt:
1673	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1674	rota = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rea )
1675	rotn = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), ren )
1676	!
1677	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1678	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1679
1680	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1681
1682	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1683
1684	!
1685	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1686	!-- !-- Calculation of various angles and relative velocities --!
1687	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1688	!
1689	!-- In the following the 3D-velocity field is projected its
1690	!-- components perpedicular and parallel to the rotor area
1691	!-- The calculation of forces will be done in the rotor-
1692	!-- coordinates y' and z.
1693	!-- The yaw angle will be reintroduced when the force is applied
1694	!-- on the hydrodynamic equations
1695	!
1696	!-- Projection of the xy-velocities relative to the rotor area
1697	!
1698	!-- Velocity perpendicular to the rotor area:
1699	u_rot = u_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(1) + &
1700	v_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(2) + &
1701	w_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(3)
1702	!
1703	!-- Projection of the 3D-velocity vector in the azimuthal
1704	!-- direction:
1705	vtheta(rseg) = rota(1) * u_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1706	rota(2) * v_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1707	rota(3) * w_int(inot,ring,rseg)
1708	!
1709	!-- Determination of the angle phi_rel between the rotor plane
1710	!-- and the direction of the flow relative to the rotor:
1711
1712	phi_rel(rseg) = ATAN( u_rot / &
1713	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1714	vtheta(rseg) ) )
1715
1716	!
1717	!-- Interpolation of the local pitch angle from tabulated values
1718	!-- to the current radial position:
1719
1720	lct=minloc(ABS(cur_r-lrd))
1721	rad_d=cur_r-lrd(lct)
1722
1723	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1724	alpha_attack(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1725	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(ard))) THEN
1726	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(size(ard)) + &
1727	ard(size(ard)-1) ) / 2.0_wp
1728	ELSE
1729	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(lct(1)) * &
1730	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1731	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) &
1732	) ) + ( ard(lct(1)+1) * &
1733	( ( cur_r - lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1734	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1735	ENDIF
1736
1737	!
1738	!-- In Fortran radian instead of degree is used as unit for all
1739	!-- angles. Therefore, a transformation from angles given in
1740	!-- degree to angles given in radian is necessary here:
1741	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1742	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1743	!
1744	!-- Substraction of the local pitch angle to obtain the local
1745	!-- angle of attack:
1746	alpha_attack(rseg) = phi_rel(rseg) - alpha_attack(rseg)
1747	!
1748	!-- Preliminary transformation back from angles given in radian
1749	!-- to angles given in degree:
1750	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1751	( 360.0_wp / (2.0_wp*pi) )
1752	!
1753	!-- Correct with collective pitch angle:
1754	alpha_attack = alpha_attack - pitch_add(inot)
1755
1756	!
1757	!-- Determination of the magnitude of the flow velocity relative
1758	!-- to the rotor:
1759	vrel(rseg) = SQRT( u_rot**2 + &
1760	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1761	vtheta(rseg) )**2 )
1762
1763	!
1764	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1765	!-- !-- Interpolation of chord as well as lift and drag --!
1766	!-- !-- coefficients from tabulated values --!
1767	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1768
1769	!
1770	!-- Interpolation of the chord_length from tabulated values to
1771	!-- the current radial position:
1772
1773	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1774	chord(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1775	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(crd))) THEN
1776	chord(rseg) = (crd(size(crd)) + ard(size(crd)-1)) / 2.0_wp
1777	ELSE
1778	chord(rseg) = ( crd(lct(1)) * &
1779	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1780	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) ) + &
1781	( crd(lct(1)+1) * &
1782	( ( cur_r-lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1783	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1784	ENDIF
1785
1786	!
1787	!-- Determine index of current angle of attack, needed for
1788	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1789	!-- drag coefficients (-180.0 degrees = 0, +180.0 degrees = 36000,
1790	!-- so one index every 0.01 degrees):
1791	iialpha = CEILING( ( alpha_attack(rseg) + 180.0_wp ) &
1792	* ( 1.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) )
1793	!
1794	!-- Determine index of current radial position, needed for
1795	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1796	!-- drag coefficients (one index every 0.1 m):
1797	iir = CEILING( cur_r * 10.0_wp )
1798	!
1799	!-- Read in interpolated values of the lift and drag coefficients
1800	!-- for the current radial position and angle of attack:
1801	turb_cl(rseg) = turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir)
1802	turb_cd(rseg) = turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir)
1803
1804	!
1805	!-- Final transformation back from angles given in degree to
1806	!-- angles given in radian:
1807	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1808	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1809
1810	IF ( tl_cor ) THEN
1811
1812	!-- Tip loss correction following Schito
1813	!-- Schito applies the tip loss correction only to the lift force
1814	!-- Therefore, the tip loss correction is only applied to the lift
1815	!-- coefficient and not to the drag coefficient in our case
1816	!--
1817	tl_factor = ( 2.0 / pi ) * &
1818	ACOS( EXP( -1.0 * ( 3.0 * ( rr(inot) - cur_r ) / &
1819	( 2.0 * cur_r * abs( sin( phi_rel(rseg) ) ) ) ) ) )
1820
1821	turb_cl(rseg) = tl_factor * turb_cl(rseg)
1822
1823	END IF
1824	!
1825	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1826	!-- !-- Calculation of the forces --!
1827	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1828
1829	!
1830	!-- Calculate the pre_factor for the thrust and torque forces:
1831
1832	pre_factor = 0.5_wp * (vrel(rseg)*2) 3.0_wp * &
1833	chord(rseg) * delta_r(inot) / nsegs(ring,inot)
1834
1835	!
1836	!-- Calculate the thrust force (x-component of the total force)
1837	!-- for each ring segment:
1838	thrust_seg(rseg) = pre_factor * &
1839	( turb_cl(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) + &
1840	turb_cd(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1841
1842	!
1843	!-- Determination of the second of the additional forces acting
1844	!-- on the flow in the azimuthal direction: force vector as basis
1845	!-- for torque (torque itself would be the vector product of the
1846	!-- radius vector and the force vector):
1847	torque_seg = pre_factor * &
1848	( turb_cl(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) - &
1849	turb_cd(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1850	!
1851	!-- Decomposition of the force vector into two parts:
1852	!-- One acting along the y-direction and one acting along the
1853	!-- z-direction of the rotor coordinate system:
1854
1855	torque_seg_y(rseg) = -torque_seg * sin_rot
1856	torque_seg_z(rseg) = torque_seg * cos_rot
1857
1858	!
1859	!-- Add the segment thrust to the thrust of the whole rotor
1860	thrust_rotor(inot) = thrust_rotor(inot) + &
1861	thrust_seg(rseg)
1862
1863
1864	torque_total(inot) = torque_total(inot) + (torque_seg * cur_r)
1865
1866	ENDDO !-- end of loop over ring segments
1867
1868	!
1869	!-- Restore the forces into arrays containing all the segments of
1870	!-- each ring:
1871	thrust_ring(ring,:) = thrust_seg(:)
1872	torque_ring_y(ring,:) = torque_seg_y(:)
1873	torque_ring_z(ring,:) = torque_seg_z(:)
1874
1875
1876	ENDDO !-- end of loop over rings
1877
1878
1879	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'start' )
1880
1881
1882	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1883	!
1884	!-- Calculation of the current generator speed for rotor speed control
1885
1886	!
1887	!-- The acceleration of the rotor speed is calculated from
1888	!-- the force balance of the accelerating torque
1889	!-- and the torque of the rotating rotor and generator
1890	om_rate = ( torque_total(inot) * air_dens * gear_eff - &
1891	gear_ratio * torque_gen_old(inot) ) / &
1892	( inertia_rot + &
1893	gear_ratio * gear_ratio * inertia_gen ) * dt_3d
1894
1895	!
1896	!-- The generator speed is given by the product of gear gear_ratio
1897	!-- and rotor speed
1898	omega_gen(inot) = gear_ratio * ( omega_rot(inot) + om_rate )
1899
1900	ENDIF
1901
1902	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1903
1904	!
1905	!-- If the current generator speed is above rated, the pitch is not
1906	!-- saturated and the change from the last time step is within the
1907	!-- maximum pitch rate, then the pitch loop is repeated with a pitch
1908	!-- gain
1909	IF ( ( omega_gen(inot) > rated_genspeed ) .AND. &
1910	( pitch_add(inot) < 25.0_wp ) .AND. &
1911	( pitch_add(inot) < pitch_add_old(inot) + &
1912	pitch_rate * dt_3d ) ) THEN
1913	pitch_sw = .TRUE.
1914	!
1915	!-- Go back to beginning of pit_loop
1916	CYCLE pit_loop
1917	ENDIF
1918
1919	!
1920	!-- The current pitch is saved for the next time step
1921	pitch_add_old(inot) = pitch_add(inot)
1922	pitch_sw = .FALSE.
1923	ENDIF
1924	EXIT pit_loop
1925	ENDDO pit_loop ! Recursive pitch control loop
1926
1927
1928	!
1929	!-- Call the rotor speed controller
1930
1931	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1932	!
1933	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
1934	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
1935	THEN
1936	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
1937	THEN
1938	CALL wtm_speed_control( inot )
1939	ENDIF
1940	ENDIF
1941
1942	ENDIF
1943
1944
1945	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'stop' )
1946
1947	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'start' )
1948
1949
1950	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1951	!-- !-- Regularization kernel --!
1952	!-- !-- Smearing of the forces and interpolation to cartesian grid --!
1953	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1954	!
1955	!-- The aerodynamic blade forces need to be distributed smoothly on
1956	!-- several mesh points in order to avoid singular behaviour
1957	!
1958	!-- Summation over sum of weighted forces. The weighting factor
1959	!-- (calculated in user_init) includes information on the distance
1960	!-- between the center of the grid cell and the rotor segment under
1961	!-- consideration
1962	!
1963	!-- To save computing time, apply smearing only for the relevant part
1964	!-- of the model domain:
1965	!
1966	!--
1967	!-- Calculation of the boundaries:
1968	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,1) ) + &
1969	eps_min ) / dx )
1970	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,2) ) + &
1971	eps_min ) / dy )
1972
1973	DO i = MAX( nxl, i_hub(inot) - i_smear(inot) ), &
1974	MIN( nxr, i_hub(inot) + i_smear(inot) )
1975	DO j = MAX( nys, j_hub(inot) - j_smear(inot) ), &
1976	MIN( nyn, j_hub(inot) + j_smear(inot) )
1977	! DO k = MAX( nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(inot) - k_smear(inot) ), &
1978	! k_hub(inot) + k_smear(inot)
1979	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(inot) + k_smear(inot)
1980	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1981	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1982	!
1983	!-- Predetermine flag to mask topography
1984	flag = MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
1985
1986	!
1987	!-- Determine the square of the distance between the
1988	!-- current grid point and each rotor area segment:
1989	dist_u_3d = ( i * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1990	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1991	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
1992	dist_v_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1993	( j * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1994	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
1995	dist_w_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1996	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1997	( k * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
1998
1999	!
2000	!-- 3D-smearing of the forces with a polynomial function
2001	!-- (much faster than the old Gaussian function), using
2002	!-- some parameters that have been calculated in user_init.
2003	!-- The function is only similar to Gaussian function for
2004	!-- squared distances <= eps_min2:
2005	IF ( dist_u_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2006	thrust(k,j,i) = thrust(k,j,i) + &
2007	thrust_ring(ring,rseg) * &
2008	( ( pol_a * dist_u_3d - pol_b ) * &
2009	dist_u_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor *&
2010	flag
2011	ENDIF
2012	IF ( dist_v_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2013	torque_y(k,j,i) = torque_y(k,j,i) + &
2014	torque_ring_y(ring,rseg) * &
2015	( ( pol_a * dist_v_3d - pol_b ) * &
2016	dist_v_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor * &
2017	flag
2018	ENDIF
2019	IF ( dist_w_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2020	torque_z(k,j,i) = torque_z(k,j,i) + &
2021	torque_ring_z(ring,rseg) * &
2022	( ( pol_a * dist_w_3d - pol_b ) * &
2023	dist_w_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor * &
2024	flag
2025	ENDIF
2026
2027	ENDDO ! End of loop over rseg
2028	ENDDO ! End of loop over ring
2029
2030	!
2031	!-- Rotation of force components:
2032	rot_tend_x(k,j,i) = rot_tend_x(k,j,i) + ( &
2033	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,1) + &
2034	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,1) + &
2035	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,1) &
2036	) * flag
2037
2038	rot_tend_y(k,j,i) = rot_tend_y(k,j,i) + ( &
2039	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,2) + &
2040	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,2) + &
2041	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,2) &
2042	) * flag
2043
2044	rot_tend_z(k,j,i) = rot_tend_z(k,j,i) + ( &
2045	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,3) + &
2046	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,3) + &
2047	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,3) &
2048	) * flag
2049
2050	ENDDO ! End of loop over k
2051	ENDDO ! End of loop over j
2052	ENDDO ! End of loop over i
2053
2054	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'stop' )
2055
2056	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2057
2058
2059	IF ( yaw_control ) THEN
2060	!
2061	!-- Allocate arrays for yaw control at first call
2062	!-- Can't be allocated before dt_3d is set
2063	IF ( start_up ) THEN
2064	WDLON = NINT( 30.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 30s running mean array
2065	ALLOCATE( wd30(1:nturbines,1:WDLON) )
2066	wd30 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2067	ALLOCATE( wd30_l(1:WDLON) )
2068
2069	WDSHO = NINT( 2.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 2s running mean array
2070	ALLOCATE( wd2(1:nturbines,1:WDSHO) )
2071	wd2 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2072	ALLOCATE( wd2_l(1:WDSHO) )
2073	start_up = .FALSE.
2074	ENDIF
2075
2076	!
2077	!-- Calculate the inflow wind speed
2078	!--
2079	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
2080	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2081	!
2082	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
2083	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
2084	THEN
2085	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
2086	THEN
2087
2088	u_inflow_l(inot) = u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot))
2089
2090	wdir_l(inot) = -1.0_wp * ATAN2( &
2091	0.5_wp * ( v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)+1) + &
2092	v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) , &
2093	0.5_wp * ( u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot)+1,i_hub(inot)) + &
2094	u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) )
2095
2096	CALL wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2097
2098	phi_yaw_l(inot) = phi_yaw(inot)
2099
2100	ENDIF
2101	ENDIF
2102
2103	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2104
2105	!
2106	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2107	#if defined( __parallel )
2108	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_inflow_l, u_inflow, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2109	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2110	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( wdir_l, wdir, nturbines, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
2111	comm2d, ierr )
2112	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( phi_yaw_l, phi_yaw, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2113	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2114	#else
2115	u_inflow = u_inflow_l
2116	wdir = wdir_l
2117	phi_yaw = phi_yaw_l
2118
2119
2120	#endif
2121	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2122	!
2123	!-- Update rotor orientation
2124	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
2125
2126	ENDDO ! End of loop over turbines
2127
2128	END IF ! end of yaw control
2129
2130	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
2131	!
2132	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2133	! CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen, omega_gen_old, nturbines, &
2134	! MPI_REAL,MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2135	#if defined( __parallel )
2136	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( torque_gen, torque_gen_old, nturbines, &
2137	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2138	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_rot_l, omega_rot, nturbines, &
2139	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2140	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen_f, omega_gen_f_old, nturbines, &
2141	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2142	#else
2143	torque_gen_old = torque_gen
2144	omega_rot = omega_rot_l
2145	omega_gen_f_old = omega_gen_f
2146	#endif
2147
2148	ENDIF
2149
2150	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2151
2152	IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
2153	IF ( openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened ) THEN
2154	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2155	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2156	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2157	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2158	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2159	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2160	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2161	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2162
2163	ELSE
2164
2165	WRITE ( turbine_id,'(I2.2)') inot
2166	OPEN ( 400+inot, FILE=( 'TURBINE_PARAMETERS'//turbine_id ), &
2167	FORM='FORMATTED' )
2168	WRITE ( 400+inot, 105 ) inot
2169	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2170	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2171	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2172	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2173	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2174	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2175	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2176	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2177	ENDIF
2178	ENDIF
2179
2180	!-- Set open flag
2181	openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened = .TRUE.
2182	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2183
2184	ENDIF
2185
2186	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'stop' )
2187
2188	!
2189	!-- Formats
2190	105 FORMAT ('Turbine control data for turbine ',I2,1X,':'/ &
2191	&'----------------------------------------'/ &
2192	&' Time RSpeed GSpeed ', &
2193	'GenTorque AeroTorque Pitch Power(Gen) Power(Rot) ', &
2194	'RotThrust WDirection YawOrient')
2195
2196	106 FORMAT (F9.3,2X,F7.3,2X,F7.2,2X,F9.1,3X,F9.1,1X,F6.2,2X,F10.1,2X, &
2197	F10.1,1X,F9.1,2X,F7.2,1X,F7.2)
2198
2199
2200	END SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
2201
2202
2203	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2204	! Description:
2205	! ------------
2206	!> Yaw controller for the wind turbine model
2207	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2208	SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2209
2210	USE constants
2211	USE kinds
2212
2213	IMPLICIT NONE
2214
2215	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2216	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_wd_30
2217	REAL(wp) :: missal
2218
2219	i_wd_30 = 0_iwp
2220
2221	!
2222	!-- The yaw controller computes a 30s running mean of the wind direction.
2223	!-- If the difference between turbine alignment and wind direction exceeds
2224	!-- 5Â°, the turbine is yawed. The mechanism stops as soon as the 2s-running
2225	!-- mean of the missalignment is smaller than 0.5Â°.
2226	!-- Attention: If the timestep during the simulation changes significantly
2227	!-- the lengths of the running means change and it does not correspond to
2228	!-- 30s/2s anymore.
2229	!-- ! Needs to be modified for these situations !
2230	!-- For wind from the east, the averaging of the wind direction could cause
2231	!-- problems and the yaw controller is probably flawed. -> Routine for
2232	!-- averaging needs to be improved!
2233	!
2234	!-- Check if turbine is not yawing
2235	IF ( .NOT. doyaw(inot) ) THEN
2236	!
2237	!-- Write current wind direction into array
2238	wd30_l = wd30(inot,:)
2239	wd30_l = CSHIFT( wd30_l, SHIFT=-1 )
2240	wd30_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2241	!
2242	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2243	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd30_l == 999.) ) THEN
2244
2245	missal = SUM( wd30_l ) / SIZE( wd30_l ) - phi_yaw(inot)
2246	!
2247	!-- Check if turbine is missaligned by more than max_miss
2248	IF ( ABS( missal ) > max_miss ) THEN
2249	!
2250	!-- Check in which direction to yaw
2251	yawdir(inot) = SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal )
2252	!
2253	!-- Start yawing of turbine
2254	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2255	doyaw(inot) = .TRUE.
2256	wd30_l = 999. ! fill with dummies again
2257	ENDIF
2258	ENDIF
2259
2260	wd30(inot,:) = wd30_l
2261
2262	!
2263	!-- If turbine is already yawing:
2264	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean and yaw until the missalignment is smaller
2265	!-- than min_miss
2266
2267	ELSE
2268	!
2269	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean
2270	wd2_l = wd2(inot,:)
2271	wd2_l = CSHIFT( wd2_l, SHIFT = -1 )
2272	wd2_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2273	!
2274	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2275	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd2_l == 999.0_wp ) ) THEN
2276	!
2277	!-- Calculate missalignment of turbine
2278	missal = SUM( wd2_l - phi_yaw(inot) ) / SIZE( wd2_l )
2279	!
2280	!-- Check if missalignment is still larger than 0.5 degree and if the
2281	!-- yaw direction is still right
2282	IF ( ( ABS( missal ) > min_miss ) .AND. &
2283	( yawdir(inot) == SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal ) ) ) THEN
2284	!
2285	!-- Continue yawing
2286	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2287	ELSE
2288	!
2289	!-- Stop yawing
2290	doyaw(inot) = .FALSE.
2291	wd2_l = 999.0_wp ! fill with dummies again
2292	ENDIF
2293	ELSE
2294	!
2295	!-- Continue yawing
2296	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2297	ENDIF
2298
2299	wd2(inot,:) = wd2_l
2300
2301	ENDIF
2302
2303	END SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol
2304
2305
2306	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2307	! Description:
2308	! ------------
2309	!> Initialization of the speed control
2310	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2311	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2312
2313
2314	IMPLICIT NONE
2315
2316	!
2317	!-- If speed control is set, remaining variables and control_parameters for
2318	!-- the control algorithm are calculated
2319	!
2320	!-- Calculate slope constant for region 15
2321	slope15 = ( slope2 * min_reg2 * min_reg2 ) / ( min_reg2 - min_reg15 )
2322	!
2323	!-- Calculate upper limit of slipage region
2324	vs_sysp = rated_genspeed / 1.1_wp
2325	!
2326	!-- Calculate slope of slipage region
2327	slope25 = ( rated_power / rated_genspeed ) / &
2328	( rated_genspeed - vs_sysp )
2329	!
2330	!-- Calculate lower limit of slipage region
2331	min_reg25 = ( slope25 - SQRT( slope25 * ( slope25 - 4.0_wp * &
2332	slope2 * vs_sysp ) ) ) / &
2333	( 2.0_wp * slope2 )
2334	!
2335	!-- Frequency for the simple low pass filter
2336	Fcorner = 0.25_wp
2337	!
2338	!-- At the first timestep the torque is set to its maximum to prevent
2339	!-- an overspeeding of the rotor
2340	torque_gen_old(:) = max_torque_gen
2341
2342	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2343
2344
2345	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2346	! Description:
2347	! ------------
2348	!> Simple controller for the regulation of the rotor speed
2349	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2350	SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control( inot )
2351
2352
2353	IMPLICIT NONE
2354
2355	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2356
2357
2358
2359	!
2360	!-- The controller is based on the fortran script from Jonkman
2361	!-- et al. 2009 "Definition of a 5 MW Reference Wind Turbine for
2362	!-- offshore system developement"
2363
2364	!
2365	!-- The generator speed is filtered by a low pass filter
2366	!-- for the control of the generator torque
2367	lp_coeff = EXP( -2.0_wp * 3.14_wp * dt_3d * Fcorner )
2368	omega_gen_f(inot) = ( 1.0_wp - lp_coeff ) * omega_gen(inot) + lp_coeff *&
2369	omega_gen_f_old(inot)
2370
2371	IF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg15 ) THEN
2372	!
2373	!-- Region 1: Generator torque is set to zero to accelerate the rotor:
2374	torque_gen(inot) = 0
2375
2376	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg2 ) THEN
2377	!
2378	!-- Region 1.5: Generator torque is increasing linearly with rotor speed:
2379	torque_gen(inot) = slope15 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - min_reg15 )
2380
2381	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg25 ) THEN
2382	!
2383	!-- Region 2: Generator torque is increased by the square of the generator
2384	!-- speed to keep the TSR optimal:
2385	torque_gen(inot) = slope2 * omega_gen_f(inot) * omega_gen_f(inot)
2386
2387	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) < rated_genspeed ) THEN
2388	!
2389	!-- Region 2.5: Slipage region between 2 and 3:
2390	torque_gen(inot) = slope25 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - vs_sysp )
2391
2392	ELSE
2393	!
2394	!-- Region 3: Generator torque is antiproportional to the rotor speed to
2395	!-- keep the power constant:
2396	torque_gen(inot) = rated_power / omega_gen_f(inot)
2397
2398	ENDIF
2399	!
2400	!-- Calculate torque rate and confine with a max
2401	trq_rate = ( torque_gen(inot) - torque_gen_old(inot) ) / dt_3d
2402	trq_rate = MIN( MAX( trq_rate, -1.0_wp * max_trq_rate ), max_trq_rate )
2403	!
2404	!-- Calculate new gen torque and confine with max torque
2405	torque_gen(inot) = torque_gen_old(inot) + trq_rate * dt_3d
2406	torque_gen(inot) = MIN( torque_gen(inot), max_torque_gen )
2407	!
2408	!-- Overwrite values for next timestep
2409	omega_rot_l(inot) = omega_gen(inot) / gear_ratio
2410
2411
2412	END SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control
2413
2414
2415	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2416	! Description:
2417	! ------------
2418	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2419	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2420	!> Call for all grid points
2421	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2422	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies( component )
2423
2424
2425	IMPLICIT NONE
2426
2427	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2428	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2429	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2430	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2431
2432
2433	SELECT CASE ( component )
2434
2435	CASE ( 1 )
2436	!
2437	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2438	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2439	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2440	DO j = nysg, nyng
2441	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2442	!
2443	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2444	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2445	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2446	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2447	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2448
2449	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2450	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x ) &
2451	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2452	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
2453	ENDDO
2454	ENDDO
2455	ENDDO
2456	ENDIF
2457
2458	CASE ( 2 )
2459	!
2460	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2461	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2462	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2463	DO j = nysg, nyng
2464	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2465	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2466	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2467	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2468	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2469	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2470	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y ) &
2471	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2472	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) )
2473	ENDDO
2474	ENDDO
2475	ENDDO
2476	ENDIF
2477
2478	CASE ( 3 )
2479	!
2480	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2481	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2482	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2483	DO j = nysg, nyng
2484	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2485	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i) &
2486	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2487	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 3 ) )
2488	ENDDO
2489	ENDDO
2490	ENDDO
2491	ENDIF
2492
2493
2494	CASE DEFAULT
2495
2496	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2497	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2498
2499	END SELECT
2500
2501
2502	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies
2503
2504
2505	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2506	! Description:
2507	! ------------
2508	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2509	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2510	!> Call for grid point i,j
2511	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2512	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij( i, j, component )
2513
2514
2515	IMPLICIT NONE
2516
2517	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2518	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2519	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2520	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2521
2522	SELECT CASE ( component )
2523
2524	CASE ( 1 )
2525	!
2526	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2527	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2528
2529	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2530	!
2531	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2532	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2533	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2534	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2535	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2536	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2537	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x ) &
2538	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2539	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 1 ) )
2540	ENDDO
2541	ENDIF
2542
2543	CASE ( 2 )
2544	!
2545	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2546	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2547	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2548	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2549	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2550	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2551	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2552	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + ( - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2553	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y ) &
2554	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2555	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 2 ) )
2556	ENDDO
2557	ENDIF
2558
2559	CASE ( 3 )
2560	!
2561	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2562	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2563	DO k = nzb+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2564	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i) &
2565	* MERGE( 1.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
2566	BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 3 ) )
2567	ENDDO
2568	ENDIF
2569
2570
2571	CASE DEFAULT
2572
2573	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2574	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2575
2576	END SELECT
2577
2578
2579	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij
2580
2581	END MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod

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