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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 @ 2152

Last change on this file since 2152 was 2152, checked in by lvollmer, 7 years ago
bugfix in wtm_read_blade_tables, Addition of a tip loss model
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 107.0 KB

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1	!> @file wind_turbine_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	! Bugfix in subroutine wtm_read_blade_tables
23	! Addition of a tip loss model
24	!
25	! Former revisions:
26	! -----------------
27	! $Id: wind_turbine_model_mod.f90 2152 2017-02-17 13:27:24Z lvollmer $
28	!
29	! 2015 2016-09-28 08:45:18Z lvollmer
30	! Bugfix of pitch control
31	!
32	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
33	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
34	!
35	! 1929 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
36	! Bugfix: added preprocessor directives for parallel and serial mode
37	!
38	! 1914 2016-05-26 14:44:07Z witha
39	! Initial revision
40	!
41	!
42	! Description:
43	! ------------
44	!> This module calculates the effect of wind turbines on the flow fields. The
45	!> initial version contains only the advanced actuator disk with rotation method
46	!> (ADM-R).
47	!> The wind turbines include the tower effect, can be yawed and tilted.
48	!> The wind turbine model includes controllers for rotational speed, pitch and
49	!> yaw.
50	!> Currently some specifications of the NREL 5 MW reference turbine
51	!> are hardcoded whereas most input data comes from separate files (currently
52	!> external, planned to be included as namelist which will be read in
53	!> automatically).
54	!>
55	!> @todo Revise code according to PALM Coding Standard
56	!> @todo Implement ADM and ALM turbine models
57	!> @todo Generate header information
58	!> @todo Implement further parameter checks and error messages
59	!> @todo Revise and add code documentation
60	!> @todo Output turbine parameters as timeseries
61	!> @todo Include additional output variables
62	!> @todo Revise smearing the forces for turbines in yaw
63	!> @todo Revise nacelle and tower parameterization
64	!> @todo Allow different turbine types in one simulation
65	!
66	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
67	MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod
68
69	USE arrays_3d, &
70	ONLY: dd2zu, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
71
72	USE constants
73
74	USE control_parameters, &
75	ONLY: dt_3d, dz, message_string, simulated_time
76
77	USE cpulog, &
78	ONLY: cpu_log, log_point_s
79
80	USE grid_variables, &
81	ONLY: ddx, dx, ddy, dy
82
83	USE indices, &
84	ONLY: nbgp, nx, nxl, nxlg, nxr, nxrg, ny, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nz, &
85	nzb, nzb_u_inner, nzb_v_inner, nzb_w_inner, nzt
86
87	USE kinds
88
89	USE pegrid
90
91
92	IMPLICIT NONE
93
94	PRIVATE
95
96	LOGICAL :: wind_turbine=.FALSE. !< switch for use of wind turbine model
97
98	!
99	!-- Variables specified in the namelist wind_turbine_par
100
101	INTEGER(iwp) :: nairfoils = 8 !< number of airfoils of the used turbine model (for ADM-R and ALM)
102	INTEGER(iwp) :: nturbines = 1 !< number of turbines
103
104	LOGICAL :: pitch_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of pitch controller
105	LOGICAL :: speed_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of speed controller
106	LOGICAL :: yaw_control = .FALSE. !< switch for use of yaw controller
107	LOGICAL :: tl_cor = .FALSE. !< switch for use of tip loss correct.
108
109	REAL(wp) :: segment_length = 1.0_wp !< length of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
110	!< (in tangential direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
111	REAL(wp) :: segment_width = 0.5_wp !< width of the segments, the rotor area is divided into
112	!< (in radial direction, as factor of MIN(dx,dy,dz))
113	REAL(wp) :: time_turbine_on = 0.0_wp !< time at which turbines are started
114	REAL(wp) :: tilt = 0.0_wp !< vertical tilt of the rotor [degree] ( positive = backwards )
115
116	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: dtow = 0.0_wp !< tower diameter [m]
117	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: omega_rot = 0.0_wp !< inital or constant rotor speed [rad/s]
118	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: phi_yaw = 0.0_wp !< yaw angle [degree] ( clockwise, 0 = facing west )
119	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: pitch_add = 0.0_wp !< constant pitch angle
120	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcx = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in x-direction
121	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcy = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in y-direction
122	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rcz = 9999999.9_wp !< position of hub in z-direction
123	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rnac = 0.0_wp !< nacelle diameter [m]
124	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: rr = 63.0_wp !< rotor radius [m]
125	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_nacelle = 0.85_wp !< drag coefficient for nacelle
126	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100) :: turb_cd_tower = 1.2_wp !< drag coefficient for tower
127
128	!
129	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for speed controller
130	!-- Default values are from the NREL 5MW research turbine (Jonkman, 2008)
131
132	REAL(wp) :: rated_power = 5296610.0_wp !< rated turbine power [W]
133	REAL(wp) :: gear_ratio = 97.0_wp !< Gear ratio from rotor to generator
134	REAL(wp) :: inertia_rot = 34784179.0_wp !< Inertia of the rotor [kg/m2]
135	REAL(wp) :: inertia_gen = 534.116_wp !< Inertia of the generator [kg/m2]
136	REAL(wp) :: gen_eff = 0.944_wp !< Electric efficiency of the generator
137	REAL(wp) :: gear_eff = 1.0_wp !< Loss between rotor and generator
138	REAL(wp) :: air_dens = 1.225_wp !< Air density to convert to W [kg/m3]
139	REAL(wp) :: rated_genspeed = 121.6805_wp !< Rated generator speed [rad/s]
140	REAL(wp) :: max_torque_gen = 47402.91_wp !< Maximum of the generator torque [Nm]
141	REAL(wp) :: slope2 = 2.332287_wp !< Slope constant for region 2
142	REAL(wp) :: min_reg2 = 91.21091_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 2 [rad/s]
143	REAL(wp) :: min_reg15 = 70.16224_wp !< Lower generator speed boundary of region 1.5 [rad/s]
144	REAL(wp) :: max_trq_rate = 15000.0_wp !< Max generator torque increase [Nm/s]
145	REAL(wp) :: pitch_rate = 8.0_wp !< Max pitch rate [degree/s]
146
147
148	!
149	!-- Variables specified in the namelist for yaw control
150
151	REAL(wp) :: yaw_speed = 0.005236_wp !< speed of the yaw actuator [rad/s]
152	REAL(wp) :: max_miss = 0.08726_wp !< maximum tolerated yaw missalignment [rad]
153	REAL(wp) :: min_miss = 0.008726_wp !< minimum yaw missalignment for which the actuator stops [rad]
154
155	!
156	!-- Set flag for output files TURBINE_PARAMETERS
157	TYPE file_status
158	LOGICAL :: opened, opened_before
159	END TYPE file_status
160
161	TYPE(file_status), DIMENSION(500) :: openfile_turb_mod = &
162	file_status(.FALSE.,.FALSE.)
163
164	!
165	!-- Variables for initialization of the turbine model
166
167	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
168	INTEGER(iwp) :: nsegs_max !< maximum number of segments (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
169	INTEGER(iwp) :: nrings_max !< maximum number of rings (all turbines, required for allocation of arrays)
170	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring !< ring loop index (ring number)
171	INTEGER(iwp) :: rr_int !<
172	INTEGER(iwp) :: upper_end !<
173
174	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct !<
175
176	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_hub !< index belonging to x-position of the turbine
177	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: i_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (x-direction)
178	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_hub !< index belonging to y-position of the turbine
179	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: j_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (y-direction)
180	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_hub !< index belonging to hub height
181	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: k_smear !< index defining the area for the smearing of the forces (z-direction)
182	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nrings !< number of rings per turbine
183	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs_total !< total number of segments per turbine
184
185	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nsegs !< number of segments per ring and turbine
186
187	!
188	!- parameters for the smearing from the rotor to the cartesian grid
189	REAL(wp) :: pol_a !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
190	REAL(wp) :: pol_b !< parameter for the polynomial smearing fct
191	REAL(wp) :: delta_t_factor !<
192	REAL(wp) :: eps_factor !<
193	REAL(wp) :: eps_min !<
194	REAL(wp) :: eps_min2 !<
195	REAL(wp) :: sqrt_arg !<
196
197	!
198	!-- Variables for the calculation of lift and drag coefficients
199	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ard !<
200	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: crd !<
201	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: delta_r !< radial segment length
202	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lrd !<
203
204	REAL(wp) :: accu_cl_cd_tab = 0.1_wp !< Accuracy of the interpolation of
205	!< the lift and drag coeff [deg]
206
207	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_tab !< table of the blade drag coefficient
208	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_tab !< table of the blade lift coefficient
209
210	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: nac_cd_surf !< 3d field of the tower drag coefficient
211	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tow_cd_surf !< 3d field of the nacelle drag coefficient
212
213	!
214	!-- Variables for the calculation of the forces
215
216	REAL(wp) :: cur_r !<
217	REAL(wp) :: delta_t !< tangential segment length
218	REAL(wp) :: phi_rotor !<
219	REAL(wp) :: pre_factor !<
220	REAL(wp) :: torque_seg !<
221	REAL(wp) :: u_int_l !<
222	REAL(wp) :: u_int_u !<
223	REAL(wp) :: u_rot !<
224	REAL(wp) :: v_int_l !<
225	REAL(wp) :: v_int_u !<
226	REAL(wp) :: w_int_l !<
227	REAL(wp) :: w_int_u !<
228	!
229	!- Tendencies from the nacelle and tower thrust
230	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_x = 0.0_wp !<
231	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_x = 0.0_wp !<
232	REAL(wp) :: tend_nac_y = 0.0_wp !<
233	REAL(wp) :: tend_tow_y = 0.0_wp !<
234
235	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack !<
236	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: chord !<
237	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen !< curr. generator speed
238	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: phi_rel !<
239	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pitch_add_old!<
240	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_total !<
241	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_rotor !<
242	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl !<
243	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd !<
244	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vrel !<
245	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: vtheta !<
246
247	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rbx, rby, rbz !< coordinates of the blade elements
248	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rotx, roty, rotz !< normal vectors to the rotor coordinates
249
250	!
251	!- Fields for the interpolation of velocities on the rotor grid
252	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int !<
253	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: u_int_1_l !<
254	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int !<
255	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: v_int_1_l !<
256	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int !<
257	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: w_int_1_l !<
258
259	!
260	!- rotor tendencies on the segments
261	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_seg !<
262	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_y !<
263	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_seg_z !<
264
265	!
266	!- rotor tendencies on the rings
267	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust_ring !<
268	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_y !<
269	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_ring_z !<
270
271	!
272	!- rotor tendencies on rotor grids for all turbines
273	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: thrust !<
274	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_y !<
275	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_z !<
276
277	!
278	!- rotor tendencies on coordinate grid
279	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_x !<
280	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_y !<
281	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: rot_tend_z !<
282	!
283	!- variables for the rotation of the rotor coordinates
284	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:100,1:3,1:3) :: rot_coord_trans !< matrix for rotation of rotor coordinates
285
286	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_rad !<
287	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_azi !<
288	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rot_eigen_nor !<
289	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: re !<
290	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rea !<
291	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: ren !<
292	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rote !<
293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rota !<
294	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1:3) :: rotn !<
295
296	!
297	!-- Fixed variables for the speed controller
298
299	LOGICAL :: start_up = .TRUE. !<
300
301	REAL(wp) :: Fcorner !< corner freq for the controller low pass filter
302	REAL(wp) :: min_reg25 !< min region 2.5
303	REAL(wp) :: om_rate !< rotor speed change
304	REAL(wp) :: slope15 !< slope in region 1.5
305	REAL(wp) :: slope25 !< slope in region 2.5
306	REAL(wp) :: trq_rate !< torque change
307	REAL(wp) :: vs_sysp !<
308	REAL(wp) :: lp_coeff !< coeff for the controller low pass filter
309
310	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_old !< last gen. speed
311	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f !< filtered gen. sp
312	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: omega_gen_f_old !< last filt. gen. sp
313	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen !< generator torque
314	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: torque_gen_old !< last gen. torque
315
316	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(100) :: omega_rot_l = 0.0_wp !< local rot speed [rad/s]
317	!
318	!-- Fixed variables for the yaw controller
319
320	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: yawdir !< direction to yaw
321	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: phi_yaw_l !< local (cpu) yaw angle
322	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd30_l !< local (cpu) long running avg of the wd
323	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wd2_l !< local (cpu) short running avg of the wd
324	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir !< wind direction at hub
325	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow !< wind speed at hub
326	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: wdir_l !<
327	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:) , ALLOCATABLE :: u_inflow_l !<
328	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd30 !<
329	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: wd2 !<
330	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(1:100) :: doyaw = .FALSE. !<
331	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDLON !<
332	INTEGER(iwp) :: WDSHO !<
333
334
335	SAVE
336
337
338	INTERFACE wtm_parin
339	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_parin
340	END INTERFACE wtm_parin
341
342	INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
343	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_check_parameters
344	END INTERFACE wtm_check_parameters
345
346	INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
347	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_arrays
348	END INTERFACE wtm_init_arrays
349
350	INTERFACE wtm_init
351	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init
352	END INTERFACE wtm_init
353
354	INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
355	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_read_blade_tables
356	END INTERFACE wtm_read_blade_tables
357
358	INTERFACE wtm_forces
359	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_forces
360	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_yawcontrol
361	END INTERFACE wtm_forces
362
363	INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
364	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_rotate_rotor
365	END INTERFACE wtm_rotate_rotor
366
367	INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
368	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_init_speed_control
369	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_speed_control
370	END INTERFACE wtm_speed_control
371
372	INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
373	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies
374	MODULE PROCEDURE wtm_tendencies_ij
375	END INTERFACE wtm_tendencies
376
377
378	PUBLIC wtm_check_parameters, wtm_forces, wtm_init, wtm_init_arrays, &
379	wtm_parin, wtm_tendencies, wtm_tendencies_ij, wind_turbine
380
381	CONTAINS
382
383
384	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
385	! Description:
386	! ------------
387	!> Parin for &wind_turbine_par for wind turbine model
388	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
389	SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
390
391
392	IMPLICIT NONE
393
394	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
395
396	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
397
398	NAMELIST /wind_turbine_par/ air_dens, dtow, gear_eff, gear_ratio, &
399	gen_eff, inertia_gen, inertia_rot, max_miss, &
400	max_torque_gen, max_trq_rate, min_miss, &
401	min_reg15, min_reg2, nairfoils, nturbines, &
402	omega_rot, phi_yaw, pitch_add, pitch_control,&
403	rated_genspeed, rated_power, rcx, rcy, rcz, &
404	rnac, rr, segment_length, segment_width, &
405	slope2, speed_control, tilt, time_turbine_on,&
406	turb_cd_nacelle, turb_cd_tower, &
407	yaw_control, yaw_speed, tl_cor
408
409	!
410	!-- Try to find wind turbine model package
411	REWIND ( 11 )
412	line = ' '
413	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&wind_turbine_par' ) == 0 )
414	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
415	ENDDO
416	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
417
418	!
419	!-- Read user-defined namelist
420	READ ( 11, wind_turbine_par, IOSTAT=ierrn )
421
422	IF ( ierrn < 0 ) THEN
423	message_string = 'errors in \$wind_turbine_par'
424	CALL message( 'wtm_parin', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
425	ENDIF
426
427	!
428	!-- Set flag that indicates that the wind turbine model is switched on
429	wind_turbine = .TRUE.
430
431	10 CONTINUE ! TBD Change from continue, mit ierrn machen
432
433
434	END SUBROUTINE wtm_parin
435
436	SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
437
438
439	IMPLICIT NONE
440
441	IF ( ( .NOT.speed_control ) .AND. pitch_control ) THEN
442	message_string = 'pitch_control = .TRUE. requires '// &
443	'speed_control = .TRUE.'
444	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
445	ENDIF
446
447	IF ( ANY( omega_rot(1:nturbines) <= 0.0 ) ) THEN
448	message_string = 'omega_rot <= 0.0, Please set omega_rot to ' // &
449	'a value larger than zero'
450	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
451	ENDIF
452
453
454	IF ( ANY( rcx(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
455	ANY( rcy(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR. &
456	ANY( rcz(1:nturbines) == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
457
458	message_string = 'rcx, rcy, rcz ' // &
459	'have to be given for each turbine.'
460	CALL message( 'wtm_check_parameters', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
461
462	ENDIF
463
464
465	END SUBROUTINE wtm_check_parameters
466
467
468	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
469	! Description:
470	! ------------
471	!> Allocate wind turbine model arrays
472	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
473	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
474
475
476	IMPLICIT NONE
477
478	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_factor !<
479	REAL(wp) :: delta_r_init !<
480
481	!
482	!-- To be able to allocate arrays with dimension of rotor rings and segments,
483	!-- the maximum possible numbers of rings and segments have to be calculated:
484
485	ALLOCATE( nrings(1:nturbines) )
486	ALLOCATE( delta_r(1:nturbines) )
487
488	nrings(:) = 0
489	delta_r(:) = 0.0_wp
490
491	!
492	!-- Thickness (radial) of each ring and length (tangential) of each segment:
493	delta_r_factor = segment_width
494	delta_t_factor = segment_length
495	delta_r_init = delta_r_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
496	delta_t = delta_t_factor * MIN( dx, dy, dz)
497
498	DO inot = 1, nturbines
499	!
500	!-- Determine number of rings:
501	nrings(inot) = NINT( rr(inot) / delta_r_init )
502
503	delta_r(inot) = rr(inot) / nrings(inot)
504
505	ENDDO
506
507	nrings_max = MAXVAL(nrings)
508
509	ALLOCATE( nsegs(1:nrings_max,1:nturbines) )
510	ALLOCATE( nsegs_total(1:nturbines) )
511
512	nsegs(:,:) = 0
513	nsegs_total(:) = 0
514
515
516	DO inot = 1, nturbines
517	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
518	!
519	!-- Determine number of segments for each ring:
520	nsegs(ring,inot) = MAX( 8, CEILING( delta_r_factor * pi * &
521	( 2.0_wp * ring - 1.0_wp ) / &
522	delta_t_factor ) )
523	ENDDO
524	!
525	!-- Total sum of all rotor segments:
526	nsegs_total(inot) = SUM( nsegs(:,inot) )
527
528	ENDDO
529
530	!
531	!-- Maximum number of segments per ring:
532	nsegs_max = MAXVAL(nsegs)
533
534	!!
535	!!-- TODO: Folgendes im Header ausgeben!
536	! IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
537	! PRINT*, 'nrings(1) = ', nrings(1)
538	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
539	! PRINT*, 'nsegs(:,1) = ', nsegs(:,1)
540	! PRINT*, '--------------------------------------------------'
541	! PRINT*, 'nrings_max = ', nrings_max
542	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_max = ', nsegs_max
543	! PRINT*, 'nsegs_total(1) = ', nsegs_total(1)
544	! ENDIF
545
546
547	!
548	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of turbines)
549	ALLOCATE( i_hub(1:nturbines) )
550	ALLOCATE( i_smear(1:nturbines) )
551	ALLOCATE( j_hub(1:nturbines) )
552	ALLOCATE( j_smear(1:nturbines) )
553	ALLOCATE( k_hub(1:nturbines) )
554	ALLOCATE( k_smear(1:nturbines) )
555	ALLOCATE( torque_total(1:nturbines) )
556	ALLOCATE( thrust_rotor(1:nturbines) )
557
558	!
559	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for speed pitch_control
560	ALLOCATE( omega_gen(1:nturbines) )
561	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
562	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f(1:nturbines) )
563	ALLOCATE( omega_gen_f_old(1:nturbines) )
564	ALLOCATE( pitch_add_old(1:nturbines) )
565	ALLOCATE( torque_gen(1:nturbines) )
566	ALLOCATE( torque_gen_old(1:nturbines) )
567
568	!
569	!-- Allocation of the 1D arrays for yaw control
570	ALLOCATE( yawdir(1:nturbines) )
571	ALLOCATE( u_inflow(1:nturbines) )
572	ALLOCATE( wdir(1:nturbines) )
573	ALLOCATE( u_inflow_l(1:nturbines) )
574	ALLOCATE( wdir_l(1:nturbines) )
575	ALLOCATE( phi_yaw_l(1:nturbines) )
576
577	!
578	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
579	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack(1:nsegs_max) )
580	ALLOCATE( chord(1:nsegs_max) )
581	ALLOCATE( phi_rel(1:nsegs_max) )
582	ALLOCATE( thrust_seg(1:nsegs_max) )
583	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_y(1:nsegs_max) )
584	ALLOCATE( torque_seg_z(1:nsegs_max) )
585	ALLOCATE( turb_cd(1:nsegs_max) )
586	ALLOCATE( turb_cl(1:nsegs_max) )
587	ALLOCATE( vrel(1:nsegs_max) )
588	ALLOCATE( vtheta(1:nsegs_max) )
589
590	!
591	!-- Allocate 2D arrays (dimension = number of rotor rings and segments)
592	ALLOCATE( rbx(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
593	ALLOCATE( rby(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
594	ALLOCATE( rbz(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
595	ALLOCATE( thrust_ring(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
596	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_y(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
597	ALLOCATE( torque_ring_z(1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
598
599	!
600	!-- Allocate additional 2D arrays
601	ALLOCATE( rotx(1:nturbines,1:3) )
602	ALLOCATE( roty(1:nturbines,1:3) )
603	ALLOCATE( rotz(1:nturbines,1:3) )
604
605	!
606	!-- Allocate 3D arrays (dimension = number of grid points)
607	ALLOCATE( nac_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
608	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_x(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
609	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
610	ALLOCATE( rot_tend_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
611	ALLOCATE( thrust(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
612	ALLOCATE( torque_y(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
613	ALLOCATE( torque_z(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
614	ALLOCATE( tow_cd_surf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
615
616	!
617	!-- Allocate additional 3D arrays
618	ALLOCATE( u_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
619	ALLOCATE( u_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
620	ALLOCATE( v_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
621	ALLOCATE( v_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
622	ALLOCATE( w_int(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
623	ALLOCATE( w_int_1_l(1:nturbines,1:nrings_max,1:nsegs_max) )
624
625	!
626	!-- All of the arrays are initialized with a value of zero:
627	i_hub(:) = 0
628	i_smear(:) = 0
629	j_hub(:) = 0
630	j_smear(:) = 0
631	k_hub(:) = 0
632	k_smear(:) = 0
633
634	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
635	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
636
637	omega_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
638	omega_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
639	omega_gen_f(:) = 0.0_wp
640	omega_gen_f_old(:) = 0.0_wp
641	pitch_add_old(:) = 0.0_wp
642	torque_gen(:) = 0.0_wp
643	torque_gen_old(:) = 0.0_wp
644
645	yawdir(:) = 0.0_wp
646	wdir(:) = 0.0_wp
647	u_inflow(:) = 0.0_wp
648
649	!
650	!-- Allocate 1D arrays (dimension = number of rotor segments)
651	alpha_attack(:) = 0.0_wp
652	chord(:) = 0.0_wp
653	phi_rel(:) = 0.0_wp
654	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
655	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
656	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
657	turb_cd(:) = 0.0_wp
658	turb_cl(:) = 0.0_wp
659	vrel(:) = 0.0_wp
660	vtheta(:) = 0.0_wp
661
662	rbx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
663	rby(:,:) = 0.0_wp
664	rbz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
665	thrust_ring(:,:) = 0.0_wp
666	torque_ring_y(:,:) = 0.0_wp
667	torque_ring_z(:,:) = 0.0_wp
668
669	rotx(:,:) = 0.0_wp
670	roty(:,:) = 0.0_wp
671	rotz(:,:) = 0.0_wp
672	turb_cl_tab(:,:) = 0.0_wp
673	turb_cd_tab(:,:) = 0.0_wp
674
675	nac_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
676	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
677	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
678	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
679	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
680	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
681	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
682	tow_cd_surf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
683
684	u_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
685	u_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
686	v_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
687	v_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
688	w_int(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
689	w_int_1_l(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
690
691
692	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_arrays
693
694
695	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
696	! Description:
697	! ------------
698	!> Initialization of the wind turbine model
699	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
700	SUBROUTINE wtm_init
701
702
703	IMPLICIT NONE
704
705	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
706	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
707	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
708
709	!
710	!-- Help variables for the smearing function
711	REAL(wp) :: eps_kernel !<
712
713	!
714	!-- Help variables for calculation of the tower drag
715	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_n !<
716	INTEGER(iwp) :: tower_s !<
717	!
718	!-- Help variables for the calulaction of the nacelle drag
719	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ip !<
720	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_ipg !<
721
722	REAL(wp) :: yvalue
723	REAL(wp) :: dy_int !<
724	REAL(wp) :: dz_int !<
725
726	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: circle_points !<
727
728	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacb !<
729	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacl !<
730	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nacr !<
731	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: index_nact !<
732
733	ALLOCATE( index_nacb(1:nturbines) )
734	ALLOCATE( index_nacl(1:nturbines) )
735	ALLOCATE( index_nacr(1:nturbines) )
736	ALLOCATE( index_nact(1:nturbines) )
737
738
739	IF ( speed_control) THEN
740
741	CALL wtm_speed_control
742
743	ENDIF
744
745	!
746	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
747	!-- Calculation of parameters for the regularization kernel
748	!-- (smearing of the forces)
749	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
750	!
751	!-- In the following, some of the required parameters for the smearing will
752	!-- be calculated:
753
754	!-- The kernel is set equal to twice the grid spacing which has turned out to
755	!-- be a reasonable value (see e.g. Troldborg et al. (2013), Wind Energy,
756	!-- DOI: 10.1002/we.1608):
757	eps_kernel = 2.0_wp * dx
758	!
759	!-- The zero point (eps_min) of the polynomial function must be the following
760	!-- if the integral of the polynomial function (for values < eps_min) shall
761	!-- be equal to the integral of the Gaussian function used before:
762	eps_min = ( 105.0_wp / 32.0_wp )*( 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp ) &
763	pi*( 1.0_wp / 6.0_wp ) eps_kernel
764	!
765	!-- Square of eps_min:
766	eps_min2 = eps_min**2
767	!
768	!-- Parameters in the polynomial function:
769	pol_a = 1.0_wp / eps_min**4
770	pol_b = 2.0_wp / eps_min**2
771	!
772	!-- Normalization factor which is the inverse of the integral of the smearing
773	!-- function:
774	eps_factor = 105.0_wp / ( 32.0_wp * pi * eps_min**3 )
775
776	!-- Change tilt angle to rad:
777	tilt = tilt * pi / 180.0_wp
778
779	!
780	!-- Change yaw angle to rad:
781	phi_yaw(:) = phi_yaw(:) * pi / 180.0_wp
782
783
784	DO inot = 1, nturbines
785	!
786	!-- Rotate the rotor coordinates in case yaw and tilt are defined
787	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
788
789	!
790	!-- Determine the indices of the hub height
791	i_hub(inot) = INT( rcx(inot) / dx )
792	j_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
793	k_hub(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz )
794
795	!
796	!-- Determining the area to which the smearing of the forces is applied.
797	!-- As smearing now is effectively applied only for distances smaller than
798	!-- eps_min, the smearing area can be further limited and regarded as a
799	!-- function of eps_min:
800	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dx )
801	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dy )
802	k_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) + eps_min ) / dz )
803
804	ENDDO
805
806	!
807	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
808	!-- Determine the area within each grid cell that overlaps with the area
809	!-- of the nacelle and the tower (needed for calculation of the forces)
810	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
811	!
812	!-- Note: so far this is only a 2D version, in that the mean flow is
813	!-- perpendicular to the rotor area.
814
815	!
816	!-- Allocation of the array containing information on the intersection points
817	!-- between rotor disk and the numerical grid:
818	upper_end = ( ny + 1 ) * 10000
819
820	ALLOCATE( circle_points(1:2,1:upper_end) )
821
822	circle_points(:,:) = 0.0_wp
823
824
825	DO inot = 1, nturbines ! loop over number of turbines
826	!
827	!-- Determine the grid index (u-grid) that corresponds to the location of
828	!-- the rotor center (reduces the amount of calculations in the case that
829	!-- the mean flow is perpendicular to the rotor area):
830	i = i_hub(inot)
831
832	!
833	!-- Determine the left and the right edge of the nacelle (corresponding
834	!-- grid point indices):
835	index_nacl(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) - rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
836	index_nacr(inot) = INT( ( rcy(inot) + rnac(inot) + 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy )
837	!
838	!-- Determine the bottom and the top edge of the nacelle (corresponding
839	!-- grid point indices).The grid point index has to be increased by 1, as
840	!-- the first level for the u-component (index 0) is situated below the
841	!-- surface. All points between z=0 and z=dz/s would already be contained
842	!-- in grid box 1.
843	index_nacb(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) - rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
844	index_nact(inot) = INT( ( rcz(inot) + rnac(inot) ) / dz ) + 1
845
846	!
847	!-- Determine the indices of the grid boxes containing the left and
848	!-- the right boundaries of the tower:
849	tower_n = ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
850	tower_s = ( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) - 0.5_wp * dy ) / dy
851
852	!
853	!-- Determine the fraction of the grid box area overlapping with the tower
854	!-- area and multiply it with the drag of the tower:
855	IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
856
857	DO j = nys, nyn
858	!
859	!-- Loop from south to north boundary of tower
860	IF ( ( j >= tower_s ) .AND. ( j <= tower_n ) ) THEN
861
862	DO k = nzb, nzt
863
864	IF ( k == k_hub(inot) ) THEN
865	IF ( tower_n - tower_s >= 1 ) THEN
866	!
867	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
868	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
869	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
870	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
871	( ( tower_s + 1.0_wp + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
872	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) ) * & ! extension in y-direction
873	turb_cd_tower(inot)
874	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
875	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
876	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * & ! extension in z-direction
877	( ( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
878	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy ) * & ! extension in y-direction
879	turb_cd_tower(inot)
880	!
881	!-- grid boxes inbetween
882	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
883	ELSE
884	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
885	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
886	dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
887	ENDIF
888	!
889	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
890	ELSE
891	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = ( rcz(inot) - &
892	( k_hub(inot) * dz - 0.5_wp * dz ) ) * &
893	dtow(inot) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
894	ENDIF
895	!
896	!-- In case that k is smaller than k_hub the following actions
897	!-- are carried out:
898	ELSEIF ( k < k_hub(inot) ) THEN
899
900	IF ( ( tower_n - tower_s ) >= 1 ) THEN
901	!
902	!-- leftmost and rightmost grid box:
903	IF ( j == tower_s ) THEN
904	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
905	( tower_s + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - &
906	( rcy(inot) - 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) &
907	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
908	ELSEIF ( j == tower_n ) THEN
909	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * ( &
910	( rcy(inot) + 0.5_wp * dtow(inot) ) - &
911	( tower_n + 0.5_wp ) * dy &
912	) * turb_cd_tower(inot)
913	!
914	!-- grid boxes inbetween
915	!-- (where tow_cd_surf = grid box area):
916	ELSE
917	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dy * turb_cd_tower(inot)
918	ENDIF
919	!
920	!-- tower lies completely within one grid box:
921	ELSE
922	tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) = dz * dtow(inot) * &
923	turb_cd_tower(inot)
924	ENDIF ! end if larger than grid box
925
926	ENDIF ! end if k == k_hub
927
928	ENDDO ! end loop over k
929
930	ENDIF ! end if inside north and south boundary of tower
931
932	ENDDO ! end loop over j
933
934	ENDIF ! end if hub inside domain + ghostpoints
935
936
937	CALL exchange_horiz( tow_cd_surf, nbgp )
938
939	!
940	!-- Calculation of the nacelle area
941	!-- CAUTION: Currently disabled due to segmentation faults on the FLOW HPC
942	!-- cluster (Oldenburg)
943	!!
944	!!-- Tabulate the points on the circle that are required in the following for
945	!!-- the calculation of the Riemann integral (node points; they are called
946	!!-- circle_points in the following):
947	!
948	! dy_int = dy / 10000.0_wp
949	!
950	! DO i_ip = 1, upper_end
951	! yvalue = dy_int * ( i_ip - 0.5_wp ) + 0.5_wp * dy !<--- segmentation fault
952	! sqrt_arg = rnac(inot)2 - ( yvalue - rcy(inot) )2 !<--- segmentation fault
953	! IF ( sqrt_arg >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
954	!!
955	!!-- bottom intersection point
956	! circle_points(1,i_ip) = rcz(inot) - SQRT( sqrt_arg )
957	!!
958	!!-- top intersection point
959	! circle_points(2,i_ip) = rcz(inot) + SQRT( sqrt_arg ) !<--- segmentation fault
960	! ELSE
961	! circle_points(:,i_ip) = -111111 !<--- segmentation fault
962	! ENDIF
963	! ENDDO
964	!
965	!
966	! DO j = nys, nyn
967	!!
968	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the nacelle
969	!!-- (y) it can automatically be stated that there is no overlap between
970	!!-- the grid box and the nacelle and consequently we can set
971	!!-- nac_cd_surf(:,j,i) = 0.0:
972	! IF ( ( j >= index_nacl(inot) ) .AND. ( j <= index_nacr(inot) ) ) THEN
973	! DO k = nzb+1, nzt
974	!!
975	!!-- In case that the grid box is located completely outside the
976	!!-- nacelle (z) it can automatically be stated that there is no
977	!!-- overlap between the grid box and the nacelle and consequently
978	!!-- we can set nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = 0.0:
979	! IF ( ( k >= index_nacb(inot) ) .OR. &
980	! ( k <= index_nact(inot) ) ) THEN
981	!!
982	!!-- For all other cases Riemann integrals are calculated.
983	!!-- Here, the points on the circle that have been determined
984	!!-- above are used in order to calculate the overlap between the
985	!!-- gridbox and the nacelle area (area approached by 10000
986	!!-- rectangulars dz_int * dy_int):
987	! DO i_ipg = 1, 10000
988	! dz_int = dz
989	! i_ip = j * 10000 + i_ipg
990	!!
991	!!-- Determine the vertical extension dz_int of the circle
992	!!-- within the current grid box:
993	! IF ( ( circle_points(2,i_ip) < zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
994	! ( circle_points(2,i_ip) >= zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
995	! dz_int = dz_int - & !<--- segmentation fault
996	! ( zw(k) - circle_points(2,i_ip) )
997	! ENDIF
998	! IF ( ( circle_points(1,i_ip) <= zw(k) ) .AND. & !<--- segmentation fault
999	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) > zw(k-1) ) ) THEN
1000	! dz_int = dz_int - &
1001	! ( circle_points(1,i_ip) - zw(k-1) )
1002	! ENDIF
1003	! IF ( zw(k-1) > circle_points(2,i_ip) ) THEN
1004	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1005	! ENDIF
1006	! IF ( zw(k) < circle_points(1,i_ip) ) THEN
1007	! dz_int = 0.0_wp
1008	! ENDIF
1009	! IF ( ( nxlg <= i ) .AND. ( nxrg >= i ) ) THEN
1010	! nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) = nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) + & !<--- segmentation fault
1011	! dy_int * dz_int * turb_cd_nacelle(inot)
1012	! ENDIF
1013	! ENDDO
1014	! ENDIF
1015	! ENDDO
1016	! ENDIF
1017	!
1018	! ENDDO
1019	!
1020	! CALL exchange_horiz( nac_cd_surf, nbgp ) !<--- segmentation fault
1021
1022	ENDDO ! end of loop over turbines
1023
1024	tow_cd_surf = tow_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize tower drag
1025	nac_cd_surf = nac_cd_surf / ( dx * dy * dz ) ! Normalize nacelle drag
1026
1027	CALL wtm_read_blade_tables
1028
1029	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init
1030
1031
1032	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1033	! Description:
1034	! ------------
1035	!> Read in layout of the rotor blade , the lift and drag tables
1036	!> and the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade
1037	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1038	!
1039	SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1040
1041
1042	IMPLICIT NONE
1043
1044	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii !< running index
1045	INTEGER(iwp) :: jj !< running index
1046
1047	INTEGER(iwp) :: ierrn !<
1048
1049	CHARACTER(200) :: chmess !< Read in string
1050
1051	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlen !< no. rows of local table
1052	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl !< no. rows of cd, cl table
1053	INTEGER(iwp) :: ialpha !< table position of current alpha value
1054	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha !<
1055	INTEGER(iwp) :: iir !<
1056	INTEGER(iwp) :: radres !< radial resolution
1057	INTEGER(iwp) :: t1 !< no. of airfoil
1058	INTEGER(iwp) :: t2 !< no. of airfoil
1059	INTEGER(iwp) :: trow !<
1060	INTEGER(iwp) :: dlenbl_int !< no. rows of interpolated cd, cl tables
1061
1062	REAL(wp) :: alpha_attack_i !<
1063	REAL(wp) :: weight_a !<
1064	REAL(wp) :: weight_b !<
1065
1066	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint1 !<
1067	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: ttoint2 !<
1068
1069	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel1 !<
1070	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_sel2 !<
1071	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel1 !<
1072	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_sel2 !<
1073	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: read_cl_cd !< read in var array
1074
1075	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: alpha_attack_tab !<
1076	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad1 !<
1077	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: trad2 !<
1078	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cd_table !<
1079	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: turb_cl_table !<
1080
1081	ALLOCATE ( read_cl_cd(1:2*nairfoils+1) )
1082
1083	!
1084	!-- Read in the distribution of lift and drag tables along the blade, the
1085	!-- layout of the rotor blade and the lift and drag tables:
1086
1087	OPEN ( 201, FILE='WTM_DATA', STATUS='OLD', FORM='FORMATTED', IOSTAT=ierrn )
1088
1089	IF ( ierrn /= 0 ) THEN
1090	message_string = 'file WTM_DATA does not exist'
1091	CALL message( 'wtm_init', 'PA0???', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1092	ENDIF
1093	!
1094	!-- Read distribution table:
1095
1096	dlen = 0
1097
1098	READ ( 201, '(3/)' )
1099
1100	rloop3: DO
1101	READ ( 201, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1102	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop3
1103	dlen = dlen + 1
1104	ENDDO rloop3
1105
1106	ALLOCATE( trad1(1:dlen), trad2(1:dlen), ttoint1(1:dlen), ttoint2(1:dlen))
1107
1108	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1109	BACKSPACE ( 201, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1110	ENDDO
1111
1112	DO jj = 1,dlen
1113	READ ( 201, * ) trad1(jj), trad2(jj), ttoint1(jj), ttoint2(jj)
1114	ENDDO
1115
1116	!
1117	!-- Read layout table:
1118
1119	dlen = 0
1120
1121	READ ( 201, '(3/)')
1122
1123	rloop1: DO
1124	READ ( 201, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1125	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop1
1126	dlen = dlen + 1
1127	ENDDO rloop1
1128
1129	ALLOCATE( lrd(1:dlen), ard(1:dlen), crd(1:dlen) )
1130	DO jj = 1, dlen+1
1131	BACKSPACE ( 201, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1132	ENDDO
1133	DO jj = 1, dlen
1134	READ ( 201, * ) lrd(jj), ard(jj), crd(jj)
1135	ENDDO
1136
1137	!
1138	!-- Read tables (turb_cl(alpha),turb_cd(alpha) for the different profiles:
1139
1140	dlen = 0
1141
1142	READ ( 201, '(3/)' )
1143
1144	rloop2: DO
1145	READ ( 201, *, IOSTAT=ierrn ) chmess
1146	IF ( ierrn < 0 .OR. chmess == '#' .OR. chmess == '') EXIT rloop2
1147	dlen = dlen + 1
1148	ENDDO rloop2
1149
1150	ALLOCATE( alpha_attack_tab(1:dlen), turb_cl_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils), &
1151	turb_cd_table(1:dlen,1:nairfoils) )
1152
1153	DO jj = 1,dlen+1
1154	BACKSPACE ( 201, IOSTAT=ierrn )
1155	ENDDO
1156
1157	DO jj = 1,dlen
1158	READ ( 201, * ) read_cl_cd
1159	alpha_attack_tab(jj) = read_cl_cd(1)
1160	DO ii= 1, nairfoils
1161	turb_cl_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2)
1162	turb_cd_table(jj,ii) = read_cl_cd(ii*2+1)
1163	ENDDO
1164
1165	ENDDO
1166
1167	dlenbl = dlen
1168
1169	CLOSE ( 201 )
1170
1171	!
1172	!-- For each possible radial position (resolution: 0.1 m --> 630 values) and
1173	!-- each possible angle of attack (resolution: 0.01 degrees --> 36000 values!)
1174	!-- determine the lift and drag coefficient by interpolating between the
1175	!-- tabulated values of each table (interpolate to current angle of attack)
1176	!-- and between the tables (interpolate to current radial position):
1177
1178	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1179	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1180	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel1(0:dlenbl) )
1181	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_sel2(0:dlenbl) )
1182
1183	radres = INT( rr(1) * 10.0_wp ) + 1_iwp
1184	dlenbl_int = INT( 360.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) + 1_iwp
1185
1186
1187	ALLOCATE( turb_cl_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1188	ALLOCATE( turb_cd_tab(0:dlenbl_int,1:radres) )
1189
1190
1191	DO iir = 1, radres ! loop over radius
1192
1193	DO iialpha = 1, dlenbl_int ! loop over angles
1194
1195	cur_r = ( iir - 1_iwp ) * 0.1_wp
1196	alpha_attack_i = -180.0_wp + REAL( iialpha-1 ) * accu_cl_cd_tab
1197	ialpha = 1
1198
1199	DO WHILE ( ( alpha_attack_i > alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) ) .AND. (ialpha <= dlen ) )
1200	ialpha = ialpha + 1
1201	ENDDO
1202	!
1203	!-- Find position in table
1204	lct = MINLOC( ABS( trad1 - cur_r ) )
1205	! lct(1) = lct(1)
1206
1207	IF ( ( trad1(lct(1)) - cur_r ) .GT. 0.0 ) THEN
1208	lct(1) = lct(1) - 1
1209	ENDIF
1210
1211	trow = lct(1)
1212	!
1213	!-- Calculate weights for interpolation
1214	weight_a = ( trad2(trow) - cur_r ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1215	weight_b = ( cur_r - trad1(trow) ) / ( trad2(trow) - trad1(trow) )
1216	t1 = ttoint1(trow)
1217	t2 = ttoint2(trow)
1218
1219	IF ( t1 .EQ. t2 ) THEN ! if both are the same, the weights are NaN
1220	weight_a = 0.5_wp ! then do interpolate in between same twice
1221	weight_b = 0.5_wp ! using 0.5 as weight
1222	ENDIF
1223
1224	IF ( t1 == 0 .AND. t2 == 0 ) THEN
1225	turb_cd_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1226	turb_cd_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1227	turb_cl_sel1 = 0.0_wp
1228	turb_cl_sel2 = 0.0_wp
1229	ELSE
1230	turb_cd_sel1 = turb_cd_table(:,t1)
1231	turb_cd_sel2 = turb_cd_table(:,t2)
1232	turb_cl_sel1 = turb_cl_table(:,t1)
1233	turb_cl_sel2 = turb_cl_table(:,t2)
1234	ENDIF
1235
1236	!
1237	!-- Interpolation of lift and drag coefficiencts on fine grid of radius
1238	!-- segments and angles of attack
1239
1240	turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1241	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1242	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1243	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1244	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1245	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1246	( alpha_attack_i - &
1247	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1248	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1249	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1250	( weight_a * turb_cl_sel1(ialpha) + &
1251	weight_b * turb_cl_sel2(ialpha) )
1252	turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir) = ( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1253	alpha_attack_i ) / &
1254	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1255	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1256	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha-1) + &
1257	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha-1) ) +&
1258	( alpha_attack_i - &
1259	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) / &
1260	( alpha_attack_tab(ialpha) - &
1261	alpha_attack_tab(ialpha-1) ) * &
1262	( weight_a * turb_cd_sel1(ialpha) + &
1263	weight_b * turb_cd_sel2(ialpha) )
1264
1265	ENDDO ! end loop over angles of attack
1266
1267	ENDDO ! end loop over radius
1268
1269	END SUBROUTINE wtm_read_blade_tables
1270
1271
1272	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1273	! Description:
1274	! ------------
1275	!> The projection matrix for the coordinate system of therotor disc in respect
1276	!> to the yaw and tilt angle of the rotor is calculated
1277	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1278	SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
1279
1280
1281	IMPLICIT NONE
1282
1283	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
1284	!
1285	!-- Calculation of the rotation matrix for the application of the tilt to
1286	!-- the rotors
1287	rot_eigen_rad(1) = SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the radial eigenvector
1288	rot_eigen_rad(2) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the radial eigenvector
1289	rot_eigen_rad(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the radial eigenvector
1290
1291	rot_eigen_azi(1) = 0.0_wp ! x-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1292	rot_eigen_azi(2) = 0.0_wp ! y-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1293	rot_eigen_azi(3) = 1.0_wp ! z-component of the azimuth eigenvector
1294
1295	rot_eigen_nor(1) = COS( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! x-component of the normal eigenvector
1296	rot_eigen_nor(2) = -SIN( phi_yaw(inot) ) ! y-component of the normal eigenvector
1297	rot_eigen_nor(3) = 0.0_wp ! z-component of the normal eigenvector
1298
1299	!
1300	!-- Calculation of the coordinate transformation matrix to apply a tilt to
1301	!-- the rotor. If tilt = 0, rot_coord_trans is a unit matrix.
1302
1303	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,1) = rot_eigen_rad(1)*2 &
1304	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1305	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,2) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1306	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1307	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1308	rot_coord_trans(inot,1,3) = rot_eigen_rad(1) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1309	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1310	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1311	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,1) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1312	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1313	rot_eigen_rad(3) * SIN( tilt )
1314	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,2) = rot_eigen_rad(2)*2 &
1315	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1316	rot_coord_trans(inot,2,3) = rot_eigen_rad(2) * rot_eigen_rad(3) * &
1317	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1318	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1319	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,1) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(1) * &
1320	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) - &
1321	rot_eigen_rad(2) * SIN( tilt )
1322	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,2) = rot_eigen_rad(3) * rot_eigen_rad(2) * &
1323	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + &
1324	rot_eigen_rad(1) * SIN( tilt )
1325	rot_coord_trans(inot,3,3) = rot_eigen_rad(3)*2 &
1326	( 1.0_wp - COS( tilt ) ) + COS( tilt )
1327
1328	!
1329	!-- Vectors for the Transformation of forces from the rotor's spheric
1330	!-- coordinate system to the cartesian coordinate system
1331	rotx(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_nor )
1332	roty(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_rad )
1333	rotz(inot,:) = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rot_eigen_azi )
1334
1335	END SUBROUTINE wtm_rotate_rotor
1336
1337
1338	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1339	! Description:
1340	! ------------
1341	!> Calculation of the forces generated by the wind turbine
1342	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1343	SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
1344
1345
1346	IMPLICIT NONE
1347
1348	CHARACTER (LEN=2) :: turbine_id
1349
1350	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j, k !< loop indices
1351	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot !< turbine loop index (turbine id)
1352	INTEGER(iwp) :: iialpha, iir !<
1353	INTEGER(iwp) :: rseg, rseg_int !<
1354	INTEGER(iwp) :: ring, ring_int !<
1355	INTEGER(iwp) :: ii, jj, kk !<
1356
1357	REAL(wp) :: sin_rot, cos_rot !<
1358	REAL(wp) :: sin_yaw, cos_yaw !<
1359
1360	REAL(wp) :: aa, bb, cc, dd !< interpolation distances
1361	REAL(wp) :: gg !< interpolation volume var
1362
1363	REAL(wp) :: dist_u_3d, dist_v_3d, dist_w_3d !< smearing distances
1364
1365
1366	!
1367	! Variables for pitch control
1368	REAL(wp) :: torque_max=0.0_wp
1369	LOGICAL :: pitch_sw=.FALSE.
1370
1371	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1) :: lct=0
1372	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(1) :: rad_d=0.0_wp
1373
1374	REAL(wp) :: tl_factor !< factor for tip loss correction
1375
1376
1377	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'start' )
1378
1379
1380	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
1381
1382	!
1383	!-- Set forces to zero for each new time step:
1384	thrust(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1385	torque_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1386	torque_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1387	torque_total(:) = 0.0_wp
1388	rot_tend_x(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1389	rot_tend_y(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1390	rot_tend_z(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1391	thrust_rotor(:) = 0.0_wp
1392	!
1393	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1394	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1395
1396	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1397	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1398	!
1399	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1400	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1401
1402	thrust_seg(:) = 0.0_wp
1403	torque_seg_y(:) = 0.0_wp
1404	torque_seg_z(:) = 0.0_wp
1405	!
1406	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1407	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1408
1409	!
1410	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1411	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1412	!
1413	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1414	!-- !-- Determine coordinates of the ring segments --!
1415	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1416	!
1417	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1418	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1419	!-- with y-axis):
1420	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1421	cos_rot = COS( phi_rotor )
1422	sin_rot = SIN( phi_rotor )
1423
1424	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1425	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1426	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1427	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1428	re(3) = sin_rot
1429
1430	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1431	!
1432	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1433	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1434	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1435	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1436
1437	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1438	!-- !-- Interpolation of the velocity components from the --!
1439	!-- !-- cartesian grid point to the coordinates of each ring --!
1440	!-- !-- segment (follows a method used in the particle model) --!
1441	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1442
1443	u_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1444	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1445
1446	v_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1447	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1448
1449	w_int(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1450	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1451
1452	!
1453	!-- Interpolation of the u-component:
1454
1455	ii = rbx(ring,rseg) * ddx
1456	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1457	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1458	!
1459	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1460	!-- the current PE:
1461	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1462	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1463
1464	aa = ( ( ii + 1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1465	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1466	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1467	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1468	cc = ( ( ii+1 ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1469	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1470	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ii * dx ) * &
1471	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1472	gg = dx * dy
1473
1474	u_int_l = ( aa * u(kk,jj,ii) + &
1475	bb * u(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1476	cc * u(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1477	dd * u(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1478	) / gg
1479
1480	u_int_u = ( aa * u(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1481	bb * u(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1482	cc * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1483	dd * u(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1484	) / gg
1485
1486	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = u_int_l + &
1487	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1488	( u_int_u - u_int_l )
1489
1490	ELSE
1491	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1492	ENDIF
1493	ELSE
1494	u_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1495	ENDIF
1496
1497
1498	!
1499	!-- Interpolation of the v-component:
1500	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1501	jj = rby(ring,rseg) * ddy
1502	kk = ( rbz(ring,rseg) + 0.5_wp * dz ) / dz
1503	!
1504	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1505	!-- the current PE:
1506	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1507	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1508
1509	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1510	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1511	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1512	( ( jj + 1 ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1513	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1514	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1515	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1516	( rby(ring,rseg) - jj * dy )
1517	gg = dx * dy
1518
1519	v_int_l = ( aa * v(kk,jj,ii) + &
1520	bb * v(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1521	cc * v(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1522	dd * v(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1523	) / gg
1524
1525	v_int_u = ( aa * v(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1526	bb * v(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1527	cc * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1528	dd * v(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1529	) / gg
1530
1531	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = v_int_l + &
1532	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zu(kk) ) / dz * &
1533	( v_int_u - v_int_l )
1534
1535	ELSE
1536	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1537	ENDIF
1538	ELSE
1539	v_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1540	ENDIF
1541
1542
1543	!
1544	!-- Interpolation of the w-component:
1545	ii = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
1546	jj = ( rby(ring,rseg) - 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
1547	kk = rbz(ring,rseg) / dz
1548	!
1549	!-- Interpolate only if all required information is available on
1550	!-- the current PE:
1551	IF ( ( ii >= nxl ) .AND. ( ii <= nxr ) ) THEN
1552	IF ( ( jj >= nys ) .AND. ( jj <= nyn ) ) THEN
1553
1554	aa = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1555	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1556	bb = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1557	( ( jj + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )
1558	cc = ( ( ii + 1 + 0.5_wp ) * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) ) * &
1559	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1560	dd = ( rbx(ring,rseg) - ( ii + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) * &
1561	( rby(ring,rseg) - ( jj + 0.5_wp ) * dy )
1562	gg = dx * dy
1563
1564	w_int_l = ( aa * w(kk,jj,ii) + &
1565	bb * w(kk,jj,ii+1) + &
1566	cc * w(kk,jj+1,ii) + &
1567	dd * w(kk,jj+1,ii+1) &
1568	) / gg
1569
1570	w_int_u = ( aa * w(kk+1,jj,ii) + &
1571	bb * w(kk+1,jj,ii+1) + &
1572	cc * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii) + &
1573	dd * w(kk+1,jj+1,ii+1) &
1574	) / gg
1575
1576	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = w_int_l + &
1577	( rbz(ring,rseg) - zw(kk) ) / dz * &
1578	( w_int_u - w_int_l )
1579	ELSE
1580	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1581	ENDIF
1582	ELSE
1583	w_int_1_l(inot,ring,rseg) = 0.0_wp
1584	ENDIF
1585
1586	ENDDO
1587	ENDDO
1588
1589	ENDDO
1590
1591	!
1592	!-- Exchange between PEs (information required on each PE):
1593	#if defined( __parallel )
1594	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_int_1_l, u_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1595	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1596	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( v_int_1_l, v_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1597	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1598	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( w_int_1_l, w_int, nturbines * MAXVAL(nrings) * &
1599	MAXVAL(nsegs), MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
1600	#else
1601	u_int = u_int_1_l
1602	v_int = v_int_1_l
1603	w_int = w_int_1_l
1604	#endif
1605
1606
1607	!
1608	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
1609
1610	DO inot = 1, nturbines
1611	pit_loop: DO
1612
1613	IF ( pitch_sw ) THEN
1614	torque_total(inot) = 0.0_wp
1615	thrust_rotor(inot) = 0.0_wp
1616	pitch_add(inot) = pitch_add(inot) + 0.25_wp
1617	! IF ( myid == 0 ) PRINT*, 'Pitch', inot, pitch_add(inot)
1618	ELSE
1619	cos_yaw = COS(phi_yaw(inot))
1620	sin_yaw = SIN(phi_yaw(inot))
1621	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1622	pitch_add(inot) = MAX(pitch_add_old(inot) - pitch_rate * &
1623	dt_3d , 0.0_wp )
1624	ENDIF
1625	ENDIF
1626
1627	!
1628	!-- Loop over rings of each turbine:
1629	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1630	!
1631	!-- Determine distance between each ring (center) and the hub:
1632	cur_r = (ring - 0.5_wp) * delta_r(inot)
1633	!
1634	!-- Loop over segments of each ring of each turbine:
1635	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1636	!
1637	!-- Determine angle of ring segment towards zero degree angle of
1638	!-- rotor system (at zero degree rotor direction vectors aligned
1639	!-- with y-axis):
1640	phi_rotor = rseg * 2.0_wp * pi / nsegs(ring,inot)
1641	cos_rot = COS(phi_rotor)
1642	sin_rot = SIN(phi_rotor)
1643	!
1644	!-- Now the direction vectors can be determined with respect to
1645	!-- the yaw and tilt angle:
1646	re(1) = cos_rot * sin_yaw
1647	re(2) = cos_rot * cos_yaw
1648	re(3) = sin_rot
1649
1650	! The current unit vector in azimuthal direction:
1651	rea(1) = - sin_rot * sin_yaw
1652	rea(2) = - sin_rot * cos_yaw
1653	rea(3) = cos_rot
1654
1655	!
1656	!-- To respect the yawing angle for the calculations of
1657	!-- velocities and forces the unit vectors perpendicular to the
1658	!-- rotor area in direction of the positive yaw angle are defined:
1659	ren(1) = cos_yaw
1660	ren(2) = - sin_yaw
1661	ren(3) = 0.0_wp
1662	!
1663	!-- Multiplication with the coordinate transformation matrix
1664	!-- gives the final unit vector with consideration of the rotor
1665	!-- tilt:
1666	rote = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), re )
1667	rota = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), rea )
1668	rotn = MATMUL( rot_coord_trans(inot,:,:), ren )
1669	!
1670	!-- Coordinates of the single segments (center points):
1671	rbx(ring,rseg) = rcx(inot) + cur_r * rote(1)
1672
1673	rby(ring,rseg) = rcy(inot) + cur_r * rote(2)
1674
1675	rbz(ring,rseg) = rcz(inot) + cur_r * rote(3)
1676
1677	!
1678	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1679	!-- !-- Calculation of various angles and relative velocities --!
1680	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1681	!
1682	!-- In the following the 3D-velocity field is projected its
1683	!-- components perpedicular and parallel to the rotor area
1684	!-- The calculation of forces will be done in the rotor-
1685	!-- coordinates y' and z.
1686	!-- The yaw angle will be reintroduced when the force is applied
1687	!-- on the hydrodynamic equations
1688	!
1689	!-- Projection of the xy-velocities relative to the rotor area
1690	!
1691	!-- Velocity perpendicular to the rotor area:
1692	u_rot = u_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(1) + &
1693	v_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(2) + &
1694	w_int(inot,ring,rseg)*rotn(3)
1695	!
1696	!-- Projection of the 3D-velocity vector in the azimuthal
1697	!-- direction:
1698	vtheta(rseg) = rota(1) * u_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1699	rota(2) * v_int(inot,ring,rseg) + &
1700	rota(3) * w_int(inot,ring,rseg)
1701	!
1702	!-- Determination of the angle phi_rel between the rotor plane
1703	!-- and the direction of the flow relative to the rotor:
1704
1705	phi_rel(rseg) = ATAN( u_rot / &
1706	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1707	vtheta(rseg) ) )
1708
1709	!
1710	!-- Interpolation of the local pitch angle from tabulated values
1711	!-- to the current radial position:
1712
1713	lct=minloc(ABS(cur_r-lrd))
1714	rad_d=cur_r-lrd(lct)
1715
1716	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1717	alpha_attack(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1718	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(ard))) THEN
1719	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(size(ard)) + &
1720	ard(size(ard)-1) ) / 2.0_wp
1721	ELSE
1722	alpha_attack(rseg) = ( ard(lct(1)) * &
1723	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1724	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) &
1725	) ) + ( ard(lct(1)+1) * &
1726	( ( cur_r - lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1727	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1728	ENDIF
1729
1730	!
1731	!-- In Fortran radian instead of degree is used as unit for all
1732	!-- angles. Therefore, a transformation from angles given in
1733	!-- degree to angles given in radian is necessary here:
1734	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1735	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1736	!
1737	!-- Substraction of the local pitch angle to obtain the local
1738	!-- angle of attack:
1739	alpha_attack(rseg) = phi_rel(rseg) - alpha_attack(rseg)
1740	!
1741	!-- Preliminary transformation back from angles given in radian
1742	!-- to angles given in degree:
1743	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1744	( 360.0_wp / (2.0_wp*pi) )
1745	!
1746	!-- Correct with collective pitch angle:
1747	alpha_attack = alpha_attack - pitch_add(inot)
1748
1749	!
1750	!-- Determination of the magnitude of the flow velocity relative
1751	!-- to the rotor:
1752	vrel(rseg) = SQRT( u_rot**2 + &
1753	( omega_rot(inot) * cur_r - &
1754	vtheta(rseg) )**2 )
1755
1756	!
1757	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1758	!-- !-- Interpolation of chord as well as lift and drag --!
1759	!-- !-- coefficients from tabulated values --!
1760	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------!
1761
1762	!
1763	!-- Interpolation of the chord_length from tabulated values to
1764	!-- the current radial position:
1765
1766	IF (cur_r == 0.0_wp) THEN
1767	chord(rseg) = 0.0_wp
1768	ELSE IF (cur_r >= lrd(size(crd))) THEN
1769	chord(rseg) = (crd(size(crd)) + ard(size(crd)-1)) / 2.0_wp
1770	ELSE
1771	chord(rseg) = ( crd(lct(1)) * &
1772	( ( lrd(lct(1)+1) - cur_r ) / &
1773	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) ) + &
1774	( crd(lct(1)+1) * &
1775	( ( cur_r-lrd(lct(1)) ) / &
1776	( lrd(lct(1)+1) - lrd(lct(1)) ) ) )
1777	ENDIF
1778
1779	!
1780	!-- Determine index of current angle of attack, needed for
1781	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1782	!-- drag coefficients (-180.0 degrees = 0, +180.0 degrees = 36000,
1783	!-- so one index every 0.01 degrees):
1784	iialpha = CEILING( ( alpha_attack(rseg) + 180.0_wp ) &
1785	* ( 1.0_wp / accu_cl_cd_tab ) )
1786	!
1787	!-- Determine index of current radial position, needed for
1788	!-- finding the appropriate interpolated values of the lift and
1789	!-- drag coefficients (one index every 0.1 m):
1790	iir = CEILING( cur_r * 10.0_wp )
1791	!
1792	!-- Read in interpolated values of the lift and drag coefficients
1793	!-- for the current radial position and angle of attack:
1794	turb_cl(rseg) = turb_cl_tab(iialpha,iir)
1795	turb_cd(rseg) = turb_cd_tab(iialpha,iir)
1796
1797	!
1798	!-- Final transformation back from angles given in degree to
1799	!-- angles given in radian:
1800	alpha_attack(rseg) = alpha_attack(rseg) * &
1801	( (2.0_wp*pi) / 360.0_wp )
1802
1803	IF ( tl_cor ) THEN
1804
1805	!-- Tip loss correction following Schito
1806	!-- Schito applies the tip loss correction only to the lift force
1807	!-- Therefore, the tip loss correction is only applied to the lift
1808	!-- coefficient and not to the drag coefficient in our case
1809	!--
1810	tl_factor = ( 2.0 / pi ) * &
1811	ACOS( EXP( -1.0 * ( 3.0 * ( rr(inot) - cur_r ) / &
1812	( 2.0 * cur_r * abs( sin( phi_rel(rseg) ) ) ) ) ) )
1813
1814	turb_cl(rseg) = tl_factor * turb_cl(rseg)
1815
1816	END IF
1817	!
1818	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1819	!-- !-- Calculation of the forces --!
1820	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------!
1821
1822	!
1823	!-- Calculate the pre_factor for the thrust and torque forces:
1824
1825	pre_factor = 0.5_wp * (vrel(rseg)*2) 3.0_wp * &
1826	chord(rseg) * delta_r(inot) / nsegs(ring,inot)
1827
1828	!
1829	!-- Calculate the thrust force (x-component of the total force)
1830	!-- for each ring segment:
1831	thrust_seg(rseg) = pre_factor * &
1832	( turb_cl(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) + &
1833	turb_cd(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1834
1835	!
1836	!-- Determination of the second of the additional forces acting
1837	!-- on the flow in the azimuthal direction: force vector as basis
1838	!-- for torque (torque itself would be the vector product of the
1839	!-- radius vector and the force vector):
1840	torque_seg = pre_factor * &
1841	( turb_cl(rseg) * SIN(phi_rel(rseg)) - &
1842	turb_cd(rseg) * COS(phi_rel(rseg)) )
1843	!
1844	!-- Decomposition of the force vector into two parts:
1845	!-- One acting along the y-direction and one acting along the
1846	!-- z-direction of the rotor coordinate system:
1847
1848	torque_seg_y(rseg) = -torque_seg * sin_rot
1849	torque_seg_z(rseg) = torque_seg * cos_rot
1850
1851	!
1852	!-- Add the segment thrust to the thrust of the whole rotor
1853	thrust_rotor(inot) = thrust_rotor(inot) + &
1854	thrust_seg(rseg)
1855
1856
1857	torque_total(inot) = torque_total(inot) + (torque_seg * cur_r)
1858
1859	ENDDO !-- end of loop over ring segments
1860
1861	!
1862	!-- Restore the forces into arrays containing all the segments of
1863	!-- each ring:
1864	thrust_ring(ring,:) = thrust_seg(:)
1865	torque_ring_y(ring,:) = torque_seg_y(:)
1866	torque_ring_z(ring,:) = torque_seg_z(:)
1867
1868
1869	ENDDO !-- end of loop over rings
1870
1871
1872	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'start' )
1873
1874
1875	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1876	!
1877	!-- Calculation of the current generator speed for rotor speed control
1878
1879	!
1880	!-- The acceleration of the rotor speed is calculated from
1881	!-- the force balance of the accelerating torque
1882	!-- and the torque of the rotating rotor and generator
1883	om_rate = ( torque_total(inot) * air_dens * gear_eff - &
1884	gear_ratio * torque_gen_old(inot) ) / &
1885	( inertia_rot + &
1886	gear_ratio * gear_ratio * inertia_gen ) * dt_3d
1887
1888	!
1889	!-- The generator speed is given by the product of gear gear_ratio
1890	!-- and rotor speed
1891	omega_gen(inot) = gear_ratio * ( omega_rot(inot) + om_rate )
1892
1893	ENDIF
1894
1895	IF ( pitch_control ) THEN
1896
1897	!
1898	!-- If the current generator speed is above rated, the pitch is not
1899	!-- saturated and the change from the last time step is within the
1900	!-- maximum pitch rate, then the pitch loop is repeated with a pitch
1901	!-- gain
1902	IF ( ( omega_gen(inot) > rated_genspeed ) .AND. &
1903	( pitch_add(inot) < 25.0_wp ) .AND. &
1904	( pitch_add(inot) < pitch_add_old(inot) + &
1905	pitch_rate * dt_3d ) ) THEN
1906	pitch_sw = .TRUE.
1907	!
1908	!-- Go back to beginning of pit_loop
1909	CYCLE pit_loop
1910	ENDIF
1911
1912	!
1913	!-- The current pitch is saved for the next time step
1914	pitch_add_old(inot) = pitch_add(inot)
1915	pitch_sw = .FALSE.
1916	ENDIF
1917	EXIT pit_loop
1918	ENDDO pit_loop ! Recursive pitch control loop
1919
1920
1921	!
1922	!-- Call the rotor speed controller
1923
1924	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
1925	!
1926	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
1927	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
1928	THEN
1929	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
1930	THEN
1931	CALL wtm_speed_control( inot )
1932	ENDIF
1933	ENDIF
1934
1935	ENDIF
1936
1937
1938	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(62), 'wtm_controller', 'stop' )
1939
1940	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'start' )
1941
1942
1943	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1944	!-- !-- Regularization kernel --!
1945	!-- !-- Smearing of the forces and interpolation to cartesian grid --!
1946	!-- !-----------------------------------------------------------------!
1947	!
1948	!-- The aerodynamic blade forces need to be distributed smoothly on
1949	!-- several mesh points in order to avoid singular behaviour
1950	!
1951	!-- Summation over sum of weighted forces. The weighting factor
1952	!-- (calculated in user_init) includes information on the distance
1953	!-- between the center of the grid cell and the rotor segment under
1954	!-- consideration
1955	!
1956	!-- To save computing time, apply smearing only for the relevant part
1957	!-- of the model domain:
1958	!
1959	!--
1960	!-- Calculation of the boundaries:
1961	i_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,1) ) + &
1962	eps_min ) / dx )
1963	j_smear(inot) = CEILING( ( rr(inot) * ABS( roty(inot,2) ) + &
1964	eps_min ) / dy )
1965
1966	DO i = MAX( nxl, i_hub(inot) - i_smear(inot) ), &
1967	MIN( nxr, i_hub(inot) + i_smear(inot) )
1968	DO j = MAX( nys, j_hub(inot) - j_smear(inot) ), &
1969	MIN( nyn, j_hub(inot) + j_smear(inot) )
1970	DO k = MAX( nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(inot) - k_smear(inot) ), &
1971	k_hub(inot) + k_smear(inot)
1972	DO ring = 1, nrings(inot)
1973	DO rseg = 1, nsegs(ring,inot)
1974	!
1975	!-- Determine the square of the distance between the
1976	!-- current grid point and each rotor area segment:
1977	dist_u_3d = ( i * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1978	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1979	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
1980	dist_v_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1981	( j * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1982	( k * dz - 0.5_wp * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
1983	dist_w_3d = ( i * dx + 0.5_wp * dx - rbx(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1984	( j * dy + 0.5_wp * dy - rby(ring,rseg) )**2 + &
1985	( k * dz - rbz(ring,rseg) )**2
1986
1987	!
1988	!-- 3D-smearing of the forces with a polynomial function
1989	!-- (much faster than the old Gaussian function), using
1990	!-- some parameters that have been calculated in user_init.
1991	!-- The function is only similar to Gaussian function for
1992	!-- squared distances <= eps_min2:
1993	IF ( dist_u_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
1994	thrust(k,j,i) = thrust(k,j,i) + &
1995	thrust_ring(ring,rseg) * &
1996	( ( pol_a * dist_u_3d - pol_b ) * &
1997	dist_u_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor
1998	ENDIF
1999	IF ( dist_v_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2000	torque_y(k,j,i) = torque_y(k,j,i) + &
2001	torque_ring_y(ring,rseg) * &
2002	( ( pol_a * dist_v_3d - pol_b ) *&
2003	dist_v_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor
2004	ENDIF
2005	IF ( dist_w_3d <= eps_min2 ) THEN
2006	torque_z(k,j,i) = torque_z(k,j,i) + &
2007	torque_ring_z(ring,rseg) * &
2008	( ( pol_a * dist_w_3d - pol_b ) *&
2009	dist_w_3d + 1.0_wp ) * eps_factor
2010	ENDIF
2011
2012	ENDDO ! End of loop over rseg
2013	ENDDO ! End of loop over ring
2014
2015	!
2016	!-- Rotation of force components:
2017	rot_tend_x(k,j,i) = rot_tend_x(k,j,i) + &
2018	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,1) + &
2019	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,1) + &
2020	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,1)
2021
2022	rot_tend_y(k,j,i) = rot_tend_y(k,j,i) + &
2023	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,2) + &
2024	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,2) + &
2025	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,2)
2026
2027	rot_tend_z(k,j,i) = rot_tend_z(k,j,i) + &
2028	thrust(k,j,i)*rotx(inot,3) + &
2029	torque_y(k,j,i)*roty(inot,3) + &
2030	torque_z(k,j,i)*rotz(inot,3)
2031
2032	ENDDO ! End of loop over k
2033	ENDDO ! End of loop over j
2034	ENDDO ! End of loop over i
2035
2036	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(63), 'wtm_smearing', 'stop' )
2037
2038	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2039
2040
2041	IF ( yaw_control ) THEN
2042	!
2043	!-- Allocate arrays for yaw control at first call
2044	!-- Can't be allocated before dt_3d is set
2045	IF ( start_up ) THEN
2046	WDLON = NINT( 30.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 30s running mean array
2047	ALLOCATE( wd30(1:nturbines,1:WDLON) )
2048	wd30 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2049	ALLOCATE( wd30_l(1:WDLON) )
2050
2051	WDSHO = NINT( 2.0_wp / dt_3d ) ! 2s running mean array
2052	ALLOCATE( wd2(1:nturbines,1:WDSHO) )
2053	wd2 = 999.0_wp ! Set to dummy value
2054	ALLOCATE( wd2_l(1:WDSHO) )
2055	start_up = .FALSE.
2056	ENDIF
2057
2058	!
2059	!-- Calculate the inflow wind speed
2060	!--
2061	!-- Loop over number of turbines:
2062	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2063	!
2064	!-- Find processor at i_hub, j_hub
2065	IF ( ( nxl <= i_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nxr >= i_hub(inot) ) ) &
2066	THEN
2067	IF ( ( nys <= j_hub(inot) ) .AND. ( nyn >= j_hub(inot) ) )&
2068	THEN
2069
2070	u_inflow_l(inot) = u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot))
2071
2072	wdir_l(inot) = -1.0_wp * ATAN2( &
2073	0.5_wp * ( v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)+1) + &
2074	v(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) , &
2075	0.5_wp * ( u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot)+1,i_hub(inot)) + &
2076	u(k_hub(inot),j_hub(inot),i_hub(inot)) ) )
2077
2078	CALL wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2079
2080	phi_yaw_l(inot) = phi_yaw(inot)
2081
2082	ENDIF
2083	ENDIF
2084
2085	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2086
2087	!
2088	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2089	#if defined( __parallel )
2090	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( u_inflow_l, u_inflow, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2091	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2092	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( wdir_l, wdir, nturbines, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
2093	comm2d, ierr )
2094	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( phi_yaw_l, phi_yaw, nturbines, MPI_REAL, &
2095	MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2096	#else
2097	u_inflow = u_inflow_l
2098	wdir = wdir_l
2099	phi_yaw = phi_yaw_l
2100
2101
2102	#endif
2103	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2104	!
2105	!-- Update rotor orientation
2106	CALL wtm_rotate_rotor( inot )
2107
2108	ENDDO ! End of loop over turbines
2109
2110	END IF ! end of yaw control
2111
2112	IF ( speed_control ) THEN
2113	!
2114	!-- Transfer of information to the other cpus
2115	! CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen, omega_gen_old, nturbines, &
2116	! MPI_REAL,MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2117	#if defined( __parallel )
2118	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( torque_gen, torque_gen_old, nturbines, &
2119	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2120	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_rot_l, omega_rot, nturbines, &
2121	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2122	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( omega_gen_f, omega_gen_f_old, nturbines, &
2123	MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
2124	#else
2125	torque_gen_old = torque_gen
2126	omega_rot = omega_rot_l
2127	omega_gen_f_old = omega_gen_f
2128	#endif
2129
2130	ENDIF
2131
2132	DO inot = 1, nturbines
2133
2134	IF ( myid == 0 ) THEN
2135	IF ( openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened ) THEN
2136	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2137	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2138	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2139	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2140	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2141	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2142	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2143	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2144
2145	ELSE
2146
2147	WRITE ( turbine_id,'(I2.2)') inot
2148	OPEN ( 400+inot, FILE=( 'TURBINE_PARAMETERS'//turbine_id ), &
2149	FORM='FORMATTED' )
2150	WRITE ( 400+inot, 105 ) inot
2151	WRITE ( 400+inot, 106 ) simulated_time, omega_rot(inot), &
2152	omega_gen(inot), torque_gen_old(inot), &
2153	torque_total(inot), pitch_add(inot), &
2154	torque_gen_old(inot)omega_gen(inot)gen_eff, &
2155	torque_total(inot)omega_rot(inot)air_dens, &
2156	thrust_rotor(inot), &
2157	wdir(inot)*180.0_wp/pi, &
2158	(phi_yaw(inot))*180.0_wp/pi
2159	ENDIF
2160	ENDIF
2161
2162	!-- Set open flag
2163	openfile_turb_mod(400+inot)%opened = .TRUE.
2164	ENDDO !-- end of loop over turbines
2165
2166	ENDIF
2167
2168	CALL cpu_log( log_point_s(61), 'wtm_forces', 'stop' )
2169
2170	!
2171	!-- Formats
2172	105 FORMAT ('Turbine control data for turbine ',I2,1X,':'/ &
2173	&'----------------------------------------'/ &
2174	&' Time RSpeed GSpeed ', &
2175	'GenTorque AeroTorque Pitch Power(Gen) Power(Rot) ', &
2176	'RotThrust WDirection YawOrient')
2177
2178	106 FORMAT (F9.3,2X,F7.3,2X,F7.2,2X,F9.1,3X,F9.1,1X,F6.2,2X,F10.1,2X, &
2179	F10.1,1X,F9.1,2X,F7.2,1X,F7.2)
2180
2181
2182	END SUBROUTINE wtm_forces
2183
2184
2185	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2186	! Description:
2187	! ------------
2188	!> Yaw controller for the wind turbine model
2189	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2190	SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol( inot )
2191
2192	USE constants
2193	USE kinds
2194
2195	IMPLICIT NONE
2196
2197	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2198	INTEGER(iwp) :: i_wd_30
2199	REAL(wp) :: missal
2200
2201	i_wd_30 = 0_iwp
2202
2203	!
2204	!-- The yaw controller computes a 30s running mean of the wind direction.
2205	!-- If the difference between turbine alignment and wind direction exceeds
2206	!-- 5Â°, the turbine is yawed. The mechanism stops as soon as the 2s-running
2207	!-- mean of the missalignment is smaller than 0.5Â°.
2208	!-- Attention: If the timestep during the simulation changes significantly
2209	!-- the lengths of the running means change and it does not correspond to
2210	!-- 30s/2s anymore.
2211	!-- ! Needs to be modified for these situations !
2212	!-- For wind from the east, the averaging of the wind direction could cause
2213	!-- problems and the yaw controller is probably flawed. -> Routine for
2214	!-- averaging needs to be improved!
2215	!
2216	!-- Check if turbine is not yawing
2217	IF ( .NOT. doyaw(inot) ) THEN
2218	!
2219	!-- Write current wind direction into array
2220	wd30_l = wd30(inot,:)
2221	wd30_l = CSHIFT( wd30_l, SHIFT=-1 )
2222	wd30_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2223	!
2224	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2225	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd30_l == 999.) ) THEN
2226
2227	missal = SUM( wd30_l ) / SIZE( wd30_l ) - phi_yaw(inot)
2228	!
2229	!-- Check if turbine is missaligned by more than max_miss
2230	IF ( ABS( missal ) > max_miss ) THEN
2231	!
2232	!-- Check in which direction to yaw
2233	yawdir(inot) = SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal )
2234	!
2235	!-- Start yawing of turbine
2236	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2237	doyaw(inot) = .TRUE.
2238	wd30_l = 999. ! fill with dummies again
2239	ENDIF
2240	ENDIF
2241
2242	wd30(inot,:) = wd30_l
2243
2244	!
2245	!-- If turbine is already yawing:
2246	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean and yaw until the missalignment is smaller
2247	!-- than min_miss
2248
2249	ELSE
2250	!
2251	!-- Initialize 2 s running mean
2252	wd2_l = wd2(inot,:)
2253	wd2_l = CSHIFT( wd2_l, SHIFT = -1 )
2254	wd2_l(1) = wdir(inot)
2255	!
2256	!-- Check if array is full ( no more dummies )
2257	IF ( .NOT. ANY( wd2_l == 999.0_wp ) ) THEN
2258	!
2259	!-- Calculate missalignment of turbine
2260	missal = SUM( wd2_l - phi_yaw(inot) ) / SIZE( wd2_l )
2261	!
2262	!-- Check if missalignment is still larger than 0.5 degree and if the
2263	!-- yaw direction is still right
2264	IF ( ( ABS( missal ) > min_miss ) .AND. &
2265	( yawdir(inot) == SIGN( 1.0_wp, missal ) ) ) THEN
2266	!
2267	!-- Continue yawing
2268	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2269	ELSE
2270	!
2271	!-- Stop yawing
2272	doyaw(inot) = .FALSE.
2273	wd2_l = 999.0_wp ! fill with dummies again
2274	ENDIF
2275	ELSE
2276	!
2277	!-- Continue yawing
2278	phi_yaw(inot) = phi_yaw(inot) + yawdir(inot) * yaw_speed * dt_3d
2279	ENDIF
2280
2281	wd2(inot,:) = wd2_l
2282
2283	ENDIF
2284
2285	END SUBROUTINE wtm_yawcontrol
2286
2287
2288	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2289	! Description:
2290	! ------------
2291	!> Initialization of the speed control
2292	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2293	SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2294
2295
2296	IMPLICIT NONE
2297
2298	!
2299	!-- If speed control is set, remaining variables and control_parameters for
2300	!-- the control algorithm are calculated
2301	!
2302	!-- Calculate slope constant for region 15
2303	slope15 = ( slope2 * min_reg2 * min_reg2 ) / ( min_reg2 - min_reg15 )
2304	!
2305	!-- Calculate upper limit of slipage region
2306	vs_sysp = rated_genspeed / 1.1_wp
2307	!
2308	!-- Calculate slope of slipage region
2309	slope25 = ( rated_power / rated_genspeed ) / &
2310	( rated_genspeed - vs_sysp )
2311	!
2312	!-- Calculate lower limit of slipage region
2313	min_reg25 = ( slope25 - SQRT( slope25 * ( slope25 - 4.0_wp * &
2314	slope2 * vs_sysp ) ) ) / &
2315	( 2.0_wp * slope2 )
2316	!
2317	!-- Frequency for the simple low pass filter
2318	Fcorner = 0.25_wp
2319	!
2320	!-- At the first timestep the torque is set to its maximum to prevent
2321	!-- an overspeeding of the rotor
2322	torque_gen_old(:) = max_torque_gen
2323
2324	END SUBROUTINE wtm_init_speed_control
2325
2326
2327	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2328	! Description:
2329	! ------------
2330	!> Simple controller for the regulation of the rotor speed
2331	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2332	SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control( inot )
2333
2334
2335	IMPLICIT NONE
2336
2337	INTEGER(iwp) :: inot
2338
2339
2340
2341	!
2342	!-- The controller is based on the fortran script from Jonkman
2343	!-- et al. 2009 "Definition of a 5 MW Reference Wind Turbine for
2344	!-- offshore system developement"
2345
2346	!
2347	!-- The generator speed is filtered by a low pass filter
2348	!-- for the control of the generator torque
2349	lp_coeff = EXP( -2.0_wp * 3.14_wp * dt_3d * Fcorner )
2350	omega_gen_f(inot) = ( 1.0_wp - lp_coeff ) * omega_gen(inot) + lp_coeff *&
2351	omega_gen_f_old(inot)
2352
2353	IF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg15 ) THEN
2354	!
2355	!-- Region 1: Generator torque is set to zero to accelerate the rotor:
2356	torque_gen(inot) = 0
2357
2358	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg2 ) THEN
2359	!
2360	!-- Region 1.5: Generator torque is increasing linearly with rotor speed:
2361	torque_gen(inot) = slope15 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - min_reg15 )
2362
2363	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) <= min_reg25 ) THEN
2364	!
2365	!-- Region 2: Generator torque is increased by the square of the generator
2366	!-- speed to keep the TSR optimal:
2367	torque_gen(inot) = slope2 * omega_gen_f(inot) * omega_gen_f(inot)
2368
2369	ELSEIF ( omega_gen_f(inot) < rated_genspeed ) THEN
2370	!
2371	!-- Region 2.5: Slipage region between 2 and 3:
2372	torque_gen(inot) = slope25 * ( omega_gen_f(inot) - vs_sysp )
2373
2374	ELSE
2375	!
2376	!-- Region 3: Generator torque is antiproportional to the rotor speed to
2377	!-- keep the power constant:
2378	torque_gen(inot) = rated_power / omega_gen_f(inot)
2379
2380	ENDIF
2381	!
2382	!-- Calculate torque rate and confine with a max
2383	trq_rate = ( torque_gen(inot) - torque_gen_old(inot) ) / dt_3d
2384	trq_rate = MIN( MAX( trq_rate, -1.0_wp * max_trq_rate ), max_trq_rate )
2385	!
2386	!-- Calculate new gen torque and confine with max torque
2387	torque_gen(inot) = torque_gen_old(inot) + trq_rate * dt_3d
2388	torque_gen(inot) = MIN( torque_gen(inot), max_torque_gen )
2389	!
2390	!-- Overwrite values for next timestep
2391	omega_rot_l(inot) = omega_gen(inot) / gear_ratio
2392
2393
2394	END SUBROUTINE wtm_speed_control
2395
2396
2397	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2398	! Description:
2399	! ------------
2400	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2401	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2402	!> Call for all grid points
2403	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2404	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies( component )
2405
2406
2407	IMPLICIT NONE
2408
2409	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2410	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2411	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2412	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2413
2414
2415	SELECT CASE ( component )
2416
2417	CASE ( 1 )
2418	!
2419	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2420	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2421	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2422	DO j = nysg, nyng
2423	DO k = nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2424	!
2425	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2426	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2427	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2428	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2429	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2430
2431	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2432	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x
2433	ENDDO
2434	ENDDO
2435	ENDDO
2436	ENDIF
2437
2438	CASE ( 2 )
2439	!
2440	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2441	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2442	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2443	DO j = nysg, nyng
2444	DO k = nzb_v_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2445	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2446	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2447	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2448	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2449	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2450	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y
2451	ENDDO
2452	ENDDO
2453	ENDDO
2454	ENDIF
2455
2456	CASE ( 3 )
2457	!
2458	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2459	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2460	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2461	DO j = nysg, nyng
2462	DO k = nzb_w_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2463	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i)
2464	ENDDO
2465	ENDDO
2466	ENDDO
2467	ENDIF
2468
2469
2470	CASE DEFAULT
2471
2472	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2473	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2474
2475	END SELECT
2476
2477
2478	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies
2479
2480
2481	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2482	! Description:
2483	! ------------
2484	!> Application of the additional forces generated by the wind turbine on the
2485	!> flow components (tendency terms)
2486	!> Call for grid point i,j
2487	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2488	SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij( i, j, component )
2489
2490
2491	IMPLICIT NONE
2492
2493	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w)
2494	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2495	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2496	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2497
2498	SELECT CASE ( component )
2499
2500	CASE ( 1 )
2501	!
2502	!-- Apply the x-component of the force to the u-component of the flow:
2503	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2504
2505	DO k = nzb_u_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2506	!
2507	!-- Calculate the thrust generated by the nacelle and the tower
2508	tend_nac_x = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2509	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2510	tend_tow_x = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2511	SIGN( u(k,j,i)**2 , u(k,j,i) )
2512	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_x(k,j,i) &
2513	- tend_nac_x - tend_tow_x
2514	ENDDO
2515	ENDIF
2516
2517	CASE ( 2 )
2518	!
2519	!-- Apply the y-component of the force to the v-component of the flow:
2520	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2521	DO k = nzb_v_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2522	tend_nac_y = 0.5_wp * nac_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2523	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2524	tend_tow_y = 0.5_wp * tow_cd_surf(k,j,i) * &
2525	SIGN( v(k,j,i)**2 , v(k,j,i) )
2526	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_y(k,j,i) &
2527	- tend_nac_y - tend_tow_y
2528	ENDDO
2529	ENDIF
2530
2531	CASE ( 3 )
2532	!
2533	!-- Apply the z-component of the force to the w-component of the flow:
2534	IF ( simulated_time >= time_turbine_on ) THEN
2535	DO k = nzb_w_inner(j,i)+1, k_hub(1) + k_smear(1)
2536	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - rot_tend_z(k,j,i)
2537	ENDDO
2538	ENDIF
2539
2540
2541	CASE DEFAULT
2542
2543	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown prognostic variable: ', component
2544	CALL message( 'wtm_tendencies', 'PA04??', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2545
2546	END SELECT
2547
2548
2549	END SUBROUTINE wtm_tendencies_ij
2550
2551	END MODULE wind_turbine_model_mod

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