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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 4784

Last change on this file since 4784 was 4770, checked in by suehring, 3 years ago
Consider basal-area density as an additional sink for momentum in the prognostic equations for momentum and SGS TKE
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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2020 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	! Copyright 2017-2020 Institute of Computer Science of the
19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
21	!
22	! Current revisions:
23	! ------------------
24	!
25	!
26	! Former revisions:
27	! -----------------
28	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 4770 2020-11-03 14:04:53Z suehring $
29	! Consider basal-area density as an additional sink for momentum in the
30	! prognostic equations for momentum and SGS TKE
31	!
32	! 4768 2020-11-02 19:11:23Z suehring
33	! Enable 3D data output also with 64-bit precision
34	!
35	! 4671 2020-09-09 20:27:58Z pavelkrc
36	! Implementation of downward facing USM and LSM surfaces
37	!
38	! 4535 2020-05-15 12:07:23Z raasch
39	! bugfix for restart data format query
40	!
41	! 4525 2020-05-10 17:05:07Z raasch
42	! bugfix for reading/writing pcm_...rate_av with MPI-IO
43	!
44	! 4517 2020-05-03 14:29:30Z raasch
45	! added restart with MPI-IO for reading local arrays
46	!
47	! 4515 2020-04-30 16:37:18Z suehring
48	! Rename error number again since this was recently given in -r 4511
49	!
50	! 4514 2020-04-30 16:29:59Z suehring
51	! - Bugfix in output of pcm_heatrate_av in a restart run. In order to fix this,
52	! pch_index is now output for a restart run. Therefore, define global restart
53	! routines.
54	! - Error message number renamed and check for PA0505 revised in order to also
55	! consider natural surfaces with plant-canopy.
56	!
57	! 4495 2020-04-13 20:11:20Z raasch
58	! restart data handling with MPI-IO added
59	!
60	! 4457 2020-03-11 14:20:43Z raasch
61	!
62	! use statement for exchange horiz added
63	! (salim) removed the error message PA0672 to consider PC 3d data via ascii file
64	!
65	! 4392 2020-01-31 16:14:57Z pavelkrc (resler)
66	! Make pcm_heatrate_av, pcm_latentrate_av public to allow calculation
67	! of averaged Bowen ratio in the user procedure
68	!
69	! 4381 2020-01-20 13:51:46Z suehring
70	! Give error message 313 only once
71	!
72	! 4363 2020-01-07 18:11:28Z suehring
73	! Fix for last commit
74	!
75	! 4362 2020-01-07 17:15:02Z suehring
76	! Input of plant canopy variables from static driver moved to plant-canopy
77	! model
78	!
79	! 4361 2020-01-07 12:22:38Z suehring
80	! - Remove unused arrays in pmc_rrd_local
81	! - Remove one exchange of ghost points
82	!
83	! 4360 2020-01-07 11:25:50Z suehring
84	! - Bugfix, read restart data for time-averaged pcm output quantities
85	! - Output of plant-canopy quantities will fill values
86	!
87	! 4356 2019-12-20 17:09:33Z suehring
88	! Correct single message call, local check must be given by the respective
89	! mpi rank.
90	!
91	! 4346 2019-12-18 11:55:56Z motisi
92	! Introduction of wall_flags_total_0, which currently sets bits based on static
93	! topography information used in wall_flags_static_0
94	!
95	! 4342 2019-12-16 13:49:14Z Giersch
96	! Use statements moved to module level, ocean dependency removed, redundant
97	! variables removed
98	!
99	! 4341 2019-12-16 10:43:49Z motisi
100	! - Unification of variable names: pc_-variables now pcm_-variables
101	! (pc_latent_rate, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate)
102	! - Removal of pcm_bowenratio output
103	! - Renamed canopy-mode 'block' to 'homogeneous'
104	! - Renamed value 'read_from_file_3d' to 'read_from_file'
105	! - Removal of confusing comment lines
106	! - Replacement of k_wall by topo_top_ind
107	! - Removal of Else-Statement in tendency-calculation
108	!
109	! 4335 2019-12-12 16:39:05Z suehring
110	! Fix for LAD at building edges also implemented in vector branch.
111	!
112	! 4331 2019-12-10 18:25:02Z suehring
113	! Typo corrected
114	!
115	! 4329 2019-12-10 15:46:36Z motisi
116	! Renamed wall_flags_0 to wall_flags_static_0
117	!
118	! 4314 2019-11-29 10:29:20Z suehring
119	! - Bugfix, plant canopy was still considered at building edges on for the u-
120	! and v-component.
121	! - Relax restriction of LAD on building tops. LAD is only omitted at
122	! locations where building grid points emerged artificially by the
123	! topography filtering.
124	!
125	! 4309 2019-11-26 18:49:59Z suehring
126	! Typo
127	!
128	! 4302 2019-11-22 13:15:56Z suehring
129	! Omit tall canopy mapped on top of buildings
130	!
131	! 4279 2019-10-29 08:48:17Z scharf
132	! unused variables removed
133	!
134	! 4258 2019-10-07 13:29:08Z scharf
135	! changed check for static driver and fixed bugs in initialization and header
136	!
137	! 4258 2019-10-07 13:29:08Z suehring
138	! Check if any LAD is prescribed when plant-canopy model is applied.
139	!
140	! 4226 2019-09-10 17:03:24Z suehring
141	! Bugfix, missing initialization of heating rate
142	!
143	! 4221 2019-09-09 08:50:35Z suehring
144	! Further bugfix in 3d data output for plant canopy
145	!
146	! 4216 2019-09-04 09:09:03Z suehring
147	! Bugfixes in 3d data output
148	!
149	! 4205 2019-08-30 13:25:00Z suehring
150	! Missing working precision + bugfix in calculation of wind speed
151	!
152	! 4188 2019-08-26 14:15:47Z suehring
153	! Minor adjustment in error number
154	!
155	! 4187 2019-08-26 12:43:15Z suehring
156	! Give specific error numbers instead of PA0999
157	!
158	! 4182 2019-08-22 15:20:23Z scharf
159	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
160	!
161	! 4168 2019-08-16 13:50:17Z suehring
162	! Replace function get_topography_top_index by topo_top_ind
163	!
164	! 4127 2019-07-30 14:47:10Z suehring
165	! Output of 3D plant canopy variables changed. It is now relative to the local
166	! terrain rather than located at the acutal vertical level in the model. This
167	! way, the vertical dimension of the output can be significantly reduced.
168	! (merge from branch resler)
169	!
170	! 3885 2019-04-11 11:29:34Z kanani
171	! Changes related to global restructuring of location messages and introduction
172	! of additional debug messages
173	!
174	! 3864 2019-04-05 09:01:56Z monakurppa
175	! unsed variables removed
176	!
177	! 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z suehring
178	! Bugfix in transpiration, floating invalid when temperature
179	! becomes > 40 degrees
180	!
181	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
182	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
183	!
184	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
185	! unused variables removed
186	!
187	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
188	! Initial revision
189	!
190	! Description:
191	! ------------
192	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
193	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
194	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
195	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
196	!
197	! @todo - precalculate constant terms in pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
198	! @todo - unify variable names (pcm_, pc_, ...)
199	! @todo - get rid-off dependency on radiation model
200	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
201	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
202
203	USE arrays_3d, &
204	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
205
206	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
207	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
208
209	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
210	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
211
212	USE control_parameters, &
213	ONLY: average_count_3d, &
214	coupling_char, &
215	debug_output, &
216	dt_3d, &
217	dz, &
218	humidity, &
219	land_surface, &
220	length, &
221	message_string, &
222	ocean_mode, &
223	passive_scalar, &
224	plant_canopy, &
225	restart_data_format_output, &
226	restart_string, &
227	urban_surface
228
229	USE grid_variables, &
230	ONLY: dx, dy
231
232	USE indices, &
233	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
234	nz, nzb, nzt, topo_top_ind, wall_flags_total_0
235
236	USE kinds
237
238	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
239	ONLY: input_pids_static, &
240	char_fill, &
241	check_existence, &
242	close_input_file, &
243	get_attribute, &
244	get_dimension_length, &
245	get_variable, &
246	inquire_num_variables, &
247	inquire_variable_names, &
248	input_file_static, &
249	num_var_pids, &
250	open_read_file, &
251	pids_id, &
252	real_3d, &
253	vars_pids
254
255	USE pegrid
256
257	USE restart_data_mpi_io_mod, &
258	ONLY: rd_mpi_io_check_array, &
259	rrd_mpi_io, &
260	wrd_mpi_io
261
262	USE surface_mod, &
263	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
264
265
266	IMPLICIT NONE
267
268	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'homogeneous' !< canopy coverage
269	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
270	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
271	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
272
273	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
274	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
275
276	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
277
278	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
279
280	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
281	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
282	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
283	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
284	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
285	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
286	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
287	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
288	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
289	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
290
291	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
292	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
293
294	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
295	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
296
297	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
298	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
299
300	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: bad_s !< basal-area density on scalar-grid
301	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
302	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
303	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
304	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
305	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
306
307	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heatrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy sensible heating rate
308	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latentrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy latent heating rate
309	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpirationrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy transpiration rate
310
311	TYPE(real_3d) :: basal_area_density_f !< input variable for basal area density - resolved vegetation
312	TYPE(real_3d) :: leaf_area_density_f !< input variable for leaf area density - resolved vegetation
313	TYPE(real_3d) :: root_area_density_lad_f !< input variable for root area density - resolved vegetation
314
315	SAVE
316
317	PRIVATE
318
319	!
320	!-- Public functions
321	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, &
322	pcm_check_data_output, &
323	pcm_check_parameters, &
324	pcm_3d_data_averaging, &
325	pcm_data_output_3d, &
326	pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
327	pcm_header, &
328	pcm_init, &
329	pcm_parin, &
330	pcm_rrd_global, &
331	pcm_rrd_local, &
332	pcm_tendency, &
333	pcm_wrd_global, &
334	pcm_wrd_local
335
336	!
337	!-- Public variables and constants
338	PUBLIC canopy_drag_coeff, pcm_heating_rate, pcm_transpiration_rate, &
339	pcm_latent_rate, canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, &
340	pch_index, plant_canopy_transpiration, &
341	pcm_heatrate_av, pcm_latentrate_av
342
343	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
344	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
345	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
346
347	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
348	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
349	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
350
351	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
352	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
353	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
354
355	INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
356	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_3d_data_averaging
357	END INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
358
359	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
360	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
361	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
362
363	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
364	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
365	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
366
367	INTERFACE pcm_header
368	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
369	END INTERFACE pcm_header
370
371	INTERFACE pcm_init
372	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
373	END INTERFACE pcm_init
374
375	INTERFACE pcm_parin
376	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
377	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
378
379	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
380	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
381	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
382
383	INTERFACE pcm_rrd_local
384	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_local_ftn
385	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_local_mpi
386	END INTERFACE pcm_rrd_local
387
388	INTERFACE pcm_rrd_global
389	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_global_ftn
390	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_rrd_global_mpi
391	END INTERFACE pcm_rrd_global
392
393	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
394	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
395	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
396	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
397
398	INTERFACE pcm_wrd_local
399	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_wrd_local
400	END INTERFACE pcm_wrd_local
401
402	INTERFACE pcm_wrd_global
403	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_wrd_global
404	END INTERFACE pcm_wrd_global
405
406
407	CONTAINS
408
409
410	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
411	! Description:
412	! ------------
413	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
414	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
415	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
416	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
417	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
418	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
419	!> Tree Physiology 20).
420	!>
421	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
422	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
423	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
424	!>
425	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
426	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
427
428	!
429	!-- input parameters
430	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
431	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
432	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
433	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
434	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
435
436	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
437	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
438	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
439	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
440	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66.0_wp !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
441	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
442	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
443	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
444	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
445	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
446	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
447
448
449	!-- Temperature (deg C)
450	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
451	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
452	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX( lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0E-10_wp ) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
453	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
454	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
455	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
456	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
457	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
458	!-- Wind speed
459	wind_speed = SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
460	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) ) )**2 + &
461	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) ) )**2 )
462	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
463	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
464	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
465	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
466	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
467	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
468	f1 = rad * (1000.0_wp+42.1_wp) / 1000.0_wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
469	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
470	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
471	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * MAX(0.0_wp,t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
472	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
473	!-- Water pressure deficit
474	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
475	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
476	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
477	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
478	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
479	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
480	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
481	f3 = -2E-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
482	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
483	!-- Residual soil water content
484	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
485	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
486	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
487	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
488	f4 = MAX(0.0_wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
489	!-- Stomatal conductivity
490	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
491	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
492	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0E-10_wp
493	!-- Decoupling factor
494	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
495	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / &
496	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp + 2.0_wp * g_b / g_s )
497	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
498	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
499	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
500	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
501	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
502	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
503	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
504	!-- Evaporation rate
505	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
506	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
507	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
508	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
509	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
510	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
511	!-- latent heat from evaporation
512	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
513
514	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
515
516
517	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
518	! Description:
519	! ------------
520	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
521	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
522	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
523
524	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
525	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
526
527
528	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
529
530	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
531	!
532	!-- Output of heatrate can be only done if it is explicitely set by cthf,
533	!-- or parametrized by absorption of radiation. The latter, however, is
534	!-- only available if radiation_interactions are on. Note, these are
535	!-- enabled if land-surface or urban-surface is switched-on. Using
536	!-- radiation_interactions_on directly is not possible since it belongs
537	!-- to the radition_model, which in turn depends on the plant-canopy model,
538	!-- creating circular dependencies.
539	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. ( .NOT. urban_surface .AND. &
540	.NOT. land_surface ) ) THEN
541	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
542	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
543	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA0718', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
544	ENDIF
545	unit = 'K s-1'
546
547	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
548	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
549
550	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
551	unit = 'K s-1'
552
553	CASE ( 'pcm_bad', 'pcm_lad' )
554	unit = 'm2 m-3'
555
556
557	CASE DEFAULT
558	unit = 'illegal'
559
560	END SELECT
561
562
563	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
564
565
566	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
567	! Description:
568	! ------------
569	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
570	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
571	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
572
573	IF ( ocean_mode ) THEN
574	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. is not allowed in the '// &
575	'ocean'
576	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0696', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
577	ENDIF
578
579	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
580	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
581	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
582	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
583	ENDIF
584
585	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
586	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
587	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
588	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
589	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
590	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
591	ENDIF
592
593	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
594	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
595	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
596	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
597	'lai_beta = 0.0'
598	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
599	ENDIF
600
601	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
602	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
603	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
604	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
605	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
606	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
607	'density profile'
608	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
609	ENDIF
610
611	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
612	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
613	' seifert_beheng'
614	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
615	ENDIF
616
617	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
618
619
620	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
621	!
622	! Description:
623	! ------------
624	!> Subroutine for averaging 3D data
625	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
626	SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging( mode, variable )
627
628	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: mode !<
629	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
630
631	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
632	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
633	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
634
635
636	IF ( mode == 'allocate' ) THEN
637
638	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
639
640	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
641	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
642	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
643	ENDIF
644	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
645
646
647	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
648	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
649	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
650	ENDIF
651	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
652
653
654	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
655	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
656	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
657	ENDIF
658	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
659
660	CASE DEFAULT
661	CONTINUE
662
663	END SELECT
664
665	ELSEIF ( mode == 'sum' ) THEN
666
667	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
668
669	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
670	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
671	DO i = nxl, nxr
672	DO j = nys, nyn
673	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
674	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
675	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i)
676	ENDDO
677	ENDIF
678	ENDDO
679	ENDDO
680	ENDIF
681
682
683	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
684	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
685	DO i = nxl, nxr
686	DO j = nys, nyn
687	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
688	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
689	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_latent_rate(k,j,i)
690	ENDDO
691	ENDIF
692	ENDDO
693	ENDDO
694	ENDIF
695
696
697	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
698	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
699	DO i = nxl, nxr
700	DO j = nys, nyn
701	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
702	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
703	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
704	ENDDO
705	ENDIF
706	ENDDO
707	ENDDO
708	ENDIF
709
710	CASE DEFAULT
711	CONTINUE
712
713	END SELECT
714
715	ELSEIF ( mode == 'average' ) THEN
716
717	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
718
719	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
720	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
721	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
722	DO j = nysg, nyng
723	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
724	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
725	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) &
726	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
727	ENDDO
728	ENDIF
729	ENDDO
730	ENDDO
731	ENDIF
732
733
734	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
735	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
736	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
737	DO j = nysg, nyng
738	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
739	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
740	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) &
741	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
742	ENDDO
743	ENDIF
744	ENDDO
745	ENDDO
746	ENDIF
747
748
749	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
750	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
751	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
752	DO j = nysg, nyng
753	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
754	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
755	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) &
756	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
757	ENDDO
758	ENDIF
759	ENDDO
760	ENDDO
761	ENDIF
762
763	END SELECT
764
765	ENDIF
766
767	END SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging
768
769	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
770	!
771	! Description:
772	! ------------
773	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables.
774	!> Note, 3D plant-canopy output has it's own vertical output dimension, meaning
775	!> that 3D output is relative to the model surface now rather than at the actual
776	!> grid point where the plant canopy is located.
777	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
778	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
779	nzb_do, nzt_do )
780
781	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !< treated variable
782
783	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !< flag indicating instantaneous or averaged data output
784	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< grid index x-direction
785	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< grid index y-direction
786	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< grid index z-direction
787	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
788	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
789
790	LOGICAL :: found !< flag indicating if variable is found
791
792	REAL(wp) :: fill_value !< fill value
793	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !< data output array
794
795
796	found = .TRUE.
797
798	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
799
800	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
801	!
802	!-- Note, to save memory arrays for heating are allocated from 0:pch_index.
803	!-- Thus, output must be relative to these array indices. Further, check
804	!-- whether the output is within the vertical output range,
805	!-- i.e. nzb_do:nzt_do, which is necessary as local_pf is only allocated
806	!-- for this index space. Note, plant-canopy output has a separate
807	!-- vertical output coordinate zlad, so that output is mapped down to the
808	!-- surface.
809	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
810	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
811	DO i = nxl, nxr
812	DO j = nys, nyn
813	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
814	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i)
815	ENDDO
816	ENDDO
817	ENDDO
818	ELSE
819	DO i = nxl, nxr
820	DO j = nys, nyn
821	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
822	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i)
823	ENDDO
824	ENDDO
825	ENDDO
826	ENDIF
827
828	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
829	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
830	DO i = nxl, nxr
831	DO j = nys, nyn
832	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
833	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latent_rate(k,j,i)
834	ENDDO
835	ENDDO
836	ENDDO
837	ELSE
838	DO i = nxl, nxr
839	DO j = nys, nyn
840	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
841	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i)
842	ENDDO
843	ENDDO
844	ENDDO
845	ENDIF
846
847	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
848	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
849	DO i = nxl, nxr
850	DO j = nys, nyn
851	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
852	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
853	ENDDO
854	ENDDO
855	ENDDO
856	ELSE
857	DO i = nxl, nxr
858	DO j = nys, nyn
859	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
860	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i)
861	ENDDO
862	ENDDO
863	ENDDO
864	ENDIF
865
866	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
867	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
868	DO i = nxl, nxr
869	DO j = nys, nyn
870	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
871	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(k,j,i)
872	ENDDO
873	ENDDO
874	ENDDO
875	ENDIF
876
877	CASE ( 'pcm_bad' )
878	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
879	DO i = nxl, nxr
880	DO j = nys, nyn
881	DO k = MAX( 1, nzb_do ), MIN( pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
882	local_pf(i,j,k) = bad_s(k,j,i)
883	ENDDO
884	ENDDO
885	ENDDO
886	ENDIF
887
888	CASE DEFAULT
889	found = .FALSE.
890
891	END SELECT
892
893	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
894
895	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
896	!
897	! Description:
898	! ------------
899	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
900	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
901	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
902	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
903
904	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
905	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
906	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
907	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
908	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
909
910	found = .TRUE.
911
912	!
913	!-- Check for the grid. zpc is zu(nzb:nzb+pch_index)
914	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
915
916	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_bad', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate')
917	grid_x = 'x'
918	grid_y = 'y'
919	grid_z = 'zpc'
920
921	CASE DEFAULT
922	found = .FALSE.
923	grid_x = 'none'
924	grid_y = 'none'
925	grid_z = 'none'
926	END SELECT
927
928	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
929
930
931	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
932	! Description:
933	! ------------
934	!> Header output for plant canopy model
935	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
936	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
937
938	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
939
940	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
941	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
942	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
943	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
944
945	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
946	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
947	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
948
949	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
950
951	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
952
953	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
954	canopy_drag_coeff
955	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
956	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
957	leaf_surface_conc
958	ENDIF
959
960	!
961	! Heat flux at the top of vegetation
962	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
963
964	!
965	! Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
966	! gradients or from beta probability density function.
967	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
968
969	! Building output strings, starting with surface value
970	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
971	gradients = '------'
972	slices = ' 0'
973	coordinates = ' 0.0'
974	DO i = 1, UBOUND(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind, DIM=1)
975	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) /= -9999 ) THEN
976
977	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
978	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
979
980	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
981	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
982
983	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
984	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
985
986	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
987	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
988	ELSE
989	EXIT
990	ENDIF
991	ENDDO
992
993	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
994	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
995
996	ELSE
997
998	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
999	coordinates = ' 0.0'
1000
1001	DO k = 1, pch_index
1002
1003	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
1004	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
1005	TRIM( coor_chr )
1006
1007	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
1008	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1009
1010	ENDDO
1011
1012	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
1013	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
1014
1015	ENDIF
1016
1017	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
1018	' ------------------------------'// &
1019	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
1020	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
1021	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
1022	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
1023	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
1024	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ', &
1025	F6.2, ' K m/s')
1026	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
1027	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
1028	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
1029	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
1030	' Gridpoint: ',A)
1031	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
1032	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
1033	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
1034	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
1035	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
1036	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
1037
1038	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
1039
1040
1041	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1042	! Description:
1043	! ------------
1044	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
1045	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1046	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1047
1048	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
1049	ONLY: exchange_horiz
1050
1051	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1052	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1053	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1054	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
1055
1056	LOGICAL :: lad_on_top = .FALSE. !< dummy flag to indicate that LAD is defined on a building roof
1057	LOGICAL :: bad_on_top = .FALSE. !< dummy flag to indicate that BAD is defined on a building roof
1058
1059	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
1060	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
1061	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
1062	REAL(wp) :: lad_max !< maximum LAD value in the model domain, used to perform a check
1063
1064	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'start' )
1065	!
1066	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
1067	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
1068	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
1069	lad = 0.0_wp
1070	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
1071
1072	!
1073	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
1074	!-- a beta probability density function
1075	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1076	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
1077	ENDIF
1078
1079
1080	!
1081	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
1082	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
1083	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
1084	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
1085	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
1086	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
1087
1088	!
1089	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
1090	i = 1
1091	gradient = 0.0_wp
1092
1093	lad(0) = lad_surface
1094	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
1095
1096	DO k = 1, pch_index
1097	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
1098	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
1099	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1100	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
1101	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
1102	i = i + 1
1103	ENDIF
1104	ENDIF
1105	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1106	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
1107	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
1108	ELSE
1109	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
1110	ENDIF
1111	ELSE
1112	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
1113	ENDIF
1114	ENDDO
1115
1116	!
1117	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
1118	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
1119	!-- file.
1120	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1121	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
1122	ENDIF
1123
1124	ELSE
1125
1126	!
1127	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
1128	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
1129	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
1130
1131	DO k = 0, pch_index
1132	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
1133	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1134	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1135	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1136	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
1137	ENDDO
1138
1139	!
1140	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
1141	DO k = 0, pch_index
1142	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
1143	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1144	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1145	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
1146	) / canopy_height
1147	ENDDO
1148
1149	!
1150	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
1151	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
1152	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
1153	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
1154	DO k = 1, pch_index
1155	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
1156	ENDDO
1157
1158	ENDIF
1159
1160	!
1161	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf-area density (lad_s) as well as
1162	!-- for basal-area densitiy (bad_s). Note, by default bad_s is zero.
1163	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1164	ALLOCATE( bad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1165	bad_s = 0.0_wp
1166	!
1167	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
1168	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'homogeneous' initializes a canopy, which
1169	!-- fully covers the domain surface
1170	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
1171
1172	CASE( 'homogeneous' )
1173
1174	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1175	DO j = nysg, nyng
1176	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
1177	ENDDO
1178	ENDDO
1179
1180	CASE ( 'read_from_file' )
1181	!
1182	!-- Read plant canopy
1183	IF ( input_pids_static ) THEN
1184	!
1185	!-- Open the static input file
1186	#if defined( __netcdf )
1187	CALL open_read_file( TRIM( input_file_static ) // &
1188	TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1189	pids_id )
1190
1191	CALL inquire_num_variables( pids_id, num_var_pids )
1192	!
1193	!-- Allocate memory to store variable names and read them
1194	ALLOCATE( vars_pids(1:num_var_pids) )
1195	CALL inquire_variable_names( pids_id, vars_pids )
1196	!
1197	!-- Read leaf area density - resolved vegetation
1198	IF ( check_existence( vars_pids, 'lad' ) ) THEN
1199	leaf_area_density_f%from_file = .TRUE.
1200	CALL get_attribute( pids_id, char_fill, &
1201	leaf_area_density_f%fill, &
1202	.FALSE., 'lad' )
1203	!
1204	!-- Inquire number of vertical vegetation layer
1205	CALL get_dimension_length( pids_id, &
1206	leaf_area_density_f%nz, &
1207	'zlad' )
1208	!
1209	!-- Allocate variable for leaf-area density
1210	ALLOCATE( leaf_area_density_f%var &
1211	(0:leaf_area_density_f%nz-1, &
1212	nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
1213
1214	CALL get_variable( pids_id, 'lad', leaf_area_density_f%var, &
1215	nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, &
1216	0, leaf_area_density_f%nz-1 )
1217
1218	ELSE
1219	leaf_area_density_f%from_file = .FALSE.
1220	ENDIF
1221	!
1222	!-- Read basal area density - resolved vegetation
1223	IF ( check_existence( vars_pids, 'bad' ) ) THEN
1224	basal_area_density_f%from_file = .TRUE.
1225	CALL get_attribute( pids_id, char_fill, &
1226	basal_area_density_f%fill, &
1227	.FALSE., 'bad' )
1228	!
1229	!-- Inquire number of vertical vegetation layer
1230	CALL get_dimension_length( pids_id, &
1231	basal_area_density_f%nz, &
1232	'zlad' )
1233	!
1234	!-- Allocate variable
1235	ALLOCATE( basal_area_density_f%var &
1236	(0:basal_area_density_f%nz-1, &
1237	nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
1238
1239	CALL get_variable( pids_id, 'bad', basal_area_density_f%var,&
1240	nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, &
1241	0, basal_area_density_f%nz-1 )
1242	ELSE
1243	basal_area_density_f%from_file = .FALSE.
1244	ENDIF
1245	!
1246	!-- Read root area density - resolved vegetation
1247	IF ( check_existence( vars_pids, 'root_area_dens_r' ) ) THEN
1248	root_area_density_lad_f%from_file = .TRUE.
1249	CALL get_attribute( pids_id, char_fill, &
1250	root_area_density_lad_f%fill, &
1251	.FALSE., 'root_area_dens_r' )
1252	!
1253	!-- Inquire number of vertical soil layers
1254	CALL get_dimension_length( pids_id, &
1255	root_area_density_lad_f%nz, &
1256	'zsoil' )
1257	!
1258	!-- Allocate variable
1259	ALLOCATE( root_area_density_lad_f%var &
1260	(0:root_area_density_lad_f%nz-1,&
1261	nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
1262
1263	CALL get_variable( pids_id, 'root_area_dens_r', &
1264	root_area_density_lad_f%var, &
1265	nxl, nxr, nys, nyn, &
1266	0, root_area_density_lad_f%nz-1 )
1267	ELSE
1268	root_area_density_lad_f%from_file = .FALSE.
1269	ENDIF
1270
1271	DEALLOCATE( vars_pids )
1272	!
1273	!-- Finally, close the input file and deallocate temporary array
1274	CALL close_input_file( pids_id )
1275	#endif
1276	ENDIF
1277
1278	!
1279	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
1280	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
1281	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
1282	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
1283	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1284	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
1285	!
1286	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
1287	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
1288	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1289
1290	DO i = nxl, nxr
1291	DO j = nys, nyn
1292	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1293	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
1294	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
1295	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
1296	ENDDO
1297	!
1298	!-- Check if resolved vegetation is mapped onto buildings.
1299	!-- In general, this is allowed and also meaningful, e.g.
1300	!-- when trees carry across roofs. However, due to the
1301	!-- topography filtering, new building grid points can emerge
1302	!-- at location where also plant canopy is defined. As a
1303	!-- result, plant canopy is mapped on top of roofs, with
1304	!-- siginficant impact on the downstream flow field and the
1305	!-- nearby surface radiation. In order to avoid that
1306	!-- plant canopy is mistakenly mapped onto building roofs,
1307	!-- check for building grid points (bit 6) that emerge from
1308	!-- the filtering (bit 4) and set LAD to zero at these
1309	!-- artificially created building grid points. This case,
1310	!-- an informative message is given.
1311	IF ( ANY( lad_s(:,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) .AND. &
1312	ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
1313	ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 4 ) ) ) THEN
1314	lad_s(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1315	lad_on_top = .TRUE.
1316	ENDIF
1317	ENDDO
1318	ENDDO
1319	#if defined( __parallel )
1320	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, lad_on_top, 1, MPI_LOGICAL, &
1321	MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr)
1322	#endif
1323	IF ( lad_on_top ) THEN
1324	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
1325	'Resolved plant-canopy is defined on top of an ' // &
1326	'artificially created building grid point(s) '// &
1327	'the filtering) - LAD/BAD profile is omitted at this / ' //&
1328	'these grid point(s).'
1329	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0313', 0, 0, 0, 6, 0 )
1330	ENDIF
1331	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1332	!
1333	! ASCII file
1334	!-- Initialize canopy parameters canopy_drag_coeff,
1335	!-- leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, leaf_surface_conc
1336	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
1337	!-- each location).
1338	ELSE
1339	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1340	ENDIF
1341	!
1342	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
1343	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
1344	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
1345	!-- canopy top, indicated by basal_area_density_f%nz.
1346	bad_s = 0.0_wp
1347	IF ( basal_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
1348	!
1349	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
1350	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
1351	pch_index = basal_area_density_f%nz - 1
1352
1353	DO i = nxl, nxr
1354	DO j = nys, nyn
1355	DO k = 0, basal_area_density_f%nz - 1
1356	IF ( basal_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= basal_area_density_f%fill ) &
1357	bad_s(k,j,i) = basal_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
1358	ENDDO
1359	!
1360	!-- Check if resolved vegetation is mapped onto buildings.
1361	!-- Please see comment for leaf_area density
1362	IF ( ANY( bad_s(:,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) .AND. &
1363	ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
1364	ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 4 ) ) ) THEN
1365	bad_s(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1366	bad_on_top = .TRUE.
1367	ENDIF
1368	ENDDO
1369	ENDDO
1370	#if defined( __parallel )
1371	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, bad_on_top, 1, MPI_LOGICAL, &
1372	MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr)
1373	#endif
1374	IF ( bad_on_top ) THEN
1375	WRITE( message_string, * ) &
1376	'Resolved plant-canopy is defined on top of an ' // &
1377	'artificially created building grid point(s) '// &
1378	'the filtering) - LAD/BAD profile is omitted at this / ' //&
1379	'these grid point(s).'
1380	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0313', 0, 0, 0, 6, 0 )
1381	ENDIF
1382	CALL exchange_horiz( bad_s, nbgp )
1383	ENDIF
1384
1385	CASE DEFAULT
1386	!
1387	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
1388	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
1389	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
1390	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
1391	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
1392	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
1393
1394	END SELECT
1395	!
1396	!-- Check that at least one grid point has an LAD /= 0, else this may
1397	!-- cause errors in the radiation model.
1398	lad_max = MAXVAL( lad_s )
1399	#if defined( __parallel )
1400	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, lad_max, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_MAX, &
1401	comm2d, ierr)
1402	#endif
1403	IF ( lad_max <= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1404	message_string = 'Plant-canopy model is switched-on but no ' // &
1405	'plant canopy is present in the model domain.'
1406	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0685', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1407	ENDIF
1408
1409	!
1410	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
1411	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1412	pch_index_ji = 0
1413
1414	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1415	DO j = nysg, nyng
1416	DO k = 0, pch_index
1417	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0.0_wp .OR. bad_s(k,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
1418	ENDDO
1419	!
1420	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
1421	!-- height of the model domain.
1422	IF ( topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
1423	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
1424	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
1425	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0674', 2, 2, myid, 6, 0 )
1426	ENDIF
1427
1428	ENDDO
1429	ENDDO
1430	!
1431	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
1432	pch_index = MAXVAL( pch_index_ji )
1433	!
1434	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
1435	#if defined( __parallel )
1436	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
1437	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
1438	#endif
1439	!
1440	!-- Allocation of arrays pcm_heating_rate, pcm_transpiration_rate and pcm_latent_rate
1441	ALLOCATE( pcm_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1442	pcm_heating_rate = 0.0_wp
1443
1444	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1445	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1446	pcm_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
1447	ALLOCATE( pcm_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1448	pcm_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
1449	ENDIF
1450	!
1451	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
1452	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
1453	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
1454	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
1455	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
1456	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
1457	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
1458	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
1459	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
1460	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
1461	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
1462	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pcm_heating_rate)
1463	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pcm_transpiration_rate, pcm_latent_rate)
1464	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
1465	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1466
1467	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1468	!
1469	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
1470	!-- integration of the leaf area density
1471	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1472	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1473	DO j = nysg, nyng
1474	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
1475	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
1476	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1477	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
1478	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1479	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1480	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1481	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1482	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1483	ELSE
1484	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1485	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
1486	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
1487	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1488	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1489	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1490	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1491	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1492	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1493	ENDIF
1494	ENDDO
1495	ENDDO
1496	ENDDO
1497
1498	!
1499	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
1500	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
1501	!-- Start with default surface type
1502	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
1503	i = surf_def_h(0)%i(m)
1504	j = surf_def_h(0)%j(m)
1505	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1506	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1507	ENDDO
1508	!
1509	!-- Natural surfaces
1510	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h(0)%ns
1511	i = surf_lsm_h(0)%i(m)
1512	j = surf_lsm_h(0)%j(m)
1513	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1514	surf_lsm_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1515	ENDDO
1516	!
1517	!-- Urban surfaces
1518	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h(0)%ns
1519	i = surf_usm_h(0)%i(m)
1520	j = surf_usm_h(0)%j(m)
1521	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1522	surf_usm_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1523	ENDDO
1524	!
1525	!
1526	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
1527	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
1528	!-- canopy.
1529	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
1530	!-- rate (pcm_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
1531	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
1532	!-- of the respective layer
1533	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1534	DO j = nysg, nyng
1535	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
1536	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1537	pcm_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
1538	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
1539	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
1540	ENDIF
1541	ENDDO
1542	ENDDO
1543	ENDDO
1544
1545	ENDIF
1546
1547	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'end' )
1548
1549	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1550
1551
1552	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1553	! Description:
1554	! ------------
1555	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
1556	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1557	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1558
1559	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
1560
1561	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
1562	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1563	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1564	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1565	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1566	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1567	lai_beta, &
1568	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1569	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1570	plant_canopy_transpiration
1571
1572	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1573	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1574	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1575	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1576	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1577	lai_beta, &
1578	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1579	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1580	plant_canopy_transpiration
1581
1582	line = ' '
1583
1584	!
1585	!-- Try to find plant-canopy model package
1586	REWIND ( 11 )
1587	line = ' '
1588	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
1589	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1590	ENDDO
1591	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1592
1593	!
1594	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1595	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
1596
1597	!
1598	!-- Set flag that indicates that the plant-canopy model is switched on
1599	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1600
1601	GOTO 14
1602
1603	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1604	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1605	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
1606	!
1607	!-- Try to find old namelist
1608	12 REWIND ( 11 )
1609	line = ' '
1610	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1611	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
1612	ENDDO
1613	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1614
1615	!
1616	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1617	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
1618
1619	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1620	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
1621	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1622	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1623
1624	!
1625	!-- Set flag that indicates that the plant-canopy model is switched on
1626	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1627
1628	GOTO 14
1629
1630	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1631	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1632	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
1633
1634	14 CONTINUE
1635
1636	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1637
1638
1639	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1640	! Description:
1641	! ------------
1642	!
1643	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1644	!>
1645	!> num_levels
1646	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1647	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1648	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1649	!> ...
1650	!>
1651	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1652	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1653	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1654	!>
1655	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1656	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1657	!>
1658	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1659	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1660	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1661	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1662
1663	USE exchange_horiz_mod, &
1664	ONLY: exchange_horiz
1665
1666	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1667	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1668	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1669	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1670	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1671	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1672	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
1673
1674	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1675
1676	!
1677	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1678	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1679
1680	!
1681	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1682	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1683	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1684	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1685	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1686	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
1687	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
1688	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1689
1690	DO
1691	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1692	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1693
1694	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1695	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1696	!
1697	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1698	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1699	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1700	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1701	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1702	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1703	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1704	'but pctype is ', pctype
1705	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1706	ENDIF
1707	kk = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1708	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
1709	CASE DEFAULT
1710	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1711	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1712	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1713	END SELECT
1714	ENDDO
1715
1716	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1717	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1718
1719	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1720	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1721
1722	517 CLOSE(152)
1723	DEALLOCATE( col )
1724
1725	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1726
1727	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1728
1729	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1730	! Description:
1731	! ------------
1732	!> Read module-specific global restart data (Fortran binary format).
1733	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1734	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_global_ftn( found )
1735
1736	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found
1737
1738	found = .TRUE.
1739
1740	SELECT CASE ( restart_string(1:length) )
1741
1742	CASE ( 'pch_index' )
1743	READ ( 13 ) pch_index
1744
1745	CASE DEFAULT
1746
1747	found = .FALSE.
1748
1749	END SELECT
1750
1751	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_global_ftn
1752
1753	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1754	! Description:
1755	! ------------
1756	!> Read module-specific global restart data (MPI-IO).
1757	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1758	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_global_mpi
1759
1760	CALL rrd_mpi_io( 'pch_index', pch_index )
1761
1762	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_global_mpi
1763
1764
1765	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1766	! Description:
1767	! ------------
1768	!> Read module-specific local restart data arrays (Fortran binary format).
1769	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1770	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local_ftn( k, nxlf, nxlc, nxl_on_file, nxrf, nxrc, &
1771	nxr_on_file, nynf, nync, nyn_on_file, nysf, &
1772	nysc, nys_on_file, found )
1773
1774	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
1775	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxlc !<
1776	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxlf !<
1777	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxl_on_file !<
1778	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxrc !<
1779	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxrf !<
1780	INTEGER(iwp) :: nxr_on_file !<
1781	INTEGER(iwp) :: nync !<
1782	INTEGER(iwp) :: nynf !<
1783	INTEGER(iwp) :: nyn_on_file !<
1784	INTEGER(iwp) :: nysc !<
1785	INTEGER(iwp) :: nysf !<
1786	INTEGER(iwp) :: nys_on_file !<
1787
1788	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found
1789
1790	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:pch_index, &
1791	nys_on_file-nbgp:nyn_on_file+nbgp, &
1792	nxl_on_file-nbgp:nxr_on_file+nbgp) :: tmp_3d2 !< temporary 3D array for entire vertical
1793	!< extension of canopy layer
1794	found = .TRUE.
1795
1796	SELECT CASE ( restart_string(1:length) )
1797
1798	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate_av' )
1799	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
1800	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1801	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
1802	ENDIF
1803	IF ( k == 1 ) READ ( 13 ) tmp_3d2
1804	pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysc-nbgp:nync+nbgp,nxlc-nbgp:nxrc+nbgp) = &
1805	tmp_3d2(0:pch_index,nysf-nbgp:nynf+nbgp,nxlf-nbgp:nxrf+nbgp)
1806
1807	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate_av' )
1808	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
1809	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1810	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
1811	ENDIF
1812	IF ( k == 1 ) READ ( 13 ) tmp_3d2
1813	pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysc-nbgp:nync+nbgp,nxlc-nbgp:nxrc+nbgp) = &
1814	tmp_3d2(0:pch_index,nysf-nbgp:nynf+nbgp,nxlf-nbgp:nxrf+nbgp)
1815
1816	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av' )
1817	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
1818	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1819	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
1820	ENDIF
1821	IF ( k == 1 ) READ ( 13 ) tmp_3d2
1822	pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysc-nbgp:nync+nbgp,nxlc-nbgp:nxrc+nbgp) = &
1823	tmp_3d2(0:pch_index,nysf-nbgp:nynf+nbgp,nxlf-nbgp:nxrf+nbgp)
1824
1825	CASE DEFAULT
1826
1827	found = .FALSE.
1828
1829	END SELECT
1830
1831	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local_ftn
1832
1833
1834	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1835	! Description:
1836	! ------------
1837	!> Read module-specific local restart data arrays (MPI-IO).
1838	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1839	SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local_mpi
1840
1841	IMPLICIT NONE
1842
1843	LOGICAL :: array_found !<
1844
1845	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tmp_3d !< temporary array to store pcm data with
1846	!< non-standard vertical index bounds
1847
1848	!
1849	!-- Plant canopy arrays have non standard reduced vertical index bounds. They are stored with
1850	!-- full vertical bounds (bzb:nzt+1) in the restart file and must be re-stored after reading.
1851	CALL rd_mpi_io_check_array( 'pcm_heatrate_av' , found = array_found )
1852	IF ( array_found ) THEN
1853	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
1854	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(nzb:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1855	ENDIF
1856	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1857	CALL rrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_heatrate_av', tmp_3d )
1858	pcm_heatrate_av = tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:)
1859	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
1860	ENDIF
1861
1862	CALL rd_mpi_io_check_array( 'pcm_latentrate_av' , found = array_found )
1863	IF ( array_found ) THEN
1864	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
1865	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(nzb:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1866	ENDIF
1867	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1868	CALL rrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_latentrate_av', tmp_3d )
1869	pcm_latentrate_av = tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:)
1870	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
1871	ENDIF
1872
1873	CALL rd_mpi_io_check_array( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av' , found = array_found )
1874	IF ( array_found ) THEN
1875	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
1876	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(nzb:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1877	ENDIF
1878	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1879	CALL rrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av', tmp_3d )
1880	pcm_transpirationrate_av = tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:)
1881	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
1882	ENDIF
1883
1884	END SUBROUTINE pcm_rrd_local_mpi
1885
1886
1887	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1888	! Description:
1889	! ------------
1890	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1891	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1892	!>
1893	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1894	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1895	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1896	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1897	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1898	!>
1899	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1900	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1901	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1902	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1903	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1904	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1905	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1906	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1907	!>
1908	!>
1909	!> Call for all grid points
1910	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1911	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1912
1913	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1914	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1915	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1916	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1917	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1918
1919	LOGICAL :: building_edge_e !< control flag indicating an eastward-facing building edge
1920	LOGICAL :: building_edge_n !< control flag indicating a north-facing building edge
1921	LOGICAL :: building_edge_s !< control flag indicating a south-facing building edge
1922	LOGICAL :: building_edge_w !< control flag indicating a westward-facing building edge
1923
1924	REAL(wp) :: bad_local !< local bad value
1925	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1926	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1927	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1928	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1929	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1930	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1931
1932
1933	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1934
1935	!
1936	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1937	SELECT CASE ( component )
1938
1939	!
1940	!-- u-component
1941	CASE ( 1 )
1942	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1943	DO j = nys, nyn
1944	!
1945	!-- Set control flags indicating east- and westward-orientated
1946	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_w is set from the perspective
1947	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_e is
1948	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
1949	building_edge_w = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )&
1950	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )
1951	building_edge_e = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )&
1952	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
1953	!
1954	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1955	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1956
1957	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,1) !- lad arrays are defined flat
1958	!
1959	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1960	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1961	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1962	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1963	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1964	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1965	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
1966	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
1967	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
1968	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
1969	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined. The same is
1970	!-- also valid for bad_s.
1971	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1972	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp &
1973	.AND. .NOT. building_edge_w ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1974
1975	bad_local = bad_s(kk,j,i)
1976	IF ( bad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. bad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp &
1977	.AND. .NOT. building_edge_w ) bad_local = bad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1978	!
1979	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
1980	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
1981	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
1982	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
1983	!-- point (j,i-1). The same is also valid for bad_s.
1984	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) == 0.0_wp &
1985	.AND. building_edge_e ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1986	IF ( bad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. bad_s(kk,j,i-1) == 0.0_wp &
1987	.AND. building_edge_e ) bad_local = bad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1988
1989	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1990	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1991	!
1992	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1993	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
1994	( lad_local + bad_local ) * &
1995	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1996	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1997	v(k,j,i) + &
1998	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1999	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
2000	)**2 + &
2001	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
2002	w(k-1,j,i) + &
2003	w(k,j,i-1) + &
2004	w(k,j,i) ) &
2005	)**2 &
2006	) * &
2007	u(k,j,i)
2008
2009	!
2010	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2011	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2012	!
2013	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2014	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2015	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
2016	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2017	ENDIF
2018	!
2019	!-- Calculate final tendency
2020	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2021
2022	ENDDO
2023	ENDDO
2024	ENDDO
2025
2026	!
2027	!-- v-component
2028	CASE ( 2 )
2029	DO i = nxl, nxr
2030	DO j = nysv, nyn
2031	!
2032	!-- Set control flags indicating north- and southward-orientated
2033	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_s is set from the perspective
2034	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_n is
2035	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
2036	building_edge_s = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )&
2037	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )
2038	building_edge_n = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )&
2039	.AND. .NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
2040	!
2041	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
2042	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2043
2044	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,2) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2045	!
2046	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
2047	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
2048	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
2049	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
2050	!-- than inside of the canopy.
2051	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
2052	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
2053	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
2054	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
2055	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
2056	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
2057	!-- The same is also valid for bad_s.
2058	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
2059	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp &
2060	.AND. .NOT. building_edge_s ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
2061
2062	bad_local = bad_s(kk,j,i)
2063	IF ( bad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. bad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp &
2064	.AND. .NOT. building_edge_s ) bad_local = bad_s(kk,j-1,i)
2065	!
2066	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
2067	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
2068	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
2069	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
2070	!-- point (j,i-1). The same is also valid for bad_s.
2071	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) == 0.0_wp &
2072	.AND. building_edge_n ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
2073
2074	IF ( bad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. bad_s(kk,j-1,i) == 0.0_wp &
2075	.AND. building_edge_n ) bad_local = bad_s(kk,j-1,i)
2076
2077	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2078	pre_v = 0.0_wp
2079	!
2080	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2081	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
2082	( lad_local + bad_local ) * &
2083	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
2084	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
2085	u(k,j,i) + &
2086	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2087	)**2 + &
2088	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
2089	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
2090	w(k-1,j,i) + &
2091	w(k,j-1,i) + &
2092	w(k,j,i) ) &
2093	)**2 &
2094	) * &
2095	v(k,j,i)
2096
2097	!
2098	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2099	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2100	!
2101	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2102	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2103	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
2104	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2105	ELSE
2106	pre_tend = pre_tend
2107	ENDIF
2108	!
2109	!-- Calculate final tendency
2110	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2111
2112	ENDDO
2113	ENDDO
2114	ENDDO
2115
2116	!
2117	!-- w-component
2118	CASE ( 3 )
2119	DO i = nxl, nxr
2120	DO j = nys, nyn
2121	!
2122	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
2123	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
2124
2125	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,3) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2126
2127	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2128	pre_w = 0.0_wp
2129	!
2130	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2131	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
2132	( 0.5_wp * &
2133	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) ) + &
2134	0.5_wp * &
2135	( bad_s(kk+1,j,i) + bad_s(kk,j,i) ) ) * &
2136	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2137	u(k,j,i+1) + &
2138	u(k+1,j,i) + &
2139	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
2140	)**2 + &
2141	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2142	v(k,j+1,i) + &
2143	v(k+1,j,i) + &
2144	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
2145	)**2 + &
2146	w(k,j,i)**2 &
2147	) * &
2148	w(k,j,i)
2149	!
2150	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2151	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2152	!
2153	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2154	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2155	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
2156	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2157	ELSE
2158	pre_tend = pre_tend
2159	ENDIF
2160	!
2161	!-- Calculate final tendency
2162	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2163
2164	ENDDO
2165	ENDDO
2166	ENDDO
2167
2168	!
2169	!-- potential temperature
2170	CASE ( 4 )
2171	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2172	DO i = nxl, nxr
2173	DO j = nys, nyn
2174	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
2175	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2176	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2177	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pcm_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
2178	ENDDO
2179	ENDDO
2180	ENDDO
2181	ELSE
2182	DO i = nxl, nxr
2183	DO j = nys, nyn
2184	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
2185	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2186	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2187	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2188	ENDDO
2189	ENDDO
2190	ENDDO
2191	ENDIF
2192
2193	!
2194	!-- humidity
2195	CASE ( 5 )
2196	DO i = nxl, nxr
2197	DO j = nys, nyn
2198	!
2199	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
2200	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2201
2202	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2203
2204	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2205	! pcm_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2206	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2207	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2208	! in the plant canopy box
2209	pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - leaf_scalar_exch_coeff &
2210	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2211	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2212	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2213	)**2 + &
2214	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2215	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2216	)**2 + &
2217	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2218	w(k,j,i) ) &
2219	)**2 &
2220	) * &
2221	( q(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
2222	ENDIF
2223
2224	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2225	ENDDO
2226	ENDDO
2227	ENDDO
2228
2229	!
2230	!-- sgs-tke
2231	CASE ( 6 )
2232	DO i = nxl, nxr
2233	DO j = nys, nyn
2234	!
2235	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
2236	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2237
2238	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2239	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2240	2.0_wp * canopy_drag_coeff * &
2241	( lad_s(kk,j,i) + bad_s(kk,j,i) ) * &
2242	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2243	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2244	)**2 + &
2245	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2246	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2247	)**2 + &
2248	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2249	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2250	)**2 &
2251	) * &
2252	e(k,j,i)
2253	ENDDO
2254	ENDDO
2255	ENDDO
2256	!
2257	!-- scalar concentration
2258	CASE ( 7 )
2259	DO i = nxl, nxr
2260	DO j = nys, nyn
2261	!
2262	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
2263	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2264
2265	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2266	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2267	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff * &
2268	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2269	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2270	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2271	)**2 + &
2272	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2273	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2274	)**2 + &
2275	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2276	w(k,j,i) ) &
2277	)**2 &
2278	) * &
2279	( s(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
2280	ENDDO
2281	ENDDO
2282	ENDDO
2283
2284
2285
2286	CASE DEFAULT
2287
2288	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2289	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2290
2291	END SELECT
2292
2293	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
2294
2295
2296	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2297	! Description:
2298	! ------------
2299	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
2300	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
2301	!>
2302	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
2303	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
2304	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
2305	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
2306	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
2307	!>
2308	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
2309	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
2310	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
2311	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
2312	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
2313	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
2314	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
2315	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
2316	!>
2317	!>
2318	!> Call for grid point i,j
2319	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2320	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
2321
2322	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
2323	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2324	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2325	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2326	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
2327
2328	LOGICAL :: building_edge_e !< control flag indicating an eastward-facing building edge
2329	LOGICAL :: building_edge_n !< control flag indicating a north-facing building edge
2330	LOGICAL :: building_edge_s !< control flag indicating a south-facing building edge
2331	LOGICAL :: building_edge_w !< control flag indicating a westward-facing building edge
2332
2333	REAL(wp) :: bad_local !< local lad value
2334	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
2335	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
2336	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
2337	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
2338	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
2339	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
2340
2341
2342	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
2343	!
2344	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
2345	SELECT CASE ( component )
2346
2347	!
2348	!-- u-component
2349	CASE ( 1 )
2350	!
2351	!-- Set control flags indicating east- and westward-orientated
2352	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_w is set from the perspective
2353	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_e is
2354	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
2355	building_edge_w = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
2356	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) )
2357	building_edge_e = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i-1), 6 ) ) .AND. &
2358	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
2359	!
2360	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
2361	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,1) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2362
2363	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,1) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2364
2365	!
2366	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
2367	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
2368	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
2369	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
2370	!-- than inside of the canopy.
2371	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
2372	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
2373	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
2374	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
2375	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
2376	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
2377	!-- The same is also valid for bad_s.
2378	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
2379	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp .AND. &
2380	.NOT. building_edge_w ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
2381
2382	bad_local = bad_s(kk,j,i)
2383	IF ( bad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. bad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp .AND. &
2384	.NOT. building_edge_w ) bad_local = bad_s(kk,j,i-1)
2385	!
2386	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
2387	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
2388	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
2389	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
2390	!-- point (j,i-1). The same is also valid for bad_s.
2391	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) == 0.0_wp .AND. &
2392	building_edge_e ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
2393	IF ( bad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. bad_s(kk,j,i-1) == 0.0_wp .AND. &
2394	building_edge_e ) bad_local = bad_s(kk,j,i-1)
2395
2396	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2397	pre_u = 0.0_wp
2398	!
2399	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2400	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
2401	( lad_local + bad_local ) * &
2402	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
2403	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
2404	v(k,j,i) + &
2405	v(k,j+1,i) + &
2406	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
2407	)**2 + &
2408	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
2409	w(k-1,j,i) + &
2410	w(k,j,i-1) + &
2411	w(k,j,i) ) &
2412	)**2 &
2413	) * &
2414	u(k,j,i)
2415
2416	!
2417	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2418	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2419	!
2420	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2421	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2422	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
2423	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2424	ELSE
2425	pre_tend = pre_tend
2426	ENDIF
2427	!
2428	!-- Calculate final tendency
2429	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2430	ENDDO
2431
2432
2433	!
2434	!-- v-component
2435	CASE ( 2 )
2436	!
2437	!-- Set control flags indicating north- and southward-orientated
2438	!-- building edges. Note, building_egde_s is set from the perspective
2439	!-- of the potential rooftop grid point, while building_edge_n is
2440	!-- is set from the perspective of the non-building grid point.
2441	building_edge_s = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
2442	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) )
2443	building_edge_n = ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j-1,i), 6 ) ) .AND. &
2444	.NOT. ANY( BTEST( wall_flags_total_0(:,j,i), 6 ) )
2445	!
2446	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
2447	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,2) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2448
2449	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,2) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2450	!
2451	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
2452	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
2453	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
2454	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
2455	!-- than inside of the canopy.
2456	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
2457	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i), which is considered
2458	!-- in the next if-statement. Note, at left-sided building edges
2459	!-- this is not applied, here the LAD is equals the LAD at grid
2460	!-- point (k,j,i), in order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly mapped
2461	!-- on top of a roof where (usually) is no LAD is defined.
2462	!-- The same is also valid for bad_s.
2463	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
2464	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp .AND. &
2465	.NOT. building_edge_s ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
2466
2467	bad_local = bad_s(kk,j,i)
2468	IF ( bad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. bad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp .AND. &
2469	.NOT. building_edge_s ) bad_local = bad_s(kk,j-1,i)
2470	!
2471	!-- In order to avoid that LAD is mistakenly considered at right-
2472	!-- sided building edges (here the topography-top index for the
2473	!-- u-component at index j,i is still on the building while the
2474	!-- topography top for the scalar isn't), LAD is taken from grid
2475	!-- point (j,i-1). The same is also valid for bad_s.
2476	IF ( lad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) == 0.0_wp .AND. &
2477	building_edge_n ) lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
2478	IF ( bad_local > 0.0_wp .AND. bad_s(kk,j-1,i) == 0.0_wp .AND. &
2479	building_edge_n ) bad_local = bad_s(kk,j-1,i)
2480
2481	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2482	pre_v = 0.0_wp
2483	!
2484	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2485	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
2486	( lad_local + bad_local ) * &
2487	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
2488	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
2489	u(k,j,i) + &
2490	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2491	)**2 + &
2492	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
2493	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
2494	w(k-1,j,i) + &
2495	w(k,j-1,i) + &
2496	w(k,j,i) ) &
2497	)**2 &
2498	) * &
2499	v(k,j,i)
2500
2501	!
2502	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2503	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2504	!
2505	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2506	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2507	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
2508	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2509	ELSE
2510	pre_tend = pre_tend
2511	ENDIF
2512	!
2513	!-- Calculate final tendency
2514	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2515	ENDDO
2516
2517
2518	!
2519	!-- w-component
2520	CASE ( 3 )
2521	!
2522	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
2523	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,3) + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
2524
2525	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,3) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2526
2527	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2528	pre_w = 0.0_wp
2529	!
2530	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2531	pre_tend = - canopy_drag_coeff * &
2532	( 0.5_wp * &
2533	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) ) + &
2534	0.5_wp * &
2535	( bad_s(kk+1,j,i) + bad_s(kk,j,i) ) ) * &
2536	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2537	u(k,j,i+1) + &
2538	u(k+1,j,i) + &
2539	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
2540	)**2 + &
2541	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2542	v(k,j+1,i) + &
2543	v(k+1,j,i) + &
2544	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
2545	)**2 + &
2546	w(k,j,i)**2 &
2547	) * &
2548	w(k,j,i)
2549	!
2550	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2551	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2552	!
2553	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2554	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2555	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
2556	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2557	ELSE
2558	pre_tend = pre_tend
2559	ENDIF
2560	!
2561	!-- Calculate final tendency
2562	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2563	ENDDO
2564
2565	!
2566	!-- potential temperature
2567	CASE ( 4 )
2568	!
2569	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2570	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2571	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2572	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2573	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - &
2574	pcm_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
2575	ENDDO
2576	ELSE
2577	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2578	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2579	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2580	ENDDO
2581	ENDIF
2582
2583	!
2584	!-- humidity
2585	CASE ( 5 )
2586	!
2587	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2588	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2589	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0) !- lad arrays are defined flat
2590	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2591	! pcm_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2592	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2593	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2594	! in the plant canopy box
2595	pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - leaf_scalar_exch_coeff &
2596	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2597	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2598	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2599	)**2 + &
2600	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2601	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2602	)**2 + &
2603	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2604	w(k,j,i) ) &
2605	)**2 &
2606	) * &
2607	( q(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
2608	ENDIF
2609
2610	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pcm_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2611
2612	ENDDO
2613
2614	!
2615	!-- sgs-tke
2616	CASE ( 6 )
2617	!
2618	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2619	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2620
2621	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2622	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2623	2.0_wp * canopy_drag_coeff * &
2624	( lad_s(kk,j,i) + bad_s(kk,j,i) ) * &
2625	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2626	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2627	)**2 + &
2628	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2629	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2630	)**2 + &
2631	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2632	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2633	)**2 &
2634	) * &
2635	e(k,j,i)
2636	ENDDO
2637	!
2638	!-- scalar concentration
2639	CASE ( 7 )
2640	!
2641	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2642	DO k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + 1, topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2643
2644	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2645	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2646	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff * &
2647	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2648	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2649	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2650	)**2 + &
2651	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2652	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2653	)**2 + &
2654	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2655	w(k,j,i) ) &
2656	)**2 &
2657	) * &
2658	( s(k,j,i) - leaf_surface_conc )
2659	ENDDO
2660
2661	CASE DEFAULT
2662
2663	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2664	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2665
2666	END SELECT
2667
2668	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
2669
2670	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2671	! Description:
2672	! ------------
2673	!> Subroutine writes global restart data
2674	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2675	SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_global
2676
2677	IF ( TRIM( restart_data_format_output ) == 'fortran_binary' ) THEN
2678
2679	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pch_index' )
2680	WRITE ( 14 ) pch_index
2681
2682	ELSEIF ( restart_data_format_output(1:3) == 'mpi' ) THEN
2683
2684	CALL wrd_mpi_io( 'pch_index', pch_index )
2685
2686	ENDIF
2687
2688	END SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_global
2689
2690	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2691	! Description:
2692	! ------------
2693	!> Subroutine writes local (subdomain) restart data
2694	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2695	SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_local
2696
2697	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tmp_3d !< temporary array to store pcm data with
2698	!< non-standard vertical index bounds
2699
2700	IF ( TRIM( restart_data_format_output ) == 'fortran_binary' ) THEN
2701
2702	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
2703	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pcm_heatrate_av' )
2704	WRITE ( 14 ) pcm_heatrate_av
2705	ENDIF
2706
2707	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
2708	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pcm_latentrate_av' )
2709	WRITE ( 14 ) pcm_latentrate_av
2710	ENDIF
2711
2712	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
2713	CALL wrd_write_string( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av' )
2714	WRITE ( 14 ) pcm_transpirationrate_av
2715	ENDIF
2716
2717	ELSEIF ( restart_data_format_output(1:3) == 'mpi' ) THEN
2718
2719	!
2720	!-- Plant canopy arrays have non standard reduced vertical index bounds. They are stored with
2721	!-- full vertical bounds (bzb:nzt+1) in the restart file and must be re-stored before writing.
2722	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
2723	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
2724	tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:) = pcm_heatrate_av
2725	tmp_3d(pch_index+1:nzt+1,:,:) = 0.0_wp
2726	CALL wrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_heatrate_av', tmp_3d )
2727	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
2728	ENDIF
2729	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
2730	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
2731	tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:) = pcm_latentrate_av
2732	tmp_3d(pch_index+1:nzt+1,:,:) = 0.0_wp
2733	CALL wrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_latentrate_av', tmp_3d )
2734	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
2735	ENDIF
2736	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
2737	ALLOCATE( tmp_3d(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
2738	tmp_3d(nzb:pch_index,:,:) = pcm_transpirationrate_av
2739	tmp_3d(pch_index+1:nzt+1,:,:) = 0.0_wp
2740	CALL wrd_mpi_io( 'pcm_transpirationrate_av', tmp_3d )
2741	DEALLOCATE( tmp_3d )
2742	ENDIF
2743
2744	ENDIF
2745
2746	END SUBROUTINE pcm_wrd_local
2747
2748
2749	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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