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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 @ 4216

Last change on this file since 4216 was 4216, checked in by suehring, 5 years ago
Bugfixes in 3d data output of plant canopy variables
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File size: 90.7 KB

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1	!> @file plant_canopy_model_mod.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2019 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	! Copyright 2017-2019 Institute of Computer Science of the
19	! Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
20	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
21	!
22	! Current revisions:
23	! ------------------
24	!
25	!
26	! Former revisions:
27	! -----------------
28	! $Id: plant_canopy_model_mod.f90 4216 2019-09-04 09:09:03Z suehring $
29	! Bugfixes in 3d data output
30	!
31	! 4205 2019-08-30 13:25:00Z suehring
32	! Missing working precision + bugfix in calculation of wind speed
33	!
34	! 4188 2019-08-26 14:15:47Z suehring
35	! Minor adjustment in error number
36	!
37	! 4187 2019-08-26 12:43:15Z suehring
38	! Give specific error numbers instead of PA0999
39	!
40	! 4182 2019-08-22 15:20:23Z scharf
41	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
42	!
43	! 4168 2019-08-16 13:50:17Z suehring
44	! Replace function get_topography_top_index by topo_top_ind
45	!
46	! 4127 2019-07-30 14:47:10Z suehring
47	! Output of 3D plant canopy variables changed. It is now relative to the local
48	! terrain rather than located at the acutal vertical level in the model. This
49	! way, the vertical dimension of the output can be significantly reduced.
50	! (merge from branch resler)
51	!
52	! 3885 2019-04-11 11:29:34Z kanani
53	! Changes related to global restructuring of location messages and introduction
54	! of additional debug messages
55	!
56	! 3864 2019-04-05 09:01:56Z monakurppa
57	! unsed variables removed
58	!
59	! 3745 2019-02-15 18:57:56Z suehring
60	! Bugfix in transpiration, floating invalid when temperature
61	! becomes > 40 degrees
62	!
63	! 3744 2019-02-15 18:38:58Z suehring
64	! Some interface calls moved to module_interface + cleanup
65	!
66	! 3655 2019-01-07 16:51:22Z knoop
67	! unused variables removed
68	!
69	! 138 2007-11-28 10:03:58Z letzel
70	! Initial revision
71	!
72	! Description:
73	! ------------
74	!> 1) Initialization of the canopy model, e.g. construction of leaf area density
75	!> profile (subroutine pcm_init).
76	!> 2) Calculation of sinks and sources of momentum, heat and scalar concentration
77	!> due to canopy elements (subroutine pcm_tendency).
78	!
79	! @todo - precalculate constant terms in pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
80	! @todo - unify variable names (pcm_, pc_, ...)
81	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
82	MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod
83
84	USE arrays_3d, &
85	ONLY: dzu, dzw, e, exner, hyp, pt, q, s, tend, u, v, w, zu, zw
86
87	USE basic_constants_and_equations_mod, &
88	ONLY: c_p, degc_to_k, l_v, lv_d_cp, r_d, rd_d_rv
89
90	USE control_parameters, &
91	ONLY: debug_output, humidity
92
93	USE indices, &
94	ONLY: nbgp, nxl, nxlg, nxlu, nxr, nxrg, nyn, nyng, nys, nysg, nysv, &
95	nz, nzb, nzt, topo_top_ind
96
97	USE kinds
98
99	USE pegrid
100
101
102	IMPLICIT NONE
103
104
105	CHARACTER (LEN=30) :: canopy_mode = 'block' !< canopy coverage
106	LOGICAL :: plant_canopy_transpiration = .FALSE. !< flag to switch calculation of transpiration and corresponding latent heat
107	!< for resolved plant canopy inside radiation model
108	!< (calls subroutine pcm_calc_transpiration_rate from module plant_canopy_mod)
109
110	INTEGER(iwp) :: pch_index = 0 !< plant canopy height/top index
111	INTEGER(iwp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(10) = -9999 !< lad-profile levels (index)
112
113	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pch_index_ji !< local plant canopy top
114
115	LOGICAL :: calc_beta_lad_profile = .FALSE. !< switch for calc. of lad from beta func.
116
117	REAL(wp) :: alpha_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
118	REAL(wp) :: beta_lad = 9999999.9_wp !< coefficient for lad calculation
119	REAL(wp) :: canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coefficient (parameter)
120	REAL(wp) :: cdc = 0.0_wp !< canopy drag coeff. (abbreviation used in equations)
121	REAL(wp) :: cthf = 0.0_wp !< canopy top heat flux
122	REAL(wp) :: dt_plant_canopy = 0.0_wp !< timestep account. for canopy drag
123	REAL(wp) :: ext_coef = 0.6_wp !< extinction coefficient
124	REAL(wp) :: lad_surface = 0.0_wp !< lad surface value
125	REAL(wp) :: lai_beta = 0.0_wp !< leaf area index (lai) for lad calc.
126	REAL(wp) :: leaf_scalar_exch_coeff = 0.0_wp !< canopy scalar exchange coeff.
127	REAL(wp) :: leaf_surface_conc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
128	REAL(wp) :: lsc = 0.0_wp !< leaf surface concentration
129	REAL(wp) :: lsec = 0.0_wp !< leaf scalar exchange coeff.
130
131	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient(10) = 0.0_wp !< lad gradient
132	REAL(wp) :: lad_vertical_gradient_level(10) = -9999999.9_wp !< lad-prof. levels (in m)
133
134	REAL(wp) :: lad_type_coef(0:10) = 1.0_wp !< multiplicative coeficients for particular types
135	!< of plant canopy (e.g. deciduous tree during winter)
136
137	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad !< leaf area density
138	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: pre_lad !< preliminary lad
139
140	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: cum_lai_hf !< cumulative lai for heatflux calc.
141	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: lad_s !< lad on scalar-grid
142	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_heating_rate !< plant canopy heating rate
143	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_transpiration_rate !< plant canopy transpiration rate
144	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pc_latent_rate !< plant canopy latent heating rate
145
146	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_heatrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy sensible heating rate
147	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_latentrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy latent heating rate
148	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: pcm_transpirationrate_av !< array for averaging plant canopy transpiration rate
149
150	SAVE
151
152
153	PRIVATE
154
155	!
156	!-- Public functions
157	PUBLIC pcm_calc_transpiration_rate, pcm_check_data_output, &
158	pcm_check_parameters, pcm_3d_data_averaging, &
159	pcm_data_output_3d, pcm_define_netcdf_grid, &
160	pcm_header, pcm_init, pcm_parin, pcm_tendency
161
162	!
163	!-- Public variables and constants
164	PUBLIC cdc, pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate, &
165	canopy_mode, cthf, dt_plant_canopy, lad, lad_s, pch_index, &
166	plant_canopy_transpiration
167
168	INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
169	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
170	END INTERFACE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
171
172	INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
173	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_data_output
174	END INTERFACE pcm_check_data_output
175
176	INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
177	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_check_parameters
178	END INTERFACE pcm_check_parameters
179
180	INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
181	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_3d_data_averaging
182	END INTERFACE pcm_3d_data_averaging
183
184	INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
185	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_data_output_3d
186	END INTERFACE pcm_data_output_3d
187
188	INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
189	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
190	END INTERFACE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
191
192	INTERFACE pcm_header
193	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_header
194	END INTERFACE pcm_header
195
196	INTERFACE pcm_init
197	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_init
198	END INTERFACE pcm_init
199
200	INTERFACE pcm_parin
201	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_parin
202	END INTERFACE pcm_parin
203
204	INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
205	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
206	END INTERFACE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
207
208	INTERFACE pcm_tendency
209	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency
210	MODULE PROCEDURE pcm_tendency_ij
211	END INTERFACE pcm_tendency
212
213
214	CONTAINS
215
216
217
218	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
219	! Description:
220	! ------------
221	!> Calculation of the plant canopy transpiration rate based on the Jarvis-Stewart
222	!> with parametrizations described in Daudet et al. (1999; Agricult. and Forest
223	!> Meteorol. 97) and Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017; Agricult. and Forest Meteorol
224	!> 237-238). Model functions f1-f4 were adapted from Stewart (1998; Agric.
225	!> and Forest. Meteorol. 43) instead, because they are valid for broader intervals
226	!> of values. Funcion f4 used in form present in van Wijk et al. (1998;
227	!> Tree Physiology 20).
228	!>
229	!> This subroutine is called from subroutine radiation_interaction
230	!> after the calculation of radiation in plant canopy boxes.
231	!> (arrays pcbinsw and pcbinlw).
232	!>
233	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
234	SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate(i, j, k, kk, pcbsw, pcblw, pcbtr, pcblh)
235
236	USE control_parameters, &
237	ONLY: dz
238
239	USE grid_variables, &
240	ONLY: dx, dy
241
242	IMPLICIT NONE
243	!-- input parameters
244	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: i, j, k, kk !< indices of the pc gridbox
245	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcbsw !< sw radiation in gridbox (W)
246	REAL(wp), INTENT(IN) :: pcblw !< lw radiation in gridbox (W)
247	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcbtr !< transpiration rate dq/dt (kg/kg/s)
248	REAL(wp), INTENT(OUT) :: pcblh !< latent heat from transpiration dT/dt (K/s)
249
250	!-- variables and parameters for calculation of transpiration rate
251	REAL(wp) :: sat_press, sat_press_d, temp, v_lad
252	REAL(wp) :: d_fact, g_b, g_s, wind_speed, evapor_rate
253	REAL(wp) :: f1, f2, f3, f4, vpd, rswc, e_eq, e_imp, rad
254	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: gama_psychr = 66.0_wp !< psychrometric constant (Pa/K)
255	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: g_s_max = 0.01 !< maximum stomatal conductivity (m/s)
256	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_soil = 0.4_wp !< soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
257	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_wilt = 0.01_wp !< wilting point soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
258	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: m_sat = 0.51_wp !< saturation soil water content (needs to adjust or take from LSM)
259	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_min = 0.0_wp !< minimal temperature for calculation of f2
260	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: t2_max = 40.0_wp !< maximal temperature for calculation of f2
261
262
263	!-- Temperature (deg C)
264	temp = pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) - degc_to_k
265	!-- Coefficient for conversion of radiation to grid to radiation to unit leaves surface
266	v_lad = 1.0_wp / ( MAX( lad_s(kk,j,i), 1.0E-10_wp ) * dx * dy * dz(1) )
267	!-- Magnus formula for the saturation pressure (see Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 1)
268	!-- There are updated formulas available, kept consistent with the rest of the parametrization
269	sat_press = 610.8_wp * exp(17.27_wp * temp/(temp + 237.3_wp))
270	!-- Saturation pressure derivative (derivative of the above)
271	sat_press_d = sat_press * 17.27_wp * 237.3_wp / (temp + 237.3_wp)**2
272	!-- Wind speed
273	wind_speed = SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + u(k,j,i+1) ) )**2 + &
274	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + v(k,j+1,i) ) )**2 + &
275	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + w(k-1,j,i) ) )**2 )
276	!-- Aerodynamic conductivity (Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 14
277	g_b = 0.01_wp * wind_speed + 0.0071_wp
278	!-- Radiation flux per leaf surface unit
279	rad = pcbsw * v_lad
280	!-- First function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (radiation dependency)
281	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 17
282	f1 = rad * (1000.0_wp+42.1_wp) / 1000.0_wp / (rad+42.1_wp)
283	!-- Second function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (temperature dependency)
284	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 21
285	f2 = MAX(t2_min, (temp-t2_min) * MAX(0.0_wp,t2_max-temp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min)) / &
286	((16.9_wp-t2_min) * (t2_max-16.9_wp)**((t2_max-16.9_wp)/(16.9_wp-t2_min))) )
287	!-- Water pressure deficit
288	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) eq. 6 but with water vapour partial pressure
289	vpd = max( sat_press - q(k,j,i) * hyp(k) / rd_d_rv, 0._wp )
290	!-- Third function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (water pressure deficit dependency)
291	!-- Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) Table 1, limited from below according to Stewart (1988)
292	!-- The coefficients of the linear dependence should better correspond to broad-leaved trees
293	!-- than the coefficients from Stewart (1988) which correspond to conifer trees.
294	vpd = MIN(MAX(vpd,770.0_wp),3820.0_wp)
295	f3 = -2E-4_wp * vpd + 1.154_wp
296	!-- Fourth function for calculation of stomatal conductivity (soil moisture dependency)
297	!-- Residual soil water content
298	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 7
299	!-- TODO - over LSM surface might be calculated from LSM parameters
300	rswc = ( m_sat - m_soil ) / ( m_sat - m_wilt )
301	!-- van Wijk et al. (1998; Tree Physiology 20) eq. 5-6 (it is a reformulation of eq. 22-23 of Stewart(1988))
302	f4 = MAX(0.0_wp, MIN(1.0_wp - 0.041_wp * EXP(3.2_wp * rswc), 1.0_wp - 0.041_wp))
303	!-- Stomatal conductivity
304	!-- Stewart (1988; Agric. and Forest. Meteorol. 43) eq. 12
305	!-- (notation according to Ngao, Adam and Saudreau (2017) and others)
306	g_s = g_s_max * f1 * f2 * f3 * f4 + 1.0E-10_wp
307	!-- Decoupling factor
308	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 6
309	d_fact = (sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / &
310	(sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp + 2.0_wp * g_b / g_s )
311	!-- Equilibrium evaporation rate
312	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 4
313	e_eq = (pcbsw + pcblw) * v_lad * sat_press_d / &
314	gama_psychr /( sat_press_d / gama_psychr + 2.0_wp ) / l_v
315	!-- Imposed evaporation rate
316	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 5
317	e_imp = r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) / hyp(k) * c_p * g_s * vpd / gama_psychr / l_v
318	!-- Evaporation rate
319	!-- Daudet et al. (1999) eq. 3
320	!-- (evaporation rate is limited to non-negative values)
321	evapor_rate = MAX(d_fact * e_eq + ( 1.0_wp - d_fact ) * e_imp, 0.0_wp)
322	!-- Conversion of evaporation rate to q tendency in gridbox
323	!-- dq/dt = E * LAD * V_g / (rho_air * V_g)
324	pcbtr = evapor_rate * r_d * pt(k,j,i) * exner(k) * lad_s(kk,j,i) / hyp(k) !-- = dq/dt
325	!-- latent heat from evaporation
326	pcblh = pcbtr * lv_d_cp !-- = - dT/dt
327
328	END SUBROUTINE pcm_calc_transpiration_rate
329
330
331	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
332	! Description:
333	! ------------
334	!> Check data output for plant canopy model
335	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
336	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output( var, unit )
337
338
339	USE control_parameters, &
340	ONLY: message_string, urban_surface
341
342	IMPLICIT NONE
343
344	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
345	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
346
347
348	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
349
350	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
351	IF ( cthf == 0.0_wp .AND. .NOT. urban_surface ) THEN
352	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
353	'res setting of parameter cthf /= 0.0'
354	CALL message( 'pcm_check_data_output', 'PA1000', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
355	ENDIF
356	unit = 'K s-1'
357
358	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
359	unit = 'kg kg-1 s-1'
360
361	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
362	unit = 'K s-1'
363
364	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
365	unit = 'K s-1'
366
367	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
368	unit = 'm2 m-3'
369
370
371	CASE DEFAULT
372	unit = 'illegal'
373
374	END SELECT
375
376
377	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_data_output
378
379
380	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
381	! Description:
382	! ------------
383	!> Check parameters routine for plant canopy model
384	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
385	SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
386
387	USE control_parameters, &
388	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
389
390	USE bulk_cloud_model_mod, &
391	ONLY: bulk_cloud_model, microphysics_seifert
392
393	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
394	ONLY: input_file_static, input_pids_static
395
396
397	IMPLICIT NONE
398
399
400	IF ( canopy_drag_coeff == 0.0_wp ) THEN
401	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires a non-zero drag '// &
402	'coefficient & given value is canopy_drag_coeff = 0.0'
403	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0041', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
404	ENDIF
405
406	IF ( ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) .OR.&
407	beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. alpha_lad == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
408	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
409	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
410	'both alpha_lad and beta_lad to be /= 9999999.9'
411	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0118', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
412	ENDIF
413
414	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lai_beta == 0.0_wp ) THEN
415	message_string = 'using the beta function for the construction ' // &
416	'of the leaf area density profile requires ' // &
417	'a non-zero lai_beta, but given value is ' // &
418	'lai_beta = 0.0'
419	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0119', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
420	ENDIF
421
422	IF ( calc_beta_lad_profile .AND. lad_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
423	message_string = 'simultaneous setting of alpha_lad /= 9999999.9 '// &
424	'combined with beta_lad /= 9999999.9 ' // &
425	'and lad_surface /= 0.0 is not possible, ' // &
426	'use either vertical gradients or the beta ' // &
427	'function for the construction of the leaf area '// &
428	'density profile'
429	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0120', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
430	ENDIF
431
432	IF ( bulk_cloud_model .AND. microphysics_seifert ) THEN
433	message_string = 'plant_canopy = .TRUE. requires cloud_scheme /=' // &
434	' seifert_beheng'
435	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0360', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
436	ENDIF
437	!
438	!-- If dynamic input file is used, canopy need to be read from file
439	IF ( input_pids_static .AND. &
440	TRIM( canopy_mode ) /= 'read_from_file_3d' ) THEN
441	message_string = 'Usage of dynamic input file ' // &
442	TRIM( input_file_static ) // &
443	TRIM( coupling_char ) // ' requires ' // &
444	'canopy_mode = read_from_file_3d'
445	CALL message( 'pcm_check_parameters', 'PA0672', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
446	ENDIF
447
448
449	END SUBROUTINE pcm_check_parameters
450
451
452	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
453	!
454	! Description:
455	! ------------
456	!> Subroutine for averaging 3D data
457	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
458	SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging( mode, variable )
459
460
461	USE control_parameters
462
463	USE indices
464
465	USE kinds
466
467	IMPLICIT NONE
468
469	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: mode !<
470	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
471
472	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
473	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
474	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
475
476
477	IF ( mode == 'allocate' ) THEN
478
479	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
480
481	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
482	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
483	ALLOCATE( pcm_heatrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
484	ENDIF
485	pcm_heatrate_av = 0.0_wp
486
487
488	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
489	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
490	ALLOCATE( pcm_latentrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
491	ENDIF
492	pcm_latentrate_av = 0.0_wp
493
494
495	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
496	IF ( .NOT. ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
497	ALLOCATE( pcm_transpirationrate_av(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
498	ENDIF
499	pcm_transpirationrate_av = 0.0_wp
500
501	CASE DEFAULT
502	CONTINUE
503
504	END SELECT
505
506	ELSEIF ( mode == 'sum' ) THEN
507
508	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
509
510	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
511	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
512	DO i = nxl, nxr
513	DO j = nys, nyn
514	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
515	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
516	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(k,j,i)
517	ENDDO
518	ENDIF
519	ENDDO
520	ENDDO
521	ENDIF
522
523
524	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
525	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
526	DO i = nxl, nxr
527	DO j = nys, nyn
528	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
529	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
530	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_latent_rate(k,j,i)
531	ENDDO
532	ENDIF
533	ENDDO
534	ENDDO
535	ENDIF
536
537
538	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
539	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
540	DO i = nxl, nxr
541	DO j = nys, nyn
542	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
543	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
544	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(k,j,i)
545	ENDDO
546	ENDIF
547	ENDDO
548	ENDDO
549	ENDIF
550
551	CASE DEFAULT
552	CONTINUE
553
554	END SELECT
555
556	ELSEIF ( mode == 'average' ) THEN
557
558	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
559
560	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
561	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_heatrate_av ) ) THEN
562	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
563	DO j = nysg, nyng
564	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
565	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
566	pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_heatrate_av(k,j,i) &
567	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
568	ENDDO
569	ENDIF
570	ENDDO
571	ENDDO
572	ENDIF
573
574
575	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
576	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_latentrate_av ) ) THEN
577	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
578	DO j = nysg, nyng
579	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
580	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
581	pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_latentrate_av(k,j,i) &
582	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
583	ENDDO
584	ENDIF
585	ENDDO
586	ENDDO
587	ENDIF
588
589
590	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
591	IF ( ALLOCATED( pcm_transpirationrate_av ) ) THEN
592	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
593	DO j = nysg, nyng
594	IF ( pch_index_ji(j,i) /= 0 ) THEN
595	DO k = 0, pch_index_ji(j,i)
596	pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(k,j,i) &
597	/ REAL( average_count_3d, KIND=wp )
598	ENDDO
599	ENDIF
600	ENDDO
601	ENDDO
602	ENDIF
603
604	END SELECT
605
606	ENDIF
607
608	END SUBROUTINE pcm_3d_data_averaging
609
610	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
611	!
612	! Description:
613	! ------------
614	!> Subroutine defining 3D output variables.
615	!> Note, 3D plant-canopy output has it's own vertical output dimension, meaning
616	!> that 3D output is relative to the model surface now rather than at the actual
617	!> grid point where the plant canopy is located.
618	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
619	SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d( av, variable, found, local_pf, fill_value, &
620	nzb_do, nzt_do )
621
622	USE indices
623
624	USE kinds
625
626
627	IMPLICIT NONE
628
629	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !< treated variable
630
631	INTEGER(iwp) :: av !< flag indicating instantaneous or averaged data output
632	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< grid index x-direction
633	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< grid index y-direction
634	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< grid index z-direction
635	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< grid index z-direction relative to canopy arrays
636	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzb_do !< lower limit of the data output (usually 0)
637	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzt_do !< vertical upper limit of the data output (usually nz_do3d)
638
639	LOGICAL :: found !< flag indicating if variable is found
640
641	REAL(wp) :: fill_value !< fill value
642	REAL(sp), DIMENSION(nxl:nxr,nys:nyn,nzb_do:nzt_do) :: local_pf !< data output array
643
644
645	found = .TRUE.
646
647	local_pf = REAL( fill_value, KIND = 4 )
648
649	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
650	!
651	!-- Note, to save memory arrays for heating are allocated from 0:pch_index.
652	!-- Thus, output must be relative to these array indices. Further, check
653	!-- whether the output is within the vertical output range,
654	!-- i.e. nzb_do:nzt_do.
655	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate' )
656	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
657	DO i = nxl, nxr
658	DO j = nys, nyn
659	DO k = MAX( topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, nzb_do ), &
660	MIN( topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
661	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
662	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
663	ENDDO
664	ENDDO
665	ENDDO
666	ELSE
667	DO i = nxl, nxr
668	DO j = nys, nyn
669	DO k = MAX( topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, nzb_do ), &
670	MIN( topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
671	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
672	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(kk,j,i)
673	ENDDO
674	ENDDO
675	ENDDO
676	ENDIF
677
678	CASE ( 'pcm_latentrate' )
679	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
680	DO i = nxl, nxr
681	DO j = nys, nyn
682	DO k = MAX( topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, nzb_do ), &
683	MIN( topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
684	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
685	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
686	ENDDO
687	ENDDO
688	ENDDO
689	ELSE
690	DO i = nxl, nxr
691	DO j = nys, nyn
692	DO k = MAX( topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, nzb_do ), &
693	MIN( topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
694	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
695	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_latentrate_av(kk,j,i)
696	ENDDO
697	ENDDO
698	ENDDO
699	ENDIF
700
701	CASE ( 'pcm_transpirationrate' )
702	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
703	DO i = nxl, nxr
704	DO j = nys, nyn
705	DO k = MAX( topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, nzb_do ), &
706	MIN( topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
707	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
708	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
709	ENDDO
710	ENDDO
711	ENDDO
712	ELSE
713	DO i = nxl, nxr
714	DO j = nys, nyn
715	DO k = MAX( topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, nzb_do ), &
716	MIN( topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
717	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
718	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_transpirationrate_av(kk,j,i)
719	ENDDO
720	ENDDO
721	ENDDO
722	ENDIF
723
724	CASE ( 'pcm_bowenratio' )
725	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
726	DO i = nxl, nxr
727	DO j = nys, nyn
728	DO k = MAX( topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, nzb_do ), &
729	MIN( topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
730	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
731	IF ( pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
732	local_pf(i,j,k) = pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) / &
733	pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
734	ENDIF
735	ENDDO
736	ENDDO
737	ENDDO
738	ELSE
739	DO i = nxl, nxr
740	DO j = nys, nyn
741	DO k = MAX( topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, nzb_do ), &
742	MIN( topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
743	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
744	IF ( pcm_latentrate_av(kk,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
745	local_pf(i,j,k) = pcm_heatrate_av(kk,j,i) / &
746	pcm_latentrate_av(kk,j,i)
747	ENDIF
748	ENDDO
749	ENDDO
750	ENDDO
751	ENDIF
752
753	CASE ( 'pcm_lad' )
754	IF ( av == 0 ) THEN
755	DO i = nxl, nxr
756	DO j = nys, nyn
757	DO k = MAX( topo_top_ind(j,i,0)+1, nzb_do ), &
758	MIN( topo_top_ind(j,i,0) + pch_index_ji(j,i), nzt_do )
759	kk = k - topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
760	local_pf(i,j,k) = lad_s(kk,j,i)
761	ENDDO
762	ENDDO
763	ENDDO
764	ENDIF
765
766	CASE DEFAULT
767	found = .FALSE.
768
769	END SELECT
770
771
772	END SUBROUTINE pcm_data_output_3d
773
774	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
775	!
776	! Description:
777	! ------------
778	!> Subroutine defining appropriate grid for netcdf variables.
779	!> It is called from subroutine netcdf.
780	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
781	SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid( var, found, grid_x, grid_y, grid_z )
782
783	IMPLICIT NONE
784
785	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(IN) :: var !<
786	LOGICAL, INTENT(OUT) :: found !<
787	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_x !<
788	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_y !<
789	CHARACTER (LEN=*), INTENT(OUT) :: grid_z !<
790
791	found = .TRUE.
792
793	!
794	!-- Check for the grid
795	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
796
797	CASE ( 'pcm_heatrate', 'pcm_lad', 'pcm_transpirationrate', 'pcm_latentrate', 'pcm_bowenratio')
798	grid_x = 'x'
799	grid_y = 'y'
800	grid_z = 'zpc'
801
802	CASE DEFAULT
803	found = .FALSE.
804	grid_x = 'none'
805	grid_y = 'none'
806	grid_z = 'none'
807	END SELECT
808
809	END SUBROUTINE pcm_define_netcdf_grid
810
811
812	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
813	! Description:
814	! ------------
815	!> Header output for plant canopy model
816	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
817	SUBROUTINE pcm_header ( io )
818
819	USE control_parameters, &
820	ONLY: passive_scalar
821
822
823	IMPLICIT NONE
824
825	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !<
826
827	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: coordinates !<
828	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: gradients !<
829	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: leaf_area_density !<
830	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: slices !<
831
832	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
833	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
834	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
835
836	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height (in m)
837
838	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
839
840	WRITE ( io, 1 ) canopy_mode, canopy_height, pch_index, &
841	canopy_drag_coeff
842	IF ( passive_scalar ) THEN
843	WRITE ( io, 2 ) leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
844	leaf_surface_conc
845	ENDIF
846
847	!
848	!-- Heat flux at the top of vegetation
849	WRITE ( io, 3 ) cthf
850
851	!
852	!-- Leaf area density profile, calculated either from given vertical
853	!-- gradients or from beta probability density function.
854	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
855
856	!-- Building output strings, starting with surface value
857	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
858	gradients = '------'
859	slices = ' 0'
860	coordinates = ' 0.0'
861	i = 1
862	DO WHILE ( i < 11 .AND. lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) &
863	/= -9999 )
864
865	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i))
866	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
867	TRIM( coor_chr )
868
869	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad_vertical_gradient(i)
870	gradients = TRIM( gradients ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
871
872	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I7)') lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i)
873	slices = TRIM( slices ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
874
875	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') lad_vertical_gradient_level(i)
876	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
877
878	i = i + 1
879	ENDDO
880
881	WRITE ( io, 4 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
882	TRIM( gradients ), TRIM( slices )
883
884	ELSE
885
886	WRITE ( leaf_area_density, '(F7.4)' ) lad_surface
887	coordinates = ' 0.0'
888
889	DO k = 1, pch_index
890
891	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.2)') lad(k)
892	leaf_area_density = TRIM( leaf_area_density ) // ' ' // &
893	TRIM( coor_chr )
894
895	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F7.1)') zu(k)
896	coordinates = TRIM( coordinates ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
897
898	ENDDO
899
900	WRITE ( io, 5 ) TRIM( coordinates ), TRIM( leaf_area_density ), &
901	alpha_lad, beta_lad, lai_beta
902
903	ENDIF
904
905	1 FORMAT (//' Vegetation canopy (drag) model:'/ &
906	' ------------------------------'// &
907	' Canopy mode: ', A / &
908	' Canopy height: ',F6.2,'m (',I4,' grid points)' / &
909	' Leaf drag coefficient: ',F6.2 /)
910	2 FORMAT (/ ' Scalar exchange coefficient: ',F6.2 / &
911	' Scalar concentration at leaf surfaces in kg/m**3: ',F6.2 /)
912	3 FORMAT (' Predefined constant heatflux at the top of the vegetation: ',F6.2, &
913	' K m/s')
914	4 FORMAT (/ ' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density:'// &
915	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
916	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
917	' Gradient: ',A,' m2/m4'/ &
918	' Gridpoint: ',A)
919	5 FORMAT (//' Characteristic levels of the leaf area density and coefficients:'&
920	// ' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
921	' Leaf area density: ',A,' m2/m3'/ &
922	' Coefficient alpha: ',F6.2 / &
923	' Coefficient beta: ',F6.2 / &
924	' Leaf area index: ',F6.2,' m2/m2' /)
925
926	END SUBROUTINE pcm_header
927
928
929	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
930	! Description:
931	! ------------
932	!> Initialization of the plant canopy model
933	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
934	SUBROUTINE pcm_init
935
936
937	USE control_parameters, &
938	ONLY: message_string, ocean_mode
939
940	USE netcdf_data_input_mod, &
941	ONLY: leaf_area_density_f
942
943	USE surface_mod, &
944	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
945
946	IMPLICIT NONE
947
948	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
949	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
950	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
951	INTEGER(iwp) :: m !< running index
952
953	REAL(wp) :: int_bpdf !< vertical integral for lad-profile construction
954	REAL(wp) :: gradient !< gradient for lad-profile construction
955	REAL(wp) :: canopy_height !< canopy height for lad-profile construction
956
957	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'start' )
958	!
959	!-- Allocate one-dimensional arrays for the computation of the
960	!-- leaf area density (lad) profile
961	ALLOCATE( lad(0:nz+1), pre_lad(0:nz+1) )
962	lad = 0.0_wp
963	pre_lad = 0.0_wp
964
965	!
966	!-- Set flag that indicates that the lad-profile shall be calculated by using
967	!-- a beta probability density function
968	IF ( alpha_lad /= 9999999.9_wp .AND. beta_lad /= 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
969	calc_beta_lad_profile = .TRUE.
970	ENDIF
971
972
973	!
974	!-- Compute the profile of leaf area density used in the plant
975	!-- canopy model. The profile can either be constructed from
976	!-- prescribed vertical gradients of the leaf area density or by
977	!-- using a beta probability density function (see e.g. Markkanen et al.,
978	!-- 2003: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 106, 437-459)
979	IF ( .NOT. calc_beta_lad_profile ) THEN
980
981	!
982	!-- Use vertical gradients for lad-profile construction
983	i = 1
984	gradient = 0.0_wp
985
986	IF ( .NOT. ocean_mode ) THEN
987
988	lad(0) = lad_surface
989	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(1) = 0
990
991	DO k = 1, pch_index
992	IF ( i < 11 ) THEN
993	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) < zu(k) .AND. &
994	lad_vertical_gradient_level(i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
995	gradient = lad_vertical_gradient(i)
996	lad_vertical_gradient_level_ind(i) = k - 1
997	i = i + 1
998	ENDIF
999	ENDIF
1000	IF ( gradient /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1001	IF ( k /= 1 ) THEN
1002	lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * gradient
1003	ELSE
1004	lad(k) = lad_surface + dzu(k) * gradient
1005	ENDIF
1006	ELSE
1007	lad(k) = lad(k-1)
1008	ENDIF
1009	ENDDO
1010
1011	ENDIF
1012
1013	!
1014	!-- In case of no given leaf area density gradients, choose a vanishing
1015	!-- gradient. This information is used for the HEADER and the RUN_CONTROL
1016	!-- file.
1017	IF ( lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) == -9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1018	lad_vertical_gradient_level(1) = 0.0_wp
1019	ENDIF
1020
1021	ELSE
1022
1023	!
1024	!-- Use beta function for lad-profile construction
1025	int_bpdf = 0.0_wp
1026	canopy_height = zw(pch_index)
1027
1028	DO k = 0, pch_index
1029	int_bpdf = int_bpdf + &
1030	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )*( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1031	( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1032	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1033	* ( ( zw(k+1)-zw(k) ) / canopy_height ) )
1034	ENDDO
1035
1036	!
1037	!-- Preliminary lad profile (defined on w-grid)
1038	DO k = 0, pch_index
1039	pre_lad(k) = lai_beta * &
1040	( ( ( zw(k) / canopy_height )**( alpha_lad-1.0_wp ) ) &
1041	* ( ( 1.0_wp - ( zw(k) / canopy_height ) )**( &
1042	beta_lad-1.0_wp ) ) / int_bpdf &
1043	) / canopy_height
1044	ENDDO
1045
1046	!
1047	!-- Final lad profile (defined on scalar-grid level, since most prognostic
1048	!-- quantities are defined there, hence, less interpolation is required
1049	!-- when calculating the canopy tendencies)
1050	lad(0) = pre_lad(0)
1051	DO k = 1, pch_index
1052	lad(k) = 0.5 * ( pre_lad(k-1) + pre_lad(k) )
1053	ENDDO
1054
1055	ENDIF
1056
1057	!
1058	!-- Allocate 3D-array for the leaf area density (lad_s).
1059	ALLOCATE( lad_s(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1060
1061	!
1062	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1063	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1064	!-- with the prescribed values
1065	cdc = canopy_drag_coeff
1066	lsec = leaf_scalar_exch_coeff
1067	lsc = leaf_surface_conc
1068
1069	!
1070	!-- Initialization of the canopy coverage in the model domain:
1071	!-- Setting the parameter canopy_mode = 'block' initializes a canopy, which
1072	!-- fully covers the domain surface
1073	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( canopy_mode ) )
1074
1075	CASE( 'block' )
1076
1077	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1078	DO j = nysg, nyng
1079	lad_s(:,j,i) = lad(:)
1080	ENDDO
1081	ENDDO
1082
1083	CASE ( 'read_from_file_3d' )
1084	!
1085	!-- Initialize LAD with data from file. If LAD is given in NetCDF file,
1086	!-- use these values, else take LAD profiles from ASCII file.
1087	!-- Please note, in NetCDF file LAD is only given up to the maximum
1088	!-- canopy top, indicated by leaf_area_density_f%nz.
1089	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1090	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%from_file ) THEN
1091	!
1092	!-- Set also pch_index, used to be the upper bound of the vertical
1093	!-- loops. Therefore, use the global top of the canopy layer.
1094	pch_index = leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1095
1096	DO i = nxl, nxr
1097	DO j = nys, nyn
1098	DO k = 0, leaf_area_density_f%nz - 1
1099	IF ( leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i) /= &
1100	leaf_area_density_f%fill ) &
1101	lad_s(k,j,i) = leaf_area_density_f%var(k,j,i)
1102	ENDDO
1103	ENDDO
1104	ENDDO
1105
1106	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1107	!
1108	! ASCII file
1109	!-- Initialize canopy parameters cdc (canopy drag coefficient),
1110	!-- lsec (leaf scalar exchange coefficient), lsc (leaf surface concentration)
1111	!-- from file which contains complete 3D data (separate vertical profiles for
1112	!-- each location).
1113	ELSE
1114	CALL pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1115	ENDIF
1116
1117	CASE DEFAULT
1118	!
1119	!-- The DEFAULT case is reached either if the parameter
1120	!-- canopy mode contains a wrong character string or if the
1121	!-- user has coded a special case in the user interface.
1122	!-- There, the subroutine user_init_plant_canopy checks
1123	!-- which of these two conditions applies.
1124	CALL user_init_plant_canopy
1125
1126	END SELECT
1127	!
1128	!-- Initialize 2D index array indicating canopy top index.
1129	ALLOCATE( pch_index_ji(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1130	pch_index_ji = 0
1131
1132	DO i = nxl, nxr
1133	DO j = nys, nyn
1134	DO k = 0, pch_index
1135	IF ( lad_s(k,j,i) /= 0 ) pch_index_ji(j,i) = k
1136	ENDDO
1137	!
1138	!-- Check whether topography and local vegetation on top exceed
1139	!-- height of the model domain.
1140	k = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1141	IF ( k + pch_index_ji(j,i) >= nzt + 1 ) THEN
1142	message_string = 'Local vegetation height on top of ' // &
1143	'topography exceeds height of model domain.'
1144	CALL message( 'pcm_init', 'PA0674', 2, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1145	ENDIF
1146
1147	ENDDO
1148	ENDDO
1149
1150	CALL exchange_horiz_2d_int( pch_index_ji, nys, nyn, nxl, nxr, nbgp )
1151	!
1152	!-- Calculate global pch_index value (index of top of plant canopy from ground)
1153	pch_index = MAXVAL( pch_index_ji )
1154
1155
1156	!
1157	!-- Exchange pch_index from all processors
1158	#if defined( __parallel )
1159	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( MPI_IN_PLACE, pch_index, 1, MPI_INTEGER, &
1160	MPI_MAX, comm2d, ierr)
1161	#endif
1162
1163	!-- Allocation of arrays pc_heating_rate, pc_transpiration_rate and pc_latent_rate
1164	ALLOCATE( pc_heating_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1165	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1166	ALLOCATE( pc_transpiration_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1167	pc_transpiration_rate = 0.0_wp
1168	ALLOCATE( pc_latent_rate(0:pch_index,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1169	pc_latent_rate = 0.0_wp
1170	ENDIF
1171	!
1172	!-- Initialization of the canopy heat source distribution due to heating
1173	!-- of the canopy layers by incoming solar radiation, in case that a non-zero
1174	!-- value is set for the canopy top heat flux (cthf), which equals the
1175	!-- available net radiation at canopy top.
1176	!-- The heat source distribution is calculated by a decaying exponential
1177	!-- function of the downward cumulative leaf area index (cum_lai_hf),
1178	!-- assuming that the foliage inside the plant canopy is heated by solar
1179	!-- radiation penetrating the canopy layers according to the distribution
1180	!-- of net radiation as suggested by Brown & Covey (1966; Agric. Meteorol. 3,
1181	!-- 73â96). This approach has been applied e.g. by Shaw & Schumann (1992;
1182	!-- Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 61, 47â64).
1183	!-- When using the radiation_interactions, canopy heating (pc_heating_rate)
1184	!-- and plant canopy transpiration (pc_transpiration_rate, pc_latent_rate)
1185	!-- are calculated in the RTM after the calculation of radiation.
1186	!-- We cannot use variable radiation_interactions here to determine the situation
1187	!-- as it is assigned in init_3d_model after the call of pcm_init.
1188	IF ( cthf /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1189
1190	ALLOCATE( cum_lai_hf(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1191	!
1192	!-- Piecewise calculation of the cumulative leaf area index by vertical
1193	!-- integration of the leaf area density
1194	cum_lai_hf(:,:,:) = 0.0_wp
1195	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1196	DO j = nysg, nyng
1197	DO k = pch_index_ji(j,i)-1, 0, -1
1198	IF ( k == pch_index_ji(j,i)-1 ) THEN
1199	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1200	( 0.5_wp * lad_s(k+1,j,i) * &
1201	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1202	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1203	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1204	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1205	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1206	ELSE
1207	cum_lai_hf(k,j,i) = cum_lai_hf(k+1,j,i) + &
1208	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+2,j,i) + &
1209	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) + &
1210	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1211	( zw(k+1) - zu(k+1) ) ) + &
1212	( 0.5_wp * ( 0.5_wp * ( lad_s(k+1,j,i) + &
1213	lad_s(k,j,i) ) + &
1214	lad_s(k+1,j,i) ) * &
1215	( zu(k+1) - zw(k) ) )
1216	ENDIF
1217	ENDDO
1218	ENDDO
1219	ENDDO
1220
1221	!
1222	!-- In areas with canopy the surface value of the canopy heat
1223	!-- flux distribution overrides the surface heat flux (shf)
1224	!-- Start with default surface type
1225	DO m = 1, surf_def_h(0)%ns
1226	k = surf_def_h(0)%k(m)
1227	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1228	surf_def_h(0)%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1229	ENDDO
1230	!
1231	!-- Natural surfaces
1232	DO m = 1, surf_lsm_h%ns
1233	k = surf_lsm_h%k(m)
1234	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1235	surf_lsm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1236	ENDDO
1237	!
1238	!-- Urban surfaces
1239	DO m = 1, surf_usm_h%ns
1240	k = surf_usm_h%k(m)
1241	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) &
1242	surf_usm_h%shf(m) = cthf * exp( -ext_coef * cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) )
1243	ENDDO
1244	!
1245	!
1246	!-- Calculation of the heating rate (K/s) within the different layers of
1247	!-- the plant canopy. Calculation is only necessary in areas covered with
1248	!-- canopy.
1249	!-- Within the different canopy layers the plant-canopy heating
1250	!-- rate (pc_heating_rate) is calculated as the vertical
1251	!-- divergence of the canopy heat fluxes at the top and bottom
1252	!-- of the respective layer
1253	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1254	DO j = nysg, nyng
1255	DO k = 1, pch_index_ji(j,i)
1256	IF ( cum_lai_hf(0,j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1257	pc_heating_rate(k,j,i) = cthf * &
1258	( exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k,j,i)) - &
1259	exp(-ext_coef*cum_lai_hf(k-1,j,i) ) ) / dzw(k)
1260	ENDIF
1261	ENDDO
1262	ENDDO
1263	ENDDO
1264
1265	ENDIF
1266
1267	IF ( debug_output ) CALL debug_message( 'pcm_init', 'end' )
1268
1269
1270	END SUBROUTINE pcm_init
1271
1272
1273	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1274	! Description:
1275	! ------------
1276	!> Parin for &plant_canopy_parameters for plant canopy model
1277	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1278	SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1279
1280	USE control_parameters, &
1281	ONLY: message_string, plant_canopy
1282
1283	IMPLICIT NONE
1284
1285	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
1286
1287	NAMELIST /plant_canopy_parameters/ &
1288	alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1289	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1290	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1291	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1292	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1293	lai_beta, &
1294	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1295	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1296	plant_canopy_transpiration
1297
1298	NAMELIST /canopy_par/ alpha_lad, beta_lad, canopy_drag_coeff, &
1299	canopy_mode, cthf, &
1300	lad_surface, lad_type_coef, &
1301	lad_vertical_gradient, &
1302	lad_vertical_gradient_level, &
1303	lai_beta, &
1304	leaf_scalar_exch_coeff, &
1305	leaf_surface_conc, pch_index, &
1306	plant_canopy_transpiration
1307
1308	line = ' '
1309
1310	!
1311	!-- Try to find radiation model package
1312	REWIND ( 11 )
1313	line = ' '
1314	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&plant_canopy_parameters' ) == 0 )
1315	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=12 ) line
1316	ENDDO
1317	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1318
1319	!
1320	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1321	READ ( 11, plant_canopy_parameters, ERR = 10 )
1322
1323	!
1324	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1325	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1326
1327	GOTO 14
1328
1329	10 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1330	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1331	CALL parin_fail_message( 'plant_canopy_parameters', line )
1332	!
1333	!-- Try to find old namelist
1334	12 REWIND ( 11 )
1335	line = ' '
1336	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&canopy_par' ) == 0 )
1337	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=14 ) line
1338	ENDDO
1339	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
1340
1341	!
1342	!-- Read user-defined namelist
1343	READ ( 11, canopy_par, ERR = 13, END = 14 )
1344
1345	message_string = 'namelist canopy_par is deprecated and will be ' // &
1346	'removed in near future. Please use namelist ' // &
1347	'plant_canopy_parameters instead'
1348	CALL message( 'pcm_parin', 'PA0487', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
1349
1350	!
1351	!-- Set flag that indicates that the radiation model is switched on
1352	plant_canopy = .TRUE.
1353
1354	GOTO 14
1355
1356	13 BACKSPACE( 11 )
1357	READ( 11 , '(A)') line
1358	CALL parin_fail_message( 'canopy_par', line )
1359
1360	14 CONTINUE
1361
1362
1363	END SUBROUTINE pcm_parin
1364
1365
1366
1367	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1368	! Description:
1369	! ------------
1370	!
1371	!> Loads 3D plant canopy data from file. File format is as follows:
1372	!>
1373	!> num_levels
1374	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1375	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1376	!> dtype,x,y,pctype,value(nzb),value(nzb+1), ... ,value(nzb+num_levels-1)
1377	!> ...
1378	!>
1379	!> i.e. first line determines number of levels and further lines represent plant
1380	!> canopy data, one line per column and variable. In each data line,
1381	!> dtype represents variable to be set:
1382	!>
1383	!> dtype=1: leaf area density (lad_s)
1384	!> dtype=2....n: some additional plant canopy input data quantity
1385	!>
1386	!> Zeros are added automatically above num_levels until top of domain. Any
1387	!> non-specified (x,y) columns have zero values as default.
1388	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1389	SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1390
1391	USE control_parameters, &
1392	ONLY: coupling_char, message_string
1393
1394	USE indices, &
1395	ONLY: nbgp
1396
1397	IMPLICIT NONE
1398
1399	INTEGER(iwp) :: dtype !< type of input data (1=lad)
1400	INTEGER(iwp) :: pctype !< type of plant canopy (deciduous,non-deciduous,...)
1401	INTEGER(iwp) :: i, j !< running index
1402	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzp !< number of vertical layers of plant canopy
1403	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpltop !<
1404	INTEGER(iwp) :: nzpl !<
1405	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !<
1406
1407	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: col !< vertical column of input data
1408
1409	!
1410	!-- Initialize lad_s array
1411	lad_s = 0.0_wp
1412
1413	!
1414	!-- Open and read plant canopy input data
1415	OPEN(152, FILE='PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D' // TRIM( coupling_char ), &
1416	ACCESS='SEQUENTIAL', ACTION='READ', STATUS='OLD', &
1417	FORM='FORMATTED', ERR=515)
1418	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) nzp !< read first line = number of vertical layers
1419	nzpltop = MIN(nzt+1, nzb+nzp-1)
1420	nzpl = nzpltop - nzb + 1 !< no. of layers to assign
1421	ALLOCATE( col(0:nzp-1) )
1422
1423	DO
1424	READ(152, *, ERR=516, END=517) dtype, i, j, pctype, col(:)
1425	IF ( i < nxlg .OR. i > nxrg .OR. j < nysg .OR. j > nyng ) CYCLE
1426
1427	SELECT CASE (dtype)
1428	CASE( 1 ) !< leaf area density
1429	!
1430	!-- This is just the pure canopy layer assumed to be grounded to
1431	!-- a flat domain surface. At locations where plant canopy sits
1432	!-- on top of any kind of topography, the vertical plant column
1433	!-- must be "lifted", which is done in SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency.
1434	IF ( pctype < 0 .OR. pctype > 10 ) THEN !< incorrect plant canopy type
1435	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Incorrect type of plant canopy. ' // &
1436	'Allowed values 0 <= pctype <= 10, ' // &
1437	'but pctype is ', pctype
1438	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0349', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1439	ENDIF
1440	kk = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1441	lad_s(nzb:nzpltop-kk, j, i) = col(kk:nzpl-1)*lad_type_coef(pctype)
1442	CASE DEFAULT
1443	WRITE(message_string, '(a,i2,a)') &
1444	'Unknown record type in file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D: "', dtype, '"'
1445	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0530', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1446	END SELECT
1447	ENDDO
1448
1449	515 message_string = 'error opening file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1450	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0531', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1451
1452	516 message_string = 'error reading file PLANT_CANOPY_DATA_3D'
1453	CALL message( 'pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d', 'PA0532', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1454
1455	517 CLOSE(152)
1456	DEALLOCATE( col )
1457
1458	CALL exchange_horiz( lad_s, nbgp )
1459
1460	END SUBROUTINE pcm_read_plant_canopy_3d
1461
1462
1463
1464	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1465	! Description:
1466	! ------------
1467	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1468	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1469	!>
1470	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1471	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1472	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1473	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1474	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1475	!>
1476	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1477	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1478	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1479	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1480	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1481	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1482	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1483	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1484	!>
1485	!>
1486	!> Call for all grid points
1487	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1488	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency( component )
1489
1490
1491	USE control_parameters, &
1492	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1493
1494	USE kinds
1495
1496	IMPLICIT NONE
1497
1498	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1499	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1500	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1501	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1502	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1503	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1504
1505	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1506	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1507	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1508	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1509	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1510	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1511
1512
1513	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1514
1515	!
1516	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE:
1517	SELECT CASE ( component )
1518
1519	!
1520	!-- u-component
1521	CASE ( 1 )
1522	DO i = nxlu, nxr
1523	DO j = nys, nyn
1524	!
1525	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1526	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)
1527	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1528
1529	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1530	!
1531	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1532	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1533	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1534	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1535	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1536	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1537	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1538	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1539	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp )&
1540	THEN
1541	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1542	ENDIF
1543
1544	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1545	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1546	!
1547	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1548	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1549	lad_local * &
1550	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1551	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1552	v(k,j,i) + &
1553	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1554	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1555	)**2 + &
1556	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1557	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1558	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1559	w(k,j,i) ) &
1560	)**2 &
1561	) * &
1562	u(k,j,i)
1563
1564	!
1565	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1566	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1567	!
1568	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1569	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1570	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1571	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1572	ELSE
1573	pre_tend = pre_tend
1574	ENDIF
1575	!
1576	!-- Calculate final tendency
1577	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1578
1579	ENDDO
1580	ENDDO
1581	ENDDO
1582
1583	!
1584	!-- v-component
1585	CASE ( 2 )
1586	DO i = nxl, nxr
1587	DO j = nysv, nyn
1588	!
1589	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1590	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)
1591
1592	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1593
1594	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1595	!
1596	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1597	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to
1598	!-- lad_s(k,j,i), rather than being interpolated from the
1599	!-- surrounding lad_s, because this would yield smaller lad
1600	!-- at the canopy boundaries than inside of the canopy.
1601	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1) canopy
1602	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1603	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1604	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp )&
1605	THEN
1606	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1607	ENDIF
1608
1609	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1610	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1611	!
1612	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1613	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1614	lad_local * &
1615	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1616	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1617	u(k,j,i) + &
1618	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1619	)**2 + &
1620	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1621	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1622	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1623	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1624	w(k,j,i) ) &
1625	)**2 &
1626	) * &
1627	v(k,j,i)
1628
1629	!
1630	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1631	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1632	!
1633	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1634	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1635	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
1636	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1637	ELSE
1638	pre_tend = pre_tend
1639	ENDIF
1640	!
1641	!-- Calculate final tendency
1642	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1643
1644	ENDDO
1645	ENDDO
1646	ENDDO
1647
1648	!
1649	!-- w-component
1650	CASE ( 3 )
1651	DO i = nxl, nxr
1652	DO j = nys, nyn
1653	!
1654	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
1655	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)
1656
1657	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
1658
1659	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1660
1661	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1662	pre_w = 0.0_wp
1663	!
1664	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1665	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1666	(0.5_wp * &
1667	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
1668	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1669	u(k,j,i+1) + &
1670	u(k+1,j,i) + &
1671	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
1672	)**2 + &
1673	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1674	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1675	v(k+1,j,i) + &
1676	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
1677	)**2 + &
1678	w(k,j,i)**2 &
1679	) * &
1680	w(k,j,i)
1681	!
1682	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1683	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1684	!
1685	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1686	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1687	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
1688	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1689	ELSE
1690	pre_tend = pre_tend
1691	ENDIF
1692	!
1693	!-- Calculate final tendency
1694	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1695
1696	ENDDO
1697	ENDDO
1698	ENDDO
1699
1700	!
1701	!-- potential temperature
1702	CASE ( 4 )
1703	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1704	DO i = nxl, nxr
1705	DO j = nys, nyn
1706	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1707	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1708	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1709	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1710	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
1711	ENDDO
1712	ENDDO
1713	ENDDO
1714	ELSE
1715	DO i = nxl, nxr
1716	DO j = nys, nyn
1717	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1718	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1719	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1720	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1721	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
1722	ENDDO
1723	ENDDO
1724	ENDDO
1725	ENDIF
1726
1727	!
1728	!-- humidity
1729	CASE ( 5 )
1730	DO i = nxl, nxr
1731	DO j = nys, nyn
1732	!
1733	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1734	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1735
1736	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1737
1738	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1739
1740	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
1741	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
1742	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
1743	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
1744	! in the plant canopy box
1745	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
1746	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1747	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1748	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1749	)**2 + &
1750	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1751	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1752	)**2 + &
1753	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1754	w(k,j,i) ) &
1755	)**2 &
1756	) * &
1757	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
1758	ENDIF
1759
1760	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
1761	ENDDO
1762	ENDDO
1763	ENDDO
1764
1765	!
1766	!-- sgs-tke
1767	CASE ( 6 )
1768	DO i = nxl, nxr
1769	DO j = nys, nyn
1770	!
1771	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1772	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1773
1774	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1775
1776	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1777	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1778	2.0_wp * cdc * &
1779	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1780	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1781	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1782	)**2 + &
1783	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1784	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1785	)**2 + &
1786	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
1787	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
1788	)**2 &
1789	) * &
1790	e(k,j,i)
1791	ENDDO
1792	ENDDO
1793	ENDDO
1794	!
1795	!-- scalar concentration
1796	CASE ( 7 )
1797	DO i = nxl, nxr
1798	DO j = nys, nyn
1799	!
1800	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar-grid
1801	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
1802
1803	DO k = k_wall+1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1804
1805	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1806	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
1807	lsec * &
1808	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
1809	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
1810	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1811	)**2 + &
1812	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
1813	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
1814	)**2 + &
1815	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
1816	w(k,j,i) ) &
1817	)**2 &
1818	) * &
1819	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
1820	ENDDO
1821	ENDDO
1822	ENDDO
1823
1824
1825
1826	CASE DEFAULT
1827
1828	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
1829	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1830
1831	END SELECT
1832
1833	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency
1834
1835
1836	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1837	! Description:
1838	! ------------
1839	!> Calculation of the tendency terms, accounting for the effect of the plant
1840	!> canopy on momentum and scalar quantities.
1841	!>
1842	!> The canopy is located where the leaf area density lad_s(k,j,i) > 0.0
1843	!> (defined on scalar grid), as initialized in subroutine pcm_init.
1844	!> The lad on the w-grid is vertically interpolated from the surrounding
1845	!> lad_s. The upper boundary of the canopy is defined on the w-grid at
1846	!> k = pch_index. Here, the lad is zero.
1847	!>
1848	!> The canopy drag must be limited (previously accounted for by calculation of
1849	!> a limiting canopy timestep for the determination of the maximum LES timestep
1850	!> in subroutine timestep), since it is physically impossible that the canopy
1851	!> drag alone can locally change the sign of a velocity component. This
1852	!> limitation is realized by calculating preliminary tendencies and velocities.
1853	!> It is subsequently checked if the preliminary new velocity has a different
1854	!> sign than the current velocity. If so, the tendency is limited in a way that
1855	!> the velocity can at maximum be reduced to zero by the canopy drag.
1856	!>
1857	!>
1858	!> Call for grid point i,j
1859	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1860	SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij( i, j, component )
1861
1862
1863	USE control_parameters, &
1864	ONLY: dt_3d, message_string
1865
1866	USE kinds
1867
1868	IMPLICIT NONE
1869
1870	INTEGER(iwp) :: component !< prognostic variable (u,v,w,pt,q,e)
1871	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1872	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1873	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1874	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_wall !< vertical index of topography top
1875	INTEGER(iwp) :: kk !< running index for flat lad arrays
1876
1877	REAL(wp) :: ddt_3d !< inverse of the LES timestep (dt_3d)
1878	REAL(wp) :: lad_local !< local lad value
1879	REAL(wp) :: pre_tend !< preliminary tendency
1880	REAL(wp) :: pre_u !< preliminary u-value
1881	REAL(wp) :: pre_v !< preliminary v-value
1882	REAL(wp) :: pre_w !< preliminary w-value
1883
1884
1885	ddt_3d = 1.0_wp / dt_3d
1886	!
1887	!-- Compute drag for the three velocity components and the SGS-TKE
1888	SELECT CASE ( component )
1889
1890	!
1891	!-- u-component
1892	CASE ( 1 )
1893	!
1894	!-- Determine topography-top index on u-grid
1895	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,1)
1896	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1897
1898	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1899
1900	!
1901	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1902	!-- the lad on the u-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1903	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1904	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1905	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1906	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the rightmost(i+1)canopy
1907	!-- boundary on the u-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1908	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1909	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j,i-1) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1910	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i-1)
1911	ENDIF
1912
1913	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1914	pre_u = 0.0_wp
1915	!
1916	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1917	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1918	lad_local * &
1919	SQRT( u(k,j,i)**2 + &
1920	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i-1) + &
1921	v(k,j,i) + &
1922	v(k,j+1,i) + &
1923	v(k,j+1,i-1) ) &
1924	)**2 + &
1925	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i-1) + &
1926	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1927	w(k,j,i-1) + &
1928	w(k,j,i) ) &
1929	)**2 &
1930	) * &
1931	u(k,j,i)
1932
1933	!
1934	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1935	pre_u = u(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1936	!
1937	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1938	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1939	IF ( SIGN(pre_u,u(k,j,i)) /= pre_u ) THEN
1940	pre_tend = - u(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
1941	ELSE
1942	pre_tend = pre_tend
1943	ENDIF
1944	!
1945	!-- Calculate final tendency
1946	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
1947	ENDDO
1948
1949
1950	!
1951	!-- v-component
1952	CASE ( 2 )
1953	!
1954	!-- Determine topography-top index on v-grid
1955	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,2)
1956
1957	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
1958
1959	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
1960	!
1961	!-- In order to create sharp boundaries of the plant canopy,
1962	!-- the lad on the v-grid at index (k,j,i) is equal to lad_s(k,j,i),
1963	!-- rather than being interpolated from the surrounding lad_s,
1964	!-- because this would yield smaller lad at the canopy boundaries
1965	!-- than inside of the canopy.
1966	!-- For the same reason, the lad at the northmost(j+1)canopy
1967	!-- boundary on the v-grid equals lad_s(k,j,i).
1968	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j,i)
1969	IF ( lad_local == 0.0_wp .AND. lad_s(kk,j-1,i) > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1970	lad_local = lad_s(kk,j-1,i)
1971	ENDIF
1972
1973	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
1974	pre_v = 0.0_wp
1975	!
1976	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
1977	pre_tend = - cdc * &
1978	lad_local * &
1979	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j-1,i) + &
1980	u(k,j-1,i+1) + &
1981	u(k,j,i) + &
1982	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
1983	)**2 + &
1984	v(k,j,i)**2 + &
1985	( 0.25_wp * ( w(k-1,j-1,i) + &
1986	w(k-1,j,i) + &
1987	w(k,j-1,i) + &
1988	w(k,j,i) ) &
1989	)**2 &
1990	) * &
1991	v(k,j,i)
1992
1993	!
1994	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
1995	pre_v = v(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
1996	!
1997	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
1998	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
1999	IF ( SIGN(pre_v,v(k,j,i)) /= pre_v ) THEN
2000	pre_tend = - v(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2001	ELSE
2002	pre_tend = pre_tend
2003	ENDIF
2004	!
2005	!-- Calculate final tendency
2006	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2007	ENDDO
2008
2009
2010	!
2011	!-- w-component
2012	CASE ( 3 )
2013	!
2014	!-- Determine topography-top index on w-grid
2015	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,3)
2016
2017	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i) - 1
2018
2019	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2020
2021	pre_tend = 0.0_wp
2022	pre_w = 0.0_wp
2023	!
2024	!-- Calculate preliminary value (pre_tend) of the tendency
2025	pre_tend = - cdc * &
2026	(0.5_wp * &
2027	( lad_s(kk+1,j,i) + lad_s(kk,j,i) )) * &
2028	SQRT( ( 0.25_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2029	u(k,j,i+1) + &
2030	u(k+1,j,i) + &
2031	u(k+1,j,i+1) ) &
2032	)**2 + &
2033	( 0.25_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2034	v(k,j+1,i) + &
2035	v(k+1,j,i) + &
2036	v(k+1,j+1,i) ) &
2037	)**2 + &
2038	w(k,j,i)**2 &
2039	) * &
2040	w(k,j,i)
2041	!
2042	!-- Calculate preliminary new velocity, based on pre_tend
2043	pre_w = w(k,j,i) + dt_3d * pre_tend
2044	!
2045	!-- Compare sign of old velocity and new preliminary velocity,
2046	!-- and in case the signs are different, limit the tendency
2047	IF ( SIGN(pre_w,w(k,j,i)) /= pre_w ) THEN
2048	pre_tend = - w(k,j,i) * ddt_3d
2049	ELSE
2050	pre_tend = pre_tend
2051	ENDIF
2052	!
2053	!-- Calculate final tendency
2054	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pre_tend
2055	ENDDO
2056
2057	!
2058	!-- potential temperature
2059	CASE ( 4 )
2060	!
2061	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2062	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2063
2064	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2065	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2066	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2067	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i) - &
2068	pc_latent_rate(kk,j,i)
2069	ENDDO
2070	ELSE
2071	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2072	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2073	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_heating_rate(kk,j,i)
2074	ENDDO
2075	ENDIF
2076
2077	!
2078	!-- humidity
2079	CASE ( 5 )
2080	!
2081	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2082	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2083
2084	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2085	kk = k - k_wall !- lad arrays are defined flat
2086	IF ( .NOT. plant_canopy_transpiration ) THEN
2087	! pc_transpiration_rate is calculated in radiation model
2088	! in case of plant_canopy_transpiration = .T.
2089	! to include also the dependecy to the radiation
2090	! in the plant canopy box
2091	pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i) = - lsec &
2092	* lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2093	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2094	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2095	)**2 + &
2096	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2097	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2098	)**2 + &
2099	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2100	w(k,j,i) ) &
2101	)**2 &
2102	) * &
2103	( q(k,j,i) - lsc )
2104	ENDIF
2105
2106	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) + pc_transpiration_rate(kk,j,i)
2107
2108	ENDDO
2109
2110	!
2111	!-- sgs-tke
2112	CASE ( 6 )
2113	!
2114	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2115	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2116
2117	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2118
2119	kk = k - k_wall
2120	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2121	2.0_wp * cdc * &
2122	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2123	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2124	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2125	)**2 + &
2126	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2127	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2128	)**2 + &
2129	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k,j,i) + &
2130	w(k+1,j,i) ) &
2131	)**2 &
2132	) * &
2133	e(k,j,i)
2134	ENDDO
2135
2136	!
2137	!-- scalar concentration
2138	CASE ( 7 )
2139	!
2140	!-- Determine topography-top index on scalar grid
2141	k_wall = topo_top_ind(j,i,0)
2142
2143	DO k = k_wall + 1, k_wall + pch_index_ji(j,i)
2144
2145	kk = k - k_wall
2146	tend(k,j,i) = tend(k,j,i) - &
2147	lsec * &
2148	lad_s(kk,j,i) * &
2149	SQRT( ( 0.5_wp * ( u(k,j,i) + &
2150	u(k,j,i+1) ) &
2151	)**2 + &
2152	( 0.5_wp * ( v(k,j,i) + &
2153	v(k,j+1,i) ) &
2154	)**2 + &
2155	( 0.5_wp * ( w(k-1,j,i) + &
2156	w(k,j,i) ) &
2157	)**2 &
2158	) * &
2159	( s(k,j,i) - lsc )
2160	ENDDO
2161
2162	CASE DEFAULT
2163
2164	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'wrong component: ', component
2165	CALL message( 'pcm_tendency', 'PA0279', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
2166
2167	END SELECT
2168
2169	END SUBROUTINE pcm_tendency_ij
2170
2171
2172
2173	END MODULE plant_canopy_model_mod

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