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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/lpm_init.f90 @ 2316

Last change on this file since 2316 was 2312, checked in by hoffmann, 7 years ago
various improvements of the LCM
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1	!> @file lpm_init.f90
2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
8	! version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2017 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	!
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: lpm_init.f90 2312 2017-07-14 20:26:51Z maronga $
27	! Extended particle data type. Aerosol initialization improved.
28	!
29	! 2305 2017-07-06 11:18:47Z hoffmann
30	! Improved calculation of particle IDs.
31	!
32	! 2274 2017-06-09 13:27:48Z Giersch
33	! Changed error messages
34	!
35	! 2265 2017-06-08 16:58:28Z schwenkel
36	! Unused variables removed.
37	!
38	! 2263 2017-06-08 14:59:01Z schwenkel
39	! Implemented splitting and merging algorithm
40	!
41	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
42	!
43	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
44	! Adjustments according to new topography realization
45	!
46	!
47	! 2223 2017-05-15 16:38:09Z suehring
48	! Add check for particle release at model top
49	!
50	! 2182 2017-03-17 14:27:40Z schwenkel
51	! Added parameters for simplified particle initialization.
52	!
53	! 2122 2017-01-18 12:22:54Z hoffmann
54	! Improved initialization of equilibrium aerosol radii
55	! Calculation of particle ID
56	!
57	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
58	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
59	!
60	! 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
61	! Bugfix in determining initial particle height and grid index in case of
62	! seed_follows_topography.
63	! Bugfix concerning random positions, ensure that particles do not move more
64	! than one grid length.
65	! Bugfix logarithmic interpolation.
66	! Initial setting of sgs_wf_part.
67	!
68	! 1890 2016-04-22 08:52:11Z hoffmann
69	! Initialization of aerosol equilibrium radius not possible in supersaturated
70	! environments. Therefore, a maximum supersaturation of -1 % is assumed during
71	! initialization.
72	!
73	! 1873 2016-04-18 14:50:06Z maronga
74	! Module renamed (removed _mod
75	!
76	! 1871 2016-04-15 11:46:09Z hoffmann
77	! Initialization of aerosols added.
78	!
79	! 1850 2016-04-08 13:29:27Z maronga
80	! Module renamed
81	!
82	! 1831 2016-04-07 13:15:51Z hoffmann
83	! curvature_solution_effects moved to particle_attributes
84	!
85	! 1822 2016-04-07 07:49:42Z hoffmann
86	! Unused variables removed.
87	!
88	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
89	! netcdf module added
90	!
91	! 1725 2015-11-17 13:01:51Z hoffmann
92	! Bugfix: Processor-dependent seed for random function is generated before it is
93	! used.
94	!
95	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
96	! Renamed prandtl_layer to constant_flux_layer.
97	!
98	! 1685 2015-10-08 07:32:13Z raasch
99	! bugfix concerning vertical index offset in case of ocean
100	!
101	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
102	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
103	!
104	! 1575 2015-03-27 09:56:27Z raasch
105	! initial vertical particle position is allowed to follow the topography
106	!
107	! 1359 2014-04-11 17:15:14Z hoffmann
108	! New particle structure integrated.
109	! Kind definition added to all floating point numbers.
110	! lpm_init changed form a subroutine to a module.
111	!
112	! 1327 2014-03-21 11:00:16Z raasch
113	! -netcdf_output
114	!
115	! 1322 2014-03-20 16:38:49Z raasch
116	! REAL functions provided with KIND-attribute
117	!
118	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
119	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
120	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
121	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
122	! revision history before 2012 removed,
123	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
124	! all variable declaration statements
125	! bugfix: #if defined( __parallel ) added
126	!
127	! 1314 2014-03-14 18:25:17Z suehring
128	! Vertical logarithmic interpolation of horizontal particle speed for particles
129	! between roughness height and first vertical grid level.
130	!
131	! 1092 2013-02-02 11:24:22Z raasch
132	! unused variables removed
133	!
134	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
135	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
136	!
137	! 849 2012-03-15 10:35:09Z raasch
138	! routine renamed: init_particles -> lpm_init
139	! de_dx, de_dy, de_dz are allocated here (instead of automatic arrays in
140	! advec_particles),
141	! sort_particles renamed lpm_sort_arrays, user_init_particles renamed lpm_init
142	!
143	! 828 2012-02-21 12:00:36Z raasch
144	! call of init_kernels, particle feature color renamed class
145	!
146	! 824 2012-02-17 09:09:57Z raasch
147	! particle attributes speed_x\|y\|z_sgs renamed rvar1\|2\|3,
148	! array particles implemented as pointer
149	!
150	! 667 2010-12-23 12:06:00Z suehring/gryschka
151	! nxl-1, nxr+1, nys-1, nyn+1 replaced by nxlg, nxrg, nysg, nyng for allocation
152	! of arrays.
153	!
154	! Revision 1.1 1999/11/25 16:22:38 raasch
155	! Initial revision
156	!
157	!
158	! Description:
159	! ------------
160	!> This routine initializes a set of particles and their attributes (position,
161	!> radius, ..) which are used by the Lagrangian particle model (see lpm).
162	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
163	MODULE lpm_init_mod
164
165	USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING
166
167	USE arrays_3d, &
168	ONLY: de_dx, de_dy, de_dz, zu, zw
169
170	USE control_parameters, &
171	ONLY: cloud_droplets, constant_flux_layer, current_timestep_number, &
172	dt_3d, dz, initializing_actions, message_string, ocean, &
173	simulated_time
174
175	USE grid_variables, &
176	ONLY: ddx, dx, ddy, dy
177
178	USE indices, &
179	ONLY: nx, nxl, nxlg, nxrg, nxr, ny, nyn, nys, nyng, nysg, nz, nzb, &
180	nzb_max, nzt, wall_flags_0
181
182	USE kinds
183
184	USE lpm_collision_kernels_mod, &
185	ONLY: init_kernels
186
187	USE netcdf_interface, &
188	ONLY: netcdf_data_format
189
190	USE particle_attributes, &
191	ONLY: alloc_factor, bc_par_b, bc_par_lr, bc_par_ns, bc_par_t, &
192	block_offset, block_offset_def, collision_kernel, &
193	curvature_solution_effects, density_ratio, grid_particles, &
194	isf,i_splitting_mode, initial_weighting_factor, ibc_par_b, &
195	ibc_par_lr, ibc_par_ns, ibc_par_t, iran_part, log_z_z0, &
196	max_number_of_particle_groups, min_nr_particle, &
197	number_concentration, &
198	number_particles_per_gridbox, number_of_particles, &
199	number_of_particle_groups, number_of_sublayers, &
200	offset_ocean_nzt, offset_ocean_nzt_m1, &
201	particles, particle_advection_start, particle_groups, &
202	particle_groups_type, particles_per_point, &
203	particle_type, pdx, pdy, pdz, prt_count, psb, psl, psn, psr, &
204	pss, pst, radius, random_start_position, &
205	read_particles_from_restartfile, seed_follows_topography, &
206	sgs_wf_part, sort_count, splitting_function, splitting_mode, &
207	total_number_of_particles, use_sgs_for_particles, &
208	write_particle_statistics, zero_particle, z0_av_global
209
210	USE pegrid
211
212	USE random_function_mod, &
213	ONLY: random_function
214
215	USE surface_mod, &
216	ONLY: surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
217
218	IMPLICIT NONE
219
220	PRIVATE
221
222	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: PHASE_INIT = 1 !<
223	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER, PUBLIC :: PHASE_RELEASE = 2 !<
224
225	INTERFACE lpm_init
226	MODULE PROCEDURE lpm_init
227	END INTERFACE lpm_init
228
229	INTERFACE lpm_create_particle
230	MODULE PROCEDURE lpm_create_particle
231	END INTERFACE lpm_create_particle
232
233	PUBLIC lpm_init, lpm_create_particle
234
235	CONTAINS
236
237	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
238	! Description:
239	! ------------
240	!> @todo Missing subroutine description.
241	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
242	SUBROUTINE lpm_init
243
244	USE lpm_collision_kernels_mod, &
245	ONLY: init_kernels
246
247	IMPLICIT NONE
248
249	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
250	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
251	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
252
253	REAL(wp) :: div !<
254	REAL(wp) :: height_int !<
255	REAL(wp) :: height_p !<
256	REAL(wp) :: z_p !<
257	REAL(wp) :: z0_av_local !<
258
259
260	!
261	!-- In case of oceans runs, the vertical index calculations need an offset,
262	!-- because otherwise the k indices will become negative
263	IF ( ocean ) THEN
264	offset_ocean_nzt = nzt
265	offset_ocean_nzt_m1 = nzt - 1
266	ENDIF
267
268	!
269	!-- Define block offsets for dividing a gridcell in 8 sub cells
270
271	block_offset(0) = block_offset_def (-1,-1,-1)
272	block_offset(1) = block_offset_def (-1,-1, 0)
273	block_offset(2) = block_offset_def (-1, 0,-1)
274	block_offset(3) = block_offset_def (-1, 0, 0)
275	block_offset(4) = block_offset_def ( 0,-1,-1)
276	block_offset(5) = block_offset_def ( 0,-1, 0)
277	block_offset(6) = block_offset_def ( 0, 0,-1)
278	block_offset(7) = block_offset_def ( 0, 0, 0)
279	!
280	!-- Check the number of particle groups.
281	IF ( number_of_particle_groups > max_number_of_particle_groups ) THEN
282	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'max_number_of_particle_groups =', &
283	max_number_of_particle_groups , &
284	'&number_of_particle_groups reset to ', &
285	max_number_of_particle_groups
286	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0213', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
287	number_of_particle_groups = max_number_of_particle_groups
288	ENDIF
289	!
290	!-- Check if downward-facing walls exist. This case, reflection boundary
291	!-- conditions (as well as subgrid-scale velocities) may do not work
292	!-- propably (not realized so far).
293	IF ( surf_def_h(1)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
294	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Overhanging topography do not work '// &
295	'with particles'
296	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0212', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
297
298	ENDIF
299
300	!
301	!-- Set default start positions, if necessary
302	IF ( psl(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psl(1) = -0.5_wp * dx
303	IF ( psr(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psr(1) = ( nx + 0.5_wp ) * dx
304	IF ( pss(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) pss(1) = -0.5_wp * dy
305	IF ( psn(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psn(1) = ( ny + 0.5_wp ) * dy
306	IF ( psb(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psb(1) = zu(nz/2)
307	IF ( pst(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) pst(1) = psb(1)
308
309	IF ( pdx(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdx(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdx(1) = dx
310	IF ( pdy(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdy(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdy(1) = dy
311	IF ( pdz(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdz(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdz(1) = zu(2) - zu(1)
312
313	!
314	!-- If number_particles_per_gridbox is set, the parametres pdx, pdy and pdz are
315	!-- calculated diagnostically. Therfore an isotropic distribution is prescribed.
316	IF ( number_particles_per_gridbox /= -1 .AND. &
317	number_particles_per_gridbox >= 1 ) THEN
318	pdx(1) = (( dx * dy * ( zu(2) - zu(1) ) ) / &
319	REAL(number_particles_per_gridbox))**0.3333333_wp
320	!
321	!-- Ensure a smooth value (two significant digits) of distance between
322	!-- particles (pdx, pdy, pdz).
323	div = 1000.0_wp
324	DO WHILE ( pdx(1) < div )
325	div = div / 10.0_wp
326	ENDDO
327	pdx(1) = NINT( pdx(1) * 100.0_wp / div ) * div / 100.0_wp
328	pdy(1) = pdx(1)
329	pdz(1) = pdx(1)
330
331	ENDIF
332
333	DO j = 2, number_of_particle_groups
334	IF ( psl(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psl(j) = psl(j-1)
335	IF ( psr(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psr(j) = psr(j-1)
336	IF ( pss(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) pss(j) = pss(j-1)
337	IF ( psn(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psn(j) = psn(j-1)
338	IF ( psb(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psb(j) = psb(j-1)
339	IF ( pst(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) pst(j) = pst(j-1)
340	IF ( pdx(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdx(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdx(j) = pdx(j-1)
341	IF ( pdy(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdy(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdy(j) = pdy(j-1)
342	IF ( pdz(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdz(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdz(j) = pdz(j-1)
343	ENDDO
344
345	!
346	!-- Allocate arrays required for calculating particle SGS velocities.
347	!-- Initialize prefactor required for stoachastic Weil equation.
348	IF ( use_sgs_for_particles .AND. .NOT. cloud_droplets ) THEN
349	ALLOCATE( de_dx(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
350	de_dy(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
351	de_dz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
352
353	sgs_wf_part = 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp
354	ENDIF
355
356	!
357	!-- Allocate array required for logarithmic vertical interpolation of
358	!-- horizontal particle velocities between the surface and the first vertical
359	!-- grid level. In order to avoid repeated CPU cost-intensive CALLS of
360	!-- intrinsic FORTRAN procedure LOG(z/z0), LOG(z/z0) is precalculated for
361	!-- several heights. Splitting into 20 sublayers turned out to be sufficient.
362	!-- To obtain exact height levels of particles, linear interpolation is applied
363	!-- (see lpm_advec.f90).
364	IF ( constant_flux_layer ) THEN
365
366	ALLOCATE ( log_z_z0(0:number_of_sublayers) )
367	z_p = zu(nzb+1) - zw(nzb)
368
369	!
370	!-- Calculate horizontal mean value of z0 used for logartihmic
371	!-- interpolation. Note: this is not exact for heterogeneous z0.
372	!-- However, sensitivity studies showed that the effect is
373	!-- negligible.
374	z0_av_local = SUM( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) + SUM( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) + &
375	SUM( surf_usm_h%z0 )
376	z0_av_global = 0.0_wp
377
378	#if defined( __parallel )
379	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE(z0_av_local, z0_av_global, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
380	comm2d, ierr )
381	#else
382	z0_av_global = z0_av_local
383	#endif
384
385	z0_av_global = z0_av_global / ( ( ny + 1 ) * ( nx + 1 ) )
386	!
387	!-- Horizontal wind speed is zero below and at z0
388	log_z_z0(0) = 0.0_wp
389	!
390	!-- Calculate vertical depth of the sublayers
391	height_int = ( z_p - z0_av_global ) / REAL( number_of_sublayers, KIND=wp )
392	!
393	!-- Precalculate LOG(z/z0)
394	height_p = z0_av_global
395	DO k = 1, number_of_sublayers
396
397	height_p = height_p + height_int
398	log_z_z0(k) = LOG( height_p / z0_av_global )
399
400	ENDDO
401
402	ENDIF
403
404	!
405	!-- Check boundary condition and set internal variables
406	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_b )
407
408	CASE ( 'absorb' )
409	ibc_par_b = 1
410
411	CASE ( 'reflect' )
412	ibc_par_b = 2
413
414	CASE DEFAULT
415	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
416	'bc_par_b = "', TRIM( bc_par_b ), '"'
417	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0217', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
418
419	END SELECT
420	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_t )
421
422	CASE ( 'absorb' )
423	ibc_par_t = 1
424
425	CASE ( 'reflect' )
426	ibc_par_t = 2
427
428	CASE DEFAULT
429	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
430	'bc_par_t = "', TRIM( bc_par_t ), '"'
431	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0218', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
432
433	END SELECT
434	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_lr )
435
436	CASE ( 'cyclic' )
437	ibc_par_lr = 0
438
439	CASE ( 'absorb' )
440	ibc_par_lr = 1
441
442	CASE ( 'reflect' )
443	ibc_par_lr = 2
444
445	CASE DEFAULT
446	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
447	'bc_par_lr = "', TRIM( bc_par_lr ), '"'
448	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0219', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
449
450	END SELECT
451	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_ns )
452
453	CASE ( 'cyclic' )
454	ibc_par_ns = 0
455
456	CASE ( 'absorb' )
457	ibc_par_ns = 1
458
459	CASE ( 'reflect' )
460	ibc_par_ns = 2
461
462	CASE DEFAULT
463	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
464	'bc_par_ns = "', TRIM( bc_par_ns ), '"'
465	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0220', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
466
467	END SELECT
468	SELECT CASE ( splitting_mode )
469
470	CASE ( 'const' )
471	i_splitting_mode = 1
472
473	CASE ( 'cl_av' )
474	i_splitting_mode = 2
475
476	CASE ( 'gb_av' )
477	i_splitting_mode = 3
478
479	CASE DEFAULT
480	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown splitting condition ', &
481	'splitting_mode = "', TRIM( splitting_mode ), '"'
482	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0146', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
483
484	END SELECT
485	SELECT CASE ( splitting_function )
486
487	CASE ( 'gamma' )
488	isf = 1
489
490	CASE ( 'log' )
491	isf = 2
492
493	CASE ( 'exp' )
494	isf = 3
495
496	CASE DEFAULT
497	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown splitting function ', &
498	'splitting_function = "', TRIM( splitting_function ), '"'
499	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0147', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
500
501	END SELECT
502
503
504	!
505	!-- Initialize collision kernels
506	IF ( collision_kernel /= 'none' ) CALL init_kernels
507
508	!
509	!-- For the first model run of a possible job chain initialize the
510	!-- particles, otherwise read the particle data from restart file.
511	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) == 'read_restart_data' &
512	.AND. read_particles_from_restartfile ) THEN
513
514	CALL lpm_read_restart_file
515
516	ELSE
517
518	!
519	!-- Allocate particle arrays and set attributes of the initial set of
520	!-- particles, which can be also periodically released at later times.
521	ALLOCATE( prt_count(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
522	grid_particles(nzb+1:nzt,nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
523
524	number_of_particles = 0
525
526	sort_count = 0
527	prt_count = 0
528
529	!
530	!-- initialize counter for particle IDs
531	grid_particles%id_counter = 1
532
533	!
534	!-- Initialize all particles with dummy values (otherwise errors may
535	!-- occur within restart runs). The reason for this is still not clear
536	!-- and may be presumably caused by errors in the respective user-interface.
537	zero_particle = particle_type( 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
538	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
539	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
540	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
541	0, 0, 0_idp, .FALSE., -1 )
542
543	particle_groups = particle_groups_type( 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp )
544
545	!
546	!-- Set values for the density ratio and radius for all particle
547	!-- groups, if necessary
548	IF ( density_ratio(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) density_ratio(1) = 0.0_wp
549	IF ( radius(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) radius(1) = 0.0_wp
550	DO i = 2, number_of_particle_groups
551	IF ( density_ratio(i) == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
552	density_ratio(i) = density_ratio(i-1)
553	ENDIF
554	IF ( radius(i) == 9999999.9_wp ) radius(i) = radius(i-1)
555	ENDDO
556
557	DO i = 1, number_of_particle_groups
558	IF ( density_ratio(i) /= 0.0_wp .AND. radius(i) == 0 ) THEN
559	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'particle group #', i, 'has a', &
560	'density ratio /= 0 but radius = 0'
561	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0215', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
562	ENDIF
563	particle_groups(i)%density_ratio = density_ratio(i)
564	particle_groups(i)%radius = radius(i)
565	ENDDO
566
567	!
568	!-- Set a seed value for the random number generator to be exclusively
569	!-- used for the particle code. The generated random numbers should be
570	!-- different on the different PEs.
571	iran_part = iran_part + myid
572
573	CALL lpm_create_particle (PHASE_INIT)
574	!
575	!-- User modification of initial particles
576	CALL user_lpm_init
577
578	!
579	!-- Open file for statistical informations about particle conditions
580	IF ( write_particle_statistics ) THEN
581	CALL check_open( 80 )
582	WRITE ( 80, 8000 ) current_timestep_number, simulated_time, &
583	number_of_particles
584	CALL close_file( 80 )
585	ENDIF
586
587	ENDIF
588
589	!
590	!-- To avoid programm abort, assign particles array to the local version of
591	!-- first grid cell
592	number_of_particles = prt_count(nzb+1,nys,nxl)
593	particles => grid_particles(nzb+1,nys,nxl)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
594	!
595	!-- Formats
596	8000 FORMAT (I6,1X,F7.2,4X,I10,71X,I10)
597
598	END SUBROUTINE lpm_init
599
600	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
601	! Description:
602	! ------------
603	!> @todo Missing subroutine description.
604	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
605	SUBROUTINE lpm_create_particle (phase)
606
607	USE lpm_exchange_horiz_mod, &
608	ONLY: lpm_exchange_horiz, lpm_move_particle, realloc_particles_array
609
610	USE lpm_pack_arrays_mod, &
611	ONLY: lpm_pack_all_arrays
612
613	USE particle_attributes, &
614	ONLY: deleted_particles
615
616	IMPLICIT NONE
617
618	INTEGER(iwp) :: alloc_size !< relative increase of allocated memory for particles
619	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop variable ( particle groups )
620	INTEGER(iwp) :: ip !< index variable along x
621	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop variable ( particles per point )
622	INTEGER(iwp) :: jp !< index variable along y
623	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
624	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_surf !< index of surface grid point
625	INTEGER(iwp) :: kp !< index variable along z
626	INTEGER(iwp) :: loop_stride !< loop variable for initialization
627	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !< loop variable ( number of particles )
628	INTEGER(iwp) :: new_size !< new size of allocated memory for particles
629
630	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: phase !< mode of inititialization
631
632	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: local_count !< start address of new particle
633	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: local_start !< start address of new particle
634
635	LOGICAL :: first_stride !< flag for initialization
636
637	REAL(wp) :: pos_x !< increment for particle position in x
638	REAL(wp) :: pos_y !< increment for particle position in y
639	REAL(wp) :: pos_z !< increment for particle position in z
640	REAL(wp) :: rand_contr !< dummy argument for random position
641
642	TYPE(particle_type),TARGET :: tmp_particle !< temporary particle used for initialization
643
644	!
645	!-- Calculate particle positions and store particle attributes, if
646	!-- particle is situated on this PE
647	DO loop_stride = 1, 2
648	first_stride = (loop_stride == 1)
649	IF ( first_stride ) THEN
650	local_count = 0 ! count number of particles
651	ELSE
652	local_count = prt_count ! Start address of new particles
653	ENDIF
654
655	!
656	!-- Calculate initial_weighting_factor diagnostically
657	IF ( number_concentration /= -1.0_wp .AND. number_concentration > 0.0_wp ) THEN
658	initial_weighting_factor = number_concentration * 1.0E6_wp * &
659	pdx(1) * pdy(1) * pdz(1)
660	END IF
661
662	n = 0
663	DO i = 1, number_of_particle_groups
664
665	pos_z = psb(i)
666
667	DO WHILE ( pos_z <= pst(i) )
668
669	IF ( pos_z >= 0.0_wp .AND. pos_z < zw(nzt) ) THEN
670
671
672	pos_y = pss(i)
673
674	DO WHILE ( pos_y <= psn(i) )
675
676	IF ( pos_y >= ( nys - 0.5_wp ) * dy .AND. &
677	pos_y < ( nyn + 0.5_wp ) * dy ) THEN
678
679	pos_x = psl(i)
680
681	xloop: DO WHILE ( pos_x <= psr(i) )
682
683	IF ( pos_x >= ( nxl - 0.5_wp ) * dx .AND. &
684	pos_x < ( nxr + 0.5_wp ) * dx ) THEN
685
686	DO j = 1, particles_per_point
687
688
689	n = n + 1
690	tmp_particle%x = pos_x
691	tmp_particle%y = pos_y
692	tmp_particle%z = pos_z
693	tmp_particle%age = 0.0_wp
694	tmp_particle%age_m = 0.0_wp
695	tmp_particle%dt_sum = 0.0_wp
696	tmp_particle%e_m = 0.0_wp
697	tmp_particle%rvar1 = 0.0_wp
698	tmp_particle%rvar2 = 0.0_wp
699	tmp_particle%rvar3 = 0.0_wp
700	tmp_particle%speed_x = 0.0_wp
701	tmp_particle%speed_y = 0.0_wp
702	tmp_particle%speed_z = 0.0_wp
703	tmp_particle%origin_x = pos_x
704	tmp_particle%origin_y = pos_y
705	tmp_particle%origin_z = pos_z
706	IF ( curvature_solution_effects ) THEN
707	tmp_particle%aux1 = 0.0_wp ! dry aerosol radius
708	tmp_particle%aux2 = dt_3d ! last Rosenbrock timestep
709	ELSE
710	tmp_particle%aux1 = 0.0_wp ! free to use
711	tmp_particle%aux2 = 0.0_wp ! free to use
712	ENDIF
713	tmp_particle%radius = particle_groups(i)%radius
714	tmp_particle%weight_factor = initial_weighting_factor
715	tmp_particle%class = 1
716	tmp_particle%group = i
717	tmp_particle%id = 0_idp
718	tmp_particle%particle_mask = .TRUE.
719	tmp_particle%block_nr = -1
720	!
721	!-- Determine the grid indices of the particle position
722	ip = ( tmp_particle%x + 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
723	jp = ( tmp_particle%y + 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
724	kp = tmp_particle%z / dz + 1 + offset_ocean_nzt
725	!
726	!-- Determine surface level. Therefore, check for
727	!-- upward-facing wall on w-grid. MAXLOC will return
728	!-- the index of the lowest upward-facing wall.
729	k_surf = MAXLOC( &
730	MERGE( 1, 0, &
731	BTEST( wall_flags_0(nzb:nzb_max,jp,ip), 18 )&
732	), DIM = 1 &
733	) - 1
734
735	IF ( seed_follows_topography ) THEN
736	!
737	!-- Particle height is given relative to topography
738	kp = kp + k_surf
739	tmp_particle%z = tmp_particle%z + zw(k_surf)
740	!-- Skip particle release if particle position is
741	!-- above model top, or within topography in case
742	!-- of overhanging structures.
743	IF ( kp > nzt .OR. &
744	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(kp,jp,ip), 0 ) ) THEN
745	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
746	CYCLE xloop
747	ENDIF
748	!
749	!-- Skip particle release if particle position is
750	!-- below surface, or within topography in case
751	!-- of overhanging structures.
752	ELSEIF ( .NOT. seed_follows_topography .AND. &
753	tmp_particle%z <= zw(k_surf) .OR. &
754	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(kp,jp,ip), 0 ) )&
755	THEN
756	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
757	CYCLE xloop
758	ENDIF
759
760	local_count(kp,jp,ip) = local_count(kp,jp,ip) + 1
761
762	IF ( .NOT. first_stride ) THEN
763	IF ( ip < nxl .OR. jp < nys .OR. kp < nzb+1 ) THEN
764	write(6,*) 'xl ',ip,jp,kp,nxl,nys,nzb+1
765	ENDIF
766	IF ( ip > nxr .OR. jp > nyn .OR. kp > nzt ) THEN
767	write(6,*) 'xu ',ip,jp,kp,nxr,nyn,nzt
768	ENDIF
769	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(local_count(kp,jp,ip)) = tmp_particle
770
771	ENDIF
772	ENDDO
773
774	ENDIF
775
776	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
777
778	ENDDO xloop
779
780	ENDIF
781
782	pos_y = pos_y + pdy(i)
783
784	ENDDO
785
786	ENDIF
787
788	pos_z = pos_z + pdz(i)
789
790	ENDDO
791
792	ENDDO
793
794	IF ( first_stride ) THEN
795	DO ip = nxl, nxr
796	DO jp = nys, nyn
797	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
798	IF ( phase == PHASE_INIT ) THEN
799	IF ( local_count(kp,jp,ip) > 0 ) THEN
800	alloc_size = MAX( INT( local_count(kp,jp,ip) * &
801	( 1.0_wp + alloc_factor / 100.0_wp ) ), &
802	min_nr_particle )
803	ELSE
804	alloc_size = min_nr_particle
805	ENDIF
806	ALLOCATE(grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:alloc_size))
807	DO n = 1, alloc_size
808	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(n) = zero_particle
809	ENDDO
810	ELSEIF ( phase == PHASE_RELEASE ) THEN
811	IF ( local_count(kp,jp,ip) > 0 ) THEN
812	new_size = local_count(kp,jp,ip) + prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
813	alloc_size = MAX( INT( new_size * ( 1.0_wp + &
814	alloc_factor / 100.0_wp ) ), min_nr_particle )
815	IF( alloc_size > SIZE( grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles) ) THEN
816	CALL realloc_particles_array(ip,jp,kp,alloc_size)
817	ENDIF
818	ENDIF
819	ENDIF
820	ENDDO
821	ENDDO
822	ENDDO
823	ENDIF
824
825	ENDDO
826
827
828
829	local_start = prt_count+1
830	prt_count = local_count
831
832	!
833	!-- Calculate particle IDs
834	DO ip = nxl, nxr
835	DO jp = nys, nyn
836	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
837	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
838	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
839	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
840
841	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
842
843	particles(n)%id = 10000_idp*3 grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter + &
844	10000_idp*2 kp + 10000_idp * jp + ip
845	!
846	!-- Count the number of particles that have been released before
847	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter = &
848	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter + 1
849
850	ENDDO
851
852	ENDDO
853	ENDDO
854	ENDDO
855
856	!
857	!-- Initialize aerosol background spectrum
858	IF ( curvature_solution_effects ) THEN
859	CALL lpm_init_aerosols(local_start)
860	ENDIF
861
862	!
863	!-- Add random fluctuation to particle positions.
864	IF ( random_start_position ) THEN
865	DO ip = nxl, nxr
866	DO jp = nys, nyn
867	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
868	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
869	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
870	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
871	!
872	!-- Move only new particles. Moreover, limit random fluctuation
873	!-- in order to prevent that particles move more than one grid box,
874	!-- which would lead to problems concerning particle exchange
875	!-- between processors in case pdx/pdy are larger than dx/dy,
876	!-- respectively.
877	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles
878	IF ( psl(particles(n)%group) /= psr(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
879	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
880	pdx(particles(n)%group)
881	particles(n)%x = particles(n)%x + &
882	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dx, rand_contr ), &
883	ABS( rand_contr ) < dx &
884	)
885	ENDIF
886	IF ( pss(particles(n)%group) /= psn(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
887	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
888	pdy(particles(n)%group)
889	particles(n)%y = particles(n)%y + &
890	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dy, rand_contr ), &
891	ABS( rand_contr ) < dy &
892	)
893	ENDIF
894	IF ( psb(particles(n)%group) /= pst(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
895	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
896	pdz(particles(n)%group)
897	particles(n)%z = particles(n)%z + &
898	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dz, rand_contr ), &
899	ABS( rand_contr ) < dz &
900	)
901	ENDIF
902	ENDDO
903	!
904	!-- Identify particles located outside the model domain and reflect
905	!-- or absorb them if necessary.
906	CALL lpm_boundary_conds( 'bottom/top' )
907	!
908	!-- Furthermore, remove particles located in topography. Note, as
909	!-- the particle speed is still zero at this point, wall
910	!-- reflection boundary conditions will not work in this case.
911	particles => &
912	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
913	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles
914	i = ( particles(n)%x + 0.5_wp * dx ) * ddx
915	j = ( particles(n)%y + 0.5_wp * dy ) * ddy
916	k = particles(n)%z / dz + 1 + offset_ocean_nzt
917	!
918	!-- Check if particle is within topography
919	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) THEN
920	particles(n)%particle_mask = .FALSE.
921	deleted_particles = deleted_particles + 1
922	ENDIF
923
924	ENDDO
925	ENDDO
926	ENDDO
927	ENDDO
928	!
929	!-- Exchange particles between grid cells and processors
930	CALL lpm_move_particle
931	CALL lpm_exchange_horiz
932
933	ENDIF
934	!
935	!-- In case of random_start_position, delete particles identified by
936	!-- lpm_exchange_horiz and lpm_boundary_conds. Then sort particles into blocks,
937	!-- which is needed for a fast interpolation of the LES fields on the particle
938	!-- position.
939	CALL lpm_pack_all_arrays
940
941	!
942	!-- Determine the current number of particles
943	DO ip = nxl, nxr
944	DO jp = nys, nyn
945	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
946	number_of_particles = number_of_particles &
947	+ prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
948	ENDDO
949	ENDDO
950	ENDDO
951	!
952	!-- Calculate the number of particles of the total domain
953	#if defined( __parallel )
954	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
955	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( number_of_particles, total_number_of_particles, 1, &
956	MPI_INTEGER, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
957	#else
958	total_number_of_particles = number_of_particles
959	#endif
960
961	RETURN
962
963	END SUBROUTINE lpm_create_particle
964
965	SUBROUTINE lpm_init_aerosols(local_start)
966
967	USE arrays_3d, &
968	ONLY: hyp, pt, q
969
970	USE cloud_parameters, &
971	ONLY: l_d_rv, rho_l, r_v
972
973	USE constants, &
974	ONLY: pi
975
976	USE kinds
977
978	USE particle_attributes, &
979	ONLY: aero_type, aero_weight, log_sigma, molecular_weight_of_solute, &
980	molecular_weight_of_water, na, rho_s, rm, vanthoff
981
982	IMPLICIT NONE
983
984	REAL(wp) :: afactor !< curvature effects
985	REAL(wp) :: bfactor !< solute effects
986	REAL(wp) :: dlogr !< logarithmic width of radius bin
987	REAL(wp) :: e_a !< vapor pressure
988	REAL(wp) :: e_s !< saturation vapor pressure
989	REAL(wp) :: rmin = 0.005e-6_wp !< minimum aerosol radius
990	REAL(wp) :: rmax = 10.0e-6_wp !< maximum aerosol radius
991	REAL(wp) :: r_mid !< mean radius of bin
992	REAL(wp) :: r_l !< left radius of bin
993	REAL(wp) :: r_r !< right radius of bin
994	REAL(wp) :: sigma !< surface tension
995	REAL(wp) :: t_int !< temperature
996
997	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), INTENT(IN) :: local_start !<
998
999	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !<
1000	INTEGER(iwp) :: ip !<
1001	INTEGER(iwp) :: jp !<
1002	INTEGER(iwp) :: kp !<
1003
1004	!
1005	!-- The following typical aerosol spectra are taken from Jaenicke (1993):
1006	!-- Tropospheric aerosols. Published in Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions.
1007	IF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'polar' ) THEN
1008	na = (/ 2.17e1, 1.86e-1, 3.04e-4 /) * 1.0E6
1009	rm = (/ 0.0689, 0.375, 4.29 /) * 1.0E-6
1010	log_sigma = (/ 0.245, 0.300, 0.291 /)
1011	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'background' ) THEN
1012	na = (/ 1.29e2, 5.97e1, 6.35e1 /) * 1.0E6
1013	rm = (/ 0.0036, 0.127, 0.259 /) * 1.0E-6
1014	log_sigma = (/ 0.645, 0.253, 0.425 /)
1015	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'maritime' ) THEN
1016	na = (/ 1.33e2, 6.66e1, 3.06e0 /) * 1.0E6
1017	rm = (/ 0.0039, 0.133, 0.29 /) * 1.0E-6
1018	log_sigma = (/ 0.657, 0.210, 0.396 /)
1019	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'continental' ) THEN
1020	na = (/ 3.20e3, 2.90e3, 3.00e-1 /) * 1.0E6
1021	rm = (/ 0.01, 0.058, 0.9 /) * 1.0E-6
1022	log_sigma = (/ 0.161, 0.217, 0.380 /)
1023	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'desert' ) THEN
1024	na = (/ 7.26e2, 1.14e3, 1.78e-1 /) * 1.0E6
1025	rm = (/ 0.001, 0.0188, 10.8 /) * 1.0E-6
1026	log_sigma = (/ 0.247, 0.770, 0.438 /)
1027	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'rural' ) THEN
1028	na = (/ 6.65e3, 1.47e2, 1.99e3 /) * 1.0E6
1029	rm = (/ 0.00739, 0.0269, 0.0419 /) * 1.0E-6
1030	log_sigma = (/ 0.225, 0.557, 0.266 /)
1031	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'urban' ) THEN
1032	na = (/ 9.93e4, 1.11e3, 3.64e4 /) * 1.0E6
1033	rm = (/ 0.00651, 0.00714, 0.0248 /) * 1.0E-6
1034	log_sigma = (/ 0.245, 0.666, 0.337 /)
1035	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'user' ) THEN
1036	CONTINUE
1037	ELSE
1038	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown aerosol type ', &
1039	'aero_type = "', TRIM( aero_type ), '"'
1040	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0459', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
1041	ENDIF
1042
1043	DO ip = nxl, nxr
1044	DO jp = nys, nyn
1045	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
1046
1047	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
1048	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
1049	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
1050
1051	dlogr = ( LOG10(rmax) - LOG10(rmin) ) / ( number_of_particles - local_start(kp,jp,ip) + 1 )
1052	!
1053	!-- Initialize the aerosols with a predefined spectral distribution
1054	!-- of the dry radius (logarithmically increasing bins) and a varying
1055	!-- weighting factor
1056	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
1057
1058	r_l = 10.0*( LOG10( rmin ) + (n-1) dlogr )
1059	r_r = 10.0*( LOG10( rmin ) + n dlogr )
1060	r_mid = SQRT( r_l * r_r )
1061
1062	particles(n)%aux1 = r_mid
1063	particles(n)%weight_factor = &
1064	( na(1) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(1) ) * &
1065	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(1) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(1)**2 ) ) + &
1066	na(2) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(2) ) * &
1067	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(2) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(2)**2 ) ) + &
1068	na(3) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(3) ) * &
1069	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(3) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(3)**2 ) ) &
1070	) * ( LOG10(r_r) - LOG10(r_l) ) * ( dx * dy * dz )
1071
1072	!
1073	!-- Multiply weight_factor with the namelist parameter aero_weight
1074	!-- to increase or decrease the number of simulated aerosols
1075	particles(n)%weight_factor = particles(n)%weight_factor * aero_weight
1076
1077	IF ( particles(n)%weight_factor - FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp) &
1078	.GT. random_function( iran_part ) ) THEN
1079	particles(n)%weight_factor = FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp) + 1.0
1080	ELSE
1081	particles(n)%weight_factor = FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp)
1082	ENDIF
1083	!
1084	!-- Unnecessary particles will be deleted
1085	IF ( particles(n)%weight_factor .LE. 0.0 ) particles(n)%particle_mask = .FALSE.
1086
1087	ENDDO
1088	!
1089	!-- Set particle radius to equilibrium radius based on the environmental
1090	!-- supersaturation (Khvorostyanov and Curry, 2007, JGR). This avoids
1091	!-- the sometimes lengthy growth toward their equilibrium radius within
1092	!-- the simulation.
1093	t_int = pt(kp,jp,ip) * ( hyp(kp) / 100000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
1094
1095	e_s = 611.0_wp * EXP( l_d_rv * ( 3.6609E-3_wp - 1.0_wp / t_int ) )
1096	e_a = q(kp,jp,ip) * hyp(kp) / ( 0.378_wp * q(kp,jp,ip) + 0.622_wp )
1097
1098	sigma = 0.0761_wp - 0.000155_wp * ( t_int - 273.15_wp )
1099	afactor = 2.0_wp * sigma / ( rho_l * r_v * t_int )
1100
1101	bfactor = vanthoff * molecular_weight_of_water * &
1102	rho_s / ( molecular_weight_of_solute * rho_l )
1103	!
1104	!-- The formula is only valid for subsaturated environments. For
1105	!-- supersaturations higher than -5 %, the supersaturation is set to -5%.
1106	IF ( e_a / e_s >= 0.95_wp ) e_a = 0.95_wp * e_s
1107
1108	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
1109	!
1110	!-- For details on this equation, see Eq. (14) of Khvorostyanov and
1111	!-- Curry (2007, JGR)
1112	particles(n)%radius = bfactor*0.3333333_wp &
1113	particles(n)%aux1 / ( 1.0_wp - e_a / e_s )**0.3333333_wp / &
1114	( 1.0_wp + ( afactor / ( 3.0_wp * bfactor*0.3333333_wp &
1115	particles(n)%aux1 ) ) / &
1116	( 1.0_wp - e_a / e_s )**0.6666666_wp &
1117	)
1118
1119	ENDDO
1120
1121	ENDDO
1122	ENDDO
1123	ENDDO
1124
1125	END SUBROUTINE lpm_init_aerosols
1126
1127	END MODULE lpm_init_mod

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