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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/lpm_init.f90 @ 3081

Last change on this file since 3081 was 3065, checked in by Giersch, 7 years ago
New vertical stretching procedure has been introduced
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 47.5 KB

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[1873]	1	!> @file lpm_init.f90
[2000]	2	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[2696]	3	! This file is part of the PALM model system.
[1036]	4	!
[2000]	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
	6	! terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
	7	! Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
	8	! version.
[1036]	9	!
	10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	13	!
	14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	16	!
[2718]	17	! Copyright 1997-2018 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[2000]	18	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1036]	19	!
[254]	20	! Current revisions:
[1]	21	! -----------------
[2318]	22	!
[3049]	23	!
[1930]	24	! Former revisions:
	25	! -----------------
	26	! $Id: lpm_init.f90 3065 2018-06-12 07:03:02Z gronemeier $
[3065]	27	! dz was replaced by dzw or dz(1) to allow for right vertical stretching
	28	!
	29	! 3049 2018-05-29 13:52:36Z Giersch
[3049]	30	! Error messages revised
	31	!
	32	! 3045 2018-05-28 07:55:41Z Giersch
[3045]	33	! Error message revised
	34	!
	35	! 3039 2018-05-24 13:13:11Z schwenkel
[3039]	36	! bugfix for lcm with grid stretching
	37	!
	38	! 2967 2018-04-13 11:22:08Z raasch
[2967]	39	! nesting routine is only called if nesting is switched on
	40	!
	41	! 2954 2018-04-09 14:35:46Z schwenkel
[2954]	42	! Bugfix for particle initialization in case of ocean
	43	!
	44	! 2801 2018-02-14 16:01:55Z thiele
[2801]	45	! Introduce particle transfer in nested models.
	46	!
	47	! 2718 2018-01-02 08:49:38Z maronga
[2716]	48	! Corrected "Former revisions" section
[2701]	49	!
[2716]	50	! 2701 2017-12-15 15:40:50Z suehring
	51	! Changes from last commit documented
	52	!
[2701]	53	! 2698 2017-12-14 18:46:24Z suehring
[2716]	54	! Grid indices passed to lpm_boundary_conds. (responsible Philipp Thiele)
	55	!
	56	! 2696 2017-12-14 17:12:51Z kanani
	57	! Change in file header (GPL part)
	58	!
	59	! 2628 2017-11-20 12:40:38Z schwenkel
[2628]	60	! Enabled particle advection with grid stretching.
	61	!
	62	! 2608 2017-11-13 14:04:26Z schwenkel
[2608]	63	! Calculation of magnus equation in external module (diagnostic_quantities_mod).
	64	!
	65	! 2606 2017-11-10 10:36:31Z schwenkel
[2606]	66	! Changed particle box locations: center of particle box now coincides
	67	! with scalar grid point of same index.
	68	! Renamed module and subroutines: lpm_pack_arrays_mod -> lpm_pack_and_sort_mod
	69	! lpm_pack_all_arrays -> lpm_sort_in_subboxes, lpm_pack_arrays -> lpm_pack
	70	! lpm_sort -> lpm_sort_timeloop_done
	71	!
	72	! 2375 2017-08-29 14:10:28Z schwenkel
[2375]	73	! Initialization of chemical aerosol composition
	74	!
	75	! 2346 2017-08-09 16:39:17Z suehring
[2346]	76	! Bugfix, correct determination of topography top index
	77	!
	78	! 2318 2017-07-20 17:27:44Z suehring
[2318]	79	! Get topography top index via Function call
	80	!
	81	! 2317 2017-07-20 17:27:19Z suehring
[2312]	82	! Extended particle data type. Aerosol initialization improved.
	83	!
	84	! 2305 2017-07-06 11:18:47Z hoffmann
[2305]	85	! Improved calculation of particle IDs.
[2312]	86	!
[2305]	87	! 2274 2017-06-09 13:27:48Z Giersch
[2274]	88	! Changed error messages
[2312]	89	!
[2274]	90	! 2265 2017-06-08 16:58:28Z schwenkel
[2265]	91	! Unused variables removed.
[2312]	92	!
[2265]	93	! 2263 2017-06-08 14:59:01Z schwenkel
[2263]	94	! Implemented splitting and merging algorithm
[2312]	95	!
[2263]	96	! 2233 2017-05-30 18:08:54Z suehring
[1930]	97	!
[2233]	98	! 2232 2017-05-30 17:47:52Z suehring
	99	! Adjustments according to new topography realization
[2312]	100	!
	101	!
[2224]	102	! 2223 2017-05-15 16:38:09Z suehring
	103	! Add check for particle release at model top
[2312]	104	!
[2183]	105	! 2182 2017-03-17 14:27:40Z schwenkel
	106	! Added parameters for simplified particle initialization.
[2305]	107	!
[2123]	108	! 2122 2017-01-18 12:22:54Z hoffmann
[2312]	109	! Improved initialization of equilibrium aerosol radii
[2123]	110	! Calculation of particle ID
	111	!
[2001]	112	! 2000 2016-08-20 18:09:15Z knoop
	113	! Forced header and separation lines into 80 columns
[2312]	114	!
[1930]	115	! 2016-06-09 16:25:25Z suehring
[2312]	116	! Bugfix in determining initial particle height and grid index in case of
[1929]	117	! seed_follows_topography.
[2312]	118	! Bugfix concerning random positions, ensure that particles do not move more
[1929]	119	! than one grid length.
	120	! Bugfix logarithmic interpolation.
	121	! Initial setting of sgs_wf_part.
[1321]	122	!
[1891]	123	! 1890 2016-04-22 08:52:11Z hoffmann
[2312]	124	! Initialization of aerosol equilibrium radius not possible in supersaturated
[1891]	125	! environments. Therefore, a maximum supersaturation of -1 % is assumed during
	126	! initialization.
	127	!
[1874]	128	! 1873 2016-04-18 14:50:06Z maronga
[1929]	129	! Module renamed (removed _mod
[2312]	130	!
[1872]	131	! 1871 2016-04-15 11:46:09Z hoffmann
	132	! Initialization of aerosols added.
	133	!
[1851]	134	! 1850 2016-04-08 13:29:27Z maronga
	135	! Module renamed
	136	!
[1832]	137	! 1831 2016-04-07 13:15:51Z hoffmann
	138	! curvature_solution_effects moved to particle_attributes
	139	!
[1823]	140	! 1822 2016-04-07 07:49:42Z hoffmann
	141	! Unused variables removed.
	142	!
[1784]	143	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
	144	! netcdf module added
	145	!
[2312]	146	! 1725 2015-11-17 13:01:51Z hoffmann
	147	! Bugfix: Processor-dependent seed for random function is generated before it is
[1726]	148	! used.
	149	!
[1692]	150	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
	151	! Renamed prandtl_layer to constant_flux_layer.
	152	!
[1686]	153	! 1685 2015-10-08 07:32:13Z raasch
	154	! bugfix concerning vertical index offset in case of ocean
	155	!
[1683]	156	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
[2312]	157	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
[1683]	158	!
[1576]	159	! 1575 2015-03-27 09:56:27Z raasch
	160	! initial vertical particle position is allowed to follow the topography
	161	!
[1360]	162	! 1359 2014-04-11 17:15:14Z hoffmann
[2312]	163	! New particle structure integrated.
[1360]	164	! Kind definition added to all floating point numbers.
	165	! lpm_init changed form a subroutine to a module.
[2312]	166	!
[1329]	167	! 1327 2014-03-21 11:00:16Z raasch
	168	! -netcdf_output
	169	!
[1323]	170	! 1322 2014-03-20 16:38:49Z raasch
	171	! REAL functions provided with KIND-attribute
	172	!
[1321]	173	! 1320 2014-03-20 08:40:49Z raasch
[1320]	174	! ONLY-attribute added to USE-statements,
	175	! kind-parameters added to all INTEGER and REAL declaration statements,
	176	! kinds are defined in new module kinds,
	177	! revision history before 2012 removed,
	178	! comment fields (!:) to be used for variable explanations added to
	179	! all variable declaration statements
	180	! bugfix: #if defined( __parallel ) added
[850]	181	!
[1315]	182	! 1314 2014-03-14 18:25:17Z suehring
[2312]	183	! Vertical logarithmic interpolation of horizontal particle speed for particles
[1315]	184	! between roughness height and first vertical grid level.
	185	!
[1093]	186	! 1092 2013-02-02 11:24:22Z raasch
	187	! unused variables removed
	188	!
[1037]	189	! 1036 2012-10-22 13:43:42Z raasch
	190	! code put under GPL (PALM 3.9)
	191	!
[850]	192	! 849 2012-03-15 10:35:09Z raasch
[849]	193	! routine renamed: init_particles -> lpm_init
	194	! de_dx, de_dy, de_dz are allocated here (instead of automatic arrays in
	195	! advec_particles),
	196	! sort_particles renamed lpm_sort_arrays, user_init_particles renamed lpm_init
[392]	197	!
[829]	198	! 828 2012-02-21 12:00:36Z raasch
	199	! call of init_kernels, particle feature color renamed class
	200	!
[826]	201	! 824 2012-02-17 09:09:57Z raasch
	202	! particle attributes speed_x\|y\|z_sgs renamed rvar1\|2\|3,
	203	! array particles implemented as pointer
	204	!
[668]	205	! 667 2010-12-23 12:06:00Z suehring/gryschka
[2312]	206	! nxl-1, nxr+1, nys-1, nyn+1 replaced by nxlg, nxrg, nysg, nyng for allocation
[668]	207	! of arrays.
	208	!
[1]	209	! Revision 1.1 1999/11/25 16:22:38 raasch
	210	! Initial revision
	211	!
	212	!
	213	! Description:
	214	! ------------
[1682]	215	!> This routine initializes a set of particles and their attributes (position,
	216	!> radius, ..) which are used by the Lagrangian particle model (see lpm).
[1]	217	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	218	MODULE lpm_init_mod
[2312]	219
[2305]	220	USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING
[1]	221
[1320]	222	USE arrays_3d, &
[3039]	223	ONLY: de_dx, de_dy, de_dz, dzw, zu, zw
[1320]	224
	225	USE control_parameters, &
[1691]	226	ONLY: cloud_droplets, constant_flux_layer, current_timestep_number, &
[2312]	227	dt_3d, dz, initializing_actions, message_string, ocean, &
	228	simulated_time
[1320]	229
	230	USE grid_variables, &
[1359]	231	ONLY: ddx, dx, ddy, dy
[1320]	232
	233	USE indices, &
[1575]	234	ONLY: nx, nxl, nxlg, nxrg, nxr, ny, nyn, nys, nyng, nysg, nz, nzb, &
[2317]	235	nzt, wall_flags_0
[1320]	236
	237	USE kinds
	238
	239	USE lpm_collision_kernels_mod, &
	240	ONLY: init_kernels
	241
[1783]	242	USE netcdf_interface, &
	243	ONLY: netcdf_data_format
	244
[1320]	245	USE particle_attributes, &
[1359]	246	ONLY: alloc_factor, bc_par_b, bc_par_lr, bc_par_ns, bc_par_t, &
	247	block_offset, block_offset_def, collision_kernel, &
[2265]	248	curvature_solution_effects, density_ratio, grid_particles, &
	249	isf,i_splitting_mode, initial_weighting_factor, ibc_par_b, &
	250	ibc_par_lr, ibc_par_ns, ibc_par_t, iran_part, log_z_z0, &
	251	max_number_of_particle_groups, min_nr_particle, &
[2305]	252	number_concentration, &
[2265]	253	number_particles_per_gridbox, number_of_particles, &
[1320]	254	number_of_particle_groups, number_of_sublayers, &
[1822]	255	offset_ocean_nzt, offset_ocean_nzt_m1, &
[1359]	256	particles, particle_advection_start, particle_groups, &
	257	particle_groups_type, particles_per_point, &
[2312]	258	particle_type, pdx, pdy, pdz, prt_count, psb, psl, psn, psr, &
	259	pss, pst, radius, random_start_position, &
[2265]	260	read_particles_from_restartfile, seed_follows_topography, &
	261	sgs_wf_part, sort_count, splitting_function, splitting_mode, &
	262	total_number_of_particles, use_sgs_for_particles, &
	263	write_particle_statistics, zero_particle, z0_av_global
[1320]	264
[1]	265	USE pegrid
	266
[1320]	267	USE random_function_mod, &
	268	ONLY: random_function
[1]	269
[2232]	270	USE surface_mod, &
[2698]	271	ONLY: get_topography_top_index_ji, surf_def_h, surf_lsm_h, surf_usm_h
[2232]	272
[2801]	273	USE pmc_particle_interface, &
	274	ONLY: pmcp_g_init
	275
[1359]	276	IMPLICIT NONE
[1320]	277
[1359]	278	PRIVATE
	279
[1682]	280	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: PHASE_INIT = 1 !<
	281	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER, PUBLIC :: PHASE_RELEASE = 2 !<
[1359]	282
	283	INTERFACE lpm_init
	284	MODULE PROCEDURE lpm_init
	285	END INTERFACE lpm_init
	286
	287	INTERFACE lpm_create_particle
	288	MODULE PROCEDURE lpm_create_particle
	289	END INTERFACE lpm_create_particle
	290
	291	PUBLIC lpm_init, lpm_create_particle
	292
[1929]	293	CONTAINS
[1359]	294
[1682]	295	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	296	! Description:
	297	! ------------
	298	!> @todo Missing subroutine description.
	299	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1359]	300	SUBROUTINE lpm_init
	301
	302	USE lpm_collision_kernels_mod, &
	303	ONLY: init_kernels
	304
[2967]	305	USE pmc_interface, &
	306	ONLY: nested_run
	307
[1]	308	IMPLICIT NONE
	309
[1682]	310	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !<
	311	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !<
	312	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !<
[1320]	313
[2312]	314	REAL(wp) :: div !<
[1682]	315	REAL(wp) :: height_int !<
	316	REAL(wp) :: height_p !<
	317	REAL(wp) :: z_p !<
	318	REAL(wp) :: z0_av_local !<
[1]	319
[1359]	320
[1]	321	!
[150]	322	!-- In case of oceans runs, the vertical index calculations need an offset,
	323	!-- because otherwise the k indices will become negative
	324	IF ( ocean ) THEN
	325	offset_ocean_nzt = nzt
	326	offset_ocean_nzt_m1 = nzt - 1
	327	ENDIF
	328
[1359]	329	!
	330	!-- Define block offsets for dividing a gridcell in 8 sub cells
[2606]	331	!-- See documentation for List of subgrid boxes
	332	!-- See pack_and_sort in lpm_pack_arrays.f90 for assignment of the subgrid boxes
	333	block_offset(0) = block_offset_def ( 0, 0, 0)
	334	block_offset(1) = block_offset_def ( 0, 0,-1)
	335	block_offset(2) = block_offset_def ( 0,-1, 0)
	336	block_offset(3) = block_offset_def ( 0,-1,-1)
	337	block_offset(4) = block_offset_def (-1, 0, 0)
	338	block_offset(5) = block_offset_def (-1, 0,-1)
	339	block_offset(6) = block_offset_def (-1,-1, 0)
	340	block_offset(7) = block_offset_def (-1,-1,-1)
[150]	341	!
[1]	342	!-- Check the number of particle groups.
	343	IF ( number_of_particle_groups > max_number_of_particle_groups ) THEN
[3045]	344	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'max_number_of_particle_groups =', &
	345	max_number_of_particle_groups , &
[3046]	346	'&number_of_particle_groups reset to ', &
[254]	347	max_number_of_particle_groups
[849]	348	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0213', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
[1]	349	number_of_particle_groups = max_number_of_particle_groups
	350	ENDIF
[2232]	351	!
	352	!-- Check if downward-facing walls exist. This case, reflection boundary
	353	!-- conditions (as well as subgrid-scale velocities) may do not work
[2312]	354	!-- propably (not realized so far).
[2232]	355	IF ( surf_def_h(1)%ns >= 1 ) THEN
[3045]	356	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'Overhanging topography do not work '// &
[2312]	357	'with particles'
[2232]	358	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0212', 0, 1, 0, 6, 0 )
[1]	359
[2312]	360	ENDIF
[2232]	361
[1]	362	!
	363	!-- Set default start positions, if necessary
[2606]	364	IF ( psl(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psl(1) = 0.0_wp
	365	IF ( psr(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psr(1) = ( nx +1 ) * dx
	366	IF ( pss(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) pss(1) = 0.0_wp
	367	IF ( psn(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psn(1) = ( ny +1 ) * dy
[1359]	368	IF ( psb(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) psb(1) = zu(nz/2)
	369	IF ( pst(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) pst(1) = psb(1)
[1]	370
[1359]	371	IF ( pdx(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdx(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdx(1) = dx
	372	IF ( pdy(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdy(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdy(1) = dy
	373	IF ( pdz(1) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdz(1) == 0.0_wp ) pdz(1) = zu(2) - zu(1)
[1]	374
[2182]	375	!
	376	!-- If number_particles_per_gridbox is set, the parametres pdx, pdy and pdz are
	377	!-- calculated diagnostically. Therfore an isotropic distribution is prescribed.
[2312]	378	IF ( number_particles_per_gridbox /= -1 .AND. &
[2182]	379	number_particles_per_gridbox >= 1 ) THEN
[2312]	380	pdx(1) = (( dx * dy * ( zu(2) - zu(1) ) ) / &
[2182]	381	REAL(number_particles_per_gridbox))**0.3333333_wp
	382	!
[2312]	383	!-- Ensure a smooth value (two significant digits) of distance between
[2182]	384	!-- particles (pdx, pdy, pdz).
	385	div = 1000.0_wp
	386	DO WHILE ( pdx(1) < div )
	387	div = div / 10.0_wp
	388	ENDDO
	389	pdx(1) = NINT( pdx(1) * 100.0_wp / div ) * div / 100.0_wp
	390	pdy(1) = pdx(1)
	391	pdz(1) = pdx(1)
	392
	393	ENDIF
	394
[1]	395	DO j = 2, number_of_particle_groups
[1359]	396	IF ( psl(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psl(j) = psl(j-1)
	397	IF ( psr(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psr(j) = psr(j-1)
	398	IF ( pss(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) pss(j) = pss(j-1)
	399	IF ( psn(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psn(j) = psn(j-1)
	400	IF ( psb(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) psb(j) = psb(j-1)
	401	IF ( pst(j) == 9999999.9_wp ) pst(j) = pst(j-1)
	402	IF ( pdx(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdx(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdx(j) = pdx(j-1)
	403	IF ( pdy(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdy(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdy(j) = pdy(j-1)
	404	IF ( pdz(j) == 9999999.9_wp .OR. pdz(j) == 0.0_wp ) pdz(j) = pdz(j-1)
[1]	405	ENDDO
	406
	407	!
[2312]	408	!-- Allocate arrays required for calculating particle SGS velocities.
[1929]	409	!-- Initialize prefactor required for stoachastic Weil equation.
[1822]	410	IF ( use_sgs_for_particles .AND. .NOT. cloud_droplets ) THEN
[849]	411	ALLOCATE( de_dx(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
	412	de_dy(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
	413	de_dz(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1929]	414
[2312]	415	sgs_wf_part = 1.0_wp / 3.0_wp
[849]	416	ENDIF
	417
	418	!
[2312]	419	!-- Allocate array required for logarithmic vertical interpolation of
[1314]	420	!-- horizontal particle velocities between the surface and the first vertical
[2312]	421	!-- grid level. In order to avoid repeated CPU cost-intensive CALLS of
	422	!-- intrinsic FORTRAN procedure LOG(z/z0), LOG(z/z0) is precalculated for
	423	!-- several heights. Splitting into 20 sublayers turned out to be sufficient.
[1314]	424	!-- To obtain exact height levels of particles, linear interpolation is applied
	425	!-- (see lpm_advec.f90).
[1691]	426	IF ( constant_flux_layer ) THEN
[2312]	427
	428	ALLOCATE ( log_z_z0(0:number_of_sublayers) )
[2232]	429	z_p = zu(nzb+1) - zw(nzb)
[1314]	430
	431	!
	432	!-- Calculate horizontal mean value of z0 used for logartihmic
[2312]	433	!-- interpolation. Note: this is not exact for heterogeneous z0.
	434	!-- However, sensitivity studies showed that the effect is
	435	!-- negligible.
[2232]	436	z0_av_local = SUM( surf_def_h(0)%z0 ) + SUM( surf_lsm_h%z0 ) + &
	437	SUM( surf_usm_h%z0 )
[1359]	438	z0_av_global = 0.0_wp
[1314]	439
[1320]	440	#if defined( __parallel )
[1314]	441	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE(z0_av_local, z0_av_global, 1, MPI_REAL, MPI_SUM, &
	442	comm2d, ierr )
[1320]	443	#else
	444	z0_av_global = z0_av_local
	445	#endif
[1314]	446
	447	z0_av_global = z0_av_global / ( ( ny + 1 ) * ( nx + 1 ) )
	448	!
	449	!-- Horizontal wind speed is zero below and at z0
[1359]	450	log_z_z0(0) = 0.0_wp
[1314]	451	!
	452	!-- Calculate vertical depth of the sublayers
[1322]	453	height_int = ( z_p - z0_av_global ) / REAL( number_of_sublayers, KIND=wp )
[1314]	454	!
	455	!-- Precalculate LOG(z/z0)
[1929]	456	height_p = z0_av_global
[1314]	457	DO k = 1, number_of_sublayers
	458
	459	height_p = height_p + height_int
	460	log_z_z0(k) = LOG( height_p / z0_av_global )
	461
	462	ENDDO
	463
	464	ENDIF
	465
	466	!
[1359]	467	!-- Check boundary condition and set internal variables
	468	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_b )
[2312]	469
[1359]	470	CASE ( 'absorb' )
	471	ibc_par_b = 1
	472
	473	CASE ( 'reflect' )
	474	ibc_par_b = 2
[2312]	475
[1359]	476	CASE DEFAULT
[3045]	477	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
[1359]	478	'bc_par_b = "', TRIM( bc_par_b ), '"'
	479	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0217', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2312]	480
[1359]	481	END SELECT
	482	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_t )
[2312]	483
[1359]	484	CASE ( 'absorb' )
	485	ibc_par_t = 1
	486
	487	CASE ( 'reflect' )
	488	ibc_par_t = 2
[2801]	489
	490	CASE ( 'nested' )
	491	ibc_par_t = 3
[2312]	492
[1359]	493	CASE DEFAULT
[3045]	494	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
[1359]	495	'bc_par_t = "', TRIM( bc_par_t ), '"'
	496	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0218', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2312]	497
[1359]	498	END SELECT
	499	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_lr )
	500
	501	CASE ( 'cyclic' )
	502	ibc_par_lr = 0
	503
	504	CASE ( 'absorb' )
	505	ibc_par_lr = 1
	506
	507	CASE ( 'reflect' )
	508	ibc_par_lr = 2
[2801]	509
	510	CASE ( 'nested' )
	511	ibc_par_lr = 3
[2312]	512
[1359]	513	CASE DEFAULT
	514	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
	515	'bc_par_lr = "', TRIM( bc_par_lr ), '"'
	516	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0219', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2312]	517
[1359]	518	END SELECT
	519	SELECT CASE ( bc_par_ns )
	520
	521	CASE ( 'cyclic' )
	522	ibc_par_ns = 0
	523
	524	CASE ( 'absorb' )
	525	ibc_par_ns = 1
	526
	527	CASE ( 'reflect' )
	528	ibc_par_ns = 2
[2801]	529
	530	CASE ( 'nested' )
	531	ibc_par_ns = 3
[2312]	532
[1359]	533	CASE DEFAULT
	534	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown boundary condition ', &
	535	'bc_par_ns = "', TRIM( bc_par_ns ), '"'
	536	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0220', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2312]	537
[1359]	538	END SELECT
[2263]	539	SELECT CASE ( splitting_mode )
[2312]	540
[2263]	541	CASE ( 'const' )
	542	i_splitting_mode = 1
[1359]	543
[2263]	544	CASE ( 'cl_av' )
	545	i_splitting_mode = 2
	546
	547	CASE ( 'gb_av' )
	548	i_splitting_mode = 3
[2312]	549
[2263]	550	CASE DEFAULT
[3045]	551	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown splitting_mode = "', &
	552	TRIM( splitting_mode ), '"'
[2263]	553	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0146', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2312]	554
[2263]	555	END SELECT
	556	SELECT CASE ( splitting_function )
[2312]	557
[2263]	558	CASE ( 'gamma' )
	559	isf = 1
	560
	561	CASE ( 'log' )
	562	isf = 2
	563
	564	CASE ( 'exp' )
	565	isf = 3
[2312]	566
[2263]	567	CASE DEFAULT
[3045]	568	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown splitting function = "', &
	569	TRIM( splitting_function ), '"'
[2263]	570	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0147', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[2312]	571
[2263]	572	END SELECT
	573
[2312]	574
[1359]	575	!
[828]	576	!-- Initialize collision kernels
	577	IF ( collision_kernel /= 'none' ) CALL init_kernels
	578
	579	!
[1]	580	!-- For the first model run of a possible job chain initialize the
[849]	581	!-- particles, otherwise read the particle data from restart file.
[1]	582	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) == 'read_restart_data' &
	583	.AND. read_particles_from_restartfile ) THEN
	584
[849]	585	CALL lpm_read_restart_file
[1]	586
	587	ELSE
	588
	589	!
	590	!-- Allocate particle arrays and set attributes of the initial set of
	591	!-- particles, which can be also periodically released at later times.
[1359]	592	ALLOCATE( prt_count(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), &
	593	grid_particles(nzb+1:nzt,nys:nyn,nxl:nxr) )
[1]	594
[1359]	595	number_of_particles = 0
[792]	596
	597	sort_count = 0
[1359]	598	prt_count = 0
[792]	599
[1]	600	!
[2312]	601	!-- initialize counter for particle IDs
[2305]	602	grid_particles%id_counter = 1
[2122]	603
	604	!
[1]	605	!-- Initialize all particles with dummy values (otherwise errors may
	606	!-- occur within restart runs). The reason for this is still not clear
	607	!-- and may be presumably caused by errors in the respective user-interface.
[1359]	608	zero_particle = particle_type( 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
	609	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
	610	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
[2312]	611	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, &
[2305]	612	0, 0, 0_idp, .FALSE., -1 )
[1822]	613
[1359]	614	particle_groups = particle_groups_type( 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.0_wp )
[1]	615
	616	!
	617	!-- Set values for the density ratio and radius for all particle
	618	!-- groups, if necessary
[1359]	619	IF ( density_ratio(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) density_ratio(1) = 0.0_wp
	620	IF ( radius(1) == 9999999.9_wp ) radius(1) = 0.0_wp
[1]	621	DO i = 2, number_of_particle_groups
[1359]	622	IF ( density_ratio(i) == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
[1]	623	density_ratio(i) = density_ratio(i-1)
	624	ENDIF
[1359]	625	IF ( radius(i) == 9999999.9_wp ) radius(i) = radius(i-1)
[1]	626	ENDDO
	627
	628	DO i = 1, number_of_particle_groups
[1359]	629	IF ( density_ratio(i) /= 0.0_wp .AND. radius(i) == 0 ) THEN
[3045]	630	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'particle group #', i, ' has a', &
[254]	631	'density ratio /= 0 but radius = 0'
[849]	632	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0215', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1]	633	ENDIF
	634	particle_groups(i)%density_ratio = density_ratio(i)
	635	particle_groups(i)%radius = radius(i)
	636	ENDDO
	637
	638	!
[1359]	639	!-- Set a seed value for the random number generator to be exclusively
	640	!-- used for the particle code. The generated random numbers should be
	641	!-- different on the different PEs.
	642	iran_part = iran_part + myid
	643
[1725]	644	CALL lpm_create_particle (PHASE_INIT)
[1359]	645	!
	646	!-- User modification of initial particles
	647	CALL user_lpm_init
	648
	649	!
	650	!-- Open file for statistical informations about particle conditions
	651	IF ( write_particle_statistics ) THEN
	652	CALL check_open( 80 )
	653	WRITE ( 80, 8000 ) current_timestep_number, simulated_time, &
[2312]	654	number_of_particles
[1359]	655	CALL close_file( 80 )
	656	ENDIF
	657
	658	ENDIF
	659
[2967]	660	IF ( nested_run ) CALL pmcp_g_init
[2801]	661
[1359]	662	!
[2312]	663	!-- To avoid programm abort, assign particles array to the local version of
[1359]	664	!-- first grid cell
	665	number_of_particles = prt_count(nzb+1,nys,nxl)
	666	particles => grid_particles(nzb+1,nys,nxl)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
	667	!
	668	!-- Formats
	669	8000 FORMAT (I6,1X,F7.2,4X,I10,71X,I10)
	670
	671	END SUBROUTINE lpm_init
	672
[1682]	673	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	674	! Description:
	675	! ------------
	676	!> @todo Missing subroutine description.
	677	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1359]	678	SUBROUTINE lpm_create_particle (phase)
[2628]	679
	680	USE arrays_3d, &
	681	ONLY: zw
[1359]	682	USE lpm_exchange_horiz_mod, &
	683	ONLY: lpm_exchange_horiz, lpm_move_particle, realloc_particles_array
	684
[2628]	685	USE lpm_pack_and_sort_mod, &
[2606]	686	ONLY: lpm_sort_in_subboxes
[1359]	687
[1871]	688	USE particle_attributes, &
[2312]	689	ONLY: deleted_particles
[1871]	690
[1359]	691	IMPLICIT NONE
	692
[1929]	693	INTEGER(iwp) :: alloc_size !< relative increase of allocated memory for particles
	694	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< loop variable ( particle groups )
	695	INTEGER(iwp) :: ip !< index variable along x
	696	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< loop variable ( particles per point )
	697	INTEGER(iwp) :: jp !< index variable along y
[2232]	698	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< index variable along z
	699	INTEGER(iwp) :: k_surf !< index of surface grid point
[1929]	700	INTEGER(iwp) :: kp !< index variable along z
	701	INTEGER(iwp) :: loop_stride !< loop variable for initialization
	702	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !< loop variable ( number of particles )
	703	INTEGER(iwp) :: new_size !< new size of allocated memory for particles
[1359]	704
[1929]	705	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: phase !< mode of inititialization
[1359]	706
[1929]	707	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: local_count !< start address of new particle
	708	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) :: local_start !< start address of new particle
[1359]	709
[1929]	710	LOGICAL :: first_stride !< flag for initialization
[1359]	711
[2312]	712	REAL(wp) :: pos_x !< increment for particle position in x
	713	REAL(wp) :: pos_y !< increment for particle position in y
	714	REAL(wp) :: pos_z !< increment for particle position in z
[1929]	715	REAL(wp) :: rand_contr !< dummy argument for random position
[1359]	716
[1929]	717	TYPE(particle_type),TARGET :: tmp_particle !< temporary particle used for initialization
[1359]	718
	719	!
	720	!-- Calculate particle positions and store particle attributes, if
	721	!-- particle is situated on this PE
	722	DO loop_stride = 1, 2
	723	first_stride = (loop_stride == 1)
	724	IF ( first_stride ) THEN
	725	local_count = 0 ! count number of particles
	726	ELSE
	727	local_count = prt_count ! Start address of new particles
	728	ENDIF
	729
[2182]	730	!
	731	!-- Calculate initial_weighting_factor diagnostically
	732	IF ( number_concentration /= -1.0_wp .AND. number_concentration > 0.0_wp ) THEN
[2312]	733	initial_weighting_factor = number_concentration * 1.0E6_wp * &
	734	pdx(1) * pdy(1) * pdz(1)
[2182]	735	END IF
	736
[1]	737	n = 0
	738	DO i = 1, number_of_particle_groups
	739
	740	pos_z = psb(i)
	741
	742	DO WHILE ( pos_z <= pst(i) )
	743
[2954]	744	IF ( pos_z >= zw(0) .AND. pos_z < zw(nzt) ) THEN
[1]	745
	746
[2223]	747	pos_y = pss(i)
[1]	748
[2223]	749	DO WHILE ( pos_y <= psn(i) )
[1]	750
[2606]	751	IF ( pos_y >= nys * dy .AND. &
	752	pos_y < ( nyn + 1 ) * dy ) THEN
[1]	753
[2223]	754	pos_x = psl(i)
[1]	755
[2223]	756	xloop: DO WHILE ( pos_x <= psr(i) )
[1]	757
[2606]	758	IF ( pos_x >= nxl * dx .AND. &
	759	pos_x < ( nxr + 1) * dx ) THEN
[2223]	760
	761	DO j = 1, particles_per_point
	762
[2305]	763
[2223]	764	n = n + 1
	765	tmp_particle%x = pos_x
	766	tmp_particle%y = pos_y
	767	tmp_particle%z = pos_z
	768	tmp_particle%age = 0.0_wp
	769	tmp_particle%age_m = 0.0_wp
	770	tmp_particle%dt_sum = 0.0_wp
	771	tmp_particle%e_m = 0.0_wp
[2312]	772	tmp_particle%rvar1 = 0.0_wp
	773	tmp_particle%rvar2 = 0.0_wp
	774	tmp_particle%rvar3 = 0.0_wp
[2223]	775	tmp_particle%speed_x = 0.0_wp
	776	tmp_particle%speed_y = 0.0_wp
	777	tmp_particle%speed_z = 0.0_wp
	778	tmp_particle%origin_x = pos_x
	779	tmp_particle%origin_y = pos_y
	780	tmp_particle%origin_z = pos_z
[2312]	781	IF ( curvature_solution_effects ) THEN
	782	tmp_particle%aux1 = 0.0_wp ! dry aerosol radius
	783	tmp_particle%aux2 = dt_3d ! last Rosenbrock timestep
	784	ELSE
	785	tmp_particle%aux1 = 0.0_wp ! free to use
	786	tmp_particle%aux2 = 0.0_wp ! free to use
	787	ENDIF
[2223]	788	tmp_particle%radius = particle_groups(i)%radius
	789	tmp_particle%weight_factor = initial_weighting_factor
	790	tmp_particle%class = 1
	791	tmp_particle%group = i
[2305]	792	tmp_particle%id = 0_idp
[2223]	793	tmp_particle%particle_mask = .TRUE.
	794	tmp_particle%block_nr = -1
[1]	795	!
[2223]	796	!-- Determine the grid indices of the particle position
[2606]	797	ip = tmp_particle%x * ddx
	798	jp = tmp_particle%y * ddy
[3065]	799	kp = tmp_particle%z / dz(1) + 1 + offset_ocean_nzt
[2628]	800	DO WHILE( zw(kp) < tmp_particle%z )
	801	kp = kp + 1
	802	ENDDO
	803	DO WHILE( zw(kp-1) > tmp_particle%z )
	804	kp = kp - 1
	805	ENDDO
[2232]	806	!
	807	!-- Determine surface level. Therefore, check for
[2317]	808	!-- upward-facing wall on w-grid.
[2698]	809	k_surf = get_topography_top_index_ji( jp, ip, 'w' )
[1]	810
[2223]	811	IF ( seed_follows_topography ) THEN
[1575]	812	!
[2223]	813	!-- Particle height is given relative to topography
[2232]	814	kp = kp + k_surf
	815	tmp_particle%z = tmp_particle%z + zw(k_surf)
	816	!-- Skip particle release if particle position is
	817	!-- above model top, or within topography in case
	818	!-- of overhanging structures.
	819	IF ( kp > nzt .OR. &
	820	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(kp,jp,ip), 0 ) ) THEN
[2223]	821	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
	822	CYCLE xloop
	823	ENDIF
[2232]	824	!
[2312]	825	!-- Skip particle release if particle position is
[2232]	826	!-- below surface, or within topography in case
	827	!-- of overhanging structures.
[2223]	828	ELSEIF ( .NOT. seed_follows_topography .AND. &
[2232]	829	tmp_particle%z <= zw(k_surf) .OR. &
	830	.NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(kp,jp,ip), 0 ) )&
	831	THEN
[1575]	832	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
[2312]	833	CYCLE xloop
[1575]	834	ENDIF
	835
[2223]	836	local_count(kp,jp,ip) = local_count(kp,jp,ip) + 1
[2182]	837
[2223]	838	IF ( .NOT. first_stride ) THEN
	839	IF ( ip < nxl .OR. jp < nys .OR. kp < nzb+1 ) THEN
	840	write(6,*) 'xl ',ip,jp,kp,nxl,nys,nzb+1
	841	ENDIF
	842	IF ( ip > nxr .OR. jp > nyn .OR. kp > nzt ) THEN
	843	write(6,*) 'xu ',ip,jp,kp,nxr,nyn,nzt
	844	ENDIF
	845	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(local_count(kp,jp,ip)) = tmp_particle
	846
[1359]	847	ENDIF
[2223]	848	ENDDO
[1929]	849
[2223]	850	ENDIF
[1]	851
[2223]	852	pos_x = pos_x + pdx(i)
[1]	853
[2223]	854	ENDDO xloop
[1]	855
[2223]	856	ENDIF
[1]	857
[2223]	858	pos_y = pos_y + pdy(i)
[1]	859
[2223]	860	ENDDO
[1]	861
[2223]	862	ENDIF
[1]	863
	864	pos_z = pos_z + pdz(i)
	865
	866	ENDDO
	867
	868	ENDDO
	869
[1359]	870	IF ( first_stride ) THEN
	871	DO ip = nxl, nxr
	872	DO jp = nys, nyn
	873	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
	874	IF ( phase == PHASE_INIT ) THEN
	875	IF ( local_count(kp,jp,ip) > 0 ) THEN
	876	alloc_size = MAX( INT( local_count(kp,jp,ip) * &
	877	( 1.0_wp + alloc_factor / 100.0_wp ) ), &
	878	min_nr_particle )
	879	ELSE
	880	alloc_size = min_nr_particle
	881	ENDIF
	882	ALLOCATE(grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:alloc_size))
	883	DO n = 1, alloc_size
	884	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(n) = zero_particle
	885	ENDDO
	886	ELSEIF ( phase == PHASE_RELEASE ) THEN
	887	IF ( local_count(kp,jp,ip) > 0 ) THEN
	888	new_size = local_count(kp,jp,ip) + prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
	889	alloc_size = MAX( INT( new_size * ( 1.0_wp + &
	890	alloc_factor / 100.0_wp ) ), min_nr_particle )
	891	IF( alloc_size > SIZE( grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles) ) THEN
[2182]	892	CALL realloc_particles_array(ip,jp,kp,alloc_size)
[1359]	893	ENDIF
	894	ENDIF
	895	ENDIF
	896	ENDDO
	897	ENDDO
	898	ENDDO
	899	ENDIF
[1929]	900
[1359]	901	ENDDO
[1]	902
[2182]	903
	904
[1359]	905	local_start = prt_count+1
	906	prt_count = local_count
[1871]	907
[1]	908	!
[2122]	909	!-- Calculate particle IDs
	910	DO ip = nxl, nxr
	911	DO jp = nys, nyn
	912	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
	913	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
	914	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
	915	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
	916
[2312]	917	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
[2122]	918
[2305]	919	particles(n)%id = 10000_idp*3 grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter + &
	920	10000_idp*2 kp + 10000_idp * jp + ip
	921	!
	922	!-- Count the number of particles that have been released before
[2122]	923	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter = &
	924	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%id_counter + 1
	925
	926	ENDDO
	927
	928	ENDDO
	929	ENDDO
	930	ENDDO
	931
	932	!
[1871]	933	!-- Initialize aerosol background spectrum
[2312]	934	IF ( curvature_solution_effects ) THEN
[1871]	935	CALL lpm_init_aerosols(local_start)
	936	ENDIF
	937
	938	!
[1929]	939	!-- Add random fluctuation to particle positions.
[1359]	940	IF ( random_start_position ) THEN
	941	DO ip = nxl, nxr
	942	DO jp = nys, nyn
	943	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
	944	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
	945	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
	946	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
[1929]	947	!
[2312]	948	!-- Move only new particles. Moreover, limit random fluctuation
	949	!-- in order to prevent that particles move more than one grid box,
	950	!-- which would lead to problems concerning particle exchange
	951	!-- between processors in case pdx/pdy are larger than dx/dy,
	952	!-- respectively.
[1929]	953	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles
[1359]	954	IF ( psl(particles(n)%group) /= psr(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
[1929]	955	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
	956	pdx(particles(n)%group)
[1359]	957	particles(n)%x = particles(n)%x + &
[2232]	958	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dx, rand_contr ), &
[1929]	959	ABS( rand_contr ) < dx &
[2312]	960	)
[1359]	961	ENDIF
	962	IF ( pss(particles(n)%group) /= psn(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
[1929]	963	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
	964	pdy(particles(n)%group)
[1359]	965	particles(n)%y = particles(n)%y + &
[2232]	966	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dy, rand_contr ), &
[1929]	967	ABS( rand_contr ) < dy &
[2312]	968	)
[1359]	969	ENDIF
	970	IF ( psb(particles(n)%group) /= pst(particles(n)%group) ) THEN
[1929]	971	rand_contr = ( random_function( iran_part ) - 0.5_wp ) * &
	972	pdz(particles(n)%group)
[1359]	973	particles(n)%z = particles(n)%z + &
[3065]	974	MERGE( rand_contr, SIGN( dzw(kp), rand_contr ), &
	975	ABS( rand_contr ) < dzw(kp) &
[2312]	976	)
[1359]	977	ENDIF
	978	ENDDO
[1]	979	!
[1929]	980	!-- Identify particles located outside the model domain and reflect
	981	!-- or absorb them if necessary.
[2698]	982	CALL lpm_boundary_conds( 'bottom/top', i, j, k )
[1929]	983	!
	984	!-- Furthermore, remove particles located in topography. Note, as
[2312]	985	!-- the particle speed is still zero at this point, wall
[1929]	986	!-- reflection boundary conditions will not work in this case.
	987	particles => &
	988	grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
	989	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles
[2606]	990	i = particles(n)%x * ddx
	991	j = particles(n)%y * ddy
[3065]	992	k = particles(n)%z / dz(1) + 1 + offset_ocean_nzt
[2628]	993	DO WHILE( zw(k) < particles(n)%z )
	994	k = k + 1
	995	ENDDO
	996	DO WHILE( zw(k-1) > particles(n)%z )
	997	k = k - 1
	998	ENDDO
[2232]	999	!
	1000	!-- Check if particle is within topography
	1001	IF ( .NOT. BTEST( wall_flags_0(k,j,i), 0 ) ) THEN
[1929]	1002	particles(n)%particle_mask = .FALSE.
	1003	deleted_particles = deleted_particles + 1
	1004	ENDIF
[2232]	1005
[1929]	1006	ENDDO
[1359]	1007	ENDDO
	1008	ENDDO
	1009	ENDDO
[1]	1010	!
[1359]	1011	!-- Exchange particles between grid cells and processors
	1012	CALL lpm_move_particle
	1013	CALL lpm_exchange_horiz
[1]	1014
[1359]	1015	ENDIF
[1]	1016	!
[2312]	1017	!-- In case of random_start_position, delete particles identified by
	1018	!-- lpm_exchange_horiz and lpm_boundary_conds. Then sort particles into blocks,
	1019	!-- which is needed for a fast interpolation of the LES fields on the particle
[1359]	1020	!-- position.
[2606]	1021	CALL lpm_sort_in_subboxes
[1]	1022
	1023	!
[2265]	1024	!-- Determine the current number of particles
[1359]	1025	DO ip = nxl, nxr
	1026	DO jp = nys, nyn
	1027	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
	1028	number_of_particles = number_of_particles &
	1029	+ prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
[1]	1030	ENDDO
[1359]	1031	ENDDO
	1032	ENDDO
[1]	1033	!
[1822]	1034	!-- Calculate the number of particles of the total domain
[1]	1035	#if defined( __parallel )
[1359]	1036	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
	1037	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( number_of_particles, total_number_of_particles, 1, &
	1038	MPI_INTEGER, MPI_SUM, comm2d, ierr )
[1]	1039	#else
[1359]	1040	total_number_of_particles = number_of_particles
[1]	1041	#endif
	1042
[1359]	1043	RETURN
[1]	1044
[1359]	1045	END SUBROUTINE lpm_create_particle
[336]	1046
[1871]	1047	SUBROUTINE lpm_init_aerosols(local_start)
	1048
	1049	USE arrays_3d, &
[2312]	1050	ONLY: hyp, pt, q
[1871]	1051
	1052	USE cloud_parameters, &
[2375]	1053	ONLY: l_d_rv, molecular_weight_of_solute, &
	1054	molecular_weight_of_water, rho_l, r_v, rho_s, vanthoff
[1871]	1055
	1056	USE constants, &
	1057	ONLY: pi
	1058
[2608]	1059	USE diagnostic_quantities_mod, &
	1060	ONLY: magnus
	1061
	1062
[1871]	1063	USE kinds
	1064
	1065	USE particle_attributes, &
[2375]	1066	ONLY: aero_species, aero_type, aero_weight, log_sigma, na, rm
[1871]	1067
	1068	IMPLICIT NONE
	1069
[2122]	1070	REAL(wp) :: afactor !< curvature effects
[1871]	1071	REAL(wp) :: bfactor !< solute effects
[2312]	1072	REAL(wp) :: dlogr !< logarithmic width of radius bin
[1871]	1073	REAL(wp) :: e_a !< vapor pressure
	1074	REAL(wp) :: e_s !< saturation vapor pressure
[2312]	1075	REAL(wp) :: rmin = 0.005e-6_wp !< minimum aerosol radius
	1076	REAL(wp) :: rmax = 10.0e-6_wp !< maximum aerosol radius
	1077	REAL(wp) :: r_mid !< mean radius of bin
	1078	REAL(wp) :: r_l !< left radius of bin
	1079	REAL(wp) :: r_r !< right radius of bin
[2122]	1080	REAL(wp) :: sigma !< surface tension
[1871]	1081	REAL(wp) :: t_int !< temperature
	1082
[1890]	1083	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(nzb:nzt+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg), INTENT(IN) :: local_start !<
[1871]	1084
	1085	INTEGER(iwp) :: n !<
	1086	INTEGER(iwp) :: ip !<
	1087	INTEGER(iwp) :: jp !<
	1088	INTEGER(iwp) :: kp !<
	1089
	1090	!
[2375]	1091	!-- Set constants for different aerosol species
	1092	IF ( TRIM(aero_species) .EQ. 'nacl' ) THEN
	1093	molecular_weight_of_solute = 0.05844_wp
	1094	rho_s = 2165.0_wp
	1095	vanthoff = 2.0_wp
	1096	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_species) .EQ. 'c3h4o4' ) THEN
	1097	molecular_weight_of_solute = 0.10406_wp
	1098	rho_s = 1600.0_wp
	1099	vanthoff = 1.37_wp
	1100	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_species) .EQ. 'nh4o3' ) THEN
	1101	molecular_weight_of_solute = 0.08004_wp
	1102	rho_s = 1720.0_wp
	1103	vanthoff = 2.31_wp
	1104	ELSE
	1105	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown aerosol species ', &
	1106	'aero_species = "', TRIM( aero_species ), '"'
	1107	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0470', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
	1108	ENDIF
	1109	!
[2312]	1110	!-- The following typical aerosol spectra are taken from Jaenicke (1993):
	1111	!-- Tropospheric aerosols. Published in Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions.
	1112	IF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'polar' ) THEN
	1113	na = (/ 2.17e1, 1.86e-1, 3.04e-4 /) * 1.0E6
	1114	rm = (/ 0.0689, 0.375, 4.29 /) * 1.0E-6
	1115	log_sigma = (/ 0.245, 0.300, 0.291 /)
	1116	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'background' ) THEN
	1117	na = (/ 1.29e2, 5.97e1, 6.35e1 /) * 1.0E6
	1118	rm = (/ 0.0036, 0.127, 0.259 /) * 1.0E-6
	1119	log_sigma = (/ 0.645, 0.253, 0.425 /)
	1120	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'maritime' ) THEN
	1121	na = (/ 1.33e2, 6.66e1, 3.06e0 /) * 1.0E6
	1122	rm = (/ 0.0039, 0.133, 0.29 /) * 1.0E-6
	1123	log_sigma = (/ 0.657, 0.210, 0.396 /)
	1124	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'continental' ) THEN
	1125	na = (/ 3.20e3, 2.90e3, 3.00e-1 /) * 1.0E6
	1126	rm = (/ 0.01, 0.058, 0.9 /) * 1.0E-6
	1127	log_sigma = (/ 0.161, 0.217, 0.380 /)
	1128	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'desert' ) THEN
	1129	na = (/ 7.26e2, 1.14e3, 1.78e-1 /) * 1.0E6
	1130	rm = (/ 0.001, 0.0188, 10.8 /) * 1.0E-6
	1131	log_sigma = (/ 0.247, 0.770, 0.438 /)
	1132	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'rural' ) THEN
	1133	na = (/ 6.65e3, 1.47e2, 1.99e3 /) * 1.0E6
	1134	rm = (/ 0.00739, 0.0269, 0.0419 /) * 1.0E-6
	1135	log_sigma = (/ 0.225, 0.557, 0.266 /)
	1136	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'urban' ) THEN
	1137	na = (/ 9.93e4, 1.11e3, 3.64e4 /) * 1.0E6
	1138	rm = (/ 0.00651, 0.00714, 0.0248 /) * 1.0E-6
	1139	log_sigma = (/ 0.245, 0.666, 0.337 /)
	1140	ELSEIF ( TRIM(aero_type) .EQ. 'user' ) THEN
	1141	CONTINUE
	1142	ELSE
	1143	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'unknown aerosol type ', &
	1144	'aero_type = "', TRIM( aero_type ), '"'
	1145	CALL message( 'lpm_init', 'PA0459', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
[1871]	1146	ENDIF
	1147
	1148	DO ip = nxl, nxr
	1149	DO jp = nys, nyn
	1150	DO kp = nzb+1, nzt
	1151
	1152	number_of_particles = prt_count(kp,jp,ip)
	1153	IF ( number_of_particles <= 0 ) CYCLE
	1154	particles => grid_particles(kp,jp,ip)%particles(1:number_of_particles)
[2312]	1155
	1156	dlogr = ( LOG10(rmax) - LOG10(rmin) ) / ( number_of_particles - local_start(kp,jp,ip) + 1 )
[1871]	1157	!
	1158	!-- Initialize the aerosols with a predefined spectral distribution
[2312]	1159	!-- of the dry radius (logarithmically increasing bins) and a varying
[1871]	1160	!-- weighting factor
[2312]	1161	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
[1871]	1162
[2312]	1163	r_l = 10.0*( LOG10( rmin ) + (n-1) dlogr )
	1164	r_r = 10.0*( LOG10( rmin ) + n dlogr )
	1165	r_mid = SQRT( r_l * r_r )
[1871]	1166
[2312]	1167	particles(n)%aux1 = r_mid
	1168	particles(n)%weight_factor = &
	1169	( na(1) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(1) ) * &
	1170	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(1) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(1)**2 ) ) + &
	1171	na(2) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(2) ) * &
	1172	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(2) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(2)**2 ) ) + &
	1173	na(3) / ( SQRT( 2.0 * pi ) * log_sigma(3) ) * &
	1174	EXP( - LOG10( r_mid / rm(3) )*2 / ( 2.0 log_sigma(3)**2 ) ) &
[3039]	1175	) * ( LOG10(r_r) - LOG10(r_l) ) * ( dx * dy * dzw(kp) )
[1871]	1176
[2312]	1177	!
	1178	!-- Multiply weight_factor with the namelist parameter aero_weight
	1179	!-- to increase or decrease the number of simulated aerosols
	1180	particles(n)%weight_factor = particles(n)%weight_factor * aero_weight
[1871]	1181
[2312]	1182	IF ( particles(n)%weight_factor - FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp) &
	1183	.GT. random_function( iran_part ) ) THEN
	1184	particles(n)%weight_factor = FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp) + 1.0
	1185	ELSE
	1186	particles(n)%weight_factor = FLOOR(particles(n)%weight_factor,KIND=wp)
[1871]	1187	ENDIF
	1188	!
[2312]	1189	!-- Unnecessary particles will be deleted
	1190	IF ( particles(n)%weight_factor .LE. 0.0 ) particles(n)%particle_mask = .FALSE.
[1871]	1191
[2312]	1192	ENDDO
[1871]	1193	!
	1194	!-- Set particle radius to equilibrium radius based on the environmental
	1195	!-- supersaturation (Khvorostyanov and Curry, 2007, JGR). This avoids
[2312]	1196	!-- the sometimes lengthy growth toward their equilibrium radius within
[1871]	1197	!-- the simulation.
	1198	t_int = pt(kp,jp,ip) * ( hyp(kp) / 100000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
	1199
[2608]	1200	e_s = magnus( t_int )
	1201	e_a = q(kp,jp,ip) * hyp(kp) / ( q(kp,jp,ip) + 0.622_wp )
[1871]	1202
[2122]	1203	sigma = 0.0761_wp - 0.000155_wp * ( t_int - 273.15_wp )
	1204	afactor = 2.0_wp * sigma / ( rho_l * r_v * t_int )
	1205
	1206	bfactor = vanthoff * molecular_weight_of_water * &
	1207	rho_s / ( molecular_weight_of_solute * rho_l )
[1871]	1208	!
[2312]	1209	!-- The formula is only valid for subsaturated environments. For
[2122]	1210	!-- supersaturations higher than -5 %, the supersaturation is set to -5%.
	1211	IF ( e_a / e_s >= 0.95_wp ) e_a = 0.95_wp * e_s
[1871]	1212
[2312]	1213	DO n = local_start(kp,jp,ip), number_of_particles !only new particles
[2122]	1214	!
[2312]	1215	!-- For details on this equation, see Eq. (14) of Khvorostyanov and
	1216	!-- Curry (2007, JGR)
[2122]	1217	particles(n)%radius = bfactor*0.3333333_wp &
[2312]	1218	particles(n)%aux1 / ( 1.0_wp - e_a / e_s )**0.3333333_wp / &
[2122]	1219	( 1.0_wp + ( afactor / ( 3.0_wp * bfactor*0.3333333_wp &
[2312]	1220	particles(n)%aux1 ) ) / &
[2122]	1221	( 1.0_wp - e_a / e_s )**0.6666666_wp &
	1222	)
[1871]	1223
[2122]	1224	ENDDO
[1871]	1225
	1226	ENDDO
	1227	ENDDO
	1228	ENDDO
	1229
	1230	END SUBROUTINE lpm_init_aerosols
	1231
[1359]	1232	END MODULE lpm_init_mod

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