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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model_mod.f90 @ 1854

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1	!> @file land_surface_model_mod.f90
2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
8	!
9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
12	!
13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
15	!
16	! Copyright 1997-2016 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
18	!
19	! Current revisions:
20	! -----------------
21	!
22	!
23	! Former revisions:
24	! -----------------
25	! $Id: land_surface_model_mod.f90 1852 2016-04-08 14:07:36Z maronga $
26	!
27	! 1849 2016-04-08 11:33:18Z hoffmann
28	! prr moved to arrays_3d
29	!
30	! 1826 2016-04-07 12:01:39Z maronga
31	! Cleanup after modularization
32	!
33	! 1817 2016-04-06 15:44:20Z maronga
34	! Added interface for lsm_init_arrays. Added subroutines for check_parameters,
35	! header, and parin. Renamed some subroutines.
36	!
37	! 1788 2016-03-10 11:01:04Z maronga
38	! Bugfix: calculate lambda_surface based on temperature gradient between skin
39	! layer and soil layer instead of Obukhov length
40	! Changed: moved calculation of surface specific humidity to energy balance solver
41	! New: water surfaces are available by using a fixed sea surface temperature.
42	! The roughness lengths are calculated dynamically using the Charnock
43	! parameterization. This involves the new roughness length for moisture z0q.
44	! New: modified solution of the energy balance solver and soil model for
45	! paved surfaces (i.e. asphalt concrete).
46	! Syntax layout improved.
47	! Changed: parameter dewfall removed.
48	!
49	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
50	! netcdf variables moved to netcdf module
51	!
52	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
53	! Bugfix: set tm_soil_m to zero after allocation. Added parameter
54	! unscheduled_radiation_calls to control calls of the radiation model based on
55	! the skin temperature change during one time step (preliminary version). Set
56	! qsws_soil_eb to zero at model start (previously set to qsws_eb). Removed MAX
57	! function as it cannot be vectorized.
58	!
59	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
60	! Renamed pt_1 and qv_1 to pt1 and qv1.
61	! Bugfix: set initial values for t_surface_p in case of restart runs
62	! Bugfix: zero resistance caused crash when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
63	! Bugfix: calculation of rad_net when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
64	! Added todo action
65	!
66	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
67	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
68	!
69	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
70	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
71	! Replaced rif with ol
72	!
73	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
74	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
75	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
76	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
77	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
78	!
79	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
80	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
81	!
82	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
83	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
84	!
85	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
86	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
87	!
88	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
89	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
90	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
91	!
92	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
93	! Added output of r_a and r_s
94	!
95	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
96	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
97	! profile
98	!
99	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
100	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
101	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
102	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
103	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
104	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
105	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
106	! calculation
107	!
108	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
109	!
110	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
111	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
112	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
113	! Added support for dry runs.
114	!
115	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
116	! Initial revision
117	!
118	!
119	! Description:
120	! ------------
121	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
122	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
123	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
124	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
125	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
126	!>
127	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
128	!> skin layer.
129	!> @todo Improve surface water parameterization
130	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
131	!> nzt_soil=3)).
132	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
133	!> with considerable precipitation.
134	!> @todo Fix crashes with radiation_scheme == 'constant'
135	!>
136	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
137	!> become too thin.
138	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
139	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
140
141	USE arrays_3d, &
142	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, prr, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, &
143	z0h, z0q
144
145	USE cloud_parameters, &
146	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
147
148	USE control_parameters, &
149	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
150	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
151	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, &
152	rho_surface, roughness_length, surface_pressure, &
153	timestep_scheme, tsc, z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
154
155	USE indices, &
156	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
157
158	USE kinds
159
160	USE pegrid
161
162	USE radiation_model_mod, &
163	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
164	rad_lw_out, rad_lw_out_change_0, sigma_sb, &
165	unscheduled_radiation_calls
166
167	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
168	USE radiation_model_mod, &
169	ONLY: rrtm_idrv
170	#endif
171
172	USE statistics, &
173	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
174
175	IMPLICIT NONE
176
177	!
178	!-- LSM model constants
179	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
180	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
181	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
182
183	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
184	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
185	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
186	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
187	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
188	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
189	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
190	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
191	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
192
193
194	!
195	!-- LSM variables
196	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< NAMELIST veg_type_2d
197	soil_type = 3 !< NAMELIST soil_type_2d
198
199	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: soil_type_2d, & !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-7: generic (see list)
200	veg_type_2d !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
201
202	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: water_surface, & !< flag parameter for water surfaces (classes 14+15)
203	pave_surface, & !< flag parameter for pavements (asphalt etc.) (class 20)
204	building_surface !< flag parameter indicating that the surface element is covered by buildings (no LSM actions, not implemented yet)
205
206	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
207	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
208	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
209
210	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
211	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
212	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
213	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
214	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
215	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
216	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
217	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
218	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
219	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
220	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
221	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
222	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
223	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
224	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
225	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
226	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
227	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
228	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
229	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
230	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
231	pave_depth = 9999999.9_wp, & !< depth of the pavement
232	pave_heat_capacity = 1.94E6_wp, & !< volumetric heat capacity of pavement (e.g. roads)
233	pave_heat_conductivity = 1.00_wp, & !< heat conductivity for pavements (e.g. roads)
234	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
235	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
236	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
237	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
238	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
239	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
240	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
241	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
242	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
243	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
244	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
245	z0q_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0q (lsm_par)
246
247	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
248	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
249	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
250	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
251	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
252	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
253	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
254	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
255
256	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
257	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
258	283.0_wp /), &
259	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
260	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
261
262	#if defined( __nopointer )
263	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
264	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
265	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
266	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
267	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
268	#else
269	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
270	t_surface_p, &
271	m_liq_eb, &
272	m_liq_eb_p
273
274	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
275	m_liq_eb_av, &
276	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
277	#endif
278
279	!
280	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
281	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
282	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
283
284	!
285	!-- Energy balance variables
286	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
287	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
288	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
289	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
290	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
291	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
292	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
293	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
294	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
295	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
296	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
297	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
298	lai, & !< leaf area index
299	lai_av, & !< average of lai
300	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
301	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
302	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
303	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
304	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
305	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
306	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
307	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
308	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
309	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
310	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
311	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
312	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
313	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
314	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
315	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
316	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
317	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
318	r_a_av, & !< average of r_a
319	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
320	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
321	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
322	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
323	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
324	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
325	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
326	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
327
328
329	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
330	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
331	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
332	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (W/m/K)
333	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
334
335	#if defined( __nopointer )
336	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
337	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
338	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
339	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
340	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
341	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
342	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
343	#else
344	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
345	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
346	m_soil, m_soil_p
347
348	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
349	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
350	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
351	#endif
352
353
354	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
355	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
356	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
357	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
358
359
360	!
361	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
362	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:20), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
363	'user defined ', & ! 0
364	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
365	'short grass ', & ! 2
366	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
367	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
368	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
369	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
370	'tall grass ', & ! 7
371	'desert ', & ! 8
372	'tundra ', & ! 9
373	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
374	'semidesert ', & ! 11
375	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
376	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
377	'inland water ', & ! 14
378	'ocean ', & ! 15
379	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
380	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
381	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
382	'interrupted forest ', & ! 19
383	'pavements/roads ' & ! 20
384	/)
385
386	!
387	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
388	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
389	'user defined', & ! 0
390	'coarse ', & ! 1
391	'medium ', & ! 2
392	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
393	'fine ', & ! 4
394	'very fine ', & ! 5
395	'organic ', & ! 6
396	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
397	/)
398	!
399	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
400
401	!
402	!-- Land surface parameters I
403	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
404	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
405	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
406	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
407	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
408	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
409	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
410	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
411	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
412	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
413	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
414	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
415	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
416	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
417	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
418	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
419	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
420	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
421	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
422	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
423	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
424	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
425	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
426
427	!
428	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h, z0q
429	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
430	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
431	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
432	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
433	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
434	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
435	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
436	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
437	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
438	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
439	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
440	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
441	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
442	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
443	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
444	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
445	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
446	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
447	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
448	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, 1.10E-2_wp, & ! 19
449	1.0E-4_wp, 1.0E-5_wp, 1.0E-5_wp & ! 20
450	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
451
452	!
453	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
454	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:20), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
455	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
456	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
457	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
458	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
459	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
460	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
461	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
462	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
463	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
464	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
465	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
466	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
467	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
468	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
469	1.0E10_wp, 1.0E10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
470	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
471	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
472	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
473	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 19
474	0.0_wp, 0.0_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
475	/), (/ 3, 20 /) )
476
477	!
478	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
479	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:20), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
480	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
481	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
482	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
483	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
484	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
485	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
486	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
487	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
488	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
489	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
490	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
491	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
492	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
493	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
494	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
495	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
496	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
497	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
498	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 19
499	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp & ! 20
500	/), (/ 4, 20 /) )
501
502	!
503	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
504
505	!
506	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
507	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
508	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
509	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
510	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
511	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
512	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
513	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
514	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
515	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
516
517	!
518	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
519	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
520	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
521	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
522	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
523	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
524	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
525	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
526	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
527	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
528
529
530	SAVE
531
532
533	PRIVATE
534
535
536	!
537	!-- Public functions
538	PUBLIC lsm_check_data_output, lsm_check_data_output_pr, &
539	lsm_check_parameters, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_header, lsm_init, &
540	lsm_init_arrays, lsm_parin, lsm_soil_model, lsm_swap_timelevel
541	!
542	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
543	PUBLIC land_surface, skip_time_do_lsm
544
545	!
546	!-- Public grid variables
547	PUBLIC nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil, zs
548
549	!
550	!-- Public 2D output variables
551	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
552	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
553	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
554	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
555
556	!
557	!-- Public prognostic variables
558	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
559
560
561	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
562	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output
563	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output
564
565	INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
566	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_data_output_pr
567	END INTERFACE lsm_check_data_output_pr
568
569	INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
570	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_check_parameters
571	END INTERFACE lsm_check_parameters
572
573	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
574	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
575	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
576
577	INTERFACE lsm_header
578	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_header
579	END INTERFACE lsm_header
580
581	INTERFACE lsm_init
582	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init
583	END INTERFACE lsm_init
584
585	INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
586	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_init_arrays
587	END INTERFACE lsm_init_arrays
588
589	INTERFACE lsm_parin
590	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_parin
591	END INTERFACE lsm_parin
592
593	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
594	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
595	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
596
597	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
598	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
599	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
600
601	CONTAINS
602
603	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
604	! Description:
605	! ------------
606	!> Check data output for land surface model
607	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
608	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output( var, unit, i, ilen, k )
609
610
611	USE control_parameters, &
612	ONLY: data_output, message_string
613
614	IMPLICIT NONE
615
616	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
617	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: var !<
618
619	INTEGER(iwp) :: i
620	INTEGER(iwp) :: ilen
621	INTEGER(iwp) :: k
622
623	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( var ) )
624
625	CASE ( 'm_soil' )
626	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
627	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
628	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
629	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
630	ENDIF
631	unit = 'm3/m3'
632
633	CASE ( 't_soil' )
634	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
635	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
636	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
637	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
638	ENDIF
639	unit = 'K'
640
641	CASE ( 'lai', 'c_liq', 'c_soil', 'c_veg', 'ghf_eb', 'm_liq_eb',&
642	'qsws_eb', 'qsws_liq_eb', 'qsws_soil_eb', 'qsws_veg_eb', &
643	'r_a', 'r_s', 'shf_eb*' )
644	IF ( k == 0 .OR. data_output(i)(ilen-2:ilen) /= '_xy' ) THEN
645	message_string = 'illegal value for data_output: "' // &
646	TRIM( var ) // '" & only 2d-horizontal ' // &
647	'cross sections are allowed for this value'
648	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0111', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
649	ENDIF
650	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'lai*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
651	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
652	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
653	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
654	ENDIF
655	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
656	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
657	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
658	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
659	ENDIF
660	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
661	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
662	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
663	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
664	ENDIF
665	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
666	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
667	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
668	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
669	ENDIF
670	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
671	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
672	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
673	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
674	ENDIF
675	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
676	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
677	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
678	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
679	ENDIF
680	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
681	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
682	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
683	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
684	ENDIF
685	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
686	THEN
687	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
688	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
689	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
690	ENDIF
691	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
692	THEN
693	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
694	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
695	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
696	ENDIF
697	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
698	THEN
699	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
700	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
701	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
702	ENDIF
703	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
704	THEN
705	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
706	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
707	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
708	ENDIF
709	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*' .AND. .NOT. land_surface ) &
710	THEN
711	message_string = 'output of "' // TRIM( var ) // '" requi' // &
712	'res land_surface = .TRUE.'
713	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0404', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
714	ENDIF
715
716	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'lai*' ) unit = 'none'
717	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_liq*' ) unit = 'none'
718	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_soil*') unit = 'none'
719	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'c_veg*' ) unit = 'none'
720	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'ghf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
721	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'm_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'm'
722	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
723	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_liq_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
724	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_soil_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
725	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'qsws_veg_eb*' ) unit = 'W/m2'
726	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_a*') unit = 's/m'
727	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'r_s*') unit = 's/m'
728	IF ( TRIM( var ) == 'shf_eb*') unit = 'W/m2'
729
730	CASE DEFAULT
731	unit = 'illegal'
732
733	END SELECT
734
735
736	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output
737
738	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr( variable, var_count, unit, dopr_unit )
739
740	USE control_parameters, &
741	ONLY: data_output_pr, message_string
742
743	USE indices
744
745	USE profil_parameter
746
747	USE statistics
748
749	IMPLICIT NONE
750
751	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: unit !<
752	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: variable !<
753	CHARACTER (LEN=*) :: dopr_unit !< local value of dopr_unit
754
755	INTEGER(iwp) :: user_pr_index !<
756	INTEGER(iwp) :: var_count !<
757
758	SELECT CASE ( TRIM( variable ) )
759
760	CASE ( 't_soil', '#t_soil' )
761	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
762	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
763	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
764	'not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
765	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
766	ELSE
767	dopr_index(var_count) = 89
768	dopr_unit = 'K'
769	hom(0:nzs-1,2,89,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
770	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
771	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 90
772	hom(0:nzs-1,2,90,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
773	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
774	ENDIF
775	unit = dopr_unit
776	ENDIF
777
778	CASE ( 'm_soil', '#m_soil' )
779	IF ( .NOT. land_surface ) THEN
780	message_string = 'data_output_pr = ' // &
781	TRIM( data_output_pr(var_count) ) // ' is' // &
782	' not implemented for land_surface = .FALSE.'
783	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0402', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
784	ELSE
785	dopr_index(var_count) = 91
786	dopr_unit = 'm3/m3'
787	hom(0:nzs-1,2,91,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
788	IF ( data_output_pr(var_count)(1:1) == '#' ) THEN
789	dopr_initial_index(var_count) = 92
790	hom(0:nzs-1,2,92,:) = SPREAD( - zs, 2, statistic_regions+1 )
791	data_output_pr(var_count) = data_output_pr(var_count)(2:)
792	ENDIF
793	unit = dopr_unit
794	ENDIF
795
796
797	CASE DEFAULT
798	unit = 'illegal'
799
800	END SELECT
801
802
803	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_data_output_pr
804
805
806	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
807	! Description:
808	! ------------
809	!> Check parameters routine for land surface model
810	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
811	SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
812
813	USE control_parameters, &
814	ONLY: bc_pt_b, bc_q_b, constant_flux_layer, message_string, &
815	most_method, topography
816
817	USE radiation_model_mod, &
818	ONLY: radiation
819
820
821	IMPLICIT NONE
822
823
824	!
825	!-- Dirichlet boundary conditions are required as the surface fluxes are
826	!-- calculated from the temperature/humidity gradients in the land surface
827	!-- model
828	IF ( bc_pt_b == 'neumann' .OR. bc_q_b == 'neumann' ) THEN
829	message_string = 'lsm requires setting of'// &
830	'bc_pt_b = "dirichlet" and '// &
831	'bc_q_b = "dirichlet"'
832	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0399', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
833	ENDIF
834
835	IF ( .NOT. constant_flux_layer ) THEN
836	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
837	'constant_flux_layer = .T.'
838	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
839	ENDIF
840
841	IF ( topography /= 'flat' ) THEN
842	message_string = 'lsm cannot be used ' // &
843	'in combination with topography /= "flat"'
844	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0415', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
845	ENDIF
846
847	IF ( ( veg_type == 14 .OR. veg_type == 15 ) .AND. &
848	most_method == 'lookup' ) THEN
849	WRITE( message_string, * ) 'veg_type = ', veg_type, ' is not ', &
850	'allowed in combination with ', &
851	'most_method = ', most_method
852	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0417', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
853	ENDIF
854
855	IF ( veg_type == 0 ) THEN
856	IF ( SUM( root_fraction ) /= 1.0_wp ) THEN
857	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
858	'requires setting of root_fraction(0:3)'// &
859	'/= 9999999.9 and SUM(root_fraction) = 1'
860	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
861	ENDIF
862
863	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
864	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user defined)'// &
865	'requires setting of min_canopy_resistance'// &
866	'/= 9999999.9'
867	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
868	ENDIF
869
870	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
871	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
872	'requires setting of leaf_area_index'// &
873	'/= 9999999.9'
874	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
875	ENDIF
876
877	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
878	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
879	'requires setting of vegetation_coverage'// &
880	'/= 9999999.9'
881	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
882	ENDIF
883
884	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp) THEN
885	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
886	'requires setting of'// &
887	'canopy_resistance_coefficient /= 9999999.9'
888	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
889	ENDIF
890
891	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
892	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
893	'requires setting of lambda_surface_stable'// &
894	'/= 9999999.9'
895	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
896	ENDIF
897
898	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
899	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
900	'requires setting of lambda_surface_unstable'// &
901	'/= 9999999.9'
902	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
903	ENDIF
904
905	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
906	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
907	'requires setting of f_shortwave_incoming'// &
908	'/= 9999999.9'
909	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
910	ENDIF
911
912	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
913	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
914	'requires setting of z0_eb'// &
915	'/= 9999999.9'
916	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
917	ENDIF
918
919	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
920	message_string = 'veg_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
921	'requires setting of z0h_eb'// &
922	'/= 9999999.9'
923	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0401', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
924	ENDIF
925
926
927	ENDIF
928
929	IF ( soil_type == 0 ) THEN
930
931	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
932	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
933	'requires setting of alpha_vangenuchten'// &
934	'/= 9999999.9'
935	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
936	ENDIF
937
938	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
939	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
940	'requires setting of l_vangenuchten'// &
941	'/= 9999999.9'
942	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
943	ENDIF
944
945	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
946	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
947	'requires setting of n_vangenuchten'// &
948	'/= 9999999.9'
949	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
950	ENDIF
951
952	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
953	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
954	'requires setting of hydraulic_conductivity'// &
955	'/= 9999999.9'
956	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
957	ENDIF
958
959	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
960	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
961	'requires setting of saturation_moisture'// &
962	'/= 9999999.9'
963	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
964	ENDIF
965
966	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
967	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
968	'requires setting of field_capacity'// &
969	'/= 9999999.9'
970	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
971	ENDIF
972
973	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
974	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
975	'requires setting of wilting_point'// &
976	'/= 9999999.9'
977	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
978	ENDIF
979
980	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
981	message_string = 'soil_type = 0 (user_defined)'// &
982	'requires setting of residual_moisture'// &
983	'/= 9999999.9'
984	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0403', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
985	ENDIF
986
987	ENDIF
988
989	IF ( .NOT. radiation ) THEN
990	message_string = 'lsm requires '// &
991	'radiation = .T.'
992	CALL message( 'check_parameters', 'PA0400', 1, 2, 0, 6, 0 )
993	ENDIF
994
995
996	END SUBROUTINE lsm_check_parameters
997
998	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
999	! Description:
1000	! ------------
1001	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
1002	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1003	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1004
1005
1006	IMPLICIT NONE
1007
1008	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1009	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1010	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
1011
1012	REAL(wp) :: c_surface_tmp,& !< temporary variable for storing the volumetric heat capacity of the surface
1013	f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
1014	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
1015	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
1016	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
1017	e, & !< water vapour pressure
1018	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
1019	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
1020	tend, & !< tendency
1021	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
1022	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
1023	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
1024	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
1025	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
1026	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
1027	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
1028	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
1029	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
1030	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
1031	pt1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
1032	qv1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
1033
1034	!
1035	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
1036	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
1037
1038	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1039	DO j = nysg, nyng
1040	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1041
1042	!
1043	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification between skin layer and soil
1044	IF ( .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1045
1046	c_surface_tmp = c_surface
1047
1048	IF ( t_surface(j,i) >= t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)) THEN
1049	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
1050	ELSE
1051	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
1052	ENDIF
1053	ELSE
1054
1055	c_surface_tmp = pave_heat_capacity * dz_soil(nzb_soil) * 0.5_wp
1056	lambda_surface = pave_heat_conductivity * ddz_soil(nzb_soil)
1057
1058	ENDIF
1059
1060	!
1061	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
1062	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
1063	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
1064	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
1065	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1066	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
1067	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
1068	ELSE
1069	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
1070	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i)
1071	ENDIF
1072
1073	r_a(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
1074
1075	!
1076	!-- Make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero
1077	IF ( ABS(r_a(j,i)) < 1.0E-10_wp ) r_a(j,i) = 1.0E-10_wp
1078
1079	!
1080	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
1081	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
1082
1083	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
1084	!-- night)
1085	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
1086	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
1087	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
1088	+ 1.0_wp)) )
1089	ELSE
1090	f1 = 1.0_wp
1091	ENDIF
1092
1093
1094	!
1095	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
1096	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
1097	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
1098	m_total = 0.0_wp
1099	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1100	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
1101	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
1102	ENDDO
1103
1104	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1105	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1106	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1107	f2 = 1.0_wp
1108	ELSE
1109	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1110	ENDIF
1111
1112	!
1113	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1114	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1115	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1116
1117	!
1118	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1119	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1120	!
1121	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1122	e = qv1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1123	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1124	ELSE
1125	f3 = 1.0_wp
1126	ENDIF
1127
1128	!
1129	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1130	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1131	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1132	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1133	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1134
1135	!
1136	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1137	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1138	IF ( soil_type_2d(j,i) /= 7 ) THEN
1139	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1140	m_res(j,i)
1141	ELSE
1142	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1143	ENDIF
1144
1145	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1146	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1147	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1148
1149	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1150
1151	!
1152	!-- Calculate the maximum possible liquid water amount on plants and
1153	!-- bare surface. For vegetated surfaces, a maximum depth of 0.2 mm is
1154	!-- assumed, while paved surfaces might hold up 1 mm of water. The
1155	!-- liquid water fraction for paved surfaces is calculated after
1156	!-- Noilhan & Planton (1989), while the ECMWF formulation is used for
1157	!-- vegetated surfaces and bare soils.
1158	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1159	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * 5.0_wp
1160	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, (m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max)**0.67 )
1161	ELSE
1162	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * ( c_veg(j,i) * lai(j,i) &
1163	+ (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) )
1164	c_liq(j,i) = MIN( 1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / m_liq_eb_max )
1165	ENDIF
1166
1167	!
1168	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1169	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1170
1171	!
1172	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1173	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1174	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 ) THEN
1175	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1176	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1177	ENDIF
1178
1179	!
1180	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1181	!-- In case of water surface, set vegetation and soil fluxes to zero.
1182	!-- For pavements, only evaporation of liquid water is possible.
1183	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
1184	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1185	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1186	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv / r_a(j,i)
1187	ELSEIF ( pave_surface (j,i) ) THEN
1188	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1189	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1190	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1191	ELSE
1192	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1193	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1194	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1195	r_soil(j,i))
1196	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1197	ENDIF
1198	!
1199	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1200	!-- transpirate.
1201	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1202	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1203	! ENDIF
1204
1205	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1206	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1207
1208	!
1209	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1210	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1211	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1212	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1213
1214	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
1215
1216	!
1217	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1218	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
1219
1220	!
1221	!-- Calculate new skin temperature
1222	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1223	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1224	!
1225	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1226	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1227	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1228	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s &
1229	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1230	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1231
1232	!
1233	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1234	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
1235	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1236	#else
1237
1238	!
1239	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1240	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1241	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
1242	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 &
1243	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
1244	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1245
1246	!
1247	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1248	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1249	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1250
1251	#endif
1252	ELSE
1253
1254	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1255	!
1256	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1257	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1258	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1259	+ f_shf * pt1 + lambda_surface &
1260	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1261
1262	!
1263	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1264	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1265	#else
1266
1267	!
1268	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1269	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1270	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt1 &
1271	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1272
1273	!
1274	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1275	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1276	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1277	#endif
1278	ENDIF
1279
1280	tend = 0.0_wp
1281
1282	!
1283	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1284	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1285	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface_tmp * &
1286	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface_tmp + coef_2 &
1287	* dt_3d * tsc(2) )
1288
1289	!
1290	!-- Add RK3 term
1291	IF ( c_surface_tmp /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1292
1293	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1294	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1295
1296	!
1297	!-- Calculate true tendency
1298	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1299	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1300	!
1301	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1302	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1303	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1304	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1305	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1306	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1307	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1308	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1309	ENDIF
1310	ENDIF
1311	ENDIF
1312
1313	!
1314	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is possible to
1315	!-- update the radiative fluxes independently from the prescribed
1316	!-- radiation call frequency. This effectively prevents oscillations,
1317	!-- especially when setting skip_time_do_radiation /= 0. The threshold
1318	!-- value of 0.2 used here is just a first guess. This method should be
1319	!-- revised in the future as tests have shown that the threshold is
1320	!-- often reached, when no oscillations would occur (causes immense
1321	!-- computing time for the radiation code).
1322	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp .AND. &
1323	unscheduled_radiation_calls ) THEN
1324	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
1325	ENDIF
1326
1327	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1328
1329	!
1330	!-- Calculate fluxes
1331	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1332	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1333	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1334	- rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) * t_surface_p(j,i)
1335
1336	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
1337	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
1338	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1339	+ rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1340	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
1341	ENDIF
1342	#else
1343	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1344	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
1345	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1346	#endif
1347
1348	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1349	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1350
1351	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - pt(k,j,i) )
1352
1353	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
1354
1355	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1356	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1357	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1358
1359	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
1360
1361	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv1 - q_s &
1362	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1363	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1364
1365	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv1 - q_s &
1366	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1367	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1368
1369	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv1 - q_s &
1370	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1371	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1372	ENDIF
1373
1374	!
1375	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1376	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1377	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1378	ELSE
1379	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1380	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1381	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1382	ENDIF
1383
1384	!
1385	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1386	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1387	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1388	!
1389	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
1390	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
1391	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1392	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1393
1394	!
1395	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
1396	!-- Otherwise, add the water to soil. In case of
1397	!-- pavements, the exceeding water amount is implicitely removed
1398	!-- as runoff as qsws_soil_eb is then not used in the soil model
1399	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1400	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1401	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1402	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1403	ELSE
1404	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1405	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1406	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1407	ENDIF
1408
1409	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
1410	!-- coverage.
1411	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
1412	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1413	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1414	ENDIF
1415
1416	!
1417	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1418	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1419
1420	!
1421	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1422	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1423	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1424	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1425	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1426	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1427	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1428	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1429	ENDIF
1430
1431	!
1432	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1433	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1434	!-- plant
1435	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1436	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1437	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1438	ENDIF
1439	ENDIF
1440
1441	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1442
1443	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1444	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1445
1446	!
1447	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1448	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1449	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1450
1451	!
1452	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1453	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1454	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1455
1456
1457	!
1458	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1459	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1460	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1461	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1462	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1463	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1464	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1465	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1466	ENDIF
1467	ENDIF
1468
1469	ENDIF
1470
1471	ENDDO
1472	ENDDO
1473
1474	!
1475	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
1476	!-- least one processor reached the threshold change in skin temperature
1477	IF ( unscheduled_radiation_calls .AND. intermediate_timestep_count &
1478	== intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) THEN
1479	#if defined( __parallel )
1480	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
1481	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
1482	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
1483	#else
1484	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
1485	#endif
1486	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
1487	ENDIF
1488
1489	!
1490	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1491	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1492	CALL calc_q_surface
1493	ENDIF
1494
1495	!
1496	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
1497	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
1498
1499
1500	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1501
1502	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1503	! Description:
1504	! ------------
1505	!> Header output for land surface model
1506	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1507	SUBROUTINE lsm_header ( io )
1508
1509
1510	IMPLICIT NONE
1511
1512	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: t_soil_chr !< String for soil temperature profile
1513	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: roots_chr !< String for root profile
1514	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: vertical_index_chr !< String for the vertical index
1515	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: m_soil_chr !< String for soil moisture
1516	CHARACTER (LEN=86) :: soil_depth_chr !< String for soil depth
1517	CHARACTER (LEN=10) :: coor_chr !< Temporary string
1518
1519	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< Loop index over soil layers
1520
1521	INTEGER(iwp), INTENT(IN) :: io !< Unit of the output file
1522
1523	t_soil_chr = ''
1524	m_soil_chr = ''
1525	soil_depth_chr = ''
1526	roots_chr = ''
1527	vertical_index_chr = ''
1528
1529	i = 1
1530	DO i = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1531	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_temperature(i)
1532	t_soil_chr = TRIM( t_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1533
1534	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') soil_moisture(i)
1535	m_soil_chr = TRIM( m_soil_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1536
1537	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') - zs(i)
1538	soil_depth_chr = TRIM( soil_depth_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1539
1540	WRITE (coor_chr,'(F10.2,7X)') root_fraction(i)
1541	roots_chr = TRIM( roots_chr ) // ' ' // TRIM( coor_chr )
1542
1543	WRITE (coor_chr,'(I10,7X)') i
1544	vertical_index_chr = TRIM( vertical_index_chr ) // ' ' // &
1545	TRIM( coor_chr )
1546	ENDDO
1547
1548	!
1549	!-- Write land surface model header
1550	WRITE( io, 1 )
1551	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1552	WRITE( io, 2 )
1553	ELSE
1554	WRITE( io, 3 )
1555	ENDIF
1556
1557	WRITE( io, 4 ) TRIM( veg_type_name(veg_type) ), &
1558	TRIM (soil_type_name(soil_type) )
1559	WRITE( io, 5 ) TRIM( soil_depth_chr ), TRIM( t_soil_chr ), &
1560	TRIM( m_soil_chr ), TRIM( roots_chr ), &
1561	TRIM( vertical_index_chr )
1562
1563	1 FORMAT (//' Land surface model information:'/ &
1564	' ------------------------------'/)
1565	2 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is closed (water content is conserved', &
1566	', default)')
1567	3 FORMAT (' --> Soil bottom is open (water content is not conserved)')
1568	4 FORMAT (' --> Land surface type : ',A,/ &
1569	' --> Soil porosity type : ',A)
1570	5 FORMAT (/' Initial soil temperature and moisture profile:'// &
1571	' Height: ',A,' m'/ &
1572	' Temperature: ',A,' K'/ &
1573	' Moisture: ',A,' m3/m3'/ &
1574	' Root fraction: ',A,' '/ &
1575	' Grid point: ',A)
1576
1577	END SUBROUTINE lsm_header
1578
1579
1580	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1581	! Description:
1582	! ------------
1583	!> Initialization of the land surface model
1584	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1585	SUBROUTINE lsm_init
1586
1587
1588	IMPLICIT NONE
1589
1590	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1591	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1592	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1593
1594	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
1595
1596
1597	!
1598	!-- Calculate Exner function
1599	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
1600
1601
1602	!
1603	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
1604	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
1605	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
1606	ENDIF
1607
1608	!
1609	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
1610	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
1611	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
1612	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
1613	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
1614
1615	!
1616	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
1617	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
1618	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
1619	tm_soil_m = 0.0_wp
1620	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
1621	c_liq = 0.0_wp
1622
1623	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
1624	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
1625
1626	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1627	qsws_eb = rho_lv * qsws
1628	ELSE
1629	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
1630	ENDIF
1631
1632	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
1633	qsws_soil_eb = 0.0_wp
1634	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
1635
1636	r_a = 50.0_wp
1637	r_s = 50.0_wp
1638	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
1639	r_soil = 0.0_wp
1640
1641	!
1642	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
1643	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1644	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1645	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1646
1647	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
1648	!
1649	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
1650	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1651	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1652	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1653
1654	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
1655	ENDIF
1656
1657	!
1658	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
1659	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
1660	!-- at the centers
1661	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
1662
1663	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
1664	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
1665	ENDDO
1666	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
1667
1668	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1669	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
1670	ENDDO
1671	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
1672
1673	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
1674	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
1675
1676	!
1677	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
1678	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
1679	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
1680	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
1681
1682	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1683	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
1684	ENDIF
1685
1686	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1687	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
1688	ENDIF
1689
1690	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1691	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
1692	ENDIF
1693
1694	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1695	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
1696	ENDIF
1697
1698	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1699	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
1700	ENDIF
1701
1702	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1703	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
1704	ENDIF
1705
1706	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1707	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
1708	ENDIF
1709
1710	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1711	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
1712	ENDIF
1713
1714	ENDIF
1715
1716	!
1717	!-- Map values to the respective 2D arrays
1718	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
1719	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
1720	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
1721	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
1722	m_sat = saturation_moisture
1723	m_fc = field_capacity
1724	m_wilt = wilting_point
1725	m_res = residual_moisture
1726	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
1727
1728	!
1729	!-- Initial run actions
1730	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
1731
1732	t_soil = 0.0_wp
1733	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
1734	m_soil = 0.0_wp
1735
1736	!
1737	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
1738	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
1739	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
1740	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1741	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
1742	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
1743	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
1744	ENDDO
1745	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
1746
1747	!
1748	!-- Calculate surface temperature
1749	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
1750
1751	!
1752	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value
1753	!-- for the first time step
1754	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1755	DO j = nysg, nyng
1756	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1757
1758	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1759	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
1760	ELSE
1761	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
1762	ENDIF
1763
1764	!
1765	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
1766	IF ( pt1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt1 = pt1 + 1.0E-10_wp
1767
1768	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
1769	ts(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
1770	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
1771	ENDDO
1772	ENDDO
1773
1774	!
1775	!-- Actions for restart runs
1776	ELSE
1777
1778	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1779	DO j = nysg, nyng
1780	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1781	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
1782	ENDDO
1783	ENDDO
1784
1785	ENDIF
1786
1787	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1788	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
1789	ENDDO
1790
1791	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
1792	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1793	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
1794	ENDIF
1795	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1796	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
1797	ENDIF
1798	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1799	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
1800	ENDIF
1801	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1802	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
1803	ENDIF
1804	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1805	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
1806	ENDIF
1807	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1808	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
1809	ENDIF
1810	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1811	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
1812	ENDIF
1813	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1814	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
1815	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
1816	ENDIF
1817	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1818	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
1819	ENDIF
1820	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1821	z0q_eb = roughness_par(2,veg_type)
1822	ENDIF
1823	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / ( z0_eb + 1.0E-20_wp )
1824
1825	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
1826	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1827	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
1828	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
1829	ENDDO
1830	ENDIF
1831
1832	ELSE
1833
1834	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1835	z0_eb = roughness_length
1836	ENDIF
1837	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1838	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
1839	ENDIF
1840	IF ( z0q_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1841	z0q_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
1842	ENDIF
1843
1844	ENDIF
1845
1846	!
1847	!-- For surfaces covered with pavement, set depth of the pavement (with dry
1848	!-- soil below). The depth must be greater than the first soil layer depth
1849	IF ( veg_type == 20 ) THEN
1850	IF ( pave_depth == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
1851	pave_depth = zs(nzb_soil)
1852	ELSE
1853	pave_depth = MAX( zs(nzb_soil), pave_depth )
1854	ENDIF
1855	ENDIF
1856
1857	!
1858	!-- Map vegetation and soil types to 2D array to allow for heterogeneous
1859	!-- surfaces via user interface see below
1860	veg_type_2d = veg_type
1861	soil_type_2d = soil_type
1862
1863	!
1864	!-- Map vegetation parameters to the respective 2D arrays
1865	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
1866	lai = leaf_area_index
1867	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
1868	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
1869	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
1870	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
1871	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
1872	z0 = z0_eb
1873	z0h = z0h_eb
1874	z0q = z0q_eb
1875
1876	!
1877	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
1878	CALL user_init_land_surface
1879
1880	!
1881	!-- Set flag parameter if vegetation type was set to a water surface. Also
1882	!-- set temperature to a constant value in all "soil" layers.
1883	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1884	DO j = nysg, nyng
1885	IF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 14 .OR. veg_type_2d(j,i) == 15 ) THEN
1886	water_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
1887	ELSEIF ( veg_type_2d(j,i) == 20 ) THEN
1888	pave_surface(j,i) = .TRUE.
1889	m_soil(:,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1890	ENDIF
1891
1892	ENDDO
1893	ENDDO
1894
1895	!
1896	!-- Calculate new roughness lengths (for water surfaces only)
1897	CALL calc_z0_water_surface
1898
1899	t_soil_p = t_soil
1900	m_soil_p = m_soil
1901	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
1902	t_surface_p = t_surface
1903
1904
1905
1906	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
1907	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
1908	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
1909	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
1910	statistic_regions+1 )
1911	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
1912	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
1913	statistic_regions+1 )
1914
1915	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init
1916
1917
1918	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1919	! Description:
1920	! ------------
1921	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
1922	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1923	SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
1924
1925
1926	IMPLICIT NONE
1927
1928	!
1929	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
1930	#if defined( __nopointer )
1931	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1932	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1933	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1934	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1935	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1936	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1937	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1938	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1939	#else
1940	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1941	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1942	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1943	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1944	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1945	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1946	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1947	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1948	#endif
1949
1950	!
1951	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
1952	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1953	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1954	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1955	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1956
1957	!
1958	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
1959	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1960	ALLOCATE ( building_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1961	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1962	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1963	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1964	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1965	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1966	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1967	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1968	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1969	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1970	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1971	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1972	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1973	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1974	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1975	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1976	ALLOCATE ( pave_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1977	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1978	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1979	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1980	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1981	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1982	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1983	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1984	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1985	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1986	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1987	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1988	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1989	ALLOCATE ( soil_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1990	ALLOCATE ( veg_type_2d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1991	ALLOCATE ( water_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
1992
1993	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
1994	!
1995	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
1996	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1997	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
1998	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
1999	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
2000	#endif
2001
2002
2003	END SUBROUTINE lsm_init_arrays
2004
2005
2006	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2007	! Description:
2008	! ------------
2009	!> Parin for &lsmpar for land surface model
2010	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2011	SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
2012
2013
2014	IMPLICIT NONE
2015
2016	CHARACTER (LEN=80) :: line !< dummy string that contains the current line of the parameter file
2017
2018	NAMELIST /lsm_par/ alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, &
2019	canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
2020	conserve_water_content, &
2021	f_shortwave_incoming, field_capacity, &
2022	hydraulic_conductivity, &
2023	lambda_surface_stable, &
2024	lambda_surface_unstable, leaf_area_index, &
2025	l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
2026	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, &
2027	pave_depth, pave_heat_capacity, &
2028	pave_heat_conductivity, &
2029	residual_moisture, root_fraction, &
2030	saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
2031	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, &
2032	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, wilting_point,&
2033	zs, z0_eb, z0h_eb, z0q_eb
2034
2035	line = ' '
2036
2037	!
2038	!-- Try to find land surface model package
2039	REWIND ( 11 )
2040	line = ' '
2041	DO WHILE ( INDEX( line, '&lsm_par' ) == 0 )
2042	READ ( 11, '(A)', END=10 ) line
2043	ENDDO
2044	BACKSPACE ( 11 )
2045
2046	!
2047	!-- Read user-defined namelist
2048	READ ( 11, lsm_par )
2049
2050	!
2051	!-- Set flag that indicates that the land surface model is switched on
2052	land_surface = .TRUE.
2053
2054	10 CONTINUE
2055
2056
2057	END SUBROUTINE lsm_parin
2058
2059
2060	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2061	! Description:
2062	! ------------
2063	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
2064	!> temperature and water content.
2065	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2066	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
2067
2068
2069	IMPLICIT NONE
2070
2071	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
2072	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
2073	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
2074
2075	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
2076
2077	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
2078	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
2079	tend !< tendency
2080
2081	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2082	DO j = nysg, nyng
2083
2084	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2085	rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
2086	lambda_temp(nzb_soil) = pave_heat_conductivity
2087	ENDIF
2088
2089	IF ( .NOT. water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2090	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2091
2092
2093	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) <= pave_depth ) THEN
2094
2095	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = pave_heat_capacity
2096	lambda_temp(k) = pave_heat_conductivity
2097
2098	ELSE
2099	!
2100	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking
2101	!-- into account water content
2102	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
2103	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
2104
2105	!
2106	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
2107	!-- layers
2108	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
2109	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
2110
2111	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) &
2112	/ m_sat(j,i)))
2113
2114	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
2115	lambda_h_dry
2116	ENDIF
2117
2118	ENDDO
2119
2120	!
2121	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
2122	!-- using linear interpolation. For pavement surface, the
2123	!-- true pavement depth is considered
2124	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
2125	IF ( pave_surface(j,i) .AND. zs(k) < pave_depth &
2126	.AND. zs(k+1) > pave_depth ) THEN
2127	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) / dz_soil(k+1) &
2128	* lambda_temp(k) &
2129	+ ( 1.0_wp - ( pave_depth - zs(k) ) &
2130	/ dz_soil(k+1) ) * lambda_temp(k+1)
2131	ELSE
2132	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
2133	* 0.5_wp
2134	ENDIF
2135	ENDDO
2136	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141	!
2142	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
2143	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
2144
2145	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
2146	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
2147	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
2148	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
2149
2150	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
2151	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
2152	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
2153	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
2154	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
2155	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
2156	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
2157	* ddz_soil(k) &
2158	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
2159
2160	ENDDO
2161
2162	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
2163	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
2164	* tend(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) &
2165	+ tsc(3) &
2166	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
2167
2168	!
2169	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
2170	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
2171	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
2172	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2173	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
2174	ENDDO
2175	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
2176	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
2177	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2178	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
2179	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
2180	ENDDO
2181	ENDIF
2182	ENDIF
2183
2184
2185	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2186
2187	!
2188	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
2189	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
2190	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), &
2191	m_wilt(j,i) ) / m_sat(j,i) )**( &
2192	b_ch + 2.0_wp )
2193
2194	!
2195	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
2196	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
2197	!
2198	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
2199	!-- (1980)
2200	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
2201	MAX( m_soil(k,j,i), m_wilt(j,i) ) ) )**( &
2202	n_vg(j,i) / (n_vg(j,i) - 1.0_wp ) ) - 1.0_wp &
2203	)**( 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) / alpha_vg(j,i)
2204
2205
2206	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
2207	( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )n_vg(j,i))( &
2208	1.0_wp - 1.0_wp / n_vg(j,i) ) - ( &
2209	alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg )**( n_vg(j,i) &
2210	- 1.0_wp) )**2 ) &
2211	/ ( ( 1.0_wp + ( alpha_vg(j,i) * h_vg &
2212	)n_vg(j,i) )( ( 1.0_wp - 1.0_wp &
2213	/ n_vg(j,i) ) *( l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp) ) )
2214
2215	!
2216	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
2217	ELSE
2218	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( m_soil(k,j,i) &
2219	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
2220	ENDIF
2221
2222	ENDDO
2223
2224	!
2225	!-- Prognostic equation for soil moisture content. Only performed,
2226	!-- when humidity is enabled in the atmosphere and the surface type
2227	!-- is not pavement (implies dry soil below).
2228	IF ( humidity .AND. .NOT. pave_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2229	!
2230	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
2231	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
2232	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
2233	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
2234
2235	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
2236	* 0.5_wp
2237	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
2238	* 0.5_wp
2239
2240	ENDDO
2241
2242	!
2243	!
2244	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved),
2245	!-- set hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be
2246	!-- lost in the bottom layer.
2247	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
2248	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
2249	ELSE
2250	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
2251	ENDIF
2252
2253	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l
2254	!-- * l_v)) ensures the mass conservation for water. The
2255	!-- transpiration of plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by
2256	!-- the roots in the soil. The scheme takes into account the
2257	!-- availability of water in the soil layers as well as the root
2258	!-- fraction in the respective layer. Layer with moisture below
2259	!-- wilting point will not contribute, which reflects the
2260	!-- preference of plants to take water from moister layers.
2261
2262	!
2263	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of
2264	!-- root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
2265	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
2266	!-- additional check.
2267	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2268	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
2269	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
2270	ENDIF
2271	ENDDO
2272
2273	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
2274	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2275	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
2276	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) &
2277	/ m_total
2278	ELSE
2279	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
2280	ENDIF
2281	ENDDO
2282	ENDIF
2283
2284	!
2285	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil.
2286	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
2287
2288	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
2289	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
2290	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
2291	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
2292	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
2293	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
2294
2295	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
2296	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
2297	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) &
2298	- gamma_w(k,j,i) &
2299	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
2300	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
2301	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
2302	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
2303	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
2304
2305	ENDDO
2306	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
2307	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
2308	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
2309	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
2310	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
2311	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
2312	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
2313	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
2314	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
2315
2316	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
2317	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
2318	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
2319
2320	!
2321	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
2322	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2323	IF ( m_soil_p(k,j,i) < 0.0_wp ) m_soil_p(k,j,i) = 0.0_wp
2324	ENDDO
2325
2326	!
2327	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
2328	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
2329	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
2330	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2331	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
2332	ENDDO
2333	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
2334	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
2335	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
2336	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp&
2337	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
2338	ENDDO
2339	ENDIF
2340	ENDIF
2341
2342	ENDIF
2343
2344	ENDIF
2345
2346	ENDDO
2347	ENDDO
2348
2349	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
2350
2351
2352	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2353	! Description:
2354	! ------------
2355	!> Swapping of timelevels
2356	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2357	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
2358
2359	IMPLICIT NONE
2360
2361	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
2362
2363	#if defined( __nopointer )
2364
2365	t_surface = t_surface_p
2366	t_soil = t_soil_p
2367	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2368	m_soil = m_soil_p
2369	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
2370	ENDIF
2371
2372	#else
2373
2374	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
2375
2376	CASE ( 0 )
2377
2378	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
2379	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
2380	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2381	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
2382	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
2383	ENDIF
2384
2385
2386	CASE ( 1 )
2387
2388	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
2389	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
2390	IF ( humidity ) THEN
2391	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
2392	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
2393	ENDIF
2394
2395	END SELECT
2396	#endif
2397
2398	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
2399
2400
2401	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2402	! Description:
2403	! ------------
2404	!> Calculation of roughness length for open water (lakes, ocean). The
2405	!> parameterization follows Charnock (1955). Two different implementations
2406	!> are available: as in ECMWF-IFS (Beljaars 1994) or as in FLake (Subin et al.
2407	!> 2012)
2408	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2409	SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
2410
2411	USE control_parameters, &
2412	ONLY: g, kappa, molecular_viscosity
2413
2414	IMPLICIT NONE
2415
2416	INTEGER :: i !< running index
2417	INTEGER :: j !< running index
2418
2419	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: alpha_ch = 0.018_wp !< Charnock constant (0.01-0.11). Use 0.01 for FLake and 0.018 for ECMWF
2420	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: pr_number = 0.71_wp !< molecular Prandtl number in the Charnock parameterization (differs from prandtl_number)
2421	! REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: sc_number = 0.66_wp !< molecular Schmidt number in the Charnock parameterization
2422	! REAL(wp) :: re_0 !< near-surface roughness Reynolds number
2423
2424
2425	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2426	DO j = nysg, nyng
2427	IF ( water_surface(j,i) ) THEN
2428
2429	!
2430	!-- Disabled: FLake parameterization. Ideally, the Charnock
2431	!-- coefficient should depend on the water depth and the fetch
2432	!-- length
2433	! re_0 = z0(j,i) * us(j,i) / molecular_viscosity
2434	!
2435	! z0(j,i) = MAX( 0.1_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i), &
2436	! alpha_ch * us(j,i) / g )
2437	!
2438	! z0h(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 3.2_wp ) )
2439	! z0q(j,i) = z0(j,i) * EXP( - kappa / pr_number * ( 4.0_wp * SQRT( re_0 ) - 4.2_wp ) )
2440
2441	!
2442	!-- Set minimum roughness length for u* > 0.2
2443	! IF ( us(j,i) > 0.2_wp ) THEN
2444	! z0h(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0h(j,i) )
2445	! z0q(j,i) = MAX( 1.0E-5_wp, z0q(j,i) )
2446	! ENDIF
2447
2448	!
2449	!-- ECMWF IFS model parameterization after Beljaars (1994). At low
2450	!-- wind speed, the sea surface becomes aerodynamically smooth and
2451	!-- the roughness scales with the viscosity. At high wind speed, the
2452	!-- Charnock relation is used.
2453	z0(j,i) = ( 0.11_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i) ) &
2454	+ ( alpha_ch * us(j,i)**2 / g )
2455
2456	z0h(j,i) = 0.40_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
2457	z0q(j,i) = 0.62_wp * molecular_viscosity / us(j,i)
2458
2459	ENDIF
2460	ENDDO
2461	ENDDO
2462
2463	END SUBROUTINE calc_z0_water_surface
2464
2465
2466	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2467	! Description:
2468	! ------------
2469	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the skin layer (surface). It is assumend
2470	!> that the skin is always saturated.
2471	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
2472	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
2473
2474	IMPLICIT NONE
2475
2476	INTEGER :: i !< running index
2477	INTEGER :: j !< running index
2478	INTEGER :: k !< running index
2479
2480	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
2481
2482	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
2483	DO j = nysg, nyng
2484	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
2485
2486	!
2487	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
2488	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
2489	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
2490
2491	!
2492	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
2493	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
2494
2495	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
2496
2497	!
2498	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
2499	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
2500	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
2501	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
2502	ELSE
2503	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
2504	* q(k+1,j,i)
2505	ENDIF
2506
2507	!
2508	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
2509	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
2510
2511	ENDDO
2512	ENDDO
2513
2514	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
2515
2516
2517	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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