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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1787

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1	!> @file land_surface_model.f90
2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
8	!
9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
12	!
13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
15	!
16	! Copyright 1997-2015 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
18	!
19	! Current revisions:
20	! -----------------
21	!
22	!
23	! Former revisions:
24	! -----------------
25	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1784 2016-03-06 19:14:40Z raasch $
26	!
27	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
28	! netcdf variables moved to netcdf module
29	!
30	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
31	! Bugfix: set tm_soil_m to zero after allocation. Added parameter
32	! unscheduled_radiation_calls to control calls of the radiation model based on
33	! the skin temperature change during one time step (preliminary version). Set
34	! qsws_soil_eb to zero at model start (previously set to qsws_eb). Removed MAX
35	! function as it cannot be vectorized.
36	!
37	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
38	! Renamed pt_1 and qv_1 to pt1 and qv1.
39	! Bugfix: set initial values for t_surface_p in case of restart runs
40	! Bugfix: zero resistance caused crash when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
41	! Bugfix: calculation of rad_net when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
42	! Added todo action
43	!
44	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
45	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
46	!
47	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
48	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
49	! Replaced rif with ol
50	!
51	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
52	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
53	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
54	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
55	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
56	!
57	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
58	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
59	!
60	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
61	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
62	!
63	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
64	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
65	!
66	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
67	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
68	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
69	!
70	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
71	! Added output of r_a and r_s
72	!
73	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
74	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
75	! profile
76	!
77	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
78	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
79	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
80	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
81	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
82	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
83	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
84	! calculation
85	!
86	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
87	!
88	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
89	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
90	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
91	! Added support for dry runs.
92	!
93	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
94	! Initial revision
95	!
96	!
97	! Description:
98	! ------------
99	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
100	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
101	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
102	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
103	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
104	!>
105	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
106	!> skin layer.
107	!> @todo Allow for water surfaces
108	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
109	!> nzt_soil=3)).
110	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
111	!> with considerable precipitation.
112	!> @todo Fix crashes with radiation_scheme == 'constant'
113	!>
114	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
115	!> become too thin.
116	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
117	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
118
119	USE arrays_3d, &
120	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, z0h
121
122	USE cloud_parameters, &
123	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, prr, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
124
125	USE control_parameters, &
126	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
127	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
128	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
129	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
130	z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
131
132	USE indices, &
133	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
134
135	USE kinds
136
137	USE pegrid
138
139	USE radiation_model_mod, &
140	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
141	rad_lw_out, rad_lw_out_change_0, sigma_sb, &
142	unscheduled_radiation_calls
143
144	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
145	USE radiation_model_mod, &
146	ONLY: rrtm_idrv
147	#endif
148
149	USE statistics, &
150	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
151
152	IMPLICIT NONE
153
154	!
155	!-- LSM model constants
156	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
157	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
158	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
159
160	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
161	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
162	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
163	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
164	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
165	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
166	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
167	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
168	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
169
170
171	!
172	!-- LSM variables
173	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
174	soil_type = 3 !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
175
176	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
177	dewfall = .TRUE., & !< allow/inhibit dewfall
178	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
179	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
180
181	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
182	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
183	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
184	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
185	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
186	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
187	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
188	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
189	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
190	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
191	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
192	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
193	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
194	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
195	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
196	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
197	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
198	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
199	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
200	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
201	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
202	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
203	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
204	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
205	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
206	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
207	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
208	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
209	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
210	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
211	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
212	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
213
214	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
215	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
216	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
217	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
218	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
219	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
220	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
221	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
222
223	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
224	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
225	283.0_wp /), &
226	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
227	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
228
229	#if defined( __nopointer )
230	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
231	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
232	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
233	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
234	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
235	#else
236	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
237	t_surface_p, &
238	m_liq_eb, &
239	m_liq_eb_p
240
241	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
242	m_liq_eb_av, &
243	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
244	#endif
245
246	!
247	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
248	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
249	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
250
251	!
252	!-- Energy balance variables
253	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
254	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
255	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
256	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
257	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
258	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
259	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
260	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
261	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
262	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
263	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
264	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
265	lai, & !< leaf area index
266	lai_av, & !< average of lai
267	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
268	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
269	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
270	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
271	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
272	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
273	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
274	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
275	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
276	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
277	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
278	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
279	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
280	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
281	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
282	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
283	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
284	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
285	r_a_av, & !< average of r_a
286	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
287	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
288	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
289	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
290	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
291	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
292	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
293	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
294
295
296	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
297	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (?)
298	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
299	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
300	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
301
302	#if defined( __nopointer )
303	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
304	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
305	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
306	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
307	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
308	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
309	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
310	#else
311	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
312	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
313	m_soil, m_soil_p
314
315	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
316	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
317	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
318	#endif
319
320
321	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
322	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
323	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
324	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
325
326
327	!
328	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
329	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
330	'user defined ', & ! 0
331	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
332	'short grass ', & ! 2
333	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
334	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
335	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
336	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
337	'tall grass ', & ! 7
338	'desert ', & ! 8
339	'tundra ', & ! 9
340	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
341	'semidesert ', & ! 11
342	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
343	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
344	'inland water ', & ! 14
345	'ocean ', & ! 15
346	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
347	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
348	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
349	'interrupted forest ' & ! 19
350	/)
351
352	!
353	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
354	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
355	'user defined', & ! 0
356	'coarse ', & ! 1
357	'medium ', & ! 2
358	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
359	'fine ', & ! 4
360	'very fine ', & ! 5
361	'organic ', & ! 6
362	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
363	/)
364	!
365	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
366
367	!
368	!-- Land surface parameters I
369	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
370	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
371	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
372	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
373	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
374	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
375	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
376	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
377	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
378	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
379	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
380	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
381	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
382	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
383	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
384	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
385	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
386	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
387	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
388	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
389	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
390	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
391
392	!
393	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
394	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
395	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
396	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
397	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
398	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
399	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
400	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
401	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
402	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
403	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
404	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
405	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
406	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
407	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
408	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
409	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
410	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
411	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
412	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
413	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
414	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
415
416	!
417	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
418	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
419	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
420	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
421	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
422	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
423	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
424	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
425	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
426	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
427	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
428	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
429	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
430	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
431	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
432	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
433	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
434	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
435	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
436	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
437	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
438	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
439
440	!
441	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
442	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
443	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
444	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
445	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
446	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
447	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
448	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
449	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
450	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
451	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
452	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
453	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
454	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
455	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
456	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
457	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
458	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
459	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
460	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
461	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
462	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
463
464	!
465	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
466
467	!
468	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
469	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
470	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
471	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
472	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
473	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
474	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
475	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
476	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
477	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
478
479	!
480	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
481	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
482	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
483	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
484	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
485	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
486	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
487	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
488	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
489	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
490
491
492	SAVE
493
494
495	PRIVATE
496
497
498	!
499	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
500	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
501	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
502	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
503	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
504	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
505	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
506	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
507	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
508	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, &
509	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, &
510	z0h_eb
511
512	!
513	!-- Public grid variables
514	PUBLIC nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil, zs
515
516	!
517	!-- Public 2D output variables
518	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
519	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
520	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
521	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
522
523	!
524	!-- Public prognostic variables
525	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
526
527	INTERFACE init_lsm
528	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
529	END INTERFACE init_lsm
530
531	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
532	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
533	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
534
535	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
536	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
537	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
538
539	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
540	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
541	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
542
543	CONTAINS
544
545
546	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
547	! Description:
548	! ------------
549	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
550	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
551	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
552
553
554	IMPLICIT NONE
555
556	!
557	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
558	#if defined( __nopointer )
559	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
560	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
561	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
562	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
563	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
564	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
565	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
566	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
567	#else
568	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
569	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
570	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
571	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
572	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
573	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
574	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
575	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
576	#endif
577
578	!
579	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
580	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
581	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
582	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
583	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
584
585	!
586	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
587	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
588	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
589	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
590	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
591	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
592	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
593	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
594	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
595	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
596	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
597	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
598	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
599	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
600	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
601	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
602	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
603	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
604	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
605	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
606	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
607	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
608	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
609	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
610	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
611	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
612	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
613	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
614	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
615
616	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
617	!
618	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
619	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
620	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
621	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
622	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
623	#endif
624
625
626	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
627
628	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
629	! Description:
630	! ------------
631	!> Initialization of the land surface model
632	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
633	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
634
635
636	IMPLICIT NONE
637
638	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
639	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
640	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
641
642	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
643
644
645	!
646	!-- Calculate Exner function
647	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
648
649
650	!
651	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
652	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
653	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
654	ENDIF
655
656	!
657	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
658	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
659	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
660	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
661	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
662
663	!
664	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
665	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
666	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
667	tm_soil_m = 0.0_wp
668	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
669	c_liq = 0.0_wp
670
671	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
672	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
673
674	IF ( humidity ) THEN
675	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
676	ELSE
677	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
678	ENDIF
679
680	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
681	qsws_soil_eb = 0.0_wp
682	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
683
684	r_a = 50.0_wp
685	r_s = 50.0_wp
686	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
687	r_soil = 0.0_wp
688
689	!
690	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
691	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
692	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
693	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
694
695	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
696	!
697	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
698	IF ( humidity ) THEN
699	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
700	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
701
702	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
703	ENDIF
704
705	!
706	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
707	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
708	!-- at the centers
709	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
710
711	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
712	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
713	ENDDO
714	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
715
716	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
717	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
718	ENDDO
719	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
720
721	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
722	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
723
724	!
725	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
726	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
727	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
728	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
729
730	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
731	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
732	ENDIF
733
734	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
735	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
736	ENDIF
737
738	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
739	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
740	ENDIF
741
742	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
743	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
744	ENDIF
745
746	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
747	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
748	ENDIF
749
750	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
751	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
752	ENDIF
753
754	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
755	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
756	ENDIF
757
758	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
759	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
760	ENDIF
761
762	ENDIF
763
764	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
765	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
766	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
767	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
768	m_sat = saturation_moisture
769	m_fc = field_capacity
770	m_wilt = wilting_point
771	m_res = residual_moisture
772	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
773
774	!
775	!-- Initial run actions
776	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
777
778	t_soil = 0.0_wp
779	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
780	m_soil = 0.0_wp
781
782	!
783	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
784	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
785	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
786	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
787	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
788	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
789	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
790	ENDDO
791	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
792
793	!
794	!-- Calculate surface temperature
795	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
796
797	!
798	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
799	!-- the first time step
800	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
801	DO j = nysg, nyng
802	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
803
804	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
805	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
806	ELSE
807	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
808	ENDIF
809
810	!
811	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
812	IF ( pt1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt1 = pt1 + 1.0E-10_wp
813
814	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
815	ts(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
816	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
817	ENDDO
818	ENDDO
819
820	!
821	!-- Actions for restart runs
822	ELSE
823
824	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
825	DO j = nysg, nyng
826	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
827	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
828	ENDDO
829	ENDDO
830
831	ENDIF
832
833	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
834	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
835	ENDDO
836
837	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
838	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
839	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
840	ENDIF
841	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
842	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
843	ENDIF
844	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
845	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
846	ENDIF
847	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
848	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
849	ENDIF
850	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
851	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
852	ENDIF
853	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
854	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
855	ENDIF
856	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
857	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
858	ENDIF
859	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
860	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
861	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
862	ENDIF
863	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
864	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
865	ENDIF
866	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
867
868	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
869	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
870	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
871	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
872	ENDDO
873	ENDIF
874
875	ELSE
876
877	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
878	z0_eb = roughness_length
879	ENDIF
880	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
881	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
882	ENDIF
883
884	ENDIF
885
886	!
887	!-- Initialize vegetation
888	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
889	lai = leaf_area_index
890	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
891	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
892	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
893	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
894	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
895	z0 = z0_eb
896	z0h = z0h_eb
897
898	!
899	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
900	CALL user_init_land_surface
901
902
903	t_soil_p = t_soil
904	m_soil_p = m_soil
905	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
906	t_surface_p = t_surface
907
908
909
910	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
911	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
912	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
913	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
914	statistic_regions+1 )
915	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
916	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
917	statistic_regions+1 )
918
919	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
920
921
922
923	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
924	! Description:
925	! ------------
926	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
927	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
928	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
929
930
931	IMPLICIT NONE
932
933	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
934	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
935	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
936
937	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
938	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
939	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
940	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
941	e, & !< water vapour pressure
942	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
943	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
944	tend, & !< tendency
945	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
946	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
947	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
948	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
949	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
950	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
951	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
952	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
953	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
954	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
955	pt1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
956	qv1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
957
958	!
959	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
960	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
961
962	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
963	DO j = nysg, nyng
964	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
965
966	!
967	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
968	IF ( ol(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
969	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
970	ELSE
971	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
972	ENDIF
973
974	!
975	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
976	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
977	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
978	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
979	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
980	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
981	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
982	ELSE
983	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
984	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i)
985	ENDIF
986
987	r_a(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
988
989	!
990	!-- Make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero
991	IF ( ABS(r_a(j,i)) < 1.0E-10_wp ) r_a(j,i) = 1.0E-10_wp
992
993	!
994	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
995	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
996
997	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
998	!-- night)
999	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
1000	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
1001	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
1002	+ 1.0_wp)) )
1003	ELSE
1004	f1 = 1.0_wp
1005	ENDIF
1006
1007
1008	!
1009	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
1010	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
1011	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
1012	m_total = 0.0_wp
1013	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1014	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
1015	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
1016	ENDDO
1017
1018	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1019	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1020	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1021	f2 = 1.0_wp
1022	ELSE
1023	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1024	ENDIF
1025
1026	!
1027	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1028	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1029	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1030
1031	!
1032	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1033	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1034	!
1035	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1036	e = qv1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1037	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1038	ELSE
1039	f3 = 1.0_wp
1040	ENDIF
1041
1042	!
1043	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1044	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1045	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1046	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1047	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1048
1049	!
1050	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1051	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1052	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1053	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1054	m_res(j,i)
1055	ELSE
1056	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1057	ENDIF
1058
1059	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1060	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1061	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1062
1063	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1064
1065	!
1066	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
1067	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
1068	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
1069
1070
1071	!
1072	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1073	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1074
1075	!
1076	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1077	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1078	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 ) THEN
1079	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1080	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1081	ENDIF
1082
1083	!
1084	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1085	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1086	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1087
1088	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1089	r_soil(j,i))
1090	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1091
1092
1093	!
1094	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1095	!-- transpirate.
1096	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1097	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1098	! ENDIF
1099
1100	!
1101	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
1102	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
1103	!-- air.
1104	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 .AND. .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
1105	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1106	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1107	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
1108	ENDIF
1109
1110	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1111	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1112
1113	!
1114	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1115	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1116	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1117	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1118
1119	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
1120
1121	!
1122	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1123	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
1124
1125	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1126	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1127	!
1128	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1129	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1130	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1131	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s &
1132	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1133	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1134
1135	!
1136	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1137	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
1138	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1139	#else
1140
1141	!
1142	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1143	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1144	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
1145	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 &
1146	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
1147	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1148
1149	!
1150	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1151	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1152	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1153
1154	#endif
1155	ELSE
1156
1157	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1158	!
1159	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1160	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1161	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1162	+ f_shf * pt1 + lambda_surface &
1163	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1164
1165	!
1166	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1167	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1168	#else
1169
1170	!
1171	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1172	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1173	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt1 &
1174	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1175
1176	!
1177	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1178	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1179	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1180	#endif
1181	ENDIF
1182
1183	tend = 0.0_wp
1184
1185	!
1186	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1187	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1188	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
1189	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
1190	* tsc(2) )
1191	!
1192	!-- Add RK3 term
1193	IF ( c_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1194
1195	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1196	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1197
1198	!
1199	!-- Calculate true tendency
1200	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1201	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1202	!
1203	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1204	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1205	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1206	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1207	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1208	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1209	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1210	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1211	ENDIF
1212	ENDIF
1213
1214	ENDIF
1215
1216	!
1217	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is possible to
1218	!-- update the radiative fluxes independently from the prescribed
1219	!-- radiation call frequency. This effectively prevents oscillations,
1220	!-- especially when setting skip_time_do_radiation /= 0. The threshold
1221	!-- value of 0.2 used here is just a first guess. This method should be
1222	!-- revised in the future as tests have shown that the threshold is
1223	!-- often reached, when no oscillations would occur (causes immense
1224	!-- computing time for the radiation code).
1225	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp .AND. &
1226	unscheduled_radiation_calls ) THEN
1227	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
1228	ENDIF
1229
1230	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1231
1232	!
1233	!-- Calculate fluxes
1234	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
1235	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1236	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1237	- rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) * t_surface_p(j,i)
1238
1239	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
1240	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
1241	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
1242	+ rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
1243	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
1244	ENDIF
1245	#else
1246	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1247	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
1248	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1249	#endif
1250
1251
1252	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1253	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1254
1255	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - pt(k,j,i) )
1256
1257	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
1258
1259	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1260	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1261	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1262
1263	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
1264
1265	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv1 - q_s &
1266	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1267	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1268
1269	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv1 - q_s &
1270	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1271	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1272
1273	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv1 - q_s &
1274	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1275	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1276	ENDIF
1277	!
1278	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1279	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
1280	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1281	ELSE
1282	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1283	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1284	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1285	ENDIF
1286
1287	!
1288	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1289	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1290	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1291	!
1292	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
1293	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
1294	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1295	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1296
1297	!
1298	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
1299	!-- Otherwise, add the water to bare soil fraction.
1300	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1301	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1302	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1303	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1304	ELSE
1305	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1306	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1307	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1308	ENDIF
1309
1310	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
1311	!-- coverage.
1312	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
1313	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
1314	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1315	ENDIF
1316
1317	!
1318	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1319	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1320
1321	!
1322	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1323	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1324	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1325	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1326	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1327	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1328	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1329	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1330	ENDIF
1331
1332	!
1333	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1334	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1335	!-- plant
1336	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
1337	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1338	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1339	ENDIF
1340	ENDIF
1341
1342	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1343
1344	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1345	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1346
1347	!
1348	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1349	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1350	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1351
1352	!
1353	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1354	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1355	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1356
1357
1358	!
1359	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1360	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1361	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1362	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1363	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1364	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1365	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1366	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1367	ENDIF
1368	ENDIF
1369
1370	ENDIF
1371
1372	ENDDO
1373	ENDDO
1374
1375	!
1376	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
1377	!-- least one processor reached the threshold change in skin temperature
1378	IF ( unscheduled_radiation_calls .AND. intermediate_timestep_count &
1379	== intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) THEN
1380	#if defined( __parallel )
1381	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
1382	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
1383	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
1384	#else
1385	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
1386	#endif
1387	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
1388	ENDIF
1389
1390
1391	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1392
1393
1394	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1395	! Description:
1396	! ------------
1397	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
1398	!> temperature and water content.
1399	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1400	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1401
1402
1403	IMPLICIT NONE
1404
1405	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1406	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1407	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1408
1409	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
1410
1411	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
1412	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
1413	tend !< tendency
1414
1415	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1416	DO j = nysg, nyng
1417	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1418	!
1419	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
1420	!-- account water content
1421	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
1422	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
1423
1424	!
1425	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
1426	!-- layers
1427	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
1428	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
1429
1430	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
1431
1432	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
1433	lambda_h_dry
1434
1435	ENDDO
1436
1437	!
1438	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
1439	!-- using linear interpolation
1440	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1441	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) * 0.5_wp
1442	ENDDO
1443	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1444
1445	!
1446	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
1447	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1448	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
1449	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
1450	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
1451	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
1457	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
1458	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
1459	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
1460	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
1461	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
1462	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
1463	* ddz_soil(k) &
1464	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1465	ENDDO
1466
1467	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
1468	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
1469	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
1470	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1471
1472	!
1473	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1474	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1475	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1476	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1477	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1478	ENDDO
1479	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1480	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1481	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1482	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1483	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
1484	ENDDO
1485	ENDIF
1486	ENDIF
1487
1488
1489	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1490
1491	!
1492	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
1493	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
1494	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
1495	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
1496
1497	!
1498	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
1499	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1500	!
1501	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
1502	!-- (1980)
1503	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
1504	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
1505	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
1506	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
1507
1508
1509	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
1510	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
1511	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1512	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
1513	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1514	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
1515	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
1516
1517	!
1518	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
1519	ELSE
1520	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
1521	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
1522	ENDIF
1523
1524	ENDDO
1525
1526
1527	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1528	!
1529	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
1530	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
1531	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
1532	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1533
1534	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
1535	* 0.5_wp
1536	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
1537	* 0.5_wp
1538
1539	ENDDO
1540
1541	!
1542	!
1543	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
1544	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
1545	!-- in the bottom layer.
1546	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1547	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1548	ELSE
1549	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
1550	ENDIF
1551
1552	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
1553	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
1554	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
1555	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
1556	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
1557	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
1558	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
1559	!-- take water from moister layers.
1560
1561	!
1562	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of root_extr
1563	!-- = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a positive
1564	!-- transpiration, so that there is no need for an additional check.
1565	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1566	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1567	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
1568	ENDIF
1569	ENDDO
1570
1571	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
1572	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1573	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1574	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
1575	ELSE
1576	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
1577	ENDIF
1578	ENDDO
1579	ENDIF
1580
1581	!
1582	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
1583	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1584	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
1585	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
1586	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
1587	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
1588	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
1589	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1590
1591	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
1592	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
1593	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
1594	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
1595	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
1596	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
1597	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
1598	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1599
1600	ENDDO
1601	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1602	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
1603	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1604	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
1605	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
1606	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
1607	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
1608	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
1609	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
1610
1611	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
1612	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
1613	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1614
1615	!
1616	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
1617	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1618	IF ( m_soil_p(k,j,i) < 0.0_wp ) m_soil_p(k,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1619	ENDDO
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624	!
1625	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1626	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1627	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1628	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1629	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1630	ENDDO
1631	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1632	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1633	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1634	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1635	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
1636	ENDDO
1637	ENDIF
1638	ENDIF
1639
1640	ENDIF
1641
1642	ENDDO
1643	ENDDO
1644
1645	!
1646	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1647	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1648	CALL calc_q_surface
1649	ENDIF
1650
1651
1652	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1653
1654
1655	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1656	! Description:
1657	! ------------
1658	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
1659	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1660	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1661
1662	IMPLICIT NONE
1663
1664	INTEGER :: i !< running index
1665	INTEGER :: j !< running index
1666	INTEGER :: k !< running index
1667	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
1668
1669	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1670	DO j = nysg, nyng
1671	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1672
1673	!
1674	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1675	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
1676	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1677
1678	!
1679	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
1680	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1681
1682	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
1683
1684	!
1685	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
1686	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
1687	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1688	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
1689	ELSE
1690	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1691	* q(k+1,j,i)
1692	ENDIF
1693
1694	!
1695	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
1696	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
1697
1698	ENDDO
1699	ENDDO
1700
1701	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1702
1703	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1704	! Description:
1705	! ------------
1706	!> Swapping of timelevels
1707	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1708	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
1709
1710	IMPLICIT NONE
1711
1712	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
1713
1714	#if defined( __nopointer )
1715
1716	t_surface = t_surface_p
1717	t_soil = t_soil_p
1718	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1719	m_soil = m_soil_p
1720	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1721	ENDIF
1722
1723	#else
1724
1725	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
1726
1727	CASE ( 0 )
1728
1729	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
1730	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1731	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1732	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
1733	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
1734	ENDIF
1735
1736
1737	CASE ( 1 )
1738
1739	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
1740	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
1741	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1742	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
1743	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
1744	ENDIF
1745
1746	END SELECT
1747	#endif
1748
1749	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
1750
1751
1752	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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