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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1683

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1	!> @file land_surface_model.f90
2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
3	! This file is part of PALM.
4	!
5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
8	!
9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
12	!
13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
15	!
16	! Copyright 1997-2014 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
18	!
19	! Current revisions:
20	! -----------------
21	!
22	!
23	! Former revisions:
24	! -----------------
25	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1683 2015-10-07 23:57:51Z knoop $
26	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
27	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
28	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
29	!
30	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
31	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
32	!
33	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
34	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
35	!
36	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
37	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
38	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
39	!
40	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
41	! Added output of r_a and r_s
42	!
43	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
44	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
45	! profile
46	!
47	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
48	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
49	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
50	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
51	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
52	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
53	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
54	! calculation
55	!
56	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
57	!
58	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
59	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
60	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
61	! Added support for dry runs.
62	!
63	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
64	! Initial revision
65	!
66	!
67	! Description:
68	! ------------
69	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
70	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
71	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
72	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
73	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
74	!>
75	!> @todo Check dewfall parametrization for fog simulations.
76	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the surface layer.
77	!> @todo Allow for water surfaces, check performance for bare soils.
78	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0, nzt_soil=3)).
79	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES with
80	!> considerable precipitation.
81	!>
82	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not become
83	!> too thin.
84	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
85	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
86
87	USE arrays_3d, &
88	ONLY: pt, pt_p, q_p, qsws, rif, shf, ts, us, z0, z0h
89
90	USE cloud_parameters, &
91	ONLY: cp, l_d_r, l_v, precipitation_rate, rho_l, r_d, r_v
92
93	USE control_parameters, &
94	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
95	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
96	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
97	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
98	z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
99
100	USE indices, &
101	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
102
103	USE kinds
104
105	USE netcdf_control, &
106	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
107
108	USE radiation_model_mod, &
109	ONLY: radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, sigma_sb
110
111	USE statistics, &
112	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
113
114	IMPLICIT NONE
115
116	!
117	!-- LSM model constants
118	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
119	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
120	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
121
122	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !< starting index for timeseries output
123
124	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
125	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
126	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
127
128	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
129
130	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
131	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
132	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
133	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
134	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
135	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
136	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
137	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
138	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
139
140
141	!
142	!-- LSM variables
143	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
144	soil_type = 3 !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
145
146	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
147	dewfall = .TRUE., & !< allow/inhibit dewfall
148	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
149
150	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
151	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
152	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
153	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
154	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
155	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
156	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
157	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
158	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
159	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
160	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
161	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
162	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
163	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
164	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
165	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
166	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
167	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
168	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
169	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
170	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
171	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
172	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
173	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
174	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
175	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
176	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
177	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
178	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
179	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
180
181	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
182	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
183	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
184	dz_soil, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
185	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
186	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
187	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
188	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
189	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
190	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
191
192	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
193	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, &
194	283.0_wp /) !< soil temperature (K)
195
196	#if defined( __nopointer )
197	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
198	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
199	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
200	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
201	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
202	#else
203	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
204	t_surface_p, &
205	m_liq_eb, &
206	m_liq_eb_p
207
208	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
209	m_liq_eb_av, &
210	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
211	#endif
212
213	!
214	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
215	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
216	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
217
218	!
219	!-- Energy balance variables
220	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
221	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
222	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
223	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
224	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
225	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
226	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
227	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
228	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
229	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
230	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
231	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
232	lai, & !< leaf area index
233	lai_av, & !< average of lai
234	lambda_h_sat, & !< heat conductivity for dry soil
235	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
236	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
237	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
238	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
239	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
240	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
241	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
242	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
243	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
244	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
245	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
246	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
247	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
248	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
249	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
250	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
251	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
252	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
253	r_a_av, & !< avergae of r_a
254	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
255	r_soil, & !< soil resitance
256	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
257	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
258	r_s_av, & !< avergae of r_s
259	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
260	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
261	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
262
263	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
264	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (?)
265	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
266	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
267	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
268
269	#if defined( __nopointer )
270	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
271	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
272	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
273	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
274	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
275	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
276	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
277	#else
278	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
279	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
280	m_soil, m_soil_p
281
282	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
283	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
284	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
285	#endif
286
287
288	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
289	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
290	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
291	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
292
293
294	!
295	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
296	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
297	'user defined ', & ! 0
298	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
299	'short grass ', & ! 2
300	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
301	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
302	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
303	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
304	'tall grass ', & ! 7
305	'desert ', & ! 8
306	'tundra ', & ! 9
307	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
308	'semidesert ', & ! 11
309	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
310	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
311	'inland water ', & ! 14
312	'ocean ', & ! 15
313	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
314	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
315	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
316	'interrupted forest ' & ! 19
317	/)
318
319	!
320	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
321	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
322	'user defined', & ! 0
323	'coarse ', & ! 1
324	'medium ', & ! 2
325	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
326	'fine ', & ! 4
327	'very fine ', & ! 5
328	'organic ', & ! 6
329	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
330	/)
331	!
332	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
333
334	!
335	!-- Land surface parameters I
336	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
337	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
338	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
339	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
340	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
341	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
342	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
343	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
344	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
345	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
346	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
347	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
348	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
349	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
350	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
351	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
352	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
353	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
354	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
355	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
356	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
357	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
358
359	!
360	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
361	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
362	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
363	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
364	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
365	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
366	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
367	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
368	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
369	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
370	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
371	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
372	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
373	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
374	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
375	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
376	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
377	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
378	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
379	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
380	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
381	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
382
383	!
384	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
385	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
386	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
387	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
388	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
389	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
390	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
391	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
392	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
393	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
394	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
395	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
396	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
397	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
398	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
399	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
400	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
401	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
402	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
403	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
404	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
405	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
406
407	!
408	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
409	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
410	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
411	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
412	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
413	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
414	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
415	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
416	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
417	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
418	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
419	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
420	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
421	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
422	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
423	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
424	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
425	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
426	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
427	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
428	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
429	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
430
431	!
432	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
433
434	!
435	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
436	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
437	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
438	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
439	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
440	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
441	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
442	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
443	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
444	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
445
446	!
447	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
448	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
449	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
450	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
451	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
452	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
453	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
454	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
455	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
456	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
457
458
459	SAVE
460
461
462	PRIVATE
463
464
465	!
466	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
467	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
468	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
469	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
470	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
471	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
472	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
473	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
474	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, soil_moisture, &
475	soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, vegetation_coverage, &
476	veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, z0h_eb
477
478	!
479	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
480	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
481	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
482	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
483	zs
484
485
486	!
487	!-- Public 2D output variables
488	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
489	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
490	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
491	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
492
493
494	!
495	!-- Public prognostic variables
496	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
497
498	INTERFACE init_lsm
499	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
500	END INTERFACE init_lsm
501
502	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
503	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
504	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
505
506	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
507	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
508	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
509
510	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
511	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
512	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
513
514	CONTAINS
515
516
517	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
518	! Description:
519	! ------------
520	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
521	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
522	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
523
524
525	IMPLICIT NONE
526
527	!
528	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
529	#if defined( __nopointer )
530	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
531	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
532	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
533	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
534	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
535	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
536	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
537	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
538	#else
539	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
540	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
541	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
542	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
543	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
544	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
545	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
546	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
547	#endif
548
549	!
550	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
551	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
552	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
553	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
554	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
555
556	!
557	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
558	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
559	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
560	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
561	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
562	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
563	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
564	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
565	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
566	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
567	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
568	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
569	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
570	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
571	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
572	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
573	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
574	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
575	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
576	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
577	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
578	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
579	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
580	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
581	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
582	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
583	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
584	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
585	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
586	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
587
588	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
589	!
590	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
591	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
592	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
593	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
594	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
595	#endif
596
597
598	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
599
600	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
601	! Description:
602	! ------------
603	!> Initialization of the land surface model
604	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
605	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
606
607
608	IMPLICIT NONE
609
610	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
611	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
612	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
613
614
615	!
616	!-- Calculate Exner function
617	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
618
619
620	!
621	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
622	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
623	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
624	ENDIF
625
626	!
627	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
628	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
629	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
630	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
631	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
632
633	!
634	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
635	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
636	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
637	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
638	c_liq = 0.0_wp
639
640	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
641	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
642
643	IF ( humidity ) THEN
644	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
645	ELSE
646	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
647	ENDIF
648
649	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
650	qsws_soil_eb = qsws_eb
651	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
652
653	r_a = 50.0_wp
654	r_s = 50.0_wp
655	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
656	r_soil = 0.0_wp
657
658	!
659	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
660	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
661	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
662	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
663
664	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
665	!
666	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
667	IF ( humidity ) THEN
668	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
669	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
670
671	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
672	ENDIF
673
674	!
675	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
676	!-- the center of the soil layers, whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
677	!-- at the edges (_stag)
678	dz_soil_stag(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
679
680	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
681	dz_soil_stag(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
682	ENDDO
683
684	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
685	dz_soil(k) = 0.5 * (dz_soil_stag(k+1) + dz_soil_stag(k))
686	ENDDO
687	dz_soil(nzt_soil) = dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
688
689	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
690	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
691
692	!
693	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
694	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
695	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
696	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
697
698	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
699	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
700	ENDIF
701
702	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
703	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
704	ENDIF
705
706	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
707	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
708	ENDIF
709
710	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
711	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
712	ENDIF
713
714	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
715	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
716	ENDIF
717
718	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
719	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
720	ENDIF
721
722	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
723	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
724	ENDIF
725
726	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
727	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
728	ENDIF
729
730	ENDIF
731
732	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
733	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
734	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
735	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
736	m_sat = saturation_moisture
737	m_fc = field_capacity
738	m_wilt = wilting_point
739	m_res = residual_moisture
740	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
741
742	!
743	!-- Initial run actions
744	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
745
746	t_soil = 0.0_wp
747	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
748	m_soil = 0.0_wp
749
750	!
751	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
752	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
753	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
754	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
755	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
756	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
757	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
758	ENDDO
759	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
760
761	!
762	!-- Calculate surface temperature
763	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
764
765	!
766	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
767	!-- the first time step
768	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
769	DO j = nysg, nyng
770	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
771
772	!
773	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
774	IF ( pt(k+1,j,i) == pt(k,j,i) ) pt(k+1,j,i) = pt(k+1,j,i) &
775	+ 1.0E-10_wp
776
777	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
778	ts(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
779	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
780	ENDDO
781	ENDDO
782
783	!
784	!-- Actions for restart runs
785	ELSE
786
787	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
788	DO j = nysg, nyng
789	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
790	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
791	ENDDO
792	ENDDO
793
794	ENDIF
795
796	!
797	!-- Calculate saturation soil heat conductivity
798	lambda_h_sat(:,:) = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(:,:)) * &
799	lambda_h_water ** m_sat(:,:)
800
801
802
803
804	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
805	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
806	ENDDO
807
808	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
809	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
810	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
811	ENDIF
812	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
813	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
814	ENDIF
815	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
816	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
817	ENDIF
818	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
819	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
820	ENDIF
821	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
822	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
823	ENDIF
824	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
825	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
826	ENDIF
827	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
828	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
829	ENDIF
830	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
831	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
832	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
833	ENDIF
834	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
835	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
836	ENDIF
837	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
838
839	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
840	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
841	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
842	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
843	ENDDO
844	ENDIF
845
846	ELSE
847
848	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
849	z0_eb = roughness_length
850	ENDIF
851	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
852	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
853	ENDIF
854
855	ENDIF
856
857	!
858	!-- Initialize vegetation
859	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
860	lai = leaf_area_index
861	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
862	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
863	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
864	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
865	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
866	z0 = z0_eb
867	z0h = z0h_eb
868
869	!
870	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
871	CALL user_init_land_surface
872
873
874	t_soil_p = t_soil
875	m_soil_p = m_soil
876	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
877
878	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
879	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
880	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
881	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
882	statistic_regions+1 )
883	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
884	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
885	statistic_regions+1 )
886
887	!
888	!-- Calculate humidity at the surface
889	IF ( humidity ) THEN
890	CALL calc_q_surface
891	ENDIF
892
893
894
895	!
896	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
897
898	dots_label(dots_num+1) = "ghf_eb"
899	dots_label(dots_num+2) = "shf_eb"
900	dots_label(dots_num+3) = "qsws_eb"
901	dots_label(dots_num+4) = "qsws_liq_eb"
902	dots_label(dots_num+5) = "qsws_soil_eb"
903	dots_label(dots_num+6) = "qsws_veg_eb"
904	dots_unit(dots_num+1:dots_num+6) = "W/m2"
905
906	dots_label(dots_num+7) = "r_a"
907	dots_label(dots_num+8) = "r_s"
908	dots_unit(dots_num+7:dots_num+8) = "s/m"
909
910	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
911	dots_num = dots_num + 8
912
913	RETURN
914
915	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
916
917
918
919	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
920	! Description:
921	! ------------
922	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
923	!> @note Surface fluxes are calculated in the land surface model, but these are
924	!> not used in the atmospheric code. The fluxes are calculated afterwards in
925	!> prandtl_fluxes using the surface values of temperature and humidity as
926	!> provided by the land surface model. In this way, the fluxes in the land
927	!> surface model are not equal to the ones calculated in prandtl_fluxes
928	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
929	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
930
931
932	IMPLICIT NONE
933
934	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
935	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
936	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
937
938	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
939	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
940	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
941	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
942	T_1, & !< actual temperature at first grid point
943	e, & !< water vapour pressure
944	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
945	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
946	tend, & !< tendency
947	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
948	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
949	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
950	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
951	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
952	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
953	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
954	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
955	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
956	m_liq_eb_max !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
957
958
959	!
960	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
961	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
962
963
964
965	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
966	DO j = nysg, nyng
967	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
968
969	!
970	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
971	IF ( rif(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
972	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
973	ELSE
974	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
975	ENDIF
976
977	!
978	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
979	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
980	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
981	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
982	r_a(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + &
983	1.0E-20_wp)
984
985	!
986	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
987	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
988
989	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
990	!-- night)
991	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
992	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) /&
993	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
994	+ 1.0_wp)) )
995	ELSE
996	f1 = 1.0_wp
997	ENDIF
998
999	!
1000	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
1001	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
1002	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
1003	m_total = 0.0_wp
1004	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1005	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
1006	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
1007	ENDDO
1008
1009	IF ( m_total .GT. m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total .LT. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1010	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1011	ELSEIF ( m_total .GE. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1012	f2 = 1.0_wp
1013	ELSE
1014	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1015	ENDIF
1016
1017	!
1018	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1019	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1020	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1021
1022	!
1023	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1024	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1025	!
1026	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1027	e = q_p(k+1,j,i) * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1028	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1029	ELSE
1030	f3 = 1.0_wp
1031	ENDIF
1032
1033	!
1034	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1035	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1036	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1037	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1038	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1039
1040	!
1041	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1042	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1043	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1044	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1045	m_res(j,i)
1046	ELSE
1047	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1048	ENDIF
1049
1050	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1051	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1052	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1053
1054	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1055
1056	!
1057	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
1058	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
1059	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
1060
1061
1062	!
1063	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1064	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1065
1066	!
1067	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1068	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1069	IF ( humidity .AND. dewfall .AND. q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
1070	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1071	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1072	ENDIF
1073
1074	!
1075	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1076	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1077	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1078
1079	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1080	r_soil(j,i))
1081	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1082
1083
1084	!
1085	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1086	!-- transpirate.
1087	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .LT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1088	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1089	! ENDIF
1090
1091	!
1092	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
1093	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
1094	!-- air.
1095	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1096	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
1097	IF ( .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
1098	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1099	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1100	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
1101	ENDIF
1102	ENDIF
1103	ENDIF
1104
1105	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1106	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1107
1108	!
1109	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1110	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1111	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1112	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1113
1114	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
1115
1116	T_1 = pt_p(k+1,j,i) * exn
1117
1118	!
1119	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1120	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 4
1121
1122	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1123
1124	!
1125	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1126	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
1127	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1128	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1129	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1130
1131	!
1132	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1133	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1134	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1135
1136	ELSE
1137
1138	!
1139	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1140	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
1141	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + lambda_surface &
1142	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1143
1144	!
1145	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1146	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1147	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1148
1149	ENDIF
1150
1151	tend = 0.0_wp
1152
1153	!
1154	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1155	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1156	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
1157	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
1158	* tsc(2) )
1159	!
1160	!-- Add RK3 term
1161	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1162	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1163
1164	!
1165	!-- Calculate true tendency
1166	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1167	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1168	!
1169	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1170	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1171	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1172	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1173	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1174	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1175	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1176	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1177	ENDIF
1178	ENDIF
1179
1180	pt_p(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1181	!
1182	!-- Calculate fluxes
1183	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1184	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
1185	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1186	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1187	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1188	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt_p(k+1,j,i) - pt_p(k,j,i) )
1189
1190	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1191	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1192	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1193
1194	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1195	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1196	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1197
1198	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1199	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1200	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1201
1202	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1203	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1204	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1205	ENDIF
1206
1207	!
1208	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1209	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) .EQ. 0.0_wp ) THEN
1210	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1211	ELSE
1212	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1213	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1214	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1215	ENDIF
1216
1217	!
1218	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1219	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1220	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1221	!
1222	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
1223	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
1224	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1225	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1226
1227	!
1228	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
1229	!-- Otherwise, add the water to bare soil fraction.
1230	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) .EQ. m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1231	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1232	+ c_veg(j,i) * precipitation_rate(j,i) &
1233	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1234	ELSE
1235	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1236	+ c_veg(j,i) * precipitation_rate(j,i) &
1237	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1238	ENDIF
1239
1240	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
1241	!-- coverage.
1242	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
1243	- c_veg(j,i)) * precipitation_rate(j,i) &
1244	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1245	ENDIF
1246	!
1247	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1248	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i)) THEN
1249	!
1250	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1251	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1252	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1253	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1254	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) .EQ. m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1255	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1256	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1257	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1258	ENDIF
1259
1260	!
1261	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1262	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1263	!-- plant
1264	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) .LT. 0.0_wp ) THEN
1265	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1266	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1267	ENDIF
1268	ENDIF
1269
1270	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1271
1272	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1273	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1274
1275	!
1276	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1277	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1278	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1279
1280	!
1281	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1282	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1283	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1284
1285
1286	!
1287	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1288	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1289	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1290	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1291	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1292	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1293	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1294	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1295	ENDIF
1296	ENDIF
1297
1298	ENDIF
1299
1300	ENDDO
1301	ENDDO
1302
1303	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1304
1305
1306	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1307	! Description:
1308	! ------------
1309	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
1310	!> temperature and water content.
1311	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1312	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1313
1314
1315	IMPLICIT NONE
1316
1317	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
1318	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
1319	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
1320
1321	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
1322
1323	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
1324	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
1325	tend !< tendency
1326
1327	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1328	DO j = nysg, nyng
1329	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1330	!
1331	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
1332	!-- account water content
1333	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
1334	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
1335
1336	!
1337	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
1338	!-- layers
1339	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
1340	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat(j,i) + lambda_h_dry) + &
1341	lambda_h_dry
1342
1343	ENDDO
1344
1345	!
1346	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
1347	!-- using linear interpolation
1348	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1349
1350	lambda_h(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
1351	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
1352	* 0.5 * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1353
1354	ENDDO
1355	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1356
1357	!
1358	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
1359	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1360	tend(0) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
1361	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
1362	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil) &
1363	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1364
1365	DO k = 1, nzt_soil
1366	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
1367	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
1368	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
1369	* ddz_soil(k) &
1370	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
1371	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
1372	* ddz_soil(k-1) &
1373	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1374	ENDDO
1375
1376	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
1377	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
1378	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
1379	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1380
1381	!
1382	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1383	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1384	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1385	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1386	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1387	ENDDO
1388	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1389	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1390	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1391	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1392	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
1393	ENDDO
1394	ENDIF
1395	ENDIF
1396
1397
1398	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1399
1400	!
1401	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
1402	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
1403	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
1404	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
1405
1406	!
1407	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
1408	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1409	!
1410	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
1411	!-- (1980)
1412	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
1413	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
1414	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
1415	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
1416
1417	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
1418	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
1419	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1420	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
1421	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1422	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
1423	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
1424
1425	!
1426	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
1427	ELSE
1428	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
1429	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
1430	ENDIF
1431
1432	ENDDO
1433
1434
1435	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1436	!
1437	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
1438	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
1439	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
1440	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1441
1442	lambda_w(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
1443	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
1444	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1445	gamma_w(k,j,i) = gamma_temp(k) + &
1446	( gamma_temp(k+1) - gamma_temp(k) ) &
1447	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1448
1449	ENDDO
1450
1451	!
1452	!
1453	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
1454	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
1455	!-- in the bottom layer.
1456	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1457	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1458	ELSE
1459	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1460	ENDIF
1461
1462	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
1463	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
1464	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
1465	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
1466	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
1467	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
1468	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
1469	!-- take water from moister layers.
1470
1471	!
1472	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, modified so that the
1473	!-- sum of root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
1474	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
1475	!-- additional check.
1476
1477	m_total = 0.0_wp
1478	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1479	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1480	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
1481	ENDIF
1482	ENDDO
1483
1484	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1485	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1486	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
1487	ELSE
1488	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
1489	ENDIF
1490	ENDDO
1491
1492	!
1493	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
1494	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1495	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
1496	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
1497	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
1498	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
1499	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
1500	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1501
1502	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
1503	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
1504	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
1505	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
1506	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k-1) &
1507	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
1508	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
1509	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1510
1511	ENDDO
1512	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1513	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
1514	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1515	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
1516	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil-1) &
1517	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
1518	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
1519	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
1520	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
1521
1522	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
1523	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
1524	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1525
1526	!
1527	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
1528	m_soil_p(:,j,i) = MAX(m_soil_p(:,j,i),0.0_wp)
1529
1530	!
1531	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1532	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1533	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1534	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1535	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1536	ENDDO
1537	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1538	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1539	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1540	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1541	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
1542	ENDDO
1543	ENDIF
1544	ENDIF
1545
1546	ENDIF
1547
1548	ENDDO
1549	ENDDO
1550
1551	!
1552	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1553	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1554	CALL calc_q_surface
1555	ENDIF
1556
1557
1558	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1559
1560
1561	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1562	! Description:
1563	! ------------
1564	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
1565	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1566	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1567
1568	IMPLICIT NONE
1569
1570	INTEGER :: i !< running index
1571	INTEGER :: j !< running index
1572	INTEGER :: k !< running index
1573	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
1574
1575	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1576	DO j = nysg, nyng
1577	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1578
1579	!
1580	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1581	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1582	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) &
1583	- 35.86_wp ) )
1584
1585	!
1586	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
1587	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1588
1589
1590	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
1591
1592	!
1593	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
1594	q_p(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1595	* q_p(k+1,j,i)
1596
1597	ENDDO
1598	ENDDO
1599
1600	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1601
1602	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1603	! Description:
1604	! ------------
1605	!> Swapping of timelevels
1606	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1607	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
1608
1609	IMPLICIT NONE
1610
1611	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
1612
1613	#if defined( __nopointer )
1614
1615	t_surface = t_surface_p
1616	t_soil = t_soil_p
1617	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1618	m_soil = m_soil_p
1619	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1620	ENDIF
1621
1622	#else
1623
1624	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
1625
1626	CASE ( 0 )
1627
1628	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
1629	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1630	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1631	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
1632	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
1633	ENDIF
1634
1635
1636	CASE ( 1 )
1637
1638	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
1639	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
1640	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1641	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
1642	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
1643	ENDIF
1644
1645	END SELECT
1646	#endif
1647
1648	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
1649
1650
1651	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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