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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1585

Last change on this file since 1585 was 1585, checked in by maronga, 9 years ago
Added support for RRTMG radiation code
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 71.2 KB

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1	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
2
3	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
4	! This file is part of PALM.
5	!
6	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
7	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
8	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2014 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
23	!
24	! Former revisions:
25	! -----------------
26	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga $
27	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
28	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
29	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
30	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
31	!
32	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
33	! Added output of r_a and r_s
34	!
35	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
36	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
37	! profile
38	!
39	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
40	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
41	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
42	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
43	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
44	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
45	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
46	! calculation
47	!
48	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
49	!
50	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
51	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
52	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
53	! Added support for dry runs.
54	!
55	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
56	! Initial revision
57	!
58	!
59	! Description:
60	! ------------
61	! Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
62	! surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
63	! scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
64	! H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
65	! DALES and UCLA-LES models.
66	!
67	! To do list:
68	! -----------
69	! - Check dewfall parametrization for fog simulations
70	! - Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the surface layer
71	! - Allow for water surfaces, check performance for bare soils
72	! - Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0, nzt_soil=3))
73	! - Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES with
74	! considerable precipitation
75	!
76	! Notes:
77	! ------
78	! - No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not become
79	! too thin
80	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
81	USE arrays_3d, &
82	ONLY: pt, pt_p, q_p, qsws, rif, shf, ts, us, z0, z0h
83
84	USE cloud_parameters, &
85	ONLY: cp, l_d_r, l_v, precipitation_rate, rho_l, r_d, r_v
86
87	USE control_parameters, &
88	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
89	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
90	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
91	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
92	z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
93
94	USE indices, &
95	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
96
97	USE kinds
98
99	USE netcdf_control, &
100	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
101
102	USE radiation_model_mod, &
103	ONLY: radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, sigma_sb
104
105	USE statistics, &
106	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
107
108	IMPLICIT NONE
109
110	!
111	!-- LSM model constants
112	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !: bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
113	nzt_soil = 3, & !: top of the soil model (to be switched)
114	nzs = 4 !: number of soil layers (fixed for now)
115
116	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !: starting index for timeseries output
117
118	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
119	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
120	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
121
122	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
123
124	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
125	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
126	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
127	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
128	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
129	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
130	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
131	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
132	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
133
134
135	!
136	!-- LSM variables
137	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !: vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
138	soil_type = 3 !: soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
139
140	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !: open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
141	dewfall = .TRUE., & !: allow/inhibit dewfall
142	land_surface = .FALSE. !: flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
143
144	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
145	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
146	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST alpha_vg
147	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST g_d
148	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !: Surface (skin) heat capacity
149	drho_l_lv, & !: (rho_l * l_v)**-1
150	exn, & !: value of the Exner function
151	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !: saturation water vapour pressure
152	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_fc
153	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST f_sw_in
154	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
155	ke = 0.0_wp, & !: Kersten number
156	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
157	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
158	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lai
159	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST l_vg
160	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST r_canopy_min
161	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !: NAMELIST r_soil_min
162	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !: weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
163	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST n_vg
164	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !: saturation specific humidity
165	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_res
166	rho_cp, & !: rho_surface * cp
167	rho_lv, & !: rho * l_v
168	rd_d_rv, & !: r_d / r_v
169	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_sat
170	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST c_veg
171	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_wilt
172	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
173	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !: NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
174
175	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
176	ddz_soil, & !: 1/dz_soil
177	ddz_soil_stag, & !: 1/dz_soil_stag
178	dz_soil, & !: soil grid spacing (center-center)
179	dz_soil_stag, & !: soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
180	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !: root extraction
181	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
182	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !: distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
183	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !: soil layer depths (m)
184	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !: soil moisture content (m3/m3)
185
186	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
187	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, &
188	283.0_wp /) !: soil temperature (K)
189
190	#if defined( __nopointer )
191	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !: surface temperature (K)
192	t_surface_p, & !: progn. surface temperature (K)
193	m_liq_eb, & !: liquid water reservoir (m)
194	m_liq_eb_av, & !: liquid water reservoir (m)
195	m_liq_eb_p !: progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
196	#else
197	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
198	t_surface_p, &
199	m_liq_eb, &
200	m_liq_eb_p
201
202	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
203	m_liq_eb_av, &
204	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
205	#endif
206
207	!
208	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
209	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !: surface temperature tendency (K)
210	tm_liq_eb_m !: liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
211
212	!
213	!-- Energy balance variables
214	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
215	alpha_vg, & !: coef. of Van Genuchten
216	c_liq, & !: liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
217	c_liq_av, & !: average of c_liq
218	c_soil_av, & !: average of c_soil
219	c_veg, & !: vegetation coverage
220	c_veg_av, & !: average of c_veg
221	f_sw_in, & !: fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
222	ghf_eb, & !: ground heat flux
223	ghf_eb_av, & !: average of ghf_eb
224	gamma_w_sat, & !: hydraulic conductivity at saturation
225	g_d, & !: coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
226	lai, & !: leaf area index
227	lai_av, & !: average of lai
228	lambda_h_sat, & !: heat conductivity for dry soil
229	lambda_surface_s, & !: coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
230	lambda_surface_u, & !: coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
231	l_vg, & !: coef. of Van Genuchten
232	m_fc, & !: soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
233	m_res, & !: residual soil moisture
234	m_sat, & !: saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
235	m_wilt, & !: soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
236	n_vg, & !: coef. Van Genuchten
237	qsws_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (total)
238	qsws_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_eb
239	qsws_liq_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
240	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_liq_eb
241	qsws_soil_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
242	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_soil_eb
243	qsws_veg_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
244	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_veg_eb
245	rad_net_l, & !: local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
246	r_a, & !: aerodynamic resistance
247	r_a_av, & !: avergae of r_a
248	r_canopy, & !: canopy resistance
249	r_soil, & !: soil resitance
250	r_soil_min, & !: minimum soil resistance
251	r_s, & !: total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
252	r_s_av, & !: avergae of r_s
253	r_canopy_min, & !: minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
254	shf_eb, & !: surface flux of sensible heat
255	shf_eb_av !: average of shf_eb
256
257	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
258	lambda_h, & !: heat conductivity of soil (?)
259	lambda_w, & !: hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
260	gamma_w, & !: hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
261	rho_c_total !: volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
262
263	#if defined( __nopointer )
264	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
265	t_soil, & !: Soil temperature (K)
266	t_soil_av, & !: Average of t_soil
267	t_soil_p, & !: Prog. soil temperature (K)
268	m_soil, & !: Soil moisture (m3/m3)
269	m_soil_av, & !: Average of m_soil
270	m_soil_p !: Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
271	#else
272	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
273	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
274	m_soil, m_soil_p
275
276	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
277	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
278	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
279	#endif
280
281
282	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
283	tt_soil_m, & !: t_soil storage array
284	tm_soil_m, & !: m_soil storage array
285	root_fr !: root fraction (sum=1)
286
287
288	!
289	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
290	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
291	'user defined', & ! 0
292	'crops, mixed farming', & ! 1
293	'short grass', & ! 2
294	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
295	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
296	'evergreen broadleaf trees' , & ! 5
297	'deciduous broadleaf trees', & ! 6
298	'tall grass', & ! 7
299	'desert', & ! 8
300	'tundra', & ! 9
301	'irrigated crops', & ! 10
302	'semidesert', & ! 11
303	'ice caps and glaciers' , & ! 12
304	'bogs and marshes', & ! 13
305	'inland water', & ! 14
306	'ocean', & ! 15
307	'evergreen shrubs', & ! 16
308	'deciduous shrubs', & ! 17
309	'mixed forest/woodland', & ! 18
310	'interrupted forest' & ! 19
311	/)
312
313	!
314	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
315	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
316	'user defined', & ! 0
317	'coarse', & ! 1
318	'medium', & ! 2
319	'medium-fine', & ! 3
320	'fine', & ! 4
321	'very fine' , & ! 5
322	'organic', & ! 6
323	'loamy (CH)' & ! 7
324	/)
325	!
326	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
327
328	!
329	!-- Land surface parameters I
330	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
331	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
332	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
333	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
334	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
335	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
336	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
337	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
338	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
339	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
340	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
341	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
342	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
343	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
344	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
345	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
346	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
347	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
348	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
349	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
350	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
351	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
352
353	!
354	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
355	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
356	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
357	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
358	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
359	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
360	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
361	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
362	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
363	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
364	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
365	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
366	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
367	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
368	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
369	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
370	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
371	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
372	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
373	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
374	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
375	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
376
377	!
378	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
379	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
380	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
381	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
382	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
383	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
384	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
385	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
386	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
387	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
388	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
389	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
390	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
391	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
392	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
393	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
394	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
395	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
396	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
397	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
398	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
399	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
400
401	!
402	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
403	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
404	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
405	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
406	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
407	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
408	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
409	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
410	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
411	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
412	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
413	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
414	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
415	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
416	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
417	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
418	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
419	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
420	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
421	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
422	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
423	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
424
425	!
426	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
427
428	!
429	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
430	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
431	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
432	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
433	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
434	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
435	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
436	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
437	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
438	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
439
440	!
441	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
442	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
443	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
444	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
445	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
446	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
447	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
448	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
449	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
450	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
451
452
453	SAVE
454
455
456	PRIVATE
457
458
459	!
460	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
461	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
462	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
463	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
464	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
465	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
466	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
467	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
468	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, soil_moisture, &
469	soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, vegetation_coverage, &
470	veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, z0h_eb
471
472	!
473	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
474	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
475	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
476	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
477	zs
478
479
480	!
481	!-- Public 2D output variables
482	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
483	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
484	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
485	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
486
487
488	!
489	!-- Public prognostic variables
490	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
491
492	INTERFACE init_lsm
493	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
494	END INTERFACE init_lsm
495
496	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
497	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
498	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
499
500	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
501	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
502	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
503
504	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
505	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
506	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
507
508	CONTAINS
509
510
511	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
512	! Description:
513	! ------------
514	!-- Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
515	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
516	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
517
518
519	IMPLICIT NONE
520
521	!
522	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
523	#if defined( __nopointer )
524	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
525	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
526	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
527	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
528	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
529	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
530	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
531	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
532	#else
533	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
534	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
535	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
536	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
537	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
538	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
539	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
540	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
541	#endif
542
543	!
544	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
545	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
546	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
547	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
548	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
549
550	!
551	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
552	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
553	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
554	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
555	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
556	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
557	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
558	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
559	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
560	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
561	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
562	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
563	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
564	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
565	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
566	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
567	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
568	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
569	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
570	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
571	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
572	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
573	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
574	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
575	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
576	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
577	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
578	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
579	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
580	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
581
582	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
583	!
584	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
585	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
586	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
587	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
588	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
589	#endif
590
591
592	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
593
594	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
595	! Description:
596	! ------------
597	!-- Initialization of the land surface model
598	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
599	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
600
601
602	IMPLICIT NONE
603
604	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
605	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
606	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !: running index
607
608
609	!
610	!-- Calculate Exner function
611	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
612
613
614	!
615	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
616	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
617	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
618	ENDIF
619
620	!
621	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
622	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
623	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
624	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
625	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
626
627	!
628	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
629	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
630	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
631	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
632	c_liq = 0.0_wp
633
634	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
635	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
636
637	IF ( humidity ) THEN
638	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
639	ELSE
640	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
641	ENDIF
642
643	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
644	qsws_soil_eb = qsws_eb
645	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
646
647	r_a = 50.0_wp
648	r_s = 50.0_wp
649	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
650	r_soil = 0.0_wp
651
652	!
653	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
654	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
655	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
656	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
657
658	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
659	!
660	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
661	IF ( humidity ) THEN
662	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
663	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
664
665	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
666	ENDIF
667
668	!
669	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
670	!-- the center of the soil layers, whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
671	!-- at the edges (_stag)
672	dz_soil_stag(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
673
674	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
675	dz_soil_stag(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
676	ENDDO
677
678	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
679	dz_soil(k) = 0.5 * (dz_soil_stag(k+1) + dz_soil_stag(k))
680	ENDDO
681	dz_soil(nzt_soil) = dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
682
683	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
684	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
685
686	!
687	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
688	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
689	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
690	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
691
692	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
693	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
694	ENDIF
695
696	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
697	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
698	ENDIF
699
700	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
701	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
702	ENDIF
703
704	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
705	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
706	ENDIF
707
708	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
709	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
710	ENDIF
711
712	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
713	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
714	ENDIF
715
716	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
717	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
718	ENDIF
719
720	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
721	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
722	ENDIF
723
724	ENDIF
725
726	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
727	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
728	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
729	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
730	m_sat = saturation_moisture
731	m_fc = field_capacity
732	m_wilt = wilting_point
733	m_res = residual_moisture
734	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
735
736	!
737	!-- Initial run actions
738	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
739
740	t_soil = 0.0_wp
741	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
742	m_soil = 0.0_wp
743
744	!
745	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
746	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
747	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
748	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
749	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
750	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
751	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
752	ENDDO
753	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
754
755	!
756	!-- Calculate surface temperature
757	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
758
759	!
760	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
761	!-- the first time step
762	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
763	DO j = nysg, nyng
764	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
765
766	!
767	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
768	IF ( pt(k+1,j,i) == pt(k,j,i) ) pt(k+1,j,i) = pt(k+1,j,i) &
769	+ 1.0E-10_wp
770
771	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
772	ts(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
773	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
774	ENDDO
775	ENDDO
776
777	!
778	!-- Actions for restart runs
779	ELSE
780
781	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
782	DO j = nysg, nyng
783	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
784	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
785	ENDDO
786	ENDDO
787
788	ENDIF
789
790	!
791	!-- Calculate saturation soil heat conductivity
792	lambda_h_sat(:,:) = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(:,:)) * &
793	lambda_h_water ** m_sat(:,:)
794
795
796
797
798	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
799	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
800	ENDDO
801
802	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
803	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
804	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
805	ENDIF
806	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
807	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
808	ENDIF
809	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
810	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
811	ENDIF
812	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
813	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
814	ENDIF
815	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
816	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
817	ENDIF
818	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
819	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
820	ENDIF
821	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
822	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
823	ENDIF
824	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
825	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
826	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
827	ENDIF
828	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
829	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
830	ENDIF
831	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
832
833	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
834	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
835	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
836	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
837	ENDDO
838	ENDIF
839
840	ELSE
841
842	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
843	z0_eb = roughness_length
844	ENDIF
845	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
846	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
847	ENDIF
848
849	ENDIF
850
851	!
852	!-- Initialize vegetation
853	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
854	lai = leaf_area_index
855	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
856	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
857	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
858	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
859	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
860	z0 = z0_eb
861	z0h = z0h_eb
862
863	!
864	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
865	CALL user_init_land_surface
866
867
868	t_soil_p = t_soil
869	m_soil_p = m_soil
870	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
871
872	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
873	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
874	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
875	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
876	statistic_regions+1 )
877	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
878	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
879	statistic_regions+1 )
880
881	!
882	!-- Calculate humidity at the surface
883	IF ( humidity ) THEN
884	CALL calc_q_surface
885	ENDIF
886
887
888
889	!
890	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
891
892	dots_label(dots_num+1) = "ghf_eb"
893	dots_label(dots_num+2) = "shf_eb"
894	dots_label(dots_num+3) = "qsws_eb"
895	dots_label(dots_num+4) = "qsws_liq_eb"
896	dots_label(dots_num+5) = "qsws_soil_eb"
897	dots_label(dots_num+6) = "qsws_veg_eb"
898	dots_unit(dots_num+1:dots_num+6) = "W/m2"
899
900	dots_label(dots_num+7) = "r_a"
901	dots_label(dots_num+8) = "r_s"
902	dots_unit(dots_num+7:dots_num+8) = "s/m"
903
904	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
905	dots_num = dots_num + 8
906
907	RETURN
908
909	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
910
911
912
913	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
914	! Description:
915	! ------------
916	! Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
917	!
918	! Note: surface fluxes are calculated in the land surface model, but these are
919	! not used in the atmospheric code. The fluxes are calculated afterwards in
920	! prandtl_fluxes using the surface values of temperature and humidity as
921	! provided by the land surface model. In this way, the fluxes in the land
922	! surface model are not equal to the ones calculated in prandtl_fluxes
923	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
924	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
925
926
927	IMPLICIT NONE
928
929	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
930	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
931	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !: running index
932
933	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !: resistance correction term 1
934	f2, & !: resistance correction term 2
935	f3, & !: resistance correction term 3
936	m_min, & !: minimum soil moisture
937	T_1, & !: actual temperature at first grid point
938	e, & !: water vapour pressure
939	e_s, & !: water vapour saturation pressure
940	e_s_dt, & !: derivate of e_s with respect to T
941	tend, & !: tendency
942	dq_s_dt, & !: derivate of q_s with respect to T
943	coef_1, & !: coef. for prognostic equation
944	coef_2, & !: coef. for prognostic equation
945	f_qsws, & !: factor for qsws_eb
946	f_qsws_veg, & !: factor for qsws_veg_eb
947	f_qsws_soil, & !: factor for qsws_soil_eb
948	f_qsws_liq, & !: factor for qsws_liq_eb
949	f_shf, & !: factor for shf_eb
950	lambda_surface, & !: Current value of lambda_surface
951	m_liq_eb_max !: maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
952
953
954	!
955	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
956	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
957
958
959
960	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
961	DO j = nysg, nyng
962	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
963
964	!
965	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
966	IF ( rif(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
967	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
968	ELSE
969	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
970	ENDIF
971
972	!
973	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
974	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
975	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
976	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
977	r_a(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + &
978	1.0E-20_wp)
979
980	!
981	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
982	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
983
984	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
985	!-- night)
986	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
987	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) /&
988	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
989	+ 1.0_wp)) )
990	ELSE
991	f1 = 1.0_wp
992	ENDIF
993
994	!
995	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
996	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
997	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
998	m_total = 0.0_wp
999	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1000	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
1001	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
1002	ENDDO
1003
1004	IF ( m_total .GT. m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total .LT. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1005	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
1006	ELSEIF ( m_total .GE. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
1007	f2 = 1.0_wp
1008	ELSE
1009	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
1010	ENDIF
1011
1012	!
1013	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1014	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1015	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
1016
1017	!
1018	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
1019	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
1020	!
1021	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
1022	e = q_p(k+1,j,i) * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
1023	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
1024	ELSE
1025	f3 = 1.0_wp
1026	ENDIF
1027
1028	!
1029	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
1030	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
1031	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1032	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1033	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1034
1035	!
1036	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1037	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1038	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1039	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1040	m_res(j,i)
1041	ELSE
1042	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1043	ENDIF
1044
1045	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1046	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1047	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1048
1049	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1050
1051	!
1052	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
1053	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
1054	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
1055
1056
1057	!
1058	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1059	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1060
1061	!
1062	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1063	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1064	IF ( humidity .AND. dewfall .AND. q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
1065	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1066	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1067	ENDIF
1068
1069	!
1070	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1071	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1072	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1073
1074	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1075	r_soil(j,i))
1076	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1077
1078
1079	!
1080	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1081	!-- transpirate.
1082	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .LT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1083	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1084	! ENDIF
1085
1086	!
1087	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
1088	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
1089	!-- air.
1090	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1091	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
1092	IF ( .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
1093	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1094	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1095	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
1096	ENDIF
1097	ENDIF
1098	ENDIF
1099
1100	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1101	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1102
1103	!
1104	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1105	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1106	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1107	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1108
1109	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
1110
1111	T_1 = pt_p(k+1,j,i) * exn
1112
1113	!
1114	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1115	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 4
1116
1117	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1118
1119	!
1120	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1121	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
1122	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1123	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1124	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1125
1126	!
1127	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1128	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1129	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1130
1131	ELSE
1132
1133	!
1134	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1135	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
1136	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + lambda_surface &
1137	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1138
1139	!
1140	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1141	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1142	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1143
1144	ENDIF
1145
1146	tend = 0.0_wp
1147
1148	!
1149	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1150	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1151	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
1152	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
1153	* tsc(2) )
1154	!
1155	!-- Add RK3 term
1156	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1157	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1158
1159	!
1160	!-- Calculate true tendency
1161	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1162	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1163	!
1164	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1165	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1166	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1167	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1168	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1169	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1170	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1171	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1172	ENDIF
1173	ENDIF
1174
1175	pt_p(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1176	!
1177	!-- Calculate fluxes
1178	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
1179	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
1180	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1181	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1182	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1183	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt_p(k+1,j,i) - pt_p(k,j,i) )
1184
1185	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1186	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1187	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1188
1189	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1190	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1191	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1192
1193	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1194	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1195	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1196
1197	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1198	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
1199	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1200	ENDIF
1201
1202	!
1203	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1204	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) .EQ. 0.0_wp ) THEN
1205	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1206	ELSE
1207	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dt &
1208	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1209	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1210	ENDIF
1211
1212	!
1213	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1214	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1215	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1216	!
1217	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
1218	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
1219	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1220	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1221
1222	!
1223	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
1224	!-- Otherwise, add the water to bare soil fraction.
1225	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) .EQ. m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1226	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1227	+ c_veg(j,i) * precipitation_rate(j,i) &
1228	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1229	ELSE
1230	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1231	+ c_veg(j,i) * precipitation_rate(j,i) &
1232	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1233	ENDIF
1234
1235	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
1236	!-- coverage.
1237	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
1238	- c_veg(j,i)) * precipitation_rate(j,i) &
1239	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
1240	ENDIF
1241	!
1242	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1243	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i)) THEN
1244	!
1245	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1246	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1247	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1248	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1249	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) .EQ. m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1250	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1251	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1252	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1253	ENDIF
1254
1255	!
1256	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1257	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1258	!-- plant
1259	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) .LT. 0.0_wp ) THEN
1260	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1261	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1262	ENDIF
1263	ENDIF
1264
1265	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1266
1267	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1268	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1269
1270	!
1271	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1272	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1273	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1274
1275	!
1276	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1277	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1278	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1279
1280
1281	!
1282	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1283	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1284	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1285	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1286	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1287	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1288	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1289	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1290	ENDIF
1291	ENDIF
1292
1293	ENDIF
1294
1295	ENDDO
1296	ENDDO
1297
1298	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1299
1300
1301	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1302	! Description:
1303	! ------------
1304	!
1305	! Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
1306	! temperature and water content.
1307	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1308	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1309
1310
1311	IMPLICIT NONE
1312
1313	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
1314	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
1315	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !: running index
1316
1317	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !: Van Genuchten coef. h
1318
1319	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !: temp. gamma
1320	lambda_temp, & !: temp. lambda
1321	tend !: tendency
1322
1323	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1324	DO j = nysg, nyng
1325	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1326	!
1327	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
1328	!-- account water content
1329	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
1330	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
1331
1332	!
1333	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
1334	!-- layers
1335	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
1336	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat(j,i) + lambda_h_dry) + &
1337	lambda_h_dry
1338
1339	ENDDO
1340
1341	!
1342	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
1343	!-- using linear interpolation
1344	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1345
1346	lambda_h(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
1347	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
1348	* 0.5 * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1349
1350	ENDDO
1351	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1352
1353	!
1354	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
1355	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1356	tend(0) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
1357	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
1358	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil) &
1359	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1360
1361	DO k = 1, nzt_soil
1362	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
1363	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
1364	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
1365	* ddz_soil(k) &
1366	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
1367	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
1368	* ddz_soil(k-1) &
1369	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1370	ENDDO
1371
1372	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
1373	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
1374	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
1375	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1376
1377	!
1378	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1379	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1380	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1381	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1382	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1383	ENDDO
1384	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1385	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1386	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1387	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1388	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
1389	ENDDO
1390	ENDIF
1391	ENDIF
1392
1393
1394	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1395
1396	!
1397	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
1398	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
1399	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
1400	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
1401
1402	!
1403	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
1404	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1405	!
1406	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
1407	!-- (1980)
1408	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
1409	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
1410	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
1411	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
1412
1413	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
1414	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
1415	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1416	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
1417	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1418	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
1419	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
1420
1421	!
1422	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
1423	ELSE
1424	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
1425	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
1426	ENDIF
1427
1428	ENDDO
1429
1430
1431	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1432	!
1433	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
1434	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
1435	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
1436	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1437
1438	lambda_w(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
1439	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
1440	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1441	gamma_w(k,j,i) = gamma_temp(k) + &
1442	( gamma_temp(k+1) - gamma_temp(k) ) &
1443	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1444
1445	ENDDO
1446
1447	!
1448	!
1449	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
1450	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
1451	!-- in the bottom layer.
1452	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1453	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1454	ELSE
1455	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1456	ENDIF
1457
1458	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
1459	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
1460	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
1461	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
1462	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
1463	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
1464	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
1465	!-- take water from moister layers.
1466
1467	!
1468	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, modified so that the
1469	!-- sum of root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
1470	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
1471	!-- additional check.
1472
1473	m_total = 0.0_wp
1474	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1475	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1476	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
1477	ENDIF
1478	ENDDO
1479
1480	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1481	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1482	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
1483	ELSE
1484	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
1485	ENDIF
1486	ENDDO
1487
1488	!
1489	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
1490	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1491	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
1492	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
1493	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
1494	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
1495	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
1496	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1497
1498	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
1499	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
1500	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
1501	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
1502	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k-1) &
1503	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
1504	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
1505	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1506
1507	ENDDO
1508	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1509	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
1510	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1511	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
1512	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil-1) &
1513	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
1514	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
1515	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
1516	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
1517
1518	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
1519	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
1520	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1521
1522	!
1523	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
1524	m_soil_p(:,j,i) = MAX(m_soil_p(:,j,i),0.0_wp)
1525
1526	!
1527	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1528	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1529	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1530	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1531	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1532	ENDDO
1533	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1534	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1535	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1536	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1537	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
1538	ENDDO
1539	ENDIF
1540	ENDIF
1541
1542	ENDIF
1543
1544	ENDDO
1545	ENDDO
1546
1547	!
1548	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1549	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1550	CALL calc_q_surface
1551	ENDIF
1552
1553
1554	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1555
1556
1557	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1558	! Description:
1559	! ------------
1560	! Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
1561	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1562	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1563
1564	IMPLICIT NONE
1565
1566	INTEGER :: i !: running index
1567	INTEGER :: j !: running index
1568	INTEGER :: k !: running index
1569	REAL(wp) :: resistance !: aerodynamic and soil resistance term
1570
1571	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1572	DO j = nysg, nyng
1573	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1574
1575	!
1576	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1577	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1578	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) &
1579	- 35.86_wp ) )
1580
1581	!
1582	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
1583	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1584
1585
1586	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
1587
1588	!
1589	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
1590	q_p(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1591	* q_p(k+1,j,i)
1592
1593	ENDDO
1594	ENDDO
1595
1596	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1597
1598	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1599	! Description:
1600	! ------------
1601	! Swapping of timelevels
1602	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1603	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
1604
1605	IMPLICIT NONE
1606
1607	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
1608
1609	#if defined( __nopointer )
1610
1611	t_surface = t_surface_p
1612	t_soil = t_soil_p
1613	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1614	m_soil = m_soil_p
1615	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1616	ENDIF
1617
1618	#else
1619
1620	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
1621
1622	CASE ( 0 )
1623
1624	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
1625	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1626	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1627	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
1628	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
1629	ENDIF
1630
1631
1632	CASE ( 1 )
1633
1634	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
1635	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
1636	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1637	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
1638	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
1639	ENDIF
1640
1641	END SELECT
1642	#endif
1643
1644	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
1645
1646
1647	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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