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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1551

Last change on this file since 1551 was 1551, checked in by maronga, 9 years ago
land surface model released
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1	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
2
3	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
4	! This file is part of PALM.
5	!
6	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
7	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
8	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
9	!
10	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
11	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
12	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
13	!
14	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
15	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16	!
17	! Copyright 1997-2014 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
18	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
19	!
20	! Current revisions:
21	! -----------------
22	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
23	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
24	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
25	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
26	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
27	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
28	! calculation
29	!
30	! Former revisions:
31	! -----------------
32	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga $
33	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
34	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
35	!
36	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
37	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
38	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
39	! Added support for dry runs.
40	!
41	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
42	! Initial revision
43	!
44	!
45	! Description:
46	! ------------
47	! Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
48	! surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
49	! scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
50	! H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
51	! DALES and UCLA-LES models.
52	!
53	! To do list:
54	! -----------
55	! - Check dewfall parametrization for fog simulations
56	! - Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the surface layer
57	! - Allow for water surfaces, check performance for bare soils
58	! - Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0, nzt_soil=3))
59	! - Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES with
60	! considerable precipitation
61	! Notes:
62	! ------
63	! - No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not become
64	! too thin
65	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
66	USE arrays_3d, &
67	ONLY: pt, pt_p, q, q_p, qsws, rif, shf, ts, us, z0, z0h
68
69	USE cloud_parameters, &
70	ONLY: cp, l_d_r, l_v, precipitation_rate, rho_l, r_d, r_v
71
72	USE control_parameters, &
73	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
74	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
75	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
76	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
77	z0h_factor
78
79	USE indices, &
80	ONLY: nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb_s_inner
81
82	USE kinds
83
84	USE netcdf_control, &
85	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
86
87	USE radiation_model_mod, &
88	ONLY: irad_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, sigma_SB
89
90	USE statistics, &
91	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
92
93	IMPLICIT NONE
94
95	!
96	!-- LSM model constants
97	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !: bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
98	nzt_soil = 3, & !: top of the soil model (to be switched)
99	nzs = 4 !: number of soil layers (fixed for now)
100
101	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !: starting index for timeseries output
102
103	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
104	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
105	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
106
107	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
108
109	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
110	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
111	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
112	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
113	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
114	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
115	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
116	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
117	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
118
119
120	!
121	!-- LSM variables
122	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !: vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
123	soil_type = 3 !: soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
124
125	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !: open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
126	dewfall = .TRUE., & !: allow/inhibit dewfall
127	land_surface = .FALSE. !: flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
128
129	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
130	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
131	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST alpha_vg
132	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST g_d
133	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !: Surface (skin) heat capacity
134	drho_l_lv, & !: (rho_l * l_v)**-1
135	exn, & !: value of the Exner function
136	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !: saturation water vapour pressure
137	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_fc
138	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST f_sw_in
139	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
140	ke = 0.0_wp, & !: Kersten number
141	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
142	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
143	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST lai
144	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST l_vg
145	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST r_canopy_min
146	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !: NAMELIST r_soil_min
147	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !: weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
148	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST n_vg
149	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !: saturation specific humidity
150	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_res
151	rho_cp, & !: rho_surface * cp
152	rho_lv, & !: rho * l_v
153	rd_d_rv, & !: r_d / r_v
154	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_sat
155	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST c_veg
156	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST m_wilt
157	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !: NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
158	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !: NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
159
160	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
161	ddz_soil, & !: 1/dz_soil
162	ddz_soil_stag, & !: 1/dz_soil_stag
163	dz_soil, & !: soil grid spacing (center-center)
164	dz_soil_stag, & !: soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
165	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !: root extraction
166	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
167	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !: distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
168	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !: soil layer depths (m)
169	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !: soil moisture content (m3/m3)
170
171	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
172	soil_temperature = 9999999.9_wp !: soil temperature (K)
173
174	#if defined( __nopointer )
175	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !: surface temperature (K)
176	t_surface_p, & !: progn. surface temperature (K)
177	m_liq_eb, & !: liquid water reservoir (m)
178	m_liq_eb_av, & !: liquid water reservoir (m)
179	m_liq_eb_p !: progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
180	#else
181	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
182	t_surface_p, &
183	m_liq_eb, &
184	m_liq_eb_p
185
186	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
187	m_liq_eb_av, &
188	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
189	#endif
190
191	!
192	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
193	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !: surface temperature tendency (K)
194	tm_liq_eb_m !: liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
195
196	!
197	!-- Energy balance variables
198	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
199	alpha_vg, & !: coef. of Van Genuchten
200	c_liq, & !: liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
201	c_liq_av, & !: average of c_liq
202	c_soil_av, & !: average of c_soil
203	c_veg, & !: vegetation coverage
204	c_veg_av, & !: average of c_veg
205	f_sw_in, & !: fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
206	ghf_eb, & !: ground heat flux
207	ghf_eb_av, & !: average of ghf_eb
208	gamma_w_sat, & !: hydraulic conductivity at saturation
209	g_d, & !: coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
210	lai, & !: leaf area index
211	lai_av, & !: average of lai
212	lambda_h_sat, & !: heat conductivity for dry soil
213	lambda_surface_s, & !: coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
214	lambda_surface_u, & !: coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
215	l_vg, & !: coef. of Van Genuchten
216	m_fc, & !: soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
217	m_res, & !: residual soil moisture
218	m_sat, & !: saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
219	m_wilt, & !: soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
220	n_vg, & !: coef. Van Genuchten
221	qsws_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (total)
222	qsws_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_eb
223	qsws_liq_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
224	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_liq_eb
225	qsws_soil_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
226	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_soil_eb
227	qsws_veg_eb, & !: surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
228	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !: average of qsws_veg_eb
229	r_a, & !: aerodynamic resistance
230	r_canopy, & !: canopy resistance
231	r_soil, & !: soil resitance
232	r_soil_min, & !: minimum soil resistance
233	r_s, & !: total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
234	r_canopy_min, & !: minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
235	shf_eb, & !: surface flux of sensible heat
236	shf_eb_av !: average of shf_eb
237
238	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
239	lambda_h, & !: heat conductivity of soil (?)
240	lambda_w, & !: hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
241	gamma_w, & !: hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
242	rho_c_total !: volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
243
244	#if defined( __nopointer )
245	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
246	t_soil, & !: Soil temperature (K)
247	t_soil_av, & !: Average of t_soil
248	t_soil_p, & !: Prog. soil temperature (K)
249	m_soil, & !: Soil moisture (m3/m3)
250	m_soil_av, & !: Average of m_soil
251	m_soil_p !: Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
252	#else
253	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
254	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
255	m_soil, m_soil_p
256
257	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
258	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
259	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
260
261
262	#endif
263
264
265	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
266	tt_soil_m, & !: t_soil storage array
267	tm_soil_m, & !: m_soil storage array
268	root_fr !: root fraction (sum=1)
269
270
271	!
272	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
273	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19) :: veg_type_name = (/ &
274	'user defined', & ! 0
275	'crops, mixed farming', & ! 1
276	'short grass', & ! 2
277	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
278	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
279	'evergreen broadleaf trees' , & ! 5
280	'deciduous broadleaf trees', & ! 6
281	'tall grass', & ! 7
282	'desert', & ! 8
283	'tundra', & ! 9
284	'irrigated crops', & ! 10
285	'semidesert', & ! 11
286	'ice caps and glaciers' , & ! 12
287	'bogs and marshes', & ! 13
288	'inland water', & ! 14
289	'ocean', & ! 15
290	'evergreen shrubs', & ! 16
291	'deciduous shrubs', & ! 17
292	'mixed forest/woodland', & ! 18
293	'interrupted forest' & ! 19
294	/)
295
296	!
297	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
298	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7) :: soil_type_name = (/ &
299	'user defined', & ! 0
300	'coarse', & ! 1
301	'medium', & ! 2
302	'medium-fine', & ! 3
303	'fine', & ! 4
304	'very fine' , & ! 5
305	'organic', & ! 6
306	'loamy (CH)' & ! 7
307	/)
308	!
309	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
310
311	!
312	!-- Land surface parameters I
313	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
314	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19) :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
315	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
316	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
317	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
318	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
319	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
320	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
321	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
322	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
323	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
324	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
325	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
326	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
327	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
328	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
329	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
330	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
331	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
332	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
333	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
334	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
335
336	!
337	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
338	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19) :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
339	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
340	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
341	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
342	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
343	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
344	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
345	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
346	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
347	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
348	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
349	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
350	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
351	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
352	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
353	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
354	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
355	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
356	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
357	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
358	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
359
360	!
361	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
362	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19) :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
363	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
364	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
365	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
366	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
367	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
368	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
369	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
370	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
371	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
372	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
373	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
374	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
375	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
376	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
377	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
378	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
379	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
380	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
381	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
382	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
383
384	!
385	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
386	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19) :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
387	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
388	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
389	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
390	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
391	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
392	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
393	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
394	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
395	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
396	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
397	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
398	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
399	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
400	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
401	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
402	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
403	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
404	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
405	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
406	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
407
408	!
409	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
410
411	!
412	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
413	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7) :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
414	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
415	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
416	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
417	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
418	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
419	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
420	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
421	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
422
423	!
424	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
425	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7) :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
426	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
427	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
428	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
429	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
430	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
431	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
432	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
433	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
434
435
436	SAVE
437
438
439	PRIVATE
440
441
442	!
443	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
444	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
445	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
446	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
447	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
448	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
449	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
450	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
451	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, soil_moisture, &
452	soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, vegetation_coverage, &
453	veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, z0h_eb
454
455	!
456	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
457	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
458	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
459	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
460	zs
461
462
463	!
464	!-- Public 2D output variables
465	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
466	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
467	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
468	shf_eb, shf_eb_av
469
470
471	!
472	!-- Public prognostic variables
473	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
474
475
476	INTERFACE init_lsm
477	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
478	END INTERFACE init_lsm
479
480	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
481	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
482	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
483
484	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
485	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
486	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
487
488	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
489	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
490	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
491
492	CONTAINS
493
494
495	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
496	! Description:
497	! ------------
498	!-- Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
499	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
500	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
501
502
503	IMPLICIT NONE
504
505	!
506	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
507	#if defined( __nopointer )
508	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
509	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
510	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
511	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
512	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
513	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
514	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
515	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
516	#else
517	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
518	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
519	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
520	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
521	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
522	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
523	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
524	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
525	#endif
526
527	!
528	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
529	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
530	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
531	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
532	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
533
534	!
535	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
536	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
537	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
538	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
539	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
540	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
541	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
542	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
543	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
544	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
545	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
546	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
547	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
548	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
549	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
550	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
551	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
552	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
553	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
554	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
555	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
556	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
557	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
558	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
559	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
560	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
561	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
562	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
563	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
564
565	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
566	!
567	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
568	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
569	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
570	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
571	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
572	#endif
573
574
575	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
576
577	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
578	! Description:
579	! ------------
580	!-- Initialization of the land surface model
581	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
582	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
583
584
585	IMPLICIT NONE
586
587	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
588	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
589	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !: running index
590
591
592	!
593	!-- Calculate Exner function
594	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
595
596
597	!
598	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
599	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
600	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
601	ENDIF
602
603	!
604	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
605	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
606	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
607	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
608	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
609
610	!
611	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
612	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
613	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
614	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
615	c_liq = 0.0_wp
616
617	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
618	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
619
620	IF ( humidity ) THEN
621	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
622	ELSE
623	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
624	ENDIF
625
626	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
627	qsws_soil_eb = qsws_eb
628	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
629
630	r_a = 50.0_wp
631	r_s = 50.0_wp
632	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
633	r_soil = 0.0_wp
634
635	!
636	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
637	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
638	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
639	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
640
641	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
642	!
643	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
644	IF ( humidity ) THEN
645	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
646	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
647
648	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
649	ENDIF
650
651	!
652	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
653	!-- the center of the soil layers, whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
654	!-- at the edges (_stag)
655	dz_soil_stag(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
656
657	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
658	dz_soil_stag(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
659	ENDDO
660
661	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
662	dz_soil(k) = 0.5 * (dz_soil_stag(k+1) + dz_soil_stag(k))
663	ENDDO
664	dz_soil(nzt_soil) = dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
665
666	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
667	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
668
669	!
670	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
671	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
672	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
673	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
674
675	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
676	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
677	ENDIF
678
679	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
680	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
681	ENDIF
682
683	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
684	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
685	ENDIF
686
687	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
688	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
689	ENDIF
690
691	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
692	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
693	ENDIF
694
695	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
696	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
697	ENDIF
698
699	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
700	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
701	ENDIF
702
703	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
704	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
705	ENDIF
706
707	ENDIF
708
709	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
710	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
711	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
712	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
713	m_sat = saturation_moisture
714	m_fc = field_capacity
715	m_wilt = wilting_point
716	m_res = residual_moisture
717	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
718
719	!
720	!-- Initial run actions
721	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
722
723	t_soil = 0.0_wp
724	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
725	m_soil = 0.0_wp
726
727	!
728	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
729	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
730	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
731	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
732	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
733	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
734	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
735	ENDDO
736	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
737
738	!
739	!-- Calculate surface temperature
740	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
741
742	!
743	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
744	!-- the first time step
745	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
746	DO j = nysg, nyng
747	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
748
749	!
750	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
751	IF ( pt(k+1,j,i) == pt(k,j,i) ) pt(k+1,j,i) = pt(k+1,j,i) &
752	+ 1.0E-10_wp
753
754	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
755	ts(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
756	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
757	ENDDO
758	ENDDO
759
760	!
761	!-- Actions for restart runs
762	ELSE
763
764	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
765	DO j = nysg, nyng
766	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
767	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
768	ENDDO
769	ENDDO
770
771	ENDIF
772
773	!
774	!-- Calculate saturation soil heat conductivity
775	lambda_h_sat(:,:) = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(:,:)) * &
776	lambda_h_water ** m_sat(:,:)
777
778
779
780
781	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
782	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
783	ENDDO
784
785	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
786	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
787	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
788	ENDIF
789	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
790	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
791	ENDIF
792	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
793	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
794	ENDIF
795	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
796	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
797	ENDIF
798	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
799	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
800	ENDIF
801	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
802	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
803	ENDIF
804	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
805	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
806	ENDIF
807	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
808	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
809	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
810	ENDIF
811	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
812	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
813	ENDIF
814	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
815
816	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
817	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
818	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
819	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
820	ENDDO
821	ENDIF
822
823	ENDIF
824
825	!
826	!-- Initialize vegetation
827	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
828	lai = leaf_area_index
829	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
830	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
831	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
832	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
833	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
834	z0 = z0_eb
835	z0h = z0h_eb
836
837	!
838	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
839	CALL user_init_land_surface
840
841
842	t_soil_p = t_soil
843	m_soil_p = m_soil
844	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
845
846	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
847	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
848	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
849	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
850	statistic_regions+1 )
851	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
852	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
853	statistic_regions+1 )
854
855	!
856	!-- Calculate humidity at the surface
857	IF ( humidity ) THEN
858	CALL calc_q_surface
859	ENDIF
860
861
862
863	!
864	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
865	dots_label(dots_num+1) = "ghf_eb"
866	dots_label(dots_num+2) = "shf_eb"
867	dots_label(dots_num+3) = "qsws_eb"
868	dots_label(dots_num+4) = "qsws_liq_eb"
869	dots_label(dots_num+5) = "qsws_soil_eb"
870	dots_label(dots_num+6) = "qsws_veg_eb"
871	dots_unit(dots_num+1:dots_num+6) = "W/m2"
872
873	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
874	dots_num = dots_num + 6
875
876
877	RETURN
878
879	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
880
881
882
883	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
884	! Description:
885	! ------------
886	! Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
887	!
888	! Note: surface fluxes are calculated in the land surface model, but these are
889	! not used in the atmospheric code. The fluxes are calculated afterwards in
890	! prandtl_fluxes using the surface values of temperature and humidity as
891	! provided by the land surface model. In this way, the fluxes in the land
892	! surface model are not equal to the ones calculated in prandtl_fluxes
893	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
894	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
895
896
897	IMPLICIT NONE
898
899	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
900	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
901	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !: running index
902
903	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !: resistance correction term 1
904	f2, & !: resistance correction term 2
905	f3, & !: resistance correction term 3
906	m_min, & !: minimum soil moisture
907	T_1, & !: actual temperature at first grid point
908	e, & !: water vapour pressure
909	e_s, & !: water vapour saturation pressure
910	e_s_dT, & !: derivate of e_s with respect to T
911	tend, & !: tendency
912	dq_s_dT, & !: derivate of q_s with respect to T
913	coef_1, & !: coef. for prognostic equation
914	coef_2, & !: coef. for prognostic equation
915	f_qsws, & !: factor for qsws_eb
916	f_qsws_veg, & !: factor for qsws_veg_eb
917	f_qsws_soil, & !: factor for qsws_soil_eb
918	f_qsws_liq, & !: factor for qsws_liq_eb
919	f_shf, & !: factor for shf_eb
920	lambda_surface, & !: Current value of lambda_surface
921	m_liq_eb_max !: maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
922
923
924	!
925	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
926	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
927
928
929	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
930	DO j = nysg, nyng
931	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
932
933	!
934	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
935	IF ( rif(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
936	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
937	ELSE
938	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
939	ENDIF
940
941	!
942	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
943	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
944	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
945	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
946	r_a(j,i) = (pt(k+1,j,i) - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + &
947	1.0E-20_wp)
948
949	!
950	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
951	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
952
953	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
954	!-- night)
955	IF ( irad_scheme /= 0 ) THEN
956	f1 = MIN(1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
957	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(j,i) + 1.0_wp) ))
958	ELSE
959	f1 = 1.0_wp
960	ENDIF
961
962	!
963	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
964	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
965	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
966	m_total = 0.0_wp
967	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
968	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
969	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
970	ENDDO
971
972	IF ( m_total .GT. m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total .LT. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
973	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
974	ELSEIF ( m_total .GE. m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
975	f2 = 1.0_wp
976	ELSE
977	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
978	ENDIF
979
980	!
981	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
982	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
983	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
984
985	!
986	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
987	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
988	!
989	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
990	e = q_p(k+1,j,i) * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
991	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
992	ELSE
993	f3 = 1.0_wp
994	ENDIF
995
996	!
997	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
998	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
999	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
1000	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
1001	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
1002
1003	!
1004	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
1005	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
1006	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1007	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
1008	m_res(j,i)
1009	ELSE
1010	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
1011	ENDIF
1012
1013	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
1014	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
1015	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
1016
1017	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
1018
1019	!
1020	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
1021	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
1022	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
1023
1024
1025	!
1026	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
1027	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1028
1029	!
1030	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
1031	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
1032	IF ( humidity .AND. dewfall .AND. q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
1033	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1034	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1035	ENDIF
1036
1037	!
1038	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
1039	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
1040	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
1041
1042	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
1043	r_soil(j,i))
1044	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
1045
1046
1047	!
1048	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
1049	!-- transpirate.
1050	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .LT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1051	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1052	! ENDIF
1053
1054	!
1055	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
1056	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
1057	!-- air.
1058	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1059	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i) ) THEN
1060	IF ( .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
1061	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
1062	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
1063	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
1064	ENDIF
1065	ENDIF
1066	ENDIF
1067
1068	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
1069	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
1070
1071	!
1072	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
1073	e_s_dT = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
1074	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
1075	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
1076
1077	dq_s_dT = 0.622_wp * e_s_dT / surface_pressure
1078
1079	T_1 = pt_p(k+1,j,i) * exn
1080
1081	!
1082	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
1083	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 4
1084
1085	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1086
1087	!
1088	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1089	coef_1 = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
1090	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1091	+ dq_s_dT * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
1092	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1093
1094	!
1095	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1096	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
1097	* dq_s_dT + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1098
1099	ELSE
1100
1101	!
1102	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
1103	coef_1 = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 4&
1104	+ f_shf / exn * T_1 + lambda_surface &
1105	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
1106
1107	!
1108	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
1109	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_SB * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
1110	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
1111
1112	ENDIF
1113
1114	tend = 0.0_wp
1115
1116	!
1117	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
1118	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
1119	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
1120	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
1121	* tsc(2) )
1122	!
1123	!-- Add RK3 term
1124	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1125	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1126
1127	!
1128	!-- Calculate true tendency
1129	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
1130	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
1131	!
1132	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1133	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1134	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1135	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
1136	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1137	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1138	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1139	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
1140	ENDIF
1141	ENDIF
1142
1143	pt_p(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
1144	!
1145	!-- Calculate fluxes
1146	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_SB &
1147	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_SB &
1148	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
1149	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
1150	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
1151	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt_p(k+1,j,i) - pt_p(k,j,i) )
1152
1153	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1154	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dT &
1155	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT * t_surface_p(j,i) )
1156
1157	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1158	+ dq_s_dT * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT &
1159	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1160
1161	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1162	+ dq_s_dT * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT &
1163	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1164
1165	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s &
1166	+ dq_s_dT * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT &
1167	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
1168	ENDIF
1169
1170	!
1171	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
1172	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) .EQ. 0.0_wp ) THEN
1173	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
1174	ELSE
1175	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( q_p(k+1,j,i) - q_s + dq_s_dT &
1176	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dT * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
1177	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
1178	ENDIF
1179
1180	!
1181	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
1182	!-- evaporation of liquid water
1183	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1184	!
1185	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb.
1186	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
1187	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
1188	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
1189	+ precipitation_rate(j,i) * 0.001_wp &
1190	* rho_l * l_v
1191	ENDIF
1192	!
1193	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
1194	IF ( q_s .LE. q_p(k+1,j,i)) THEN
1195	!
1196	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
1197	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
1198	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
1199	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
1200	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) .EQ. m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
1201	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
1202	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
1203	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1204	ENDIF
1205
1206	!
1207	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
1208	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
1209	!-- plant
1210	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) .LT. 0.0_wp ) THEN
1211	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
1212	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
1213	ENDIF
1214	ENDIF
1215
1216	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
1217
1218	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
1219	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
1220
1221	!
1222	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
1223	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1224	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
1225
1226	!
1227	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
1228	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
1229	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
1230
1231
1232	!
1233	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1234	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1235	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1236	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
1237	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1238	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1239	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
1240	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
1241	ENDIF
1242	ENDIF
1243
1244	ENDIF
1245
1246	ENDDO
1247	ENDDO
1248
1249	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
1250
1251
1252	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1253	! Description:
1254	! ------------
1255	!
1256	! Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
1257	! temperature and water content.
1258	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1259	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1260
1261
1262	IMPLICIT NONE
1263
1264	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !: running index
1265	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !: running index
1266	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !: running index
1267
1268	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !: Van Genuchten coef. h
1269
1270	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !: temp. gamma
1271	lambda_temp, & !: temp. lambda
1272	tend !: tendency
1273
1274	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1275	DO j = nysg, nyng
1276	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1277	!
1278	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
1279	!-- account water content
1280	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
1281	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
1282
1283	!
1284	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
1285	!-- layers
1286	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
1287	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat(j,i) + lambda_h_dry) + &
1288	lambda_h_dry
1289
1290	ENDDO
1291
1292	!
1293	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
1294	!-- using linear interpolation
1295	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1296
1297	lambda_h(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
1298	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
1299	* 0.5 * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1300
1301	ENDDO
1302	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1303
1304	!
1305	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
1306	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1307	tend(0) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
1308	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
1309	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil) &
1310	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1311
1312	DO k = 1, nzt_soil
1313	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
1314	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
1315	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
1316	* ddz_soil(k) &
1317	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
1318	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
1319	* ddz_soil(k-1) &
1320	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1321	ENDDO
1322
1323	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
1324	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
1325	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
1326	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1327
1328	!
1329	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1330	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1331	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1332	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1333	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1334	ENDDO
1335	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1336	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1337	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1338	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1339	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
1340	ENDDO
1341	ENDIF
1342	ENDIF
1343
1344
1345	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1346
1347	!
1348	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
1349	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
1350	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
1351	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
1352
1353	!
1354	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
1355	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
1356	!
1357	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
1358	!-- (1980)
1359	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
1360	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
1361	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
1362	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
1363
1364	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
1365	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
1366	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1367	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
1368	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
1369	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
1370	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
1371
1372	!
1373	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
1374	ELSE
1375	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
1376	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
1377	ENDIF
1378
1379	ENDDO
1380
1381
1382	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1383	!
1384	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
1385	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
1386	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
1387	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
1388
1389	lambda_w(k,j,i) = lambda_temp(k) + &
1390	( lambda_temp(k+1) - lambda_temp(k) ) &
1391	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1392	gamma_w(k,j,i) = gamma_temp(k) + &
1393	( gamma_temp(k+1) - gamma_temp(k) ) &
1394	* 0.5_wp * dz_soil_stag(k) * ddz_soil(k+1)
1395
1396	ENDDO
1397
1398	!
1399	!
1400	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
1401	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
1402	!-- in the bottom layer.
1403	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
1404	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
1405	ELSE
1406	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
1407	ENDIF
1408
1409	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
1410	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
1411	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
1412	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
1413	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
1414	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
1415	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
1416	!-- take water from moister layers.
1417
1418	!
1419	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, modified so that the
1420	!-- sum of root_extr = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a
1421	!-- positive transpiration, so that there is no need for an
1422	!-- additional check.
1423
1424	m_total = 0.0_wp
1425	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1426	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1427	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
1428	ENDIF
1429	ENDDO
1430
1431	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1432	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) .GT. m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
1433	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
1434	ELSE
1435	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
1436	ENDIF
1437	ENDDO
1438
1439	!
1440	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
1441	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
1442	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
1443	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
1444	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
1445	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
1446	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
1447	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
1448
1449	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
1450	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
1451	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
1452	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
1453	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k-1) &
1454	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
1455	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
1456	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
1457
1458	ENDDO
1459	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1460	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
1461	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
1462	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
1463	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil-1) &
1464	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
1465	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
1466	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
1467	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
1468
1469	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
1470	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
1471	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
1472
1473	!
1474	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
1475	m_soil_p(:,j,i) = MAX(m_soil_p(:,j,i),0.0_wp)
1476
1477	!
1478	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
1479	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
1480	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
1481	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1482	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
1483	ENDDO
1484	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
1485	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
1486	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
1487	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
1488	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
1489	ENDDO
1490	ENDIF
1491	ENDIF
1492
1493	ENDIF
1494
1495	ENDDO
1496	ENDDO
1497
1498	!
1499	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
1500	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1501	CALL calc_q_surface
1502	ENDIF
1503
1504
1505	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
1506
1507
1508	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1509	! Description:
1510	! ------------
1511	! Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
1512	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1513	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1514
1515	IMPLICIT NONE
1516
1517	INTEGER :: i !: running index
1518	INTEGER :: j !: running index
1519	INTEGER :: k !: running index
1520	REAL(wp) :: resistance !: aerodynamic and soil resistance term
1521
1522	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
1523	DO j = nysg, nyng
1524	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
1525
1526	!
1527	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
1528	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
1529	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) &
1530	- 35.86_wp ) )
1531
1532	!
1533	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
1534	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
1535
1536
1537	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
1538
1539	!
1540	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
1541	q_p(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
1542	* q_p(k+1,j,i)
1543
1544	ENDDO
1545	ENDDO
1546
1547	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
1548
1549	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1550	! Description:
1551	! ------------
1552	! Swapping of timelevels
1553	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
1554	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
1555
1556	IMPLICIT NONE
1557
1558	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
1559
1560	#if defined( __nopointer )
1561
1562	t_surface = t_surface_p
1563	t_soil = t_soil_p
1564	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1565	m_soil = m_soil_p
1566	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1567	ENDIF
1568
1569	#else
1570
1571	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
1572
1573	CASE ( 0 )
1574
1575	t_surface = t_surface_p
1576	t_soil = t_soil_p
1577	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1578	m_soil = m_soil_p
1579	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
1580	ENDIF
1581
1582
1583	CASE ( 1 )
1584
1585	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
1586	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
1587	IF ( humidity ) THEN
1588	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
1589	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
1590	ENDIF
1591
1592	END SELECT
1593	#endif
1594
1595	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
1596
1597
1598	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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