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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1784

Last change on this file since 1784 was 1784, checked in by raasch, 8 years ago
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[1682]	1	!> @file land_surface_model.f90
[1496]	2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	3	! This file is part of PALM.
	4	!
	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
	6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
	7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
	8	!
	9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	12	!
	13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	15	!
[1691]	16	! Copyright 1997-2015 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[1496]	17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	18	!
	19	! Current revisions:
	20	! -----------------
[1758]	21	!
[1784]	22	!
[1758]	23	! Former revisions:
	24	! -----------------
	25	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1784 2016-03-06 19:14:40Z raasch $
	26	!
[1784]	27	! 1783 2016-03-06 18:36:17Z raasch
	28	! netcdf variables moved to netcdf module
	29	!
[1758]	30	! 1757 2016-02-22 15:49:32Z maronga
[1757]	31	! Bugfix: set tm_soil_m to zero after allocation. Added parameter
	32	! unscheduled_radiation_calls to control calls of the radiation model based on
	33	! the skin temperature change during one time step (preliminary version). Set
	34	! qsws_soil_eb to zero at model start (previously set to qsws_eb). Removed MAX
	35	! function as it cannot be vectorized.
[1710]	36	!
	37	! 1709 2015-11-04 14:47:01Z maronga
[1709]	38	! Renamed pt_1 and qv_1 to pt1 and qv1.
	39	! Bugfix: set initial values for t_surface_p in case of restart runs
	40	! Bugfix: zero resistance caused crash when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
	41	! Bugfix: calculation of rad_net when using radiation_scheme = 'clear-sky'
	42	! Added todo action
[1698]	43	!
	44	! 1697 2015-10-28 17:14:10Z raasch
	45	! bugfix: misplaced cpp-directive
	46	!
	47	! 1695 2015-10-27 10:03:11Z maronga
[1692]	48	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
[1696]	49	! Replaced rif with ol
	50	!
[1692]	51	! 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga
[1691]	52	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
	53	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
	54	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
	55	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
[1552]	56	!
[1683]	57	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
	58	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
	59	!
[1591]	60	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
	61	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
	62	!
[1586]	63	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
	64	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
	65	!
[1572]	66	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
	67	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
	68	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
	69	!
[1556]	70	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
	71	! Added output of r_a and r_s
	72	!
[1554]	73	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
	74	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
	75	! profile
	76	!
[1552]	77	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
[1551]	78	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
	79	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
	80	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
	81	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
	82	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
	83	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
	84	! calculation
[1496]	85	!
[1514]	86	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
[1496]	87	!
[1501]	88	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
	89	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
	90	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
	91	! Added support for dry runs.
	92	!
[1497]	93	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
	94	! Initial revision
	95	!
[1496]	96	!
	97	! Description:
	98	! ------------
[1682]	99	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
	100	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
	101	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
	102	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
	103	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
	104	!>
[1691]	105	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
[1709]	106	!> skin layer.
[1691]	107	!> @todo Allow for water surfaces
	108	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
	109	!> nzt_soil=3)).
	110	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
	111	!> with considerable precipitation.
[1709]	112	!> @todo Fix crashes with radiation_scheme == 'constant'
[1682]	113	!>
[1709]	114	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
	115	!> become too thin.
[1496]	116	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	117	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
	118
[1691]	119	USE arrays_3d, &
[1695]	120	ONLY: hyp, ol, pt, pt_p, q, q_p, ql, qsws, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, z0h
[1496]	121
[1691]	122	USE cloud_parameters, &
	123	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, prr, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
[1496]	124
[1691]	125	USE control_parameters, &
	126	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
	127	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
	128	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
	129	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
	130	z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
[1496]	131
[1691]	132	USE indices, &
	133	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
[1496]	134
[1691]	135	USE kinds
[1496]	136
[1691]	137	USE pegrid
[1496]	138
[1691]	139	USE radiation_model_mod, &
	140	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
[1757]	141	rad_lw_out, rad_lw_out_change_0, sigma_sb, &
	142	unscheduled_radiation_calls
[1691]	143
	144	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
	145	USE radiation_model_mod, &
[1709]	146	ONLY: rrtm_idrv
[1691]	147	#endif
[1496]	148
[1691]	149	USE statistics, &
	150	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
	151
[1496]	152	IMPLICIT NONE
	153
	154	!
	155	!-- LSM model constants
[1682]	156	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
	157	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
	158	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
[1496]	159
	160	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
[1551]	161	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
	162	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
[1496]	163	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
	164	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
	165	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
[1551]	166	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
	167	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
[1496]	168	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
	169
	170
	171	!
	172	!-- LSM variables
[1682]	173	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
	174	soil_type = 3 !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
[1496]	175
[1691]	176	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
	177	dewfall = .TRUE., & !< allow/inhibit dewfall
	178	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
	179	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
[1496]	180
	181	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
	182	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
[1682]	183	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
	184	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
	185	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
	186	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
	187	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
	188	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
	189	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
	190	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
	191	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
	192	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
[1691]	193	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
[1682]	194	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
	195	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
	196	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
	197	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
	198	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
	199	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
	200	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
	201	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
	202	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
	203	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
	204	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
	205	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
	206	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
	207	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
[1691]	208	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
[1682]	209	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
	210	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
	211	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
[1691]	212	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
[1496]	213
[1551]	214	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
[1691]	215	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
	216	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
	217	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
[1551]	218	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
[1682]	219	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
	220	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
	221	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
[1496]	222
[1551]	223	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
[1691]	224	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
	225	283.0_wp /), &
	226	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
	227	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
[1496]	228
	229	#if defined( __nopointer )
[1682]	230	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
	231	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
	232	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
	233	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
	234	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
[1496]	235	#else
[1551]	236	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
	237	t_surface_p, &
	238	m_liq_eb, &
	239	m_liq_eb_p
[1496]	240
[1551]	241	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
	242	m_liq_eb_av, &
	243	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
[1496]	244	#endif
	245
	246	!
	247	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
[1682]	248	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
	249	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
[1496]	250
	251	!
	252	!-- Energy balance variables
[1691]	253	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1682]	254	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
	255	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
	256	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
	257	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
	258	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
	259	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
	260	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
	261	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
	262	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
	263	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
	264	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
	265	lai, & !< leaf area index
	266	lai_av, & !< average of lai
[1691]	267	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
	268	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
[1682]	269	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
	270	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
	271	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
	272	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
	273	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
	274	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
	275	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
	276	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
	277	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
	278	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
	279	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
	280	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
	281	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
	282	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
	283	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
	284	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
[1709]	285	r_a_av, & !< average of r_a
[1682]	286	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
[1691]	287	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
[1682]	288	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
	289	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
[1691]	290	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
[1682]	291	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
	292	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
	293	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
[1496]	294
[1691]	295
[1496]	296	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1682]	297	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (?)
	298	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
	299	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
	300	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
[1496]	301
	302	#if defined( __nopointer )
	303	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1682]	304	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
	305	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
	306	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
	307	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
	308	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
	309	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
[1496]	310	#else
	311	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
[1551]	312	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
[1496]	313	m_soil, m_soil_p
	314
	315	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1551]	316	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
	317	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
[1496]	318	#endif
	319
	320
	321	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1757]	322	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
	323	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
[1682]	324	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
[1496]	325
[1551]	326
[1496]	327	!
[1551]	328	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
[1585]	329	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
[1590]	330	'user defined ', & ! 0
	331	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
	332	'short grass ', & ! 2
[1585]	333	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
	334	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
[1590]	335	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
	336	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
	337	'tall grass ', & ! 7
	338	'desert ', & ! 8
	339	'tundra ', & ! 9
	340	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
	341	'semidesert ', & ! 11
	342	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
	343	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
	344	'inland water ', & ! 14
	345	'ocean ', & ! 15
	346	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
	347	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
	348	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
	349	'interrupted forest ' & ! 19
[1585]	350	/)
[1496]	351
	352	!
[1551]	353	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
[1585]	354	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
	355	'user defined', & ! 0
[1590]	356	'coarse ', & ! 1
	357	'medium ', & ! 2
	358	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
	359	'fine ', & ! 4
	360	'very fine ', & ! 5
	361	'organic ', & ! 6
	362	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
[1585]	363	/)
[1551]	364	!
	365	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
	366
	367	!
	368	!-- Land surface parameters I
	369	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
[1585]	370	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
	371	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
	372	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
	373	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	374	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	375	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	376	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
	377	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
	378	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	379	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	380	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
	381	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
	382	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	383	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
	384	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	385	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	386	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
	387	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
	388	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
	389	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
[1496]	390	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
	391
	392	!
	393	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
[1585]	394	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
	395	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
	396	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
	397	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
	398	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
	399	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
	400	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
	401	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
	402	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
	403	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
	404	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
	405	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
	406	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
	407	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
	408	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
	409	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
	410	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
	411	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
	412	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
	413	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
[1496]	414	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
	415
	416	!
[1551]	417	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
[1585]	418	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
	419	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
	420	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
	421	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	422	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	423	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	424	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
	425	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
	426	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	427	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
	428	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
	429	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
	430	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	431	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
	432	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	433	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	434	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
	435	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
	436	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
	437	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
[1496]	438	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
	439
	440	!
	441	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
[1585]	442	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
	443	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
	444	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
	445	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
	446	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
	447	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
	448	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
	449	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
	450	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	451	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	452	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
	453	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
	454	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	455	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
	456	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	457	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	458	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
	459	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
	460	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
	461	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
[1496]	462	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
	463
	464	!
	465	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
[1551]	466
[1496]	467	!
[1551]	468	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
[1585]	469	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	470	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
	471	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
	472	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
	473	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
	474	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	475	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
	476	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
	477	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	478
	479	!
	480	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
[1585]	481	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	482	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
	483	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
	484	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
	485	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
	486	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	487	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
	488	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
	489	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	490
	491
	492	SAVE
	493
	494
	495	PRIVATE
	496
	497
[1551]	498	!
	499	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
	500	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
	501	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
	502	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
	503	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
	504	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
	505	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
	506	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
[1691]	507	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
	508	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, &
	509	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, &
	510	z0h_eb
[1496]	511
[1551]	512	!
[1783]	513	!-- Public grid variables
	514	PUBLIC nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil, zs
[1496]	515
[1551]	516	!
	517	!-- Public 2D output variables
	518	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
	519	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
	520	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
[1555]	521	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
[1551]	522
	523	!
	524	!-- Public prognostic variables
	525	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
	526
[1496]	527	INTERFACE init_lsm
	528	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
	529	END INTERFACE init_lsm
	530
	531	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	532	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
	533	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	534
	535	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	536	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
	537	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	538
[1551]	539	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
	540	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
	541	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
[1496]	542
	543	CONTAINS
	544
	545
	546	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	547	! Description:
	548	! ------------
[1682]	549	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
[1496]	550	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1551]	551	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
[1496]	552
	553
	554	IMPLICIT NONE
	555
	556	!
[1551]	557	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
[1496]	558	#if defined( __nopointer )
[1551]	559	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	560	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	561	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	562	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	563	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	564	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	565	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	566	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	567	#else
[1551]	568	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	569	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	570	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	571	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	572	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	573	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	574	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	575	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	576	#endif
	577
	578	!
[1551]	579	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
	580	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	581	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	582	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	583	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	584
	585	!
	586	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
[1551]	587	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	588	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	589	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	590	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	591	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	592	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	593	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	594	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	595	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	596	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	597	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	598	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	599	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	600	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	601	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	602	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	603	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	604	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	605	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	606	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1585]	607	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	608	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	609	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	610	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	611	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	612	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	613	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	614	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	615
[1551]	616	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
[1496]	617	!
[1585]	618	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
[1551]	619	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
	620	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	621	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	622	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
	623	#endif
[1496]	624
	625
[1551]	626	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
[1500]	627
[1551]	628	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	629	! Description:
	630	! ------------
[1682]	631	!> Initialization of the land surface model
[1551]	632	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	633	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
	634
	635
	636	IMPLICIT NONE
	637
[1682]	638	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	639	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	640	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1551]	641
[1709]	642	REAL(wp) :: pt1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
[1551]	643
[1691]	644
[1551]	645	!
	646	!-- Calculate Exner function
[1691]	647	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
[1551]	648
	649
	650	!
	651	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
	652	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
	653	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
	654	ENDIF
	655
	656	!
	657	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
	658	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
	659	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
	660	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
	661	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
	662
	663	!
	664	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
	665	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
	666	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
[1757]	667	tm_soil_m = 0.0_wp
[1551]	668	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
	669	c_liq = 0.0_wp
	670
	671	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
	672	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
	673
[1500]	674	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	675	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
[1500]	676	ELSE
[1551]	677	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
[1500]	678	ENDIF
	679
[1551]	680	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
[1757]	681	qsws_soil_eb = 0.0_wp
[1551]	682	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
[1496]	683
	684	r_a = 50.0_wp
[1551]	685	r_s = 50.0_wp
[1496]	686	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
	687	r_soil = 0.0_wp
	688
	689	!
	690	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
[1551]	691	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	692	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	693	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	694
	695	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
	696	!
	697	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
	698	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	699	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	700	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	701
	702	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
	703	ENDIF
	704
	705	!
	706	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
[1691]	707	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
	708	!-- at the centers
	709	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
[1496]	710
[1691]	711	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
	712	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
[1496]	713	ENDDO
[1691]	714	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
[1496]	715
[1691]	716	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
	717	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
[1496]	718	ENDDO
[1691]	719	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
[1496]	720
[1551]	721	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
	722	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
	723
[1496]	724	!
[1551]	725	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
	726	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
	727	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
	728	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
	729
	730	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	731	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	732	ENDIF
	733
	734	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	735	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	736	ENDIF
	737
	738	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	739	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	740	ENDIF
	741
	742	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	743	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	744	ENDIF
	745
	746	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	747	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	748	ENDIF
	749
	750	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	751	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	752	ENDIF
	753
	754	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	755	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	756	ENDIF
	757
	758	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	759	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	760	ENDIF
	761
[1496]	762	ENDIF
	763
[1551]	764	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
	765	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
	766	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
	767	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
	768	m_sat = saturation_moisture
	769	m_fc = field_capacity
	770	m_wilt = wilting_point
	771	m_res = residual_moisture
	772	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
	773
[1496]	774	!
[1551]	775	!-- Initial run actions
	776	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
[1496]	777
[1551]	778	t_soil = 0.0_wp
	779	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
	780	m_soil = 0.0_wp
[1496]	781
[1551]	782	!
	783	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
	784	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
	785	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
[1691]	786	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	787	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
	788	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
	789	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
	790	ENDDO
	791	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
[1496]	792
[1551]	793	!
	794	!-- Calculate surface temperature
[1691]	795	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
[1496]	796
	797	!
[1551]	798	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
	799	!-- the first time step
	800	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	801	DO j = nysg, nyng
	802	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	803
[1691]	804	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
[1709]	805	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	806	ELSE
[1709]	807	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	808	ENDIF
	809
[1551]	810	!
	811	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
[1709]	812	IF ( pt1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt1 = pt1 + 1.0E-10_wp
[1551]	813
[1691]	814	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
[1709]	815	ts(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
[1551]	816	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
	817	ENDDO
	818	ENDDO
	819
	820	!
	821	!-- Actions for restart runs
	822	ELSE
	823
	824	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	825	DO j = nysg, nyng
	826	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	827	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
	828	ENDDO
	829	ENDDO
	830
	831	ENDIF
	832
[1691]	833	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	834	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
	835	ENDDO
[1496]	836
[1551]	837	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
	838	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	839	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
	840	ENDIF
	841	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	842	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
	843	ENDIF
	844	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	845	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
	846	ENDIF
	847	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	848	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
	849	ENDIF
	850	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	851	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
	852	ENDIF
	853	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	854	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
	855	ENDIF
	856	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	857	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
	858	ENDIF
	859	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	860	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	861	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	862	ENDIF
	863	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	864	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
	865	ENDIF
	866	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
[1496]	867
[1551]	868	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
[1691]	869	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	870	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	871	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	872	ENDDO
	873	ENDIF
[1496]	874
[1553]	875	ELSE
	876
	877	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	878	z0_eb = roughness_length
	879	ENDIF
	880	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	881	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
	882	ENDIF
	883
[1496]	884	ENDIF
	885
	886	!
[1551]	887	!-- Initialize vegetation
	888	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
	889	lai = leaf_area_index
	890	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
	891	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
	892	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
	893	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
	894	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
	895	z0 = z0_eb
	896	z0h = z0h_eb
	897
	898	!
[1496]	899	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
	900	CALL user_init_land_surface
	901
[1500]	902
[1551]	903	t_soil_p = t_soil
	904	m_soil_p = m_soil
	905	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
[1709]	906	t_surface_p = t_surface
[1496]	907
[1709]	908
	909
[1551]	910	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
	911	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
	912	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	913	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	914	statistic_regions+1 )
	915	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	916	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	917	statistic_regions+1 )
	918
[1496]	919	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
	920
	921
	922
	923	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	924	! Description:
	925	! ------------
[1682]	926	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
[1496]	927	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	928	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	929
	930
	931	IMPLICIT NONE
	932
[1682]	933	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	934	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	935	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
[1496]	936
[1682]	937	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
	938	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
	939	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
	940	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
	941	e, & !< water vapour pressure
	942	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
	943	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
	944	tend, & !< tendency
	945	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
	946	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
	947	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
	948	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
	949	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
	950	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
	951	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
	952	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
	953	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
[1691]	954	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
[1709]	955	pt1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
	956	qv1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
[1496]	957
	958	!
	959	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
	960	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
	961
[1691]	962	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	963	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1500]	964	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
[1496]	965
	966	!
[1551]	967	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
[1695]	968	IF ( ol(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	969	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
[1496]	970	ELSE
[1551]	971	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
[1496]	972	ENDIF
[1500]	973
[1496]	974	!
[1500]	975	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
	976	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
	977	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
	978	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
[1691]	979	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
[1709]	980	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
	981	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	982	ELSE
[1709]	983	pt1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
	984	qv1 = q(k+1,j,i)
[1691]	985	ENDIF
[1496]	986
[1709]	987	r_a(j,i) = (pt1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
[1691]	988
[1496]	989	!
[1709]	990	!-- Make sure that the resistance does not drop to zero
	991	IF ( ABS(r_a(j,i)) < 1.0E-10_wp ) r_a(j,i) = 1.0E-10_wp
	992
	993	!
[1496]	994	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
	995	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
	996
[1551]	997	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
	998	!-- night)
[1585]	999	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
[1709]	1000	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) / &
	1001	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
[1585]	1002	+ 1.0_wp)) )
[1551]	1003	ELSE
	1004	f1 = 1.0_wp
	1005	ENDIF
[1496]	1006
[1709]	1007
[1496]	1008	!
[1551]	1009	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
	1010	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
	1011	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
[1496]	1012	m_total = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1013	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	1014	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
	1015	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
[1496]	1016	ENDDO
	1017
[1691]	1018	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1496]	1019	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
[1691]	1020	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1021	f2 = 1.0_wp
[1496]	1022	ELSE
	1023	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
	1024	ENDIF
	1025
	1026	!
	1027	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1551]	1028	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
	1029	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	1030
	1031	!
	1032	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
[1551]	1033	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1034	!
	1035	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
[1709]	1036	e = qv1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
[1551]	1037	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
[1496]	1038	ELSE
	1039	f3 = 1.0_wp
	1040	ENDIF
	1041
	1042	!
[1551]	1043	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
	1044	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
[1496]	1045	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
[1551]	1046	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
	1047	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
[1496]	1048
	1049	!
[1551]	1050	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
	1051	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
	1052	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
	1053	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
	1054	m_res(j,i)
	1055	ELSE
	1056	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
	1057	ENDIF
[1496]	1058
[1551]	1059	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
[1513]	1060	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
[1551]	1061	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
[1496]	1062
	1063	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
	1064
	1065	!
	1066	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
[1551]	1067	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
	1068	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
	1069
[1496]	1070
[1551]	1071	!
	1072	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
[1496]	1073	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
[1500]	1074
	1075	!
[1551]	1076	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
	1077	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
[1709]	1078	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 ) THEN
[1551]	1079	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
	1080	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1081	ENDIF
[1496]	1082
	1083	!
	1084	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
[1551]	1085	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
	1086	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
[1496]	1087
[1551]	1088	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
	1089	r_soil(j,i))
	1090	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
[1496]	1091
[1551]	1092
[1500]	1093	!
	1094	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
	1095	!-- transpirate.
[1691]	1096	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1097	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1098	! ENDIF
[1496]	1099
	1100	!
[1551]	1101	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
	1102	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
	1103	!-- air.
[1709]	1104	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv1 .AND. .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
	1105	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1106	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
	1107	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
[1551]	1108	ENDIF
	1109
	1110	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
	1111	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
	1112
	1113	!
[1496]	1114	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
[1571]	1115	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
[1551]	1116	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
	1117	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
[1496]	1118
[1571]	1119	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
[1496]	1120
	1121	!
	1122	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
[1691]	1123	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
[1496]	1124
[1500]	1125	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1691]	1126	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1496]	1127	!
[1500]	1128	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1129	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1130	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1131	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1132	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1133	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1496]	1134
	1135	!
[1500]	1136	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1137	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
[1691]	1138	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
	1139	#else
[1496]	1140
[1691]	1141	!
	1142	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
	1143	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1144	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
[1709]	1145	+ f_shf * pt1 + f_qsws * ( qv1 &
[1691]	1146	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
	1147	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
	1148
	1149	!
[1709]	1150	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
	1151	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
	1152	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1153
	1154	#endif
[1500]	1155	ELSE
	1156
[1691]	1157	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1500]	1158	!
	1159	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1160	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1161	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1162	+ f_shf * pt1 + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1163	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1500]	1164
	1165	!
	1166	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1709]	1167	coef_2 = rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1168	#else
	1169
	1170	!
	1171	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
	1172	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
[1709]	1173	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt1 &
[1691]	1174	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
	1175
	1176	!
	1177	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1571]	1178	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
[1551]	1179	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1180	#endif
[1500]	1181	ENDIF
	1182
[1496]	1183	tend = 0.0_wp
	1184
	1185	!
[1551]	1186	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
[1496]	1187	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
[1551]	1188	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
	1189	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
	1190	* tsc(2) )
[1496]	1191	!
	1192	!-- Add RK3 term
[1691]	1193	IF ( c_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1194
[1691]	1195	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1196	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
	1197
[1496]	1198	!
[1691]	1199	!-- Calculate true tendency
	1200	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1201	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
[1496]	1202	!
[1691]	1203	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	1204	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1205	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
	1206	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
	1207	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1208	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
	1209	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1210	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
	1211	ENDIF
[1496]	1212	ENDIF
[1691]	1213
[1496]	1214	ENDIF
	1215
	1216	!
[1757]	1217	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is possible to
	1218	!-- update the radiative fluxes independently from the prescribed
	1219	!-- radiation call frequency. This effectively prevents oscillations,
	1220	!-- especially when setting skip_time_do_radiation /= 0. The threshold
	1221	!-- value of 0.2 used here is just a first guess. This method should be
	1222	!-- revised in the future as tests have shown that the threshold is
	1223	!-- often reached, when no oscillations would occur (causes immense
	1224	!-- computing time for the radiation code).
	1225	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp .AND. &
	1226	unscheduled_radiation_calls ) THEN
[1691]	1227	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
	1228	ENDIF
	1229
	1230	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
	1231
	1232	!
[1496]	1233	!-- Calculate fluxes
[1691]	1234	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1709]	1235	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1236	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1237	- rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) * t_surface_p(j,i)
[1691]	1238
	1239	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
	1240	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
	1241	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
[1709]	1242	+ rad_lw_out_change_0(j,i) &
[1691]	1243	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
	1244	ENDIF
	1245	#else
	1246	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1247	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
	1248	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
	1249	#endif
	1250
[1709]	1251
[1551]	1252	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
	1253	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
[1496]	1254
[1709]	1255	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt1 - pt(k,j,i) )
[1691]	1256
	1257	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
	1258
[1500]	1259	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1709]	1260	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
[1571]	1261	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1496]	1262
[1691]	1263	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
	1264
[1709]	1265	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1266	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1267	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1268
[1709]	1269	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1270	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1271	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1272
[1709]	1273	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv1 - q_s &
[1571]	1274	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1275	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1500]	1276	ENDIF
	1277	!
	1278	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
[1691]	1279	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	1280	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
[1496]	1281	ELSE
[1709]	1282	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
[1571]	1283	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
[1551]	1284	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
[1496]	1285	ENDIF
	1286
	1287	!
	1288	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
[1500]	1289	!-- evaporation of liquid water
	1290	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1496]	1291	!
[1571]	1292	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
	1293	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
[1500]	1294	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
	1295	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
[1571]	1296
	1297	!
	1298	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
	1299	!-- Otherwise, add the water to bare soil fraction.
[1691]	1300	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
[1571]	1301	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
[1691]	1302	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1303	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1304	ELSE
	1305	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
[1691]	1306	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1307	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1308	ENDIF
	1309
	1310	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
	1311	!-- coverage.
	1312	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
[1691]	1313	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1314	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
[1496]	1315	ENDIF
[1691]	1316
[1500]	1317	!
	1318	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
[1691]	1319	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1320
[1500]	1321	!
[1551]	1322	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
	1323	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
	1324	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
	1325	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
[1691]	1326	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
[1551]	1327	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
	1328	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
	1329	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1330	ENDIF
[1496]	1331
	1332	!
[1551]	1333	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
	1334	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
[1500]	1335	!-- plant
[1691]	1336	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	1337	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
	1338	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1339	ENDIF
	1340	ENDIF
[1496]	1341
[1551]	1342	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
[1496]	1343
[1551]	1344	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
	1345	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
[1496]	1346
	1347	!
[1500]	1348	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
	1349	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1350	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
[1496]	1351
	1352	!
[1500]	1353	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
	1354	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1355	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
[1496]	1356
	1357
	1358	!
[1551]	1359	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
[1500]	1360	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1361	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1362	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
[1500]	1363	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1364	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1365	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1366	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
[1500]	1367	ENDIF
[1496]	1368	ENDIF
	1369
[1500]	1370	ENDIF
	1371
[1496]	1372	ENDDO
[1500]	1373	ENDDO
[1496]	1374
[1691]	1375	!
	1376	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
[1757]	1377	!-- least one processor reached the threshold change in skin temperature
	1378	IF ( unscheduled_radiation_calls .AND. intermediate_timestep_count &
	1379	== intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 ) THEN
[1697]	1380	#if defined( __parallel )
[1691]	1381	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
	1382	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
	1383	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
	1384	#else
	1385	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
	1386	#endif
	1387	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
	1388	ENDIF
	1389
	1390
[1496]	1391	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	1392
	1393
	1394	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1395	! Description:
	1396	! ------------
[1682]	1397	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
	1398	!> temperature and water content.
[1496]	1399	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1400	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	1401
	1402
	1403	IMPLICIT NONE
	1404
[1682]	1405	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1406	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1407	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1496]	1408
[1682]	1409	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
[1496]	1410
[1682]	1411	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
[1691]	1412	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
	1413	tend !< tendency
[1496]	1414
[1691]	1415	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1416	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1417	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1418	!
	1419	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
	1420	!-- account water content
[1551]	1421	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
	1422	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
[1496]	1423
	1424	!
[1691]	1425	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
[1496]	1426	!-- layers
[1691]	1427	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
	1428	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
	1429
[1551]	1430	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
[1691]	1431
	1432	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
[1496]	1433	lambda_h_dry
	1434
	1435	ENDDO
	1436
	1437	!
	1438	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
	1439	!-- using linear interpolation
[1691]	1440	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
	1441	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) * 0.5_wp
[1496]	1442	ENDDO
[1551]	1443	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1444
	1445	!
[1551]	1446	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
[1496]	1447	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1448	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
[1551]	1449	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
[1691]	1450	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
[1551]	1451	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1496]	1452
[1691]	1453
	1454
	1455
	1456	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
[1551]	1457	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
[1496]	1458	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
[1551]	1459	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
[1691]	1460	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
[1496]	1461	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
[1551]	1462	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
[1691]	1463	* ddz_soil(k) &
[1496]	1464	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
	1465	ENDDO
	1466
[1551]	1467	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
[1496]	1468	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
	1469	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
[1551]	1470	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
[1496]	1471
	1472	!
[1551]	1473	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
[1496]	1474	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1475	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1476	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1477	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
[1496]	1478	ENDDO
	1479	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1480	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1481	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1482	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
	1483	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
[1496]	1484	ENDDO
	1485	ENDIF
	1486	ENDIF
	1487
	1488
[1691]	1489	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	1490
[1496]	1491	!
	1492	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
[1551]	1493	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
[1496]	1494	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
[1551]	1495	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
[1496]	1496
	1497	!
[1551]	1498	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
	1499	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
	1500	!
	1501	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
	1502	!-- (1980)
	1503	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
	1504	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
	1505	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
	1506	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
[1496]	1507
[1691]	1508
[1551]	1509	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
	1510	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
	1511	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
	1512	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
	1513	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
	1514	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
	1515	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
[1496]	1516
[1551]	1517	!
	1518	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
	1519	ELSE
	1520	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
	1521	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
	1522	ENDIF
	1523
[1496]	1524	ENDDO
	1525
	1526
	1527	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1528	!
	1529	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
[1551]	1530	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
	1531	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
[1691]	1532	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	1533
[1691]	1534	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
	1535	* 0.5_wp
	1536	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
	1537	* 0.5_wp
[1496]	1538
	1539	ENDDO
	1540
	1541	!
	1542	!
	1543	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
	1544	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
	1545	!-- in the bottom layer.
	1546	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
[1551]	1547	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1496]	1548	ELSE
[1691]	1549	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1550	ENDIF
	1551
[1551]	1552	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
[1496]	1553	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
	1554	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
	1555	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
	1556	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
[1551]	1557	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
	1558	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
	1559	!-- take water from moister layers.
[1496]	1560
	1561	!
[1691]	1562	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of root_extr
	1563	!-- = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a positive
	1564	!-- transpiration, so that there is no need for an additional check.
	1565	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1566	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1567	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
	1568	ENDIF
[1496]	1569	ENDDO
	1570
[1691]	1571	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1572	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1573	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
	1574	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
	1575	ELSE
	1576	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
	1577	ENDIF
	1578	ENDDO
	1579	ENDIF
[1496]	1580
	1581	!
	1582	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
	1583	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
[1551]	1584	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
	1585	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
[1691]	1586	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
[1551]	1587	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
	1588	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
	1589	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1496]	1590
[1551]	1591	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	1592	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
[1691]	1593	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
	1594	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
	1595	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
	1596	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
	1597	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
[1496]	1598	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
	1599
	1600	ENDDO
[1551]	1601	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	1602	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
	1603	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	1604	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
[1691]	1605	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
[1551]	1606	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
	1607	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
	1608	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
	1609	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1610
[1551]	1611	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
[1496]	1612	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
	1613	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
	1614
	1615	!
	1616	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
[1757]	1617	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1618	IF ( m_soil_p(k,j,i) < 0.0_wp ) m_soil_p(k,j,i) = 0.0_wp
	1619	ENDDO
[1496]	1620
[1757]	1621
	1622
	1623
[1496]	1624	!
	1625	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	1626	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1627	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1628	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1629	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
	1630	ENDDO
	1631	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1632	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1633	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1634	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
	1635	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
	1636	ENDDO
	1637	ENDIF
	1638	ENDIF
	1639
	1640	ENDIF
	1641
	1642	ENDDO
	1643	ENDDO
	1644
	1645	!
	1646	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
	1647	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	1648	CALL calc_q_surface
[1496]	1649	ENDIF
	1650
	1651
	1652	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	1653
	1654
	1655	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1656	! Description:
	1657	! ------------
[1682]	1658	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
[1496]	1659	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1551]	1660	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	1661
	1662	IMPLICIT NONE
	1663
[1682]	1664	INTEGER :: i !< running index
	1665	INTEGER :: j !< running index
	1666	INTEGER :: k !< running index
	1667	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
[1496]	1668
[1691]	1669	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1670	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1496]	1671	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	1672
	1673	!
	1674	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1691]	1675	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
	1676	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	1677
	1678	!
	1679	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
	1680	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
	1681
	1682	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
	1683
	1684	!
	1685	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
[1691]	1686	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1687	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	1688	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
	1689	ELSE
	1690	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	1691	* q(k+1,j,i)
	1692	ENDIF
[1496]	1693
[1691]	1694	!
	1695	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
	1696	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
	1697
[1496]	1698	ENDDO
	1699	ENDDO
	1700
[1551]	1701	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	1702
[1551]	1703	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1704	! Description:
	1705	! ------------
[1682]	1706	!> Swapping of timelevels
[1551]	1707	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1708	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
[1496]	1709
[1551]	1710	IMPLICIT NONE
	1711
	1712	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
	1713
	1714	#if defined( __nopointer )
	1715
	1716	t_surface = t_surface_p
	1717	t_soil = t_soil_p
	1718	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1719	m_soil = m_soil_p
	1720	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
	1721	ENDIF
	1722
	1723	#else
	1724
	1725	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
	1726
	1727	CASE ( 0 )
	1728
[1585]	1729	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	1730	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
[1551]	1731	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1585]	1732	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	1733	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
[1551]	1734	ENDIF
	1735
	1736
	1737	CASE ( 1 )
	1738
[1585]	1739	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
	1740	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
[1551]	1741	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1585]	1742	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
	1743	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
[1551]	1744	ENDIF
	1745
	1746	END SELECT
	1747	#endif
	1748
	1749	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
	1750
	1751
[1496]	1752	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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