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source: palm/trunk/SOURCE/land_surface_model.f90 @ 1691

Last change on this file since 1691 was 1691, checked in by maronga, 9 years ago
various bugfixes and modifications of the atmosphere-land-surface-radiation interaction. Completely re-written routine to calculate surface fluxes (surface_layer_fluxes.f90) that replaces prandtl_fluxes. Minor formatting corrections and renamings
Property svn:keywords set to `Id`
File size: 75.0 KB

Rev	Line
[1682]	1	!> @file land_surface_model.f90
[1496]	2	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	3	! This file is part of PALM.
	4	!
	5	! PALM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
	6	! of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation,
	7	! either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
	8	!
	9	! PALM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	10	! WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	11	! A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	12	!
	13	! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
	14	! PALM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	15	!
[1691]	16	! Copyright 1997-2015 Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
[1496]	17	!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	18	!
	19	! Current revisions:
	20	! -----------------
[1691]	21	! Added skip_time_do_lsm to allow for spin-ups without LSM. Various bugfixes:
	22	! Soil temperatures are now defined at the edges of the layers, calculation of
	23	! shb_eb corrected, prognostic equation for skin temperature corrected. Surface
	24	! fluxes are now directly transfered to atmosphere
[1552]	25	!
	26	! Former revisions:
	27	! -----------------
	28	! $Id: land_surface_model.f90 1691 2015-10-26 16:17:44Z maronga $
	29	! Bugfix: REAL constants provided with KIND-attribute in call of
[1683]	30	! 1682 2015-10-07 23:56:08Z knoop
	31	! Code annotations made doxygen readable
	32	!
[1591]	33	! 1590 2015-05-08 13:56:27Z maronga
	34	! Bugfix: definition of character strings requires same length for all elements
	35	!
[1586]	36	! 1585 2015-04-30 07:05:52Z maronga
	37	! Modifications for RRTMG. Changed tables to PARAMETER type.
	38	!
[1572]	39	! 1571 2015-03-12 16:12:49Z maronga
	40	! Removed upper-case variable names. Corrected distribution of precipitation to
	41	! the liquid water reservoir and the bare soil fractions.
	42	!
[1556]	43	! 1555 2015-03-04 17:44:27Z maronga
	44	! Added output of r_a and r_s
	45	!
[1554]	46	! 1553 2015-03-03 17:33:54Z maronga
	47	! Improved better treatment of roughness lengths. Added default soil temperature
	48	! profile
	49	!
[1552]	50	! 1551 2015-03-03 14:18:16Z maronga
[1551]	51	! Flux calculation is now done in prandtl_fluxes. Added support for data output.
	52	! Vertical indices have been replaced. Restart runs are now possible. Some
	53	! variables have beem renamed. Bugfix in the prognostic equation for the surface
	54	! temperature. Introduced z0_eb and z0h_eb, which overwrite the setting of
	55	! roughness_length and z0_factor. Added Clapp & Hornberger parametrization for
	56	! the hydraulic conductivity. Bugfix for root fraction and extraction
	57	! calculation
[1496]	58	!
[1514]	59	! intrinsic function MAX and MIN
[1496]	60	!
[1501]	61	! 1500 2014-12-03 17:42:41Z maronga
	62	! Corrected calculation of aerodynamic resistance (r_a).
	63	! Precipitation is now added to liquid water reservoir using LE_liq.
	64	! Added support for dry runs.
	65	!
[1497]	66	! 1496 2014-12-02 17:25:50Z maronga
	67	! Initial revision
	68	!
[1496]	69	!
	70	! Description:
	71	! ------------
[1682]	72	!> Land surface model, consisting of a solver for the energy balance at the
	73	!> surface and a four layer soil scheme. The scheme is similar to the TESSEL
	74	!> scheme implemented in the ECMWF IFS model, with modifications according to
	75	!> H-TESSEL. The implementation is based on the formulation implemented in the
	76	!> DALES and UCLA-LES models.
	77	!>
[1691]	78	!> @todo Consider partial absorption of the net shortwave radiation by the
	79	!> surface layer.
	80	!> @todo Allow for water surfaces
	81	!> @todo Invert indices (running from -3 to 0. Currently: nzb_soil=0,
	82	!> nzt_soil=3)).
	83	!> @todo Implement surface runoff model (required when performing long-term LES
	84	!> with considerable precipitation.
[1682]	85	!>
[1691]	86	!> @note No time step criterion is required as long as the soil layers do not
	87	!> become too thin.
[1496]	88	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1682]	89	MODULE land_surface_model_mod
	90
[1691]	91	USE arrays_3d, &
	92	ONLY: hyp, pt, pt_p, q, q_p, ql, qsws, rif, shf, ts, us, vpt, z0, z0h
[1496]	93
[1691]	94	USE cloud_parameters, &
	95	ONLY: cp, hyrho, l_d_cp, l_d_r, l_v, prr, pt_d_t, rho_l, r_d, r_v
[1496]	96
[1691]	97	USE control_parameters, &
	98	ONLY: cloud_physics, dt_3d, humidity, intermediate_timestep_count, &
	99	initializing_actions, intermediate_timestep_count_max, &
	100	max_masks, precipitation, pt_surface, rho_surface, &
	101	roughness_length, surface_pressure, timestep_scheme, tsc, &
	102	z0h_factor, time_since_reference_point
[1496]	103
[1691]	104	USE indices, &
	105	ONLY: nbgp, nxlg, nxrg, nyng, nysg, nzb, nzb_s_inner
[1496]	106
[1691]	107	USE kinds
[1496]	108
[1551]	109	USE netcdf_control, &
	110	ONLY: dots_label, dots_num, dots_unit
	111
[1691]	112	USE pegrid
[1496]	113
[1691]	114	USE radiation_model_mod, &
	115	ONLY: force_radiation_call, radiation_scheme, rad_net, rad_sw_in, &
	116	rad_lw_out, sigma_sb
	117
	118	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
	119	USE radiation_model_mod, &
	120	ONLY: rrtm_lwuflx_dt, rrtm_idrv
	121	#endif
[1496]	122
[1691]	123	USE statistics, &
	124	ONLY: hom, statistic_regions
	125
[1496]	126	IMPLICIT NONE
	127
	128	!
	129	!-- LSM model constants
[1682]	130	INTEGER(iwp), PARAMETER :: nzb_soil = 0, & !< bottom of the soil model (to be switched)
	131	nzt_soil = 3, & !< top of the soil model (to be switched)
	132	nzs = 4 !< number of soil layers (fixed for now)
[1496]	133
[1682]	134	INTEGER(iwp) :: dots_soil = 0 !< starting index for timeseries output
[1551]	135
	136	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(0:1) :: id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
	137	id_dim_zs_3d, id_var_zs_xy, &
	138	id_var_zs_xz, id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d
	139
	140	INTEGER(iwp), DIMENSION(1:max_masks,0:1) :: id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_mask
	141
[1496]	142	REAL(wp), PARAMETER :: &
[1551]	143	b_ch = 6.04_wp, & ! Clapp & Hornberger exponent
	144	lambda_h_dry = 0.19_wp, & ! heat conductivity for dry soil
[1496]	145	lambda_h_sm = 3.44_wp, & ! heat conductivity of the soil matrix
	146	lambda_h_water = 0.57_wp, & ! heat conductivity of water
	147	psi_sat = -0.388_wp, & ! soil matrix potential at saturation
[1551]	148	rho_c_soil = 2.19E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of soil
	149	rho_c_water = 4.20E6_wp, & ! volumetric heat capacity of water
[1496]	150	m_max_depth = 0.0002_wp ! Maximum capacity of the water reservoir (m)
	151
	152
	153	!
	154	!-- LSM variables
[1682]	155	INTEGER(iwp) :: veg_type = 2, & !< vegetation type, 0: user-defined, 1-19: generic (see list)
	156	soil_type = 3 !< soil type, 0: user-defined, 1-6: generic (see list)
[1496]	157
[1691]	158	LOGICAL :: conserve_water_content = .TRUE., & !< open or closed bottom surface for the soil model
	159	dewfall = .TRUE., & !< allow/inhibit dewfall
	160	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE., & !< flag parameter for unscheduled radiation model calls
	161	land_surface = .FALSE. !< flag parameter indicating wheather the lsm is used
[1496]	162
	163	! value 9999999.9_wp -> generic available or user-defined value must be set
	164	! otherwise -> no generic variable and user setting is optional
[1682]	165	REAL(wp) :: alpha_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST alpha_vg
	166	canopy_resistance_coefficient = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST g_d
	167	c_surface = 20000.0_wp, & !< Surface (skin) heat capacity
	168	drho_l_lv, & !< (rho_l * l_v)**-1
	169	exn, & !< value of the Exner function
	170	e_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation water vapour pressure
	171	field_capacity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_fc
	172	f_shortwave_incoming = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST f_sw_in
	173	hydraulic_conductivity = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST gamma_w_sat
	174	ke = 0.0_wp, & !< Kersten number
[1691]	175	lambda_h_sat = 0.0_wp, & !< heat conductivity for saturated soil
[1682]	176	lambda_surface_stable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_s
	177	lambda_surface_unstable = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lambda_surface_u
	178	leaf_area_index = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST lai
	179	l_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST l_vg
	180	min_canopy_resistance = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_canopy_min
	181	min_soil_resistance = 50.0_wp, & !< NAMELIST r_soil_min
	182	m_total = 0.0_wp, & !< weighted total water content of the soil (m3/m3)
	183	n_vangenuchten = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST n_vg
	184	q_s = 0.0_wp, & !< saturation specific humidity
	185	residual_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_res
	186	rho_cp, & !< rho_surface * cp
	187	rho_lv, & !< rho * l_v
	188	rd_d_rv, & !< r_d / r_v
	189	saturation_moisture = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_sat
[1691]	190	skip_time_do_lsm = 0.0_wp, & !< LSM is not called before this time
[1682]	191	vegetation_coverage = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST c_veg
	192	wilting_point = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST m_wilt
	193	z0_eb = 9999999.9_wp, & !< NAMELIST z0 (lsm_par)
[1691]	194	z0h_eb = 9999999.9_wp !< NAMELIST z0h (lsm_par)
[1496]	195
[1551]	196	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: &
[1691]	197	ddz_soil_stag, & !< 1/dz_soil_stag
	198	dz_soil_stag, & !< soil grid spacing (center-center)
	199	root_extr = 0.0_wp, & !< root extraction
[1551]	200	root_fraction = (/9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp, &
[1682]	201	9999999.9_wp, 9999999.9_wp /), & !< distribution of root surface area to the individual soil layers
	202	zs = (/0.07_wp, 0.28_wp, 1.00_wp, 2.89_wp/), & !< soil layer depths (m)
	203	soil_moisture = 0.0_wp !< soil moisture content (m3/m3)
[1496]	204
[1551]	205	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1) :: &
[1691]	206	soil_temperature = (/290.0_wp, 287.0_wp, 285.0_wp, 283.0_wp, & !< soil temperature (K)
	207	283.0_wp /), &
	208	ddz_soil, & !< 1/dz_soil
	209	dz_soil !< soil grid spacing (edge-edge)
[1496]	210
	211	#if defined( __nopointer )
[1682]	212	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface, & !< surface temperature (K)
	213	t_surface_p, & !< progn. surface temperature (K)
	214	m_liq_eb, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
	215	m_liq_eb_av, & !< liquid water reservoir (m)
	216	m_liq_eb_p !< progn. liquid water reservoir (m)
[1496]	217	#else
[1551]	218	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), POINTER :: t_surface, &
	219	t_surface_p, &
	220	m_liq_eb, &
	221	m_liq_eb_p
[1496]	222
[1551]	223	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: t_surface_1, t_surface_2, &
	224	m_liq_eb_av, &
	225	m_liq_eb_1, m_liq_eb_2
[1496]	226	#endif
	227
	228	!
	229	!-- Temporal tendencies for time stepping
[1682]	230	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: tt_surface_m, & !< surface temperature tendency (K)
	231	tm_liq_eb_m !< liquid water reservoir tendency (m)
[1496]	232
	233	!
	234	!-- Energy balance variables
[1691]	235	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1682]	236	alpha_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
	237	c_liq, & !< liquid water coverage (of vegetated area)
	238	c_liq_av, & !< average of c_liq
	239	c_soil_av, & !< average of c_soil
	240	c_veg, & !< vegetation coverage
	241	c_veg_av, & !< average of c_veg
	242	f_sw_in, & !< fraction of absorbed shortwave radiation by the surface layer (not implemented yet)
	243	ghf_eb, & !< ground heat flux
	244	ghf_eb_av, & !< average of ghf_eb
	245	gamma_w_sat, & !< hydraulic conductivity at saturation
	246	g_d, & !< coefficient for dependence of r_canopy on water vapour pressure deficit
	247	lai, & !< leaf area index
	248	lai_av, & !< average of lai
[1691]	249	lambda_surface_s, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
	250	lambda_surface_u, & !< coupling between surface and soil (depends on vegetation type)
[1682]	251	l_vg, & !< coef. of Van Genuchten
	252	m_fc, & !< soil moisture at field capacity (m3/m3)
	253	m_res, & !< residual soil moisture
	254	m_sat, & !< saturation soil moisture (m3/m3)
	255	m_wilt, & !< soil moisture at permanent wilting point (m3/m3)
	256	n_vg, & !< coef. Van Genuchten
	257	qsws_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (total)
	258	qsws_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_eb
	259	qsws_liq_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (liquid water portion)
	260	qsws_liq_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_liq_eb
	261	qsws_soil_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (soil portion)
	262	qsws_soil_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_soil_eb
	263	qsws_veg_eb, & !< surface flux of latent heat (vegetation portion)
	264	qsws_veg_eb_av, & !< average of qsws_veg_eb
	265	rad_net_l, & !< local copy of rad_net (net radiation at surface)
	266	r_a, & !< aerodynamic resistance
	267	r_a_av, & !< avergae of r_a
	268	r_canopy, & !< canopy resistance
[1691]	269	r_soil, & !< soil resistance
[1682]	270	r_soil_min, & !< minimum soil resistance
	271	r_s, & !< total surface resistance (combination of r_soil and r_canopy)
[1691]	272	r_s_av, & !< average of r_s
[1682]	273	r_canopy_min, & !< minimum canopy (stomatal) resistance
	274	shf_eb, & !< surface flux of sensible heat
	275	shf_eb_av !< average of shf_eb
[1496]	276
[1691]	277
[1496]	278	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1682]	279	lambda_h, & !< heat conductivity of soil (?)
	280	lambda_w, & !< hydraulic diffusivity of soil (?)
	281	gamma_w, & !< hydraulic conductivity of soil (?)
	282	rho_c_total !< volumetric heat capacity of the actual soil matrix (?)
[1496]	283
	284	#if defined( __nopointer )
	285	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1682]	286	t_soil, & !< Soil temperature (K)
	287	t_soil_av, & !< Average of t_soil
	288	t_soil_p, & !< Prog. soil temperature (K)
	289	m_soil, & !< Soil moisture (m3/m3)
	290	m_soil_av, & !< Average of m_soil
	291	m_soil_p !< Prog. soil moisture (m3/m3)
[1496]	292	#else
	293	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), POINTER :: &
[1551]	294	t_soil, t_soil_p, &
[1496]	295	m_soil, m_soil_p
	296
	297	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE, TARGET :: &
[1551]	298	t_soil_av, t_soil_1, t_soil_2, &
	299	m_soil_av, m_soil_1, m_soil_2
[1496]	300	#endif
	301
	302
	303	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(:,:,:), ALLOCATABLE :: &
[1682]	304	tt_soil_m, & !< t_soil storage array
	305	tm_soil_m, & !< m_soil storage array
	306	root_fr !< root fraction (sum=1)
[1496]	307
[1551]	308
[1496]	309	!
[1551]	310	!-- Predefined Land surface classes (veg_type)
[1585]	311	CHARACTER(26), DIMENSION(0:19), PARAMETER :: veg_type_name = (/ &
[1590]	312	'user defined ', & ! 0
	313	'crops, mixed farming ', & ! 1
	314	'short grass ', & ! 2
[1585]	315	'evergreen needleleaf trees', & ! 3
	316	'deciduous needleleaf trees', & ! 4
[1590]	317	'evergreen broadleaf trees ', & ! 5
	318	'deciduous broadleaf trees ', & ! 6
	319	'tall grass ', & ! 7
	320	'desert ', & ! 8
	321	'tundra ', & ! 9
	322	'irrigated crops ', & ! 10
	323	'semidesert ', & ! 11
	324	'ice caps and glaciers ', & ! 12
	325	'bogs and marshes ', & ! 13
	326	'inland water ', & ! 14
	327	'ocean ', & ! 15
	328	'evergreen shrubs ', & ! 16
	329	'deciduous shrubs ', & ! 17
	330	'mixed forest/woodland ', & ! 18
	331	'interrupted forest ' & ! 19
[1585]	332	/)
[1496]	333
	334	!
[1551]	335	!-- Soil model classes (soil_type)
[1585]	336	CHARACTER(12), DIMENSION(0:7), PARAMETER :: soil_type_name = (/ &
	337	'user defined', & ! 0
[1590]	338	'coarse ', & ! 1
	339	'medium ', & ! 2
	340	'medium-fine ', & ! 3
	341	'fine ', & ! 4
	342	'very fine ', & ! 5
	343	'organic ', & ! 6
	344	'loamy (CH) ' & ! 7
[1585]	345	/)
[1551]	346	!
	347	!-- Land surface parameters according to the respective classes (veg_type)
	348
	349	!
	350	!-- Land surface parameters I
	351	!-- r_canopy_min, lai, c_veg, g_d
[1585]	352	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: veg_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
	353	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 1
	354	110.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.85_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 2
	355	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	356	500.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	357	175.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	358	240.0_wp, 6.00_wp, 0.99_wp, 0.13_wp, & ! 6
	359	100.0_wp, 2.00_wp, 0.70_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 7
	360	250.0_wp, 0.05_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	361	80.0_wp, 1.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	362	180.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 10
	363	150.0_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.10_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 11
	364	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	365	240.0_wp, 4.00_wp, 0.60_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 13
	366	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	367	0.0_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	368	225.0_wp, 3.00_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 16
	369	225.0_wp, 1.50_wp, 0.50_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 17
	370	250.0_wp, 5.00_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
	371	175.0_wp, 2.50_wp, 0.90_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
[1496]	372	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
	373
	374	!
	375	!-- Land surface parameters II z0, z0h
[1585]	376	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:1,1:19), PARAMETER :: roughness_par = RESHAPE( (/ &
	377	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 1
	378	0.20_wp, 0.20E-2_wp, & ! 2
	379	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 3
	380	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 4
	381	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 5
	382	2.00_wp, 2.00_wp, & ! 6
	383	0.47_wp, 0.47E-2_wp, & ! 7
	384	0.013_wp, 0.013E-2_wp, & ! 8
	385	0.034_wp, 0.034E-2_wp, & ! 9
	386	0.5_wp, 0.50E-2_wp, & ! 10
	387	0.17_wp, 0.17E-2_wp, & ! 11
	388	1.3E-3_wp, 1.3E-4_wp, & ! 12
	389	0.83_wp, 0.83E-2_wp, & ! 13
	390	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 14
	391	0.00_wp, 0.00E-2_wp, & ! 15
	392	0.10_wp, 0.10E-2_wp, & ! 16
	393	0.25_wp, 0.25E-2_wp, & ! 17
	394	2.00_wp, 2.00E-2_wp, & ! 18
	395	1.10_wp, 1.10E-2_wp & ! 19
[1496]	396	/), (/ 2, 19 /) )
	397
	398	!
[1551]	399	!-- Land surface parameters III lambda_surface_s, lambda_surface_u, f_sw_in
[1585]	400	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:2,1:19), PARAMETER :: surface_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
	401	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 1
	402	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 2
	403	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 3
	404	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 4
	405	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 5
	406	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 6
	407	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 7
	408	15.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	409	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 9
	410	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 10
	411	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 11
	412	58.0_wp, 58.0_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	413	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 13
	414	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	415	1.0E20_wp, 1.0E20_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	416	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 16
	417	10.0_wp, 10.0_wp, 0.05_wp, & ! 17
	418	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp, & ! 18
	419	20.0_wp, 15.0_wp, 0.03_wp & ! 19
[1496]	420	/), (/ 3, 19 /) )
	421
	422	!
	423	!-- Root distribution (sum = 1) level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4,
[1585]	424	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:19), PARAMETER :: root_distribution = RESHAPE( (/ &
	425	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 1
	426	0.35_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.23_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 2
	427	0.26_wp, 0.39_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.06_wp, & ! 3
	428	0.26_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.29_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 4
	429	0.24_wp, 0.38_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.07_wp, & ! 5
	430	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.14_wp, & ! 6
	431	0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.09_wp, & ! 7
	432	1.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 8
	433	0.47_wp, 0.45_wp, 0.08_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 9
	434	0.24_wp, 0.41_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.04_wp, & ! 10
	435	0.17_wp, 0.31_wp, 0.33_wp, 0.19_wp, & ! 11
	436	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 12
	437	0.25_wp, 0.34_wp, 0.27_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 13
	438	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 14
	439	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, & ! 15
	440	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 16
	441	0.23_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.30_wp, 0.11_wp, & ! 17
	442	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp, & ! 18
	443	0.19_wp, 0.35_wp, 0.36_wp, 0.10_wp & ! 19
[1496]	444	/), (/ 4, 19 /) )
	445
	446	!
	447	!-- Soil parameters according to the following porosity classes (soil_type)
[1551]	448
[1496]	449	!
[1551]	450	!-- Soil parameters I alpha_vg, l_vg, n_vg, gamma_w_sat
[1585]	451	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	452	3.83_wp, 1.250_wp, 1.38_wp, 6.94E-6_wp, & ! 1
	453	3.14_wp, -2.342_wp, 1.28_wp, 1.16E-6_wp, & ! 2
	454	0.83_wp, -0.588_wp, 1.25_wp, 0.26E-6_wp, & ! 3
	455	3.67_wp, -1.977_wp, 1.10_wp, 2.87E-6_wp, & ! 4
	456	2.65_wp, 2.500_wp, 1.10_wp, 1.74E-6_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	457	1.30_wp, 0.400_wp, 1.20_wp, 0.93E-6_wp, & ! 6
	458	0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.00_wp, 0.57E-6_wp & ! 7
	459	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	460
	461	!
	462	!-- Soil parameters II m_sat, m_fc, m_wilt, m_res
[1585]	463	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(0:3,1:7), PARAMETER :: m_soil_pars = RESHAPE( (/ &
[1496]	464	0.403_wp, 0.244_wp, 0.059_wp, 0.025_wp, & ! 1
	465	0.439_wp, 0.347_wp, 0.151_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 2
	466	0.430_wp, 0.383_wp, 0.133_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 3
	467	0.520_wp, 0.448_wp, 0.279_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 4
	468	0.614_wp, 0.541_wp, 0.335_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 5
[1551]	469	0.766_wp, 0.663_wp, 0.267_wp, 0.010_wp, & ! 6
	470	0.472_wp, 0.323_wp, 0.171_wp, 0.000_wp & ! 7
	471	/), (/ 4, 7 /) )
[1496]	472
	473
	474	SAVE
	475
	476
	477	PRIVATE
	478
	479
[1551]	480	!
	481	!-- Public parameters, constants and initial values
	482	PUBLIC alpha_vangenuchten, c_surface, canopy_resistance_coefficient, &
	483	conserve_water_content, dewfall, field_capacity, &
	484	f_shortwave_incoming, hydraulic_conductivity, init_lsm, &
	485	init_lsm_arrays, lambda_surface_stable, lambda_surface_unstable, &
	486	land_surface, leaf_area_index, lsm_energy_balance, lsm_soil_model, &
	487	lsm_swap_timelevel, l_vangenuchten, min_canopy_resistance, &
	488	min_soil_resistance, n_vangenuchten, residual_moisture, rho_cp, &
[1691]	489	rho_lv, root_fraction, saturation_moisture, skip_time_do_lsm, &
	490	soil_moisture, soil_temperature, soil_type, soil_type_name, &
	491	vegetation_coverage, veg_type, veg_type_name, wilting_point, z0_eb, &
	492	z0h_eb
[1496]	493
[1551]	494	!
	495	!-- Public grid and NetCDF variables
	496	PUBLIC dots_soil, id_dim_zs_xy, id_dim_zs_xz, id_dim_zs_yz, &
	497	id_dim_zs_3d, id_dim_zs_mask, id_var_zs_xy, id_var_zs_xz, &
	498	id_var_zs_yz, id_var_zs_3d, id_var_zs_mask, nzb_soil, nzs, nzt_soil,&
	499	zs
[1496]	500
[1551]	501	!
	502	!-- Public 2D output variables
	503	PUBLIC c_liq, c_liq_av, c_soil_av, c_veg, c_veg_av, ghf_eb, ghf_eb_av, &
	504	lai, lai_av, qsws_eb, qsws_eb_av, qsws_liq_eb, qsws_liq_eb_av, &
	505	qsws_soil_eb, qsws_soil_eb_av, qsws_veg_eb, qsws_veg_eb_av, &
[1555]	506	r_a, r_a_av, r_s, r_s_av, shf_eb, shf_eb_av
[1551]	507
	508	!
	509	!-- Public prognostic variables
	510	PUBLIC m_liq_eb, m_liq_eb_av, m_soil, m_soil_av, t_soil, t_soil_av
	511
[1496]	512	INTERFACE init_lsm
	513	MODULE PROCEDURE init_lsm
	514	END INTERFACE init_lsm
	515
	516	INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	517	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_energy_balance
	518	END INTERFACE lsm_energy_balance
	519
	520	INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	521	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_soil_model
	522	END INTERFACE lsm_soil_model
	523
[1551]	524	INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
	525	MODULE PROCEDURE lsm_swap_timelevel
	526	END INTERFACE lsm_swap_timelevel
[1496]	527
	528	CONTAINS
	529
	530
	531	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	532	! Description:
	533	! ------------
[1682]	534	!> Allocate land surface model arrays and define pointers
[1496]	535	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1551]	536	SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
[1496]	537
	538
	539	IMPLICIT NONE
	540
	541	!
[1551]	542	!-- Allocate surface and soil temperature / humidity
[1496]	543	#if defined( __nopointer )
[1551]	544	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	545	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	546	ALLOCATE ( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	547	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	548	ALLOCATE ( t_surface(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	549	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_p(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	550	ALLOCATE ( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	551	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	552	#else
[1551]	553	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	554	ALLOCATE ( m_liq_eb_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	555	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	556	ALLOCATE ( m_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	557	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_1(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	558	ALLOCATE ( t_surface_2(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	559	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_1(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	560	ALLOCATE ( t_soil_2(nzb_soil:nzt_soil+1,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	561	#endif
	562
	563	!
[1551]	564	!-- Allocate intermediate timestep arrays
	565	ALLOCATE ( tm_liq_eb_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	566	ALLOCATE ( tm_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	567	ALLOCATE ( tt_surface_m(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	568	ALLOCATE ( tt_soil_m(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	569
	570	!
	571	!-- Allocate 2D vegetation model arrays
[1551]	572	ALLOCATE ( alpha_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	573	ALLOCATE ( c_liq(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	574	ALLOCATE ( c_veg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	575	ALLOCATE ( f_sw_in(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	576	ALLOCATE ( ghf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	577	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	578	ALLOCATE ( g_d(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	579	ALLOCATE ( lai(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	580	ALLOCATE ( l_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	581	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_u(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	582	ALLOCATE ( lambda_surface_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	583	ALLOCATE ( m_fc(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	584	ALLOCATE ( m_res(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	585	ALLOCATE ( m_sat(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	586	ALLOCATE ( m_wilt(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	587	ALLOCATE ( n_vg(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	588	ALLOCATE ( qsws_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	589	ALLOCATE ( qsws_soil_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	590	ALLOCATE ( qsws_liq_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	591	ALLOCATE ( qsws_veg_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1585]	592	ALLOCATE ( rad_net_l(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	593	ALLOCATE ( r_a(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	594	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	595	ALLOCATE ( r_soil(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	596	ALLOCATE ( r_soil_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	597	ALLOCATE ( r_s(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1551]	598	ALLOCATE ( r_canopy_min(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	599	ALLOCATE ( shf_eb(nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	600
[1551]	601	#if ! defined( __nopointer )
[1496]	602	!
[1585]	603	!-- Initial assignment of the pointers
[1551]	604	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
	605	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	606	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	607	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
	608	#endif
[1496]	609
	610
[1551]	611	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm_arrays
[1500]	612
[1551]	613	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	614	! Description:
	615	! ------------
[1682]	616	!> Initialization of the land surface model
[1551]	617	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	618	SUBROUTINE init_lsm
	619
	620
	621	IMPLICIT NONE
	622
[1682]	623	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	624	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	625	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1551]	626
[1691]	627	REAL(wp) :: pt_1 !< potential temperature at first grid level
[1551]	628
[1691]	629
[1551]	630	!
	631	!-- Calculate Exner function
[1691]	632	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
[1551]	633
	634
	635	!
	636	!-- If no cloud physics is used, rho_surface has not been calculated before
	637	IF ( .NOT. cloud_physics ) THEN
	638	rho_surface = surface_pressure * 100.0_wp / ( r_d * pt_surface * exn )
	639	ENDIF
	640
	641	!
	642	!-- Calculate frequently used parameters
	643	rho_cp = cp * rho_surface
	644	rd_d_rv = r_d / r_v
	645	rho_lv = rho_surface * l_v
	646	drho_l_lv = 1.0_wp / (rho_l * l_v)
	647
	648	!
	649	!-- Set inital values for prognostic quantities
	650	tt_surface_m = 0.0_wp
	651	tt_soil_m = 0.0_wp
	652	tm_liq_eb_m = 0.0_wp
	653	c_liq = 0.0_wp
	654
	655	ghf_eb = 0.0_wp
	656	shf_eb = rho_cp * shf
	657
[1500]	658	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	659	qsws_eb = rho_l * l_v * qsws
[1500]	660	ELSE
[1551]	661	qsws_eb = 0.0_wp
[1500]	662	ENDIF
	663
[1551]	664	qsws_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
	665	qsws_soil_eb = qsws_eb
	666	qsws_veg_eb = 0.0_wp
[1496]	667
	668	r_a = 50.0_wp
[1551]	669	r_s = 50.0_wp
[1496]	670	r_canopy = 0.0_wp
	671	r_soil = 0.0_wp
	672
	673	!
	674	!-- Allocate 3D soil model arrays
[1551]	675	ALLOCATE ( root_fr(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	676	ALLOCATE ( lambda_h(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	677	ALLOCATE ( rho_c_total(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	678
	679	lambda_h = 0.0_wp
	680	!
	681	!-- If required, allocate humidity-related variables for the soil model
	682	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	683	ALLOCATE ( lambda_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
	684	ALLOCATE ( gamma_w(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,nysg:nyng,nxlg:nxrg) )
[1496]	685
	686	lambda_w = 0.0_wp
	687	ENDIF
	688
	689	!
	690	!-- Calculate grid spacings. Temperature and moisture are defined at
[1691]	691	!-- the edges of the soil layers (_stag), whereas gradients/fluxes are defined
	692	!-- at the centers
	693	dz_soil(nzb_soil) = zs(nzb_soil)
[1496]	694
[1691]	695	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
	696	dz_soil(k) = zs(k) - zs(k-1)
[1496]	697	ENDDO
[1691]	698	dz_soil(nzt_soil+1) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
[1496]	699
[1691]	700	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
	701	dz_soil_stag(k) = 0.5_wp * (dz_soil(k+1) + dz_soil(k))
[1496]	702	ENDDO
[1691]	703	dz_soil_stag(nzt_soil) = dz_soil(nzt_soil)
[1496]	704
[1551]	705	ddz_soil = 1.0_wp / dz_soil
	706	ddz_soil_stag = 1.0_wp / dz_soil_stag
	707
[1496]	708	!
[1551]	709	!-- Initialize standard soil types. It is possible to overwrite each
	710	!-- parameter by setting the respecticy NAMELIST variable to a
	711	!-- value /= 9999999.9.
	712	IF ( soil_type /= 0 ) THEN
	713
	714	IF ( alpha_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	715	alpha_vangenuchten = soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	716	ENDIF
	717
	718	IF ( l_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	719	l_vangenuchten = soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	720	ENDIF
	721
	722	IF ( n_vangenuchten == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	723	n_vangenuchten = soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	724	ENDIF
	725
	726	IF ( hydraulic_conductivity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	727	hydraulic_conductivity = soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	728	ENDIF
	729
	730	IF ( saturation_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	731	saturation_moisture = m_soil_pars(0,soil_type)
	732	ENDIF
	733
	734	IF ( field_capacity == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	735	field_capacity = m_soil_pars(1,soil_type)
	736	ENDIF
	737
	738	IF ( wilting_point == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	739	wilting_point = m_soil_pars(2,soil_type)
	740	ENDIF
	741
	742	IF ( residual_moisture == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	743	residual_moisture = m_soil_pars(3,soil_type)
	744	ENDIF
	745
[1496]	746	ENDIF
	747
[1551]	748	alpha_vg = alpha_vangenuchten
	749	l_vg = l_vangenuchten
	750	n_vg = n_vangenuchten
	751	gamma_w_sat = hydraulic_conductivity
	752	m_sat = saturation_moisture
	753	m_fc = field_capacity
	754	m_wilt = wilting_point
	755	m_res = residual_moisture
	756	r_soil_min = min_soil_resistance
	757
[1496]	758	!
[1551]	759	!-- Initial run actions
	760	IF ( TRIM( initializing_actions ) /= 'read_restart_data' ) THEN
[1496]	761
[1551]	762	t_soil = 0.0_wp
	763	m_liq_eb = 0.0_wp
	764	m_soil = 0.0_wp
[1496]	765
[1551]	766	!
	767	!-- Map user settings of T and q for each soil layer
	768	!-- (make sure that the soil moisture does not drop below the permanent
	769	!-- wilting point) -> problems with devision by zero)
[1691]	770	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	771	t_soil(k,:,:) = soil_temperature(k)
	772	m_soil(k,:,:) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),m_wilt(:,:))
	773	soil_moisture(k) = MAX(soil_moisture(k),wilting_point)
	774	ENDDO
	775	t_soil(nzt_soil+1,:,:) = soil_temperature(nzt_soil+1)
[1496]	776
[1551]	777	!
	778	!-- Calculate surface temperature
[1691]	779	t_surface = pt_surface * exn
	780	t_surface_p = t_surface
[1496]	781
	782	!
[1551]	783	!-- Set artifical values for ts and us so that r_a has its initial value for
	784	!-- the first time step
	785	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	786	DO j = nysg, nyng
	787	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	788
[1691]	789	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	790	pt_1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
	791	ELSE
	792	pt_1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
	793	ENDIF
	794
[1551]	795	!
	796	!-- Assure that r_a cannot be zero at model start
[1691]	797	IF ( pt_1 == pt(k,j,i) ) pt_1 = pt_1 + 1.0E-10_wp
[1551]	798
[1691]	799	us(j,i) = 0.1_wp
	800	ts(j,i) = (pt_1 - pt(k,j,i)) / r_a(j,i)
[1551]	801	shf(j,i) = - us(j,i) * ts(j,i)
	802	ENDDO
	803	ENDDO
	804
	805	!
	806	!-- Actions for restart runs
	807	ELSE
	808
	809	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	810	DO j = nysg, nyng
	811	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	812	t_surface(j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * exn
	813	ENDDO
	814	ENDDO
	815
	816	ENDIF
	817
[1691]	818	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	819	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_fraction(k)
	820	ENDDO
[1496]	821
[1551]	822	IF ( veg_type /= 0 ) THEN
	823	IF ( min_canopy_resistance == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	824	min_canopy_resistance = veg_pars(0,veg_type)
	825	ENDIF
	826	IF ( leaf_area_index == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	827	leaf_area_index = veg_pars(1,veg_type)
	828	ENDIF
	829	IF ( vegetation_coverage == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	830	vegetation_coverage = veg_pars(2,veg_type)
	831	ENDIF
	832	IF ( canopy_resistance_coefficient == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	833	canopy_resistance_coefficient= veg_pars(3,veg_type)
	834	ENDIF
	835	IF ( lambda_surface_stable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	836	lambda_surface_stable = surface_pars(0,veg_type)
	837	ENDIF
	838	IF ( lambda_surface_unstable == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	839	lambda_surface_unstable = surface_pars(1,veg_type)
	840	ENDIF
	841	IF ( f_shortwave_incoming == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	842	f_shortwave_incoming = surface_pars(2,veg_type)
	843	ENDIF
	844	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	845	roughness_length = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	846	z0_eb = roughness_par(0,veg_type)
	847	ENDIF
	848	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	849	z0h_eb = roughness_par(1,veg_type)
	850	ENDIF
	851	z0h_factor = z0h_eb / z0_eb
[1496]	852
[1551]	853	IF ( ANY( root_fraction == 9999999.9_wp ) ) THEN
[1691]	854	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	855	root_fr(k,:,:) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	856	root_fraction(k) = root_distribution(k,veg_type)
	857	ENDDO
	858	ENDIF
[1496]	859
[1553]	860	ELSE
	861
	862	IF ( z0_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	863	z0_eb = roughness_length
	864	ENDIF
	865	IF ( z0h_eb == 9999999.9_wp ) THEN
	866	z0h_eb = z0_eb * z0h_factor
	867	ENDIF
	868
[1496]	869	ENDIF
	870
	871	!
[1551]	872	!-- Initialize vegetation
	873	r_canopy_min = min_canopy_resistance
	874	lai = leaf_area_index
	875	c_veg = vegetation_coverage
	876	g_d = canopy_resistance_coefficient
	877	lambda_surface_s = lambda_surface_stable
	878	lambda_surface_u = lambda_surface_unstable
	879	f_sw_in = f_shortwave_incoming
	880	z0 = z0_eb
	881	z0h = z0h_eb
	882
	883	!
[1496]	884	!-- Possibly do user-defined actions (e.g. define heterogeneous land surface)
	885	CALL user_init_land_surface
	886
[1500]	887
[1551]	888	t_soil_p = t_soil
	889	m_soil_p = m_soil
	890	m_liq_eb_p = m_liq_eb
[1496]	891
[1551]	892	!-- Store initial profiles of t_soil and m_soil (assuming they are
	893	!-- horizontally homogeneous on this PE)
	894	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,90,:) = SPREAD( t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	895	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	896	statistic_regions+1 )
	897	hom(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,1,92,:) = SPREAD( m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil, &
	898	nysg,nxlg), 2, &
	899	statistic_regions+1 )
	900
[1496]	901	!
[1551]	902	!-- Add timeseries for land surface model
[1691]	903	dots_soil = dots_num + 1
	904	dots_num = dots_num + 8
[1585]	905
[1691]	906	dots_label(dots_soil) = "ghf_eb"
	907	dots_label(dots_soil+1) = "shf_eb"
	908	dots_label(dots_soil+2) = "qsws_eb"
	909	dots_label(dots_soil+3) = "qsws_liq_eb"
	910	dots_label(dots_soil+4) = "qsws_soil_eb"
	911	dots_label(dots_soil+5) = "qsws_veg_eb"
	912	dots_label(dots_soil+6) = "r_a"
	913	dots_label(dots_soil+7) = "r_s"
[1551]	914
[1691]	915	dots_unit(dots_soil:dots_soil+5) = "W/m2"
	916	dots_unit(dots_soil+6:dots_soil+7) = "s/m"
[1555]	917
[1496]	918	RETURN
	919
	920	END SUBROUTINE init_lsm
	921
	922
	923
	924	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	925	! Description:
	926	! ------------
[1682]	927	!> Solver for the energy balance at the surface.
[1496]	928	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	929	SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	930
	931
	932	IMPLICIT NONE
	933
[1682]	934	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	935	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	936	INTEGER(iwp) :: k, ks !< running index
[1496]	937
[1682]	938	REAL(wp) :: f1, & !< resistance correction term 1
	939	f2, & !< resistance correction term 2
	940	f3, & !< resistance correction term 3
	941	m_min, & !< minimum soil moisture
	942	e, & !< water vapour pressure
	943	e_s, & !< water vapour saturation pressure
	944	e_s_dt, & !< derivate of e_s with respect to T
	945	tend, & !< tendency
	946	dq_s_dt, & !< derivate of q_s with respect to T
	947	coef_1, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
	948	coef_2, & !< coef. for prognostic equation
	949	f_qsws, & !< factor for qsws_eb
	950	f_qsws_veg, & !< factor for qsws_veg_eb
	951	f_qsws_soil, & !< factor for qsws_soil_eb
	952	f_qsws_liq, & !< factor for qsws_liq_eb
	953	f_shf, & !< factor for shf_eb
	954	lambda_surface, & !< Current value of lambda_surface
[1691]	955	m_liq_eb_max, & !< maxmimum value of the liq. water reservoir
	956	pt_1, & !< potential temperature at first grid level
	957	qv_1 !< specific humidity at first grid level
[1496]	958
	959	!
	960	!-- Calculate the exner function for the current time step
	961	exn = ( surface_pressure / 1000.0_wp )**0.286_wp
	962
[1691]	963	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	964	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1500]	965	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
[1496]	966
	967	!
[1551]	968	!-- Set lambda_surface according to stratification
[1496]	969	IF ( rif(j,i) >= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	970	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_s(j,i)
[1496]	971	ELSE
[1551]	972	lambda_surface = lambda_surface_u(j,i)
[1496]	973	ENDIF
[1500]	974
[1496]	975	!
[1500]	976	!-- First step: calculate aerodyamic resistance. As pt, us, ts
	977	!-- are not available for the prognostic time step, data from the last
	978	!-- time step is used here. Note that this formulation is the
	979	!-- equivalent to the ECMWF formulation using drag coefficients
[1691]	980	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	981	pt_1 = pt(k+1,j,i) + l_d_cp * pt_d_t(k+1) * ql(k+1,j,i)
	982	qv_1 = q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i)
	983	ELSE
	984	pt_1 = pt(k+1,j,i)
	985	qv_1 = q(k+1,j,i)
	986	ENDIF
[1496]	987
[1691]	988	r_a(j,i) = (pt_1 - pt(k,j,i)) / (ts(j,i) * us(j,i) + 1.0E-20_wp)
	989
[1496]	990	!
	991	!-- Second step: calculate canopy resistance r_canopy
	992	!-- f1-f3 here are defined as 1/f1-f3 as in ECMWF documentation
	993
[1551]	994	!-- f1: correction for incoming shortwave radiation (stomata close at
	995	!-- night)
[1585]	996	IF ( radiation_scheme /= 'constant' ) THEN
	997	f1 = MIN( 1.0_wp, ( 0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) + 0.05_wp ) /&
	998	(0.81_wp * (0.004_wp * rad_sw_in(k,j,i) &
	999	+ 1.0_wp)) )
[1551]	1000	ELSE
	1001	f1 = 1.0_wp
	1002	ENDIF
[1496]	1003
	1004	!
[1551]	1005	!-- f2: correction for soil moisture availability to plants (the
	1006	!-- integrated soil moisture must thus be considered here)
	1007	!-- f2 = 0 for very dry soils
[1496]	1008	m_total = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1009	DO ks = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	1010	m_total = m_total + root_fr(ks,j,i) &
	1011	* MAX(m_soil(ks,j,i),m_wilt(j,i))
[1496]	1012	ENDDO
	1013
[1691]	1014	IF ( m_total > m_wilt(j,i) .AND. m_total < m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1496]	1015	f2 = ( m_total - m_wilt(j,i) ) / (m_fc(j,i) - m_wilt(j,i) )
[1691]	1016	ELSEIF ( m_total >= m_fc(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1017	f2 = 1.0_wp
[1496]	1018	ELSE
	1019	f2 = 1.0E-20_wp
	1020	ENDIF
	1021
	1022	!
	1023	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1551]	1024	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface(j,i) &
	1025	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	1026
	1027	!
	1028	!-- f3: correction for vapour pressure deficit
[1551]	1029	IF ( g_d(j,i) /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1030	!
	1031	!-- Calculate vapour pressure
[1691]	1032	e = qv_1 * surface_pressure / 0.622_wp
[1551]	1033	f3 = EXP ( -g_d(j,i) * (e_s - e) )
[1496]	1034	ELSE
	1035	f3 = 1.0_wp
	1036	ENDIF
	1037
	1038	!
[1551]	1039	!-- Calculate canopy resistance. In case that c_veg is 0 (bare soils),
	1040	!-- this calculation is obsolete, as r_canopy is not used below.
[1496]	1041	!-- To do: check for very dry soil -> r_canopy goes to infinity
[1551]	1042	r_canopy(j,i) = r_canopy_min(j,i) / (lai(j,i) * f1 * f2 * f3 &
	1043	+ 1.0E-20_wp)
[1496]	1044
	1045	!
[1551]	1046	!-- Third step: calculate bare soil resistance r_soil. The Clapp &
	1047	!-- Hornberger parametrization does not consider c_veg.
	1048	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
	1049	m_min = c_veg(j,i) * m_wilt(j,i) + (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) * &
	1050	m_res(j,i)
	1051	ELSE
	1052	m_min = m_wilt(j,i)
	1053	ENDIF
[1496]	1054
[1551]	1055	f2 = ( m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) - m_min ) / ( m_fc(j,i) - m_min )
[1513]	1056	f2 = MAX(f2,1.0E-20_wp)
[1551]	1057	f2 = MIN(f2,1.0_wp)
[1496]	1058
	1059	r_soil(j,i) = r_soil_min(j,i) / f2
	1060
	1061	!
	1062	!-- Calculate fraction of liquid water reservoir
[1551]	1063	m_liq_eb_max = m_max_depth * lai(j,i)
	1064	c_liq(j,i) = MIN(1.0_wp, m_liq_eb(j,i) / (m_liq_eb_max+1.0E-20_wp))
	1065
[1496]	1066
[1551]	1067	!
	1068	!-- Calculate saturation specific humidity
[1496]	1069	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
[1500]	1070
	1071	!
[1551]	1072	!-- In case of dewfall, set evapotranspiration to zero
	1073	!-- All super-saturated water is then removed from the air
[1691]	1074	IF ( humidity .AND. q_s <= qv_1 ) THEN
[1551]	1075	r_canopy(j,i) = 0.0_wp
	1076	r_soil(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1077	ENDIF
[1496]	1078
	1079	!
	1080	!-- Calculate coefficients for the total evapotranspiration
[1551]	1081	f_qsws_veg = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * (1.0_wp - c_liq(j,i))/ &
	1082	(r_a(j,i) + r_canopy(j,i))
[1496]	1083
[1551]	1084	f_qsws_soil = rho_lv * (1.0_wp - c_veg(j,i)) / (r_a(j,i) + &
	1085	r_soil(j,i))
	1086	f_qsws_liq = rho_lv * c_veg(j,i) * c_liq(j,i) / r_a(j,i)
[1496]	1087
[1551]	1088
[1500]	1089	!
	1090	!-- If soil moisture is below wilting point, plants do no longer
	1091	!-- transpirate.
[1691]	1092	! IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) < m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1093	! f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1094	! ENDIF
[1496]	1095
	1096	!
[1551]	1097	!-- If dewfall is deactivated, vegetation, soil and liquid water
	1098	!-- reservoir are not allowed to take up water from the super-saturated
	1099	!-- air.
	1100	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1691]	1101	IF ( q_s <= qv_1 ) THEN
[1551]	1102	IF ( .NOT. dewfall ) THEN
	1103	f_qsws_veg = 0.0_wp
	1104	f_qsws_soil = 0.0_wp
	1105	f_qsws_liq = 0.0_wp
	1106	ENDIF
	1107	ENDIF
	1108	ENDIF
	1109
	1110	f_shf = rho_cp / r_a(j,i)
	1111	f_qsws = f_qsws_veg + f_qsws_soil + f_qsws_liq
	1112
	1113	!
[1496]	1114	!-- Calculate derivative of q_s for Taylor series expansion
[1571]	1115	e_s_dt = e_s * ( 17.269_wp / (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp) - &
[1551]	1116	17.269_wp*(t_surface(j,i) - 273.16_wp) &
	1117	/ (t_surface(j,i) - 35.86_wp)**2 )
[1496]	1118
[1571]	1119	dq_s_dt = 0.622_wp * e_s_dt / surface_pressure
[1496]	1120
	1121	!
	1122	!-- Add LW up so that it can be removed in prognostic equation
[1691]	1123	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net(j,i) + rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i)
[1496]	1124
[1691]	1125
[1500]	1126	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1691]	1127	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1496]	1128	!
[1500]	1129	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1691]	1130	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) &
	1131	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
	1132	+ f_shf * pt_1 + f_qsws * ( qv_1 - q_s &
[1571]	1133	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1134	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1496]	1135
	1136	!
[1500]	1137	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1691]	1138	coef_2 = rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) + f_qsws * dq_s_dt &
	1139	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
	1140	#else
[1496]	1141
[1691]	1142	!
	1143	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
	1144	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1145	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 &
	1146	+ f_shf * pt_1 + f_qsws * ( qv_1 &
	1147	- q_s + dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) ) &
	1148	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
	1149
	1150	!
	1151	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
	1152	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 + f_qsws &
	1153	* dq_s_dt + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
	1154
	1155	#endif
[1500]	1156	ELSE
	1157
[1691]	1158	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
[1500]	1159	!
	1160	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
[1691]	1161	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) &
	1162	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
	1163	+ f_shf * pt_1 + lambda_surface &
[1551]	1164	* t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
[1500]	1165
	1166	!
	1167	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1691]	1168	coef_2 = rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) + lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
	1169	#else
	1170
	1171	!
	1172	!-- Numerator of the prognostic equation
	1173	coef_1 = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1174	* t_surface(j,i) ** 4 + f_shf * pt_1 &
	1175	+ lambda_surface * t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i)
	1176
	1177	!
	1178	!-- Denominator of the prognostic equation
[1571]	1179	coef_2 = 4.0_wp * sigma_sb * t_surface(j,i) ** 3 &
[1551]	1180	+ lambda_surface + f_shf / exn
[1691]	1181	#endif
[1500]	1182	ENDIF
	1183
[1691]	1184
[1496]	1185	tend = 0.0_wp
	1186
	1187	!
[1551]	1188	!-- Implicit solution when the surface layer has no heat capacity,
[1496]	1189	!-- otherwise use RK3 scheme.
[1551]	1190	t_surface_p(j,i) = ( coef_1 * dt_3d * tsc(2) + c_surface * &
	1191	t_surface(j,i) ) / ( c_surface + coef_2 * dt_3d&
	1192	* tsc(2) )
[1496]	1193	!
	1194	!-- Add RK3 term
[1691]	1195	IF ( c_surface /= 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1496]	1196
[1691]	1197	t_surface_p(j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) + dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1198	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
	1199
[1496]	1200	!
[1691]	1201	!-- Calculate true tendency
	1202	tend = (t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) - dt_3d * tsc(3) &
	1203	* tt_surface_m(j,i)) / (dt_3d * tsc(2))
[1496]	1204	!
[1691]	1205	!-- Calculate t_surface tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	1206	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1207	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
	1208	tt_surface_m(j,i) = tend
	1209	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1210	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
	1211	tt_surface_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1212	* tt_surface_m(j,i)
	1213	ENDIF
[1496]	1214	ENDIF
[1691]	1215
[1496]	1216	ENDIF
	1217
	1218	!
[1691]	1219	!-- In case of fast changes in the skin temperature, it is required to
	1220	!-- update the radiative fluxes in order to keep the solution stable
	1221	IF ( ABS( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) ) > 0.2_wp ) THEN
	1222	force_radiation_call_l = .TRUE.
	1223	ENDIF
	1224
	1225	pt(k,j,i) = t_surface_p(j,i) / exn
	1226
	1227	!
[1496]	1228	!-- Calculate fluxes
[1691]	1229	#if defined ( __rrtmg )
	1230	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) &
	1231	* t_surface(j,i) - rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
	1232	- rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) * t_surface_p(j,i)
	1233
	1234	IF ( rrtm_idrv == 1 ) THEN
	1235	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
	1236	rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) = rad_lw_out(nzb,j,i) &
	1237	+ rrtm_lwuflx_dt(0,nzb) &
	1238	* ( t_surface_p(j,i) - t_surface(j,i) )
	1239	ENDIF
	1240	#else
	1241	rad_net_l(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i) + 3.0_wp * sigma_sb &
	1242	* t_surface(j,i)*4 - 4.0_wp sigma_sb &
	1243	* t_surface(j,i)*3 t_surface_p(j,i)
	1244	rad_net(j,i) = rad_net_l(j,i)
	1245	#endif
	1246
[1551]	1247	ghf_eb(j,i) = lambda_surface * (t_surface_p(j,i) &
	1248	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i))
[1496]	1249
[1691]	1250	shf_eb(j,i) = - f_shf * ( pt_1 - pt(k,j,i) )
	1251
	1252	shf(j,i) = shf_eb(j,i) / rho_cp
	1253
[1500]	1254	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1691]	1255	qsws_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws * ( qv_1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
[1571]	1256	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1496]	1257
[1691]	1258	qsws(j,i) = qsws_eb(j,i) / rho_lv
	1259
	1260	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_veg * ( qv_1 - q_s &
[1571]	1261	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1262	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1263
[1691]	1264	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_soil * ( qv_1 - q_s &
[1571]	1265	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1266	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
	1267
[1691]	1268	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = - f_qsws_liq * ( qv_1 - q_s &
[1571]	1269	+ dq_s_dt * t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt &
[1551]	1270	* t_surface_p(j,i) )
[1500]	1271	ENDIF
	1272	!
	1273	!-- Calculate the true surface resistance
[1691]	1274	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) == 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	1275	r_s(j,i) = 1.0E10_wp
[1496]	1276	ELSE
[1691]	1277	r_s(j,i) = - rho_lv * ( qv_1 - q_s + dq_s_dt &
[1571]	1278	* t_surface(j,i) - dq_s_dt * t_surface_p(j,i) ) &
[1551]	1279	/ qsws_eb(j,i) - r_a(j,i)
[1496]	1280	ENDIF
	1281
	1282	!
	1283	!-- Calculate change in liquid water reservoir due to dew fall or
[1500]	1284	!-- evaporation of liquid water
	1285	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1496]	1286	!
[1571]	1287	!-- If precipitation is activated, add rain water to qsws_liq_eb
	1288	!-- and qsws_soil_eb according the the vegetation coverage.
[1500]	1289	!-- precipitation_rate is given in mm.
	1290	IF ( precipitation ) THEN
[1571]	1291
	1292	!
	1293	!-- Add precipitation to liquid water reservoir, if possible.
	1294	!-- Otherwise, add the water to bare soil fraction.
[1691]	1295	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) /= m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
[1571]	1296	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) &
[1691]	1297	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1298	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1299	ELSE
	1300	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
[1691]	1301	+ c_veg(j,i) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1302	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
	1303	ENDIF
	1304
	1305	!-- Add precipitation to bare soil according to the bare soil
	1306	!-- coverage.
	1307	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) * (1.0_wp &
[1691]	1308	- c_veg(j,i)) * prr(k,j,i) * hyrho(k) &
[1571]	1309	* 0.001_wp * rho_l * l_v
[1496]	1310	ENDIF
[1691]	1311
[1500]	1312	!
	1313	!-- If the air is saturated, check the reservoir water level
[1691]	1314	IF ( qsws_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1315
[1500]	1316	!
[1551]	1317	!-- Check if reservoir is full (avoid values > m_liq_eb_max)
	1318	!-- In that case, qsws_liq_eb goes to qsws_soil_eb. In this
	1319	!-- case qsws_veg_eb is zero anyway (because c_liq = 1),
	1320	!-- so that tend is zero and no further check is needed
[1691]	1321	IF ( m_liq_eb(j,i) == m_liq_eb_max ) THEN
[1551]	1322	qsws_soil_eb(j,i) = qsws_soil_eb(j,i) &
	1323	+ qsws_liq_eb(j,i)
	1324	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1325	ENDIF
[1496]	1326
	1327	!
[1551]	1328	!-- In case qsws_veg_eb becomes negative (unphysical behavior),
	1329	!-- let the water enter the liquid water reservoir as dew on the
[1500]	1330	!-- plant
[1691]	1331	IF ( qsws_veg_eb(j,i) < 0.0_wp ) THEN
[1551]	1332	qsws_liq_eb(j,i) = qsws_liq_eb(j,i) + qsws_veg_eb(j,i)
	1333	qsws_veg_eb(j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1500]	1334	ENDIF
	1335	ENDIF
[1496]	1336
[1551]	1337	tend = - qsws_liq_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv
[1496]	1338
[1551]	1339	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = m_liq_eb(j,i) + dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend &
	1340	+ tsc(3) * tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) )
[1496]	1341
	1342	!
[1500]	1343	!-- Check if reservoir is overfull -> reduce to maximum
	1344	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1345	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MIN(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),m_liq_eb_max)
[1496]	1346
	1347	!
[1500]	1348	!-- Check if reservoir is empty (avoid values < 0.0)
	1349	!-- (conservation of water is violated here)
[1551]	1350	m_liq_eb_p(j,i) = MAX(m_liq_eb_p(j,i),0.0_wp)
[1496]	1351
	1352
	1353	!
[1551]	1354	!-- Calculate m_liq_eb tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
[1500]	1355	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1356	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1357	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = tend
[1500]	1358	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1359	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1360	tm_liq_eb_m(j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend + 5.3125_wp &
	1361	* tm_liq_eb_m(j,i)
[1500]	1362	ENDIF
[1496]	1363	ENDIF
	1364
[1500]	1365	ENDIF
	1366
[1496]	1367	ENDDO
[1500]	1368	ENDDO
[1496]	1369
[1691]	1370	#if defined( __parallel )
	1371	!
	1372	!-- Make a logical OR for all processes. Force radiation call if at
	1373	!-- least one processor
	1374	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == intermediate_timestep_count_max-1 )&
	1375	THEN
	1376
	1377	IF ( collective_wait ) CALL MPI_BARRIER( comm2d, ierr )
	1378	CALL MPI_ALLREDUCE( force_radiation_call_l, force_radiation_call, &
	1379	1, MPI_LOGICAL, MPI_LOR, comm2d, ierr )
	1380	#else
	1381	force_radiation_call = force_radiation_call_l
	1382	#endif
	1383	force_radiation_call_l = .FALSE.
	1384	ENDIF
	1385
	1386
[1496]	1387	END SUBROUTINE lsm_energy_balance
	1388
	1389
	1390	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1391	! Description:
	1392	! ------------
[1682]	1393	!> Soil model as part of the land surface model. The model predicts soil
	1394	!> temperature and water content.
[1496]	1395	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1396	SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	1397
	1398
	1399	IMPLICIT NONE
	1400
[1682]	1401	INTEGER(iwp) :: i !< running index
	1402	INTEGER(iwp) :: j !< running index
	1403	INTEGER(iwp) :: k !< running index
[1496]	1404
[1682]	1405	REAL(wp) :: h_vg !< Van Genuchten coef. h
[1496]	1406
[1682]	1407	REAL(wp), DIMENSION(nzb_soil:nzt_soil) :: gamma_temp, & !< temp. gamma
[1691]	1408	lambda_temp, & !< temp. lambda
	1409	tend !< tendency
[1496]	1410
[1691]	1411	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1412	DO j = nysg, nyng
	1413	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1414	!
	1415	!-- Calculate volumetric heat capacity of the soil, taking into
	1416	!-- account water content
[1551]	1417	rho_c_total(k,j,i) = (rho_c_soil * (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) &
	1418	+ rho_c_water * m_soil(k,j,i))
[1496]	1419
	1420	!
[1691]	1421	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity at the center of the soil
[1496]	1422	!-- layers
[1691]	1423	lambda_h_sat = lambda_h_sm ** (1.0_wp - m_sat(j,i)) * &
	1424	lambda_h_water ** m_soil(k,j,i)
	1425
[1551]	1426	ke = 1.0_wp + LOG10(MAX(0.1_wp,m_soil(k,j,i) / m_sat(j,i)))
[1691]	1427
	1428	lambda_temp(k) = ke * (lambda_h_sat - lambda_h_dry) + &
[1496]	1429	lambda_h_dry
	1430
	1431	ENDDO
	1432
	1433	!
	1434	!-- Calculate soil heat conductivity (lambda_h) at the _stag level
	1435	!-- using linear interpolation
[1691]	1436	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
	1437	lambda_h(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) * 0.5_wp
[1496]	1438	ENDDO
[1551]	1439	lambda_h(nzt_soil,j,i) = lambda_temp(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1440
	1441	!
[1551]	1442	!-- Prognostic equation for soil temperature t_soil
[1496]	1443	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
[1691]	1444	tend(nzb_soil) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(nzb_soil,j,i)) * &
[1551]	1445	( lambda_h(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( t_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) &
[1691]	1446	- t_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) &
[1551]	1447	+ ghf_eb(j,i) ) * ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1496]	1448
[1691]	1449
	1450
	1451
	1452	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil
[1551]	1453	tend(k) = (1.0_wp/rho_c_total(k,j,i)) &
[1496]	1454	* ( lambda_h(k,j,i) &
[1551]	1455	* ( t_soil(k+1,j,i) - t_soil(k,j,i) ) &
[1691]	1456	* ddz_soil(k+1) &
[1496]	1457	- lambda_h(k-1,j,i) &
[1551]	1458	* ( t_soil(k,j,i) - t_soil(k-1,j,i) ) &
[1691]	1459	* ddz_soil(k) &
[1496]	1460	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
	1461	ENDDO
	1462
[1551]	1463	t_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = t_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) &
[1496]	1464	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) &
	1465	* tend(:) + tsc(3) &
[1551]	1466	* tt_soil_m(:,j,i) )
[1496]	1467
	1468	!
[1551]	1469	!-- Calculate t_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
[1496]	1470	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1471	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1472	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1473	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
[1496]	1474	ENDDO
	1475	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1476	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1477	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1478	tt_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
	1479	* tt_soil_m(k,j,i)
[1496]	1480	ENDDO
	1481	ENDIF
	1482	ENDIF
	1483
	1484
[1691]	1485	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1551]	1486
[1496]	1487	!
	1488	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity at the center of the soil layers
[1551]	1489	lambda_temp(k) = (- b_ch * gamma_w_sat(j,i) * psi_sat &
[1496]	1490	/ m_sat(j,i) ) * ( MAX(m_soil(k,j,i), &
[1551]	1491	m_wilt(j,i)) / m_sat(j,i) )**(b_ch + 2.0_wp)
[1496]	1492
	1493	!
[1551]	1494	!-- Parametrization of Van Genuchten
	1495	IF ( soil_type /= 7 ) THEN
	1496	!
	1497	!-- Calculate the hydraulic conductivity after Van Genuchten
	1498	!-- (1980)
	1499	h_vg = ( ( (m_res(j,i) - m_sat(j,i)) / ( m_res(j,i) - &
	1500	MAX(m_soil(k,j,i),m_wilt(j,i)) ) )**(n_vg(j,i) &
	1501	/ (n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp)) - 1.0_wp &
	1502	)**(1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) / alpha_vg(j,i)
[1496]	1503
[1691]	1504
[1551]	1505	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * ( ( (1.0_wp + &
	1506	(alpha_vg(j,i)h_vg)n_vg(j,i))*(1.0_wp &
	1507	-1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) - (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
	1508	)(n_vg(j,i)-1.0_wp))2 ) &
	1509	/ ( (1.0_wp + (alpha_vg(j,i)*h_vg &
	1510	)n_vg(j,i))((1.0_wp - 1.0_wp/n_vg(j,i)) &
	1511	*(l_vg(j,i) + 2.0_wp)) )
[1496]	1512
[1551]	1513	!
	1514	!-- Parametrization of Clapp & Hornberger
	1515	ELSE
	1516	gamma_temp(k) = gamma_w_sat(j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) &
	1517	/ m_sat(j,i) )*(2.0_wp b_ch + 3.0_wp)
	1518	ENDIF
	1519
[1496]	1520	ENDDO
	1521
	1522
	1523	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1524	!
	1525	!-- Calculate soil diffusivity (lambda_w) at the _stag level
[1551]	1526	!-- using linear interpolation. To do: replace this with
	1527	!-- ECMWF-IFS Eq. 8.81
[1691]	1528	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	1529
[1691]	1530	lambda_w(k,j,i) = ( lambda_temp(k+1) + lambda_temp(k) ) &
	1531	* 0.5_wp
	1532	gamma_w(k,j,i) = ( gamma_temp(k+1) + gamma_temp(k) ) &
	1533	* 0.5_wp
[1496]	1534
	1535	ENDDO
	1536
	1537	!
	1538	!
	1539	!-- In case of a closed bottom (= water content is conserved), set
	1540	!-- hydraulic conductivity to zero to that no water will be lost
	1541	!-- in the bottom layer.
	1542	IF ( conserve_water_content ) THEN
[1551]	1543	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = 0.0_wp
[1496]	1544	ELSE
[1691]	1545	gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) = gamma_temp(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1546	ENDIF
	1547
[1551]	1548	!-- The root extraction (= root_extr * qsws_veg_eb / (rho_l * l_v))
[1496]	1549	!-- ensures the mass conservation for water. The transpiration of
	1550	!-- plants equals the cumulative withdrawals by the roots in the
	1551	!-- soil. The scheme takes into account the availability of water
	1552	!-- in the soil layers as well as the root fraction in the
[1551]	1553	!-- respective layer. Layer with moisture below wilting point will
	1554	!-- not contribute, which reflects the preference of plants to
	1555	!-- take water from moister layers.
[1496]	1556
	1557	!
[1691]	1558	!-- Calculate the root extraction (ECMWF 7.69, the sum of root_extr
	1559	!-- = 1). The energy balance solver guarantees a positive
	1560	!-- transpiration, so that there is no need for an additional check.
	1561	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1562	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
[1551]	1563	m_total = m_total + root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i)
	1564	ENDIF
[1496]	1565	ENDDO
	1566
[1691]	1567	IF ( m_total > 0.0_wp ) THEN
	1568	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
	1569	IF ( m_soil(k,j,i) > m_wilt(j,i) ) THEN
	1570	root_extr(k) = root_fr(k,j,i) * m_soil(k,j,i) / m_total
	1571	ELSE
	1572	root_extr(k) = 0.0_wp
	1573	ENDIF
	1574	ENDDO
	1575	ENDIF
[1496]	1576
	1577	!
	1578	!-- Prognostic equation for soil water content m_soil
	1579	tend(:) = 0.0_wp
[1551]	1580	tend(nzb_soil) = ( lambda_w(nzb_soil,j,i) * ( &
	1581	m_soil(nzb_soil+1,j,i) - m_soil(nzb_soil,j,i) ) &
[1691]	1582	* ddz_soil(nzb_soil+1) - gamma_w(nzb_soil,j,i) - ( &
[1551]	1583	root_extr(nzb_soil) * qsws_veg_eb(j,i) &
	1584	+ qsws_soil_eb(j,i) ) * drho_l_lv ) &
	1585	* ddz_soil_stag(nzb_soil)
[1496]	1586
[1551]	1587	DO k = nzb_soil+1, nzt_soil-1
[1496]	1588	tend(k) = ( lambda_w(k,j,i) * ( m_soil(k+1,j,i) &
[1691]	1589	- m_soil(k,j,i) ) * ddz_soil(k+1) - gamma_w(k,j,i)&
	1590	- lambda_w(k-1,j,i) * (m_soil(k,j,i) - &
	1591	m_soil(k-1,j,i)) * ddz_soil(k) &
	1592	+ gamma_w(k-1,j,i) - (root_extr(k) &
	1593	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv) &
[1496]	1594	) * ddz_soil_stag(k)
	1595
	1596	ENDDO
[1551]	1597	tend(nzt_soil) = ( - gamma_w(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	1598	- lambda_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) &
	1599	* (m_soil(nzt_soil,j,i) &
	1600	- m_soil(nzt_soil-1,j,i)) &
[1691]	1601	* ddz_soil(nzt_soil) &
[1551]	1602	+ gamma_w(nzt_soil-1,j,i) - ( &
	1603	root_extr(nzt_soil) &
	1604	* qsws_veg_eb(j,i) * drho_l_lv ) &
	1605	) * ddz_soil_stag(nzt_soil)
[1496]	1606
[1551]	1607	m_soil_p(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i) = m_soil(nzb_soil:nzt_soil,j,i)&
[1496]	1608	+ dt_3d * ( tsc(2) * tend(:) &
	1609	+ tsc(3) * tm_soil_m(:,j,i) )
	1610
	1611	!
	1612	!-- Account for dry soils (find a better solution here!)
	1613	m_soil_p(:,j,i) = MAX(m_soil_p(:,j,i),0.0_wp)
	1614
	1615	!
	1616	!-- Calculate m_soil tendencies for the next Runge-Kutta step
	1617	IF ( timestep_scheme(1:5) == 'runge' ) THEN
	1618	IF ( intermediate_timestep_count == 1 ) THEN
[1551]	1619	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1620	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = tend(k)
	1621	ENDDO
	1622	ELSEIF ( intermediate_timestep_count < &
	1623	intermediate_timestep_count_max ) THEN
[1551]	1624	DO k = nzb_soil, nzt_soil
[1496]	1625	tm_soil_m(k,j,i) = -9.5625_wp * tend(k) + 5.3125_wp &
	1626	* tm_soil_m(k,j,i)
	1627	ENDDO
	1628	ENDIF
	1629	ENDIF
	1630
	1631	ENDIF
	1632
	1633	ENDDO
	1634	ENDDO
	1635
	1636	!
	1637	!-- Calculate surface specific humidity
	1638	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1551]	1639	CALL calc_q_surface
[1496]	1640	ENDIF
	1641
	1642
	1643	END SUBROUTINE lsm_soil_model
	1644
	1645
	1646	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1647	! Description:
	1648	! ------------
[1682]	1649	!> Calculation of specific humidity of the surface layer (surface)
[1496]	1650	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
[1551]	1651	SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	1652
	1653	IMPLICIT NONE
	1654
[1682]	1655	INTEGER :: i !< running index
	1656	INTEGER :: j !< running index
	1657	INTEGER :: k !< running index
	1658	REAL(wp) :: resistance !< aerodynamic and soil resistance term
[1496]	1659
[1691]	1660	DO i = nxlg, nxrg
	1661	DO j = nysg, nyng
[1496]	1662	k = nzb_s_inner(j,i)
	1663
	1664	!
	1665	!-- Calculate water vapour pressure at saturation
[1691]	1666	e_s = 0.01_wp * 610.78_wp * EXP( 17.269_wp * ( t_surface_p(j,i) &
	1667	- 273.16_wp ) / ( t_surface_p(j,i) - 35.86_wp ) )
[1496]	1668
	1669	!
	1670	!-- Calculate specific humidity at saturation
	1671	q_s = 0.622_wp * e_s / surface_pressure
	1672
	1673	resistance = r_a(j,i) / (r_a(j,i) + r_s(j,i))
	1674
	1675	!
	1676	!-- Calculate specific humidity at surface
[1691]	1677	IF ( cloud_physics ) THEN
	1678	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	1679	* ( q(k+1,j,i) - ql(k+1,j,i) )
	1680	ELSE
	1681	q(k,j,i) = resistance * q_s + (1.0_wp - resistance) &
	1682	* q(k+1,j,i)
	1683	ENDIF
[1496]	1684
[1691]	1685	!
	1686	!-- Update virtual potential temperature
	1687	vpt(k,j,i) = pt(k,j,i) * ( 1.0_wp + 0.61_wp * q(k,j,i) )
	1688
[1496]	1689	ENDDO
	1690	ENDDO
	1691
[1551]	1692	END SUBROUTINE calc_q_surface
[1496]	1693
[1551]	1694	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1695	! Description:
	1696	! ------------
[1682]	1697	!> Swapping of timelevels
[1551]	1698	!------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
	1699	SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel ( mod_count )
[1496]	1700
[1551]	1701	IMPLICIT NONE
	1702
	1703	INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mod_count
	1704
	1705	#if defined( __nopointer )
	1706
	1707	t_surface = t_surface_p
	1708	t_soil = t_soil_p
	1709	IF ( humidity ) THEN
	1710	m_soil = m_soil_p
	1711	m_liq_eb = m_liq_eb_p
	1712	ENDIF
	1713
	1714	#else
	1715
	1716	SELECT CASE ( mod_count )
	1717
	1718	CASE ( 0 )
	1719
[1585]	1720	t_surface => t_surface_1; t_surface_p => t_surface_2
	1721	t_soil => t_soil_1; t_soil_p => t_soil_2
[1551]	1722	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1585]	1723	m_soil => m_soil_1; m_soil_p => m_soil_2
	1724	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_1; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_2
[1551]	1725	ENDIF
	1726
	1727
	1728	CASE ( 1 )
	1729
[1585]	1730	t_surface => t_surface_2; t_surface_p => t_surface_1
	1731	t_soil => t_soil_2; t_soil_p => t_soil_1
[1551]	1732	IF ( humidity ) THEN
[1585]	1733	m_soil => m_soil_2; m_soil_p => m_soil_1
	1734	m_liq_eb => m_liq_eb_2; m_liq_eb_p => m_liq_eb_1
[1551]	1735	ENDIF
	1736
	1737	END SELECT
	1738	#endif
	1739
	1740	END SUBROUTINE lsm_swap_timelevel
	1741
	1742
[1496]	1743	END MODULE land_surface_model_mod

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