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13	<title>PALM chapter 4.2</title></head>
14	<body>
15
16
17	<h3 style="line-height: 100%;"><a name="Kapitel4.2"></a>4.2 <a href="#Laufparameter">Runtime
18	parameters</a>, <a href="#particle_parameters">particle parameters</a>, and <a href="#Paketparameter">package
19	parameters</a></h3>
20
21
22
23	<h3 style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;"><a name="Laufparameter"></a>Runtime parameters:</h3>
24
25
26
27	<br>
28
29
30	<br>
31
32
33	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
34
35
36	<tbody>
37
38
39
40	<tr>
41
42
43
44	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Parameter
45	name</b></font></td>
46
47
48	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Type</b></font></td>
49
50
51
52	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
53
54
55	<p><b><font size="4">Default</font></b> <br>
56
57
58	<b><font size="4">value</font></b></p>
59
60
61	</td>
62
63
64
65	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Explanation</b></font></td>
66
67
68
69	</tr>
70
71
72	<tr>
73
74
75	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="averaging_interval"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">averaging_interval</span><br>
76
77
78
79	</td>
80
81
82	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
83
84
85	</td>
86
87
88
89	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span><br>
90
91
92	</td>
93
94
95
96	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Averaging interval for
97	all output of temporally averaged data (in s).<br>
98
99
100	<br>
101
102
103	This
104	parameter defines the time interval length for temporally averaged data
105	(vertical profiles, spectra, 2d cross-sections, 3d volume data). By
106	default, data are not subject to temporal averaging. The
107	interval
108	length is limited by the parameter <a href="#dt_data_output_av">dt_data_output_av</a>.
109	In any case, <span style="font-weight: bold;">averaging_interval</span>
110	<= <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_data_output_av</span>
111	must hold.<br>
112
113
114	<br>
115
116
117	If
118	an interval is defined, then by default the average is calculated from
119	the data values of all timesteps lying within this interval. The number
120	of time levels entering into the average can be reduced with the
121	parameter <a href="#dt_averaging_input">dt_averaging_input</a>.<br>
122
123
124	<br>
125
126
127	If
128	an averaging interval can not be completed at the end of a run, it
129	will be finished at the beginning of the next restart run. Thus for
130	restart runs, averaging intervals do not
131	necessarily begin at the beginning of the run.<br>
132
133
134	<br>
135
136
137	Parameters
138	<a href="#averaging_interval_pr">averaging_interval_pr</a>
139	and <a href="#averaging_interval_sp">averaging_interval_sp</a>
140	can be used to define different averaging intervals for vertical
141	profile data and spectra, respectively.<br>
142
143
144	</td>
145
146
147	</tr>
148
149
150
151	<tr>
152
153
154	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
155
156
157	<p><a name="averaging_interval_pr"></a><b>averaging_interval_pr</b></p>
158
159
160
161	</td>
162
163
164	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
165
166
167	</td>
168
169
170
171	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="#averaging_interval">averaging_<br>
172
173
174
175	interval</a><br>
176
177
178
179	</span> </td>
180
181
182	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
183
184
185	<p>Averaging
186	interval for output of vertical profiles to
187	local
188	file <font color="#000000"><font color="#000000"><a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_1D_PR_NETCDF">DATA_1D_PR_NETCDF</a>
189	</font></font>and/or  <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>
190	(in s).  </p>
191
192
193
194
195
196	<p>If
197	this parameter is given a non-zero value, temporally
198	averaged vertical profile data are output. By default, profile data
199	data are not subject to temporal averaging. The interval length is
200	limited by the parameter <a href="#dt_dopr">dt_dopr</a>.
201	In any case <b>averaging_interval_pr</b> <= <b>dt_dopr
202	</b>must
203	hold.</p>
204
205
206	If an interval is defined, then by default the average
207	is calculated
208	from the data values of all timesteps lying within this interval. The
209	number of time levels entering into the average can be reduced with the
210	parameter <a href="#dt_averaging_input_pr">dt_averaging_input_pr</a>.
211
212
213	<p>If
214	an averaging interval can not be completed at the end of a run, it will
215	be finished at the beginning of the next restart run. Thus for restart
216	runs, averaging intervals do not
217	necessarily begin at the beginning of the run.</p>
218
219
220	</td>
221
222
223	</tr>
224
225
226
227	<tr>
228
229
230	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="call_psolver_at_all_substeps"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">call_psolver_at_all_<br>
231
232
233
234	substeps</span></td>
235
236
237	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
238
239
240
241	</td>
242
243
244	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span><br>
245
246
247	</td>
248
249
250
251	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Switch
252	to steer the call of the pressure solver.<br>
253
254
255	<br>
256
257
258
259	In order to speed-up performance, the Poisson equation for perturbation
260	pressure (see <a href="#psolver">psolver</a>) can
261	be called only at the last substep of multistep Runge-Kutta
262	timestep schemes (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#timestep_scheme">timestep_scheme</a>)
263	by setting <span style="font-weight: bold;">call_psolver_at_all_substeps</span>
264	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span>.
265	In many cases, this sufficiently reduces the divergence of the velocity
266	field. Nevertheless, small-scale ripples (2-delta-x) may occur. In this
267	case and in case
268	of non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions, <span style="font-weight: bold;">call_psolver_at_all_timesteps</span>
269	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span>
270	should be used. <span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></td>
271
272
273
274	</tr>
275
276
277	<tr>
278
279
280	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
281
282
283	<p><a name="fcl_factor"></a><b>cfl_factor</b></p>
284
285
286
287	</td>
288
289
290	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
291
292
293	</td>
294
295
296
297	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
298
299
300	<p><i>0.1,
301	0.8 or 0.9</i> <br>
302
303
304	<i>(see right)</i></p>
305
306
307
308	</td>
309
310
311	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
312
313
314	<p lang="en-GB">Time step limiting factor.  </p>
315
316
317
318
319
320	<p><span lang="en-GB">In the model, the <span lang="en-GB">maximum
321	allowed </span>time step according to CFL and
322	diffusion-criterion
323	dt_max is reduced by </span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB">dt</span></a> <span lang="en-GB">=
324	dt_max * <b>cfl_factor</b>
325	in order to avoid stability problems which may arise in the vicinity of
326	the maximum allowed timestep. The condition <i>0.0</i>
327	< <b>cfl_factor</b>
328	< <i>1.0 </i>applies.<br>
329
330
331	</span></p>
332
333
334
335
336
337	<p><span lang="en-GB">The default value of
338	cfl_factor depends on
339	the </span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#timestep_scheme"><span lang="en-GB">timestep_scheme</span></a><span lang="en-GB"> used:<br>
340
341
342	</span></p>
343
344
345
346
347
348	<p><span lang="en-GB">For the third order Runge-Kutta scheme it
349	is <b>cfl_factor</b> = </span><span style="font-style: italic;">0.9</span><span lang="en-GB">.<br>
350
351
352	</span></p>
353
354
355
356
357
358	<p><span lang="en-GB">In case of the leapfrog scheme a quite
359	restrictive value of <span style="font-weight: bold;">cfl_factor</span>
360	= <span style="font-style: italic;">0.1 </span></span><span lang="en-GB">is used because for larger values the velocity
361	divergence
362	significantly effects the accuracy of the model results.</span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#scalar_advec"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><span lang="en-GB"> Possibly larger values may
363	be used with the leapfrog scheme but these are to be determined by
364	appropriate test runs.<span style="font-family: times new roman;"><br>
365
366
367
368	</span></span></p>
369
370
371	<span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"></span><font face="Times New Roman">The default value for the Euler
372	scheme is <span style="font-weight: bold;">cfl_factor</span>
373	= <span style="font-style: italic;">0.8</span> .</font></span></td>
374
375
376
377	</tr>
378
379
380	<tr>
381
382
383	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
384
385
386	<p><a name="create_disturbances"></a><b>create_disturbances</b></p>
387
388
389
390	</td>
391
392
393	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
394
395
396	</td>
397
398
399
400	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span><br>
401
402
403	</td>
404
405
406
407	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
408
409
410	<p>Switch to
411	impose random perturbations to the horizontal
412	velocity field.  </p>
413
414
415
416
417
418	<p>With <b>create_disturbances</b>
419	= <i>.T.,</i> random
420	perturbations can be imposed to the horizontal velocity field at
421	certain times e.g. in order to trigger off the onset of convection,
422	etc..<br>
423
424
425	</p>
426
427
428
429
430
431	<p>The temporal interval between
432	these times can be steered with <a href="#dt_disturb">dt_disturb</a>,
433	the vertical range of the perturbations with <a href="#disturbance_level_b">disturbance_level_b</a>
434	and <a href="#disturbance_level_t">disturbance_level_t</a>,
435	and the perturbation amplitude with <a href="#disturbance_amplitude">disturbance_amplitude</a>.
436	In case of non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
437	and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>),
438	the horizontal range of the perturbations is determined by <a href="chapter_4.1.html#inflow_disturbance_begin">inflow_disturbance_begin</a>
439	and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#inflow_disturbance_end">inflow_disturbance_end</a>.
440	A perturbation is added to each grid point with its individual value
441	determined by multiplying the disturbance amplitude with a uniformly
442	distributed random number.
443	After this, the arrays of u and v are smoothed by applying a
444	Shuman-filter twice and made divergence-free by applying the pressure
445	solver.<br>
446
447
448	</p>
449
450
451
452
453
454	<p>The random number generator to
455	be used can be chosen with <a href="chapter_4.1.html#random_generator">random_generator</a>.<br>
456
457
458
459	</p>
460
461
462
463
464
465	<p>As soon as the desired flow features have
466	developed
467	(e.g.  convection has started), further imposing of
468	perturbations
469	is not necessary and can be omitted (this does not hold for non-cyclic
470	lateral boundaries!). This can be steered by assigning
471	an upper limit value for the perturbation energy (the perturbation
472	energy is defined by the deviation of the velocity from the mean flow)
473	using the parameter <a href="#disturbance_energy_limit">disturbance_energy_limit</a>.
474	As soon as the perturbation energy has exceeded this energy limit, no
475	more random perturbations are assigned<br>
476
477
478
479	.  <br>
480
481
482
483	Timesteps where a random perturbation has been imposed are marked in
484	the local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>
485	by the character "D" appended to the values of the maximum horizontal
486	velocities. </p>
487
488
489	</td>
490
491
492	</tr>
493
494
495	<tr>
496
497
498	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
499
500
501	<p><a name="cross_normalized_x"></a><b>cross_normalized_x</b></p>
502
503
504
505	</td>
506
507
508	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*10
509	<br>
510
511
512	(100)</td>
513
514
515	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>100 * ' '</i></td>
516
517
518
519	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
520
521
522	<p>Type of
523	normalization applied to the x-coordinate of vertical
524	profiles to be plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>.</p>
525
526
527
528
529
530	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>
531	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p>
532
533
534
535
536	<p>If
537	vertical profiles are plotted with the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span> (data on
538	local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>,
539	parameters on local file <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/PLOT1D_PAR">PLOT1D_PAR</a>)
540	the x-values of the data points can be normalized with respect to
541	certain quantities (e.g. the near-surface heat flux) in order to ensure
542	a better comparability. This type of normalization then applies to all
543	profiles of one coordinate system (panel). The normalization quantities
544	are re-calculated for each output time of each individual profile. If
545	temporally averaged profiles are output (see <a href="#averaging_interval_pr">averaging_interval_pr</a>),
546	then the normalization quantities are also temporally averaged
547	accordingly. If the value of a normalization quantity becomes zero,
548	then normalization for the total respective coordinate system (panel)
549	is switched off automatically (also for the y-axis).<br>
550
551
552	</p>
553
554
555
556
557
558	<p>By default, the normalization quantities are calculated as the
559	horizontal mean of the total model domain and and these values are also
560	used for the normalization of profiles from subdomains (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#statistic_regions">statistic_regions</a>).
561	Instead of this, they can be calculated from the data of a certain
562	subdomain by using the parameter <a href="#normalizing_region">normalizing_region</a>
563	(however, they are used again for all subdomains and even for the total
564	domain).  </p>
565
566
567
568
569
570	<p>The user can choose between
571	the following normalization
572	quantities: <br>
573
574
575	</p>
576
577
578
579
580
581	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
582
583
584	<tbody>
585
586
587	<tr>
588
589
590	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'wpt0'</i></td>
591
592
593
594	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Normalization with
595	respect
596	to the total surface sensible heat
597	flux (k=0 ).</td>
598
599
600	</tr>
601
602
603	<tr>
604
605
606	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><i>'ws2'</i></td>
607
608
609
610	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Normalization with
611	respect
612	to w<sub>*</sub> <sup>2</sup>
613	(square of the characteristic vertical wind speed of the CBL)</td>
614
615
616
617	</tr>
618
619
620	<tr>
621
622
623	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'tsw2'</i></td>
624
625
626
627	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Normalization with
628	respect
629	to the square of the characteristic
630	temperature of the CBL theta<sub>*</sub> (this is defined
631	as ratio of
632	the surface heat flux and w<sub>*</sub>).</td>
633
634
635	</tr>
636
637
638
639	<tr>
640
641
642	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><i>'ws3'</i></td>
643
644
645
646	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Normalization with
647	respect
648	to w<sub>*</sub> <sup>3</sup>.</td>
649
650
651	</tr>
652
653
654
655	<tr>
656
657
658	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><i>'ws2tsw'</i></td>
659
660
661
662	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Normalization with
663	respect
664	to w<sub></sub><sup>2</sup>theta<sub></sub>
665	(for definition of theta<sub>*</sub> see <span style="font-style: italic;">'tsw2'</span>).</td>
666
667
668
669	</tr>
670
671
672	<tr>
673
674
675	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><i>'wstsw2'</i></td>
676
677
678
679	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Normalization with
680	respect
681	to w<sub></sub><sup>2 </sup>theta<sub></sub>
682	(for definition of theta<sub>*</sub> see <span style="font-style: italic;">'tsw2'</span>).</td>
683
684
685
686	</tr>
687
688
689
690
691
692	</tbody>
693
694
695	</table>
696
697
698
699
700
701	<p>For each
702	coordinate system (panel) to be drawn (see <a href="#cross_profiles">cross_profiles</a>)
703	an individual normalization quantity can be assigned. For example: if <span style="font-weight: bold;">cross_normalized_x</span> =
704	<span style="font-style: italic;">'ws2'</span><i>,'ws3'</i>,
705	then the
706	x-values in the 1st coordinate system are normalized with respect to w<sub>*</sub><sup>2</sup>
707	and in the 2nd system with respect to w<sub>*</sub><sup>3</sup>.
708	Data
709	of the further coordinate systems (if any are to be drawn) are not
710	normalized.  </p>
711
712
713
714
715
716	<p>Using a normalization
717	leaves all vertical profile data on
718	local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>
719	unaffected, it only affects the visualization. Within <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>, the
720	normalization is steered
721	by parameter <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/institut/software/profil_beschreibung.html#NORMX">normx</a>
722	which may be changed subsequently by the user in the parameter file
723	(local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_PAR">PLOT1D_PAR</a>).<br>
724
725
726
727	<br>
728
729
730
731	The assigned normalization quantity is noted in the axes labels of the
732	respective coordinate systems (see <a href="#cross_xtext">cross_xtext</a>).</p>
733
734
735
736	</td>
737
738
739	</tr>
740
741
742	<tr>
743
744
745	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
746
747
748	<p><a name="cross_normalized_y"></a><b>cross_normalized_y</b></p>
749
750
751
752	</td>
753
754
755	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*10
756	<br>
757
758
759	(100)</td>
760
761
762	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>100 * ' '</i></td>
763
764
765
766	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
767
768
769	<p>Type of
770	normalization applied to the y-coordinate of vertical
771	profiles to be plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>. </p>
772
773
774
775
776
777	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>
778	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p>
779
780
781
782
783	<p>If
784	vertical profiles are plotted with the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span> (data on
785	local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>,
786	parameter on local file <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/PLOT1D_PAR">PLOT1D_PAR</a>)
787	the y-values of the data points can be normalized with respect to
788	certain quantities (at present only the normalization with respect to
789	the boundary layer height is possible) in order to ensure a better
790	comparability. </p>
791
792
793
794
795
796	<p>The user can choose between the
797	following normalization
798	quantities: <br>
799
800
801	</p>
802
803
804
805
806
807	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
808
809
810	<tbody>
811
812
813	<tr>
814
815
816	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'z_i'</i></td>
817
818
819
820	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Normalization with
821	respect
822	to the boundary layer height
823	(determined from the height where the heat flux achieves its minimum
824	value).</td>
825
826
827	</tr>
828
829
830
831
832
833	</tbody>
834
835
836	</table>
837
838
839
840
841
842	<p>For
843	further explanations see <a href="#cross_normalized_x">cross_normalized_x.</a></p>
844
845
846
847	</td>
848
849
850	</tr>
851
852
853	<tr>
854
855
856	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
857
858
859	<p><a name="cross_profiles"></a><b>cross_profiles</b></p>
860
861
862
863	</td>
864
865
866	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*100
867	<br>
868
869
870	(100)</td>
871
872
873	<td style="vertical-align: top;">see right<br>
874
875
876	</td>
877
878
879
880	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
881
882
883	<p>Determines
884	which vertical profiles are to be presented in
885	which coordinate system if the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span> is used.
886	</p>
887
888
889
890
891
892	<p>This parameter only applies for
893	<a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>
894	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p>
895
896
897
898
899	<p>The
900	default assignment is:  </p>
901
902
903
904
905
906	<p><b>cross_profiles</b>
907	=  </p>
908
909
910
911
912
913	<ul>
914
915
916
917
918
919	<p><span style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">'
920	u v ',</span><br>
921
922
923	<span style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">' pt
924	',  </span><br style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">
925
926
927	<span style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">'
928	w"pt" wpt wptBC wpt wptBC ',  </span><br style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">
929
930
931	<span style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">'
932	w"u" wu wu w"v"wv wv ',  </span><br style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">
933
934
935	<span style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">' km
936	kh ',</span><br style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">
937
938
939	<span style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">' l '
940	,</span><br>
941
942
943
944	14 * <span style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">'
945	'</span></p>
946
947
948
949
950
951	</ul>
952
953
954
955
956
957	<p>If plot output of
958	vertical profiles is produced (see <a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>),
959	the appropriate data are written to the local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>.
960	Simultaneously, the model produces a parameter file (local name <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_PAR">PLOT1D_PAR</a>)
961	which describes the layout for a plot to be generated with the plot
962	program <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>.
963	The parameter <b>cross_profiles</b>
964	determines how many coordinate systems (panels) the plot contains and
965	which profiles are supposed to be drawn into which panel. <b>cross_profiles</b>
966	expects a character string (up to 100 characters long) for each
967	coordinate system, which consists of the names of the profiles to be
968	drawn into this system (all available profiles and their respective
969	names are described at parameter <a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>).
970	The single names have to be separated by one blank (' ') and a blank
971	must be spent also at the beginning and at the end of the
972	string.  </p>
973
974
975
976
977
978	<p>Example:  </p>
979
980
981
982
983
984	<ul>
985
986
987
988
989
990	<p><b>cross_profiles</b> = <span style="font-family: monospace; font-style: italic;">' u v ',
991	' pt '</span></p>
992
993
994
995
996
997	</ul>
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003	<p>In this case the
1004	plot consists of two coordinate systems
1005	(panels) with the first panel containing the profiles of the horizontal
1006	velocity components (<span style="font-style: italic;">'u'</span>
1007	and <span style="font-style: italic;">'v'</span>)
1008	of all output times (see <a href="#dt_dopr">dt_dopr</a>)
1009	and the second one containing the profiles of the potential temperature
1010	(<span style="font-style: italic;">'pt'</span>).<br>
1011
1012
1013
1014	</p>
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020	<p>Whether the coordinate systems are actually drawn,
1021	depends on
1022	whether data of the appropriate profiles were output during the run
1023	(profiles to be output have to be selected with the parameter <a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>).
1024	For example if <b>data_output_pr</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'u'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'v'</span> was assigned,
1025	then
1026	the plot only consists of one panel, since no profiles of the potential
1027	temperature were output. On the other hand, if profiles were assigned
1028	to <b>data_output_pr </b>whose names do not appear in <b>cross_profiles</b>,
1029	then the respective profile data are output (<a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>)
1030	but they are not drawn in the plot. <br>
1031
1032
1033	</p>
1034
1035
1036
1037	The arrangement of the panels in the plot can be controlled
1038	with the parameters <a href="#profile_columns">profile_columns</a>
1039	and <a href="#profile_rows">profile_rows</a>.
1040	Up to 100 panels systems are allowed in a plot (however, they may be
1041	distributed on several pages).</td>
1042
1043
1044	</tr>
1045
1046
1047	<tr>
1048
1049
1050	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1051
1052
1053	<p><a name="cross_xtext"></a><b>cross_xtext</b></p>
1054
1055
1056
1057	</td>
1058
1059
1060	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*40
1061	<br>
1062
1063
1064	(100)</td>
1065
1066
1067	<td style="vertical-align: top;">see right<br>
1068
1069
1070	</td>
1071
1072
1073
1074	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1075
1076
1077	<p>x-axis labels
1078	of vertical profile coordinate systems to be
1079	plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>.
1080	</p>
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>
1087	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p>
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092	<p>The
1093	default assignment is:  </p>
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099	<p><b>cross_xtext</b>
1100	=  </p>
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106	<ul>
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112	<p><span style="font-style: italic;">'wind speed in
1113	ms>->1',  </span><br style="font-style: italic;">
1114
1115
1116	<span style="font-style: italic;">'pot. temperature in
1117	K',  </span><br style="font-style: italic;">
1118
1119
1120
1121	<span style="font-style: italic;">'heat flux in K
1122	ms>->1',  </span><br style="font-style: italic;">
1123
1124
1125	<span style="font-style: italic;">'momentum flux in
1126	m>2s>2',  </span><br style="font-style: italic;">
1127
1128
1129	<span style="font-style: italic;">'eddy diffusivity in
1130	m>2s>->1',  </span><br style="font-style: italic;">
1131
1132
1133	<span style="font-style: italic;">'mixing length in m',</span>
1134	<br>
1135
1136
1137	14 * <span style="font-style: italic;">' '</span></p>
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143	</ul>
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149	<p>This parameter can be used to assign x-axis
1150	labels to vertical
1151	profiles to be plotted with the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil </span>(for output
1152	of vertical
1153	profile data see <a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>).<br>
1154
1155
1156
1157	The labels are assigned to those coordinate systems (panels) defined by
1158	<a href="#cross_profiles">cross_profiles</a>
1159	according to their respective order (compare the default values of <b>cross_xtext</b>
1160	and <b>cross_profiles</b>). </p>
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166	<p>Umlauts
1167	are possible (write “ in front of, similar to TeX), as
1168	well as super- and subscripts (use ">" or "<" in front of
1169	each
1170	character), special characters etc. (see UNIRAS manuals) when using the
1171	plot software <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/institut/software/profil_beschreibung.html#chapter3.2.6">profil</a>.</p>
1172
1173
1174
1175	</td>
1176
1177
1178	</tr>
1179
1180
1181	<tr>
1182
1183
1184	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1185
1186
1187	<p><a name="cycle_mg"></a><b>cycle_mg</b></p>
1188
1189
1190
1191	</td>
1192
1193
1194	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*1</td>
1195
1196
1197
1198	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'w'</i></td>
1199
1200
1201
1202	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1203
1204
1205	<p>Type of cycle
1206	to be used with the multi-grid method.  </p>
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212	<p>This
1213	parameter determines which type of cycle is applied in
1214	the multi-grid method used for solving the Poisson equation for
1215	perturbation pressure (see <a href="#psolver">psolver</a>).
1216	It defines in which way it is switched between the fine and coarse
1217	grids. So-called v- and w-cycles are realized (i.e. <b>cycle_mg</b>
1218	may be assigned the values <i>'v'</i> or <i>'w'</i>).
1219	The
1220	computational cost of w-cycles is much higher than that of v-cycles,
1221	however, w-cycles give a much better convergence. </p>
1222
1223
1224	</td>
1225
1226
1227
1228	</tr>
1229
1230
1231	<tr>
1232
1233
1234	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1235
1236
1237	<p><a name="data_output"></a><b>data_output</b></p>
1238
1239
1240
1241	</td>
1242
1243
1244	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 10 (100)<br>
1245
1246
1247
1248	</td>
1249
1250
1251	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">100 * ' '</span><br>
1252
1253
1254
1255	</td>
1256
1257
1258	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Quantities
1259	for which 2d cross section and/or 3d volume data are to be output.<br>
1260
1261
1262	<br>
1263
1264
1265	PALM
1266	allows the output of instantaneous data as well as of temporally
1267	averaged data which is steered by the strings assigned to this
1268	parameter (see below).<br>
1269
1270
1271	<br>
1272
1273
1274	By default, cross section
1275	data are output (depending on the selected cross sections(s), see
1276	below)  to local files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_2D_XY_NETCDF">DATA_2D_XY_NETCDF</a>,
1277	<a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_2D_XZ_NETCDF">DATA_2D_XZ_NETCDF</a>
1278	and/or <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_2D_YZ_NETCDF">DATA_2D_YZ_NETCDF</a>.
1279	Volume data are output to file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_3D_NETCDF">DATA_3D_NETCDF</a>.
1280	If the user has switched on the output of temporally averaged data,
1281	these are written seperately to local files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_2D_XY_AV_NETCDF">DATA_2D_XY_AV_NETCDF</a>,
1282	<a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_2D_XZ_AV_NETCDF">DATA_2D_XZ_AV_NETCDF</a>,
1283	<a href="chapter_4.3.html#DATA_2D_YZ_AV_NETCDF">DATA_2D_YZ_AV_NETCDF</a>,
1284	and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_3D_AV_NETCDF">DATA_3D_AV_NETCDF</a>,
1285	respectively.<br>
1286
1287
1288	<br>
1289
1290
1291	The
1292	filenames already suggest that all files have NetCDF format.
1293	Informations about the file content (kind of quantities, array
1294	dimensions and grid coordinates) are part of the self describing NetCDF
1295	format and can be extracted from the NetCDF files using the command
1296	"ncdump -c <filename>". See chapter <a href="chapter_4.5.1.html">4.5.1</a> about processing
1297	the PALM NetCDF data.<br>
1298
1299
1300	<br>
1301
1302
1303	The following quantities are
1304	available for output by default (quantity names ending with '*' are only allowed for the output of horizontal cross sections):<br>
1305
1306
1307	<br>
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312	<table style="text-align: left; width: 576px; height: 481px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
1313
1314
1315	<tbody>
1316
1317
1318	<tr>
1319
1320
1321	<td style="width: 106px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">quantity
1322	name</span></td>
1323
1324
1325	<td style="width: 196px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">meaning</span></td>
1326
1327
1328	<td><span style="font-weight: bold;">unit</span></td>
1329
1330
1331	<td><span style="font-weight: bold;">remarks</span></td>
1332
1333
1334	</tr>
1335
1336
1337	<tr>
1338
1339
1340	<td style="width: 106px;"><span style="font-style: italic;">e</span></td>
1341
1342
1343	<td style="width: 196px;">SGS TKE</td>
1344
1345
1346	<td>m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup></td>
1347
1348
1349	<td></td>
1350
1351
1352	</tr>
1353
1354
1355	<tr>
1356
1357
1358	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">lwp*</span></td>
1359
1360
1361	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">liquid water path</td>
1362
1363
1364	<td style="vertical-align: top;">m</td>
1365
1366
1367	<td style="vertical-align: top;">only horizontal cross section
1368	is allowed, requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_physics">cloud_physics</a>
1369	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td>
1370
1371
1372	</tr>
1373
1374
1375	<tr>
1376
1377
1378	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">p</span></td>
1379
1380
1381	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">perturpation
1382	pressure</td>
1383
1384
1385	<td style="vertical-align: top;">N/m<sup>2</sup>,
1386	Pa</td>
1387
1388
1389	<td style="vertical-align: top;"></td>
1390
1391
1392	</tr>
1393
1394
1395	<tr>
1396
1397
1398	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">pc</span></td>
1399
1400
1401	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">particle/droplet
1402	concentration</td>
1403
1404
1405	<td style="vertical-align: top;">#/gridbox</td>
1406
1407
1408	<td style="vertical-align: top;">requires that particle
1409	advection is switched on by <span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span>-option
1410	"-p particles"</td>
1411
1412
1413	</tr>
1414
1415
1416	<tr>
1417
1418
1419	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">pr</span></td>
1420
1421
1422	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">mean
1423	particle/droplet radius </td>
1424
1425
1426	<td style="vertical-align: top;">m</td>
1427
1428
1429	<td style="vertical-align: top;">requires that particle
1430	advection is switched on by <span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span>-option
1431	"-p particles"</td>
1432
1433
1434	</tr>
1435
1436
1437	<tr>
1438
1439
1440	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">pra*</span></td>
1441
1442
1443	<td style="vertical-align: top;">precipitation amount</td>
1444
1445
1446	<td style="vertical-align: top;">mm</td>
1447
1448
1449	<td style="vertical-align: top;">only horizontal cross section
1450	is allowed, requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#precipitation">precipitation</a>
1451	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE., </span>time interval on which amount refers to is defined by <a href="#precipitation_amount_interval">precipitation_amount_interval</a></td>
1452
1453
1454	</tr>
1455
1456
1457	<tr>
1458
1459
1460	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">prr*</span></td>
1461
1462
1463	<td style="vertical-align: top;">precipitation rate</td>
1464
1465
1466	<td style="vertical-align: top;">mm/s</td>
1467
1468
1469	<td style="vertical-align: top;">only horizontal cross section
1470	is allowed, requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#precipitation">precipitation</a>
1471	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td>
1472
1473
1474	</tr>
1475
1476
1477	<tr>
1478
1479
1480	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">pt</span></td>
1481
1482
1483	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">potential
1484	temperature<br>
1485
1486
1487	</td>
1488
1489
1490	<td style="vertical-align: top;">K</td>
1491
1492
1493	<td style="vertical-align: top;"></td>
1494
1495
1496	</tr>
1497
1498
1499	<tr>
1500
1501
1502	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">q</span></td>
1503
1504
1505	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">specific humidity
1506	(or total water content, if cloud physics is switched on)</td>
1507
1508
1509	<td style="vertical-align: top;">kg/kg</td>
1510
1511
1512	<td style="vertical-align: top;">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#humidity">humidity</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td>
1513
1514
1515	</tr>
1516
1517
1518	<tr>
1519
1520
1521	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">ql</span></td>
1522
1523
1524	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">liquid water
1525	content</td>
1526
1527
1528	<td style="vertical-align: top;">kg/kg</td>
1529
1530
1531	<td style="vertical-align: top;">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_physics">cloud_physics</a>
1532	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span>
1533	or <a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_droplets">cloud_droplets</a>
1534	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td>
1535
1536
1537	</tr>
1538
1539
1540	<tr>
1541
1542
1543	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">ql_c</span></td>
1544
1545
1546	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">change in liquid
1547	water content due to condensation/evaporation during last timestep</td>
1548
1549
1550	<td style="vertical-align: top;">kg/kg</td>
1551
1552
1553	<td style="vertical-align: top;">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_droplets">cloud_droplets</a>
1554	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td>
1555
1556
1557	</tr>
1558
1559
1560	<tr>
1561
1562
1563	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">ql_v</span></td>
1564
1565
1566	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">volume of liquid
1567	water</td>
1568
1569
1570	<td style="vertical-align: top;">m<sup>3</sup>/gridbox</td>
1571
1572
1573	<td style="vertical-align: top;">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_droplets">cloud_droplets</a>
1574	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td>
1575
1576
1577	</tr>
1578
1579
1580	<tr>
1581
1582
1583	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">ql_vp</span></td>
1584
1585
1586	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">weighting factor</td>
1587
1588
1589	<td style="vertical-align: top;"></td>
1590
1591
1592	<td style="vertical-align: top;">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_droplets">cloud_droplets</a>
1593	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td>
1594
1595
1596	</tr>
1597
1598
1599	<tr>
1600
1601
1602	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">qv</span></td>
1603
1604
1605	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">water vapor
1606	content (specific humidity)</td>
1607
1608
1609	<td style="vertical-align: top;">kg/kg</td>
1610
1611
1612	<td style="vertical-align: top;">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_physics">cloud_physics</a>
1613	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td>
1614
1615
1616	</tr>
1617
1618
1619	<tr>
1620
1621
1622	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="font-style: italic;">rho</span></td>
1623
1624
1625	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined">potential density</td>
1626
1627
1628	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined">kg/m<sup>3</sup></td>
1629
1630
1631	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#ocean">ocean</a>
1632	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td>
1633
1634
1635	</tr>
1636
1637
1638	<tr>
1639
1640
1641	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">s</span></td>
1642
1643
1644	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">concentration of
1645	the scalar</td>
1646
1647
1648	<td style="vertical-align: top;">1/m<sup>3</sup></td>
1649
1650
1651	<td style="vertical-align: top;">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#passive_scalar">passive_scalar</a>
1652	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td>
1653
1654
1655	</tr>
1656
1657
1658	<tr>
1659
1660
1661	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="font-style: italic;">sa</span></td>
1662
1663
1664	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined">salinity</td>
1665
1666
1667	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined">psu</td>
1668
1669
1670	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#ocean">ocean</a>
1671	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td>
1672
1673
1674	</tr>
1675
1676
1677	<tr>
1678
1679
1680	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">t*</span></td>
1681
1682
1683	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">(near surface)
1684	characteristic temperature</td>
1685
1686
1687	<td style="vertical-align: top;">K</td>
1688
1689
1690	<td style="vertical-align: top;">only horizontal cross section
1691	is allowed</td>
1692
1693
1694	</tr>
1695
1696
1697	<tr>
1698
1699
1700	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">u</span></td>
1701
1702
1703	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">u-component of
1704	the velocity</td>
1705
1706
1707	<td style="vertical-align: top;">m/s</td>
1708
1709
1710	<td style="vertical-align: top;"></td>
1711
1712
1713	</tr>
1714
1715
1716	<tr>
1717
1718
1719	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">u*</span></td>
1720
1721
1722	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">(near surface)
1723	friction velocity</td>
1724
1725
1726	<td style="vertical-align: top;">m/s</td>
1727
1728
1729	<td style="vertical-align: top;">only horizontal cross section
1730	is allowed</td>
1731
1732
1733	</tr>
1734
1735
1736	<tr>
1737
1738
1739	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">v</span></td>
1740
1741
1742	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">v-component of
1743	the velocity</td>
1744
1745
1746	<td style="vertical-align: top;">m/s</td>
1747
1748
1749	<td style="vertical-align: top;"></td>
1750
1751
1752	</tr>
1753
1754
1755	<tr>
1756
1757
1758	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">vpt</span></td>
1759
1760
1761	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">virtual potential
1762	temperature</td>
1763
1764
1765	<td style="vertical-align: top;">K</td>
1766
1767
1768	<td style="vertical-align: top;">requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#humidity">humidity</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span></td>
1769
1770
1771	</tr>
1772
1773
1774	<tr>
1775
1776
1777	<td style="width: 106px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">w</span></td>
1778
1779
1780	<td style="width: 196px; vertical-align: top;">w-component of
1781	the velocity</td>
1782
1783
1784	<td style="vertical-align: top;">m/s</td>
1785
1786
1787	<td style="vertical-align: top;"></td>
1788
1789
1790	</tr>
1791
1792
1793	<tr>
1794
1795
1796	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">z0*</span></td>
1797
1798
1799	<td style="vertical-align: top;">roughness length</td>
1800
1801
1802	<td style="vertical-align: top;">m</td>
1803
1804
1805	<td></td>
1806
1807
1808	</tr>
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813	</tbody>
1814
1815
1816	</table>
1817
1818
1819	<br>
1820
1821
1822	Multiple
1823	quantities can be assigned, e.g. <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output</span>
1824	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'e'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'u'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'w'</span>.<br>
1825
1826
1827	<br>
1828
1829
1830	By
1831	assigning the pure strings from the above table, 3d volume data is
1832	output. Cross section data can be output by appending the string <span style="font-style: italic;">'_xy'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'_xz'</span>, or <span style="font-style: italic;">'_yz'</span> to the
1833	respective quantities. Time averaged output is created by
1834	appending the string <span style="font-style: italic;">'_av'
1835	</span>(for
1836	cross section data, this string must be appended after the cross
1837	section string). Cross section data can also be (additionally) averaged
1838	along the direction normal to the respective section (see below).
1839	Assignments of quantities can be given in arbitrary
1840	order:<br>
1841
1842
1843	<br>
1844
1845
1846	Example:<br>
1847
1848
1849	<br>
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854	<div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'u'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'pt_xz_av'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'w_xy'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'u_av'</span>.<br>
1855
1856
1857	</div>
1858
1859
1860	<br>
1861
1862
1863	This
1864	example will create the following output: instantaneous 3d volume data
1865	of u-velocity component (by default on file DATA_3D_NETCDF), temporally
1866	averaged 3d volume data of u-velocity component (by default on file
1867	DATA_3D_AV_NETCDF), instantaneous horizontal cross section data of
1868	w-velocity component (by default on file DATA_2D_XY_NETCDF), and
1869	temporally averaged vertical cross section data of potential
1870	temperature (by default on file DATA_2D_XZ_AV_NETCDF).<br>
1871
1872
1873	<br>
1874
1875
1876	The
1877	user is allowed to extend the above list of quantities by defining his
1878	own output quantities (see the user-parameter <a href="chapter_4.3.html#data_output_user">data_output_user</a>).<br>
1879
1880
1881	<br>
1882
1883
1884	The
1885	time interval of the output times is determined via <a href="#dt_data_output">dt_data_output</a>.
1886	This is valid for all types of output quantities by default. Individual
1887	time intervals for instantaneous  (!) 3d and section data can
1888	be
1889	declared using <a href="#dt_do3d">dt_do3d</a>, <a href="#dt_do2d_xy">dt_do2d_xy</a>, <a href="#dt_do2d_xz">dt_do2d_xz</a>, and <a href="#dt_do2d_yz">dt_do2d_yz</a>.<br>
1890
1891
1892	<br>
1893
1894
1895	Also,
1896	an individual time interval for output of temporally averaged data can
1897	be assigned using parameter <a href="#dt_data_output_av">dt_data_output_av</a>.
1898	This applies to both 3d volume and cross section data. The length of
1899	the averaging interval is controlled via parameter <a href="#averaging_interval">averaging_interval</a>.<br>
1900
1901
1902	<br>
1903
1904
1905	The
1906	parameter <a href="#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_data_output</a>
1907	can be used to shift data output activities for a given time interval.
1908	Individual intervals can be set using <a href="#skip_time_do3d">skip_time_do3d</a>,
1909	<a href="#skip_time_do2d_xy">skip_time_do2d_xy</a>, <a href="#skip_time_do2d_xz">skip_time_do2d_xz</a>, <a href="#skip_time_do2d_yz">skip_time_do2d_yz</a>, and <a href="#skip_time_data_output_av">skip_time_data_output_av</a>.<br>
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914	<p>With
1915	the parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#nz_do3d">nz_do3d</a>
1916	the output can be limited in the vertical direction up to a certain
1917	grid point.<br>
1918
1919
1920	</p>
1921
1922
1923	Cross sections extend through the
1924	total model
1925	domain. In the two horizontal directions all grid points with 0
1926	<= i
1927	<= nx+1 and 0 <= j
1928	<= ny+1 are output so that in case of cyclic boundary conditions
1929	the
1930	complete total domain is represented. The location(s) of the cross
1931	sections can be defined with parameters <a href="#section_xy">section_xy</a>,
1932	<a href="#section_xz">section_xz</a>, and <a href="#section_yz">section_yz</a>. Assigning <span style="font-weight: bold;">section_..</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">-1</span>
1933	causes the output data to be averaged along the direction
1934	normal to the respective section.<br>
1935
1936
1937	<br>
1938
1939
1940	<br>
1941
1942
1943	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Output of user defined quantities:</span><br>
1944
1945
1946	<br>
1947
1948
1949	Beside
1950	the standard quantities from the above list, the user can output any
1951	other quantities. These have to be defined and calculated within the
1952	user-defined code (see <a href="chapter_3.5.4.html">3.5.4</a>).
1953	They can be selected for output with the user-parameter <a href="chapter_4.3.html#data_output_user">data_output_user</a>
1954	for which the same rules apply as for <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output</span>.
1955	Output of the user defined quantities (time interval, averaging,
1956	selection of cross sections, etc.) is controlled with the parameters
1957	listed above and data are written to the same file(s) as the standard
1958	quantities.<br>
1959
1960
1961	<br>
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966	<p style="font-weight: bold;">Output
1967	on parallel machines:</p>
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972	<p>
1973	By default, with parallel runs, processors output only data
1974	of their respective subdomains into seperate local files (file names
1975	are
1976	constructed by appending the four digit processor ID, e.g.
1977	<filename>_0000, <filename>_0001, etc.).
1978	After PALM has
1979	finished, the contents of these individual
1980	files are sampled into one final file<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>
1981	using the program <tt><font style="font-size: 11pt;" size="2">combine_plot_fields.x</font></tt>
1982	(to be started e.g. by a suitable OUTPUT command in the <span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span>
1983	configuration file).</p>
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989	<p>Alternatively, PALM is able to
1990	collect all grid points of a
1991	cross section on PE0 before output is done. In this case only
1992	one
1993	output file (DATA_2D_XY_NETCDF, etc.) is created and <tt><font style="font-size: 11pt;" size="2">combine_plot_fields.x</font></tt>
1994	does not have to be called. In case of very large numbers of horizontal
1995	gridpoints, sufficient
1996	memory is required on PE0.  This method can be used by
1997	assigning <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_2d_on_each_pe">data_output_2d_on_each_pe</a>
1998	= <i>.F.</i>.</p>
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003	<p>3d volume data output is
2004	always handled seperately by each processor so that <span style="font-family: monospace;">combine_plot_fields.x</span>
2005	has to be called anyway after PALM has been finished.</p>
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010	<p><br>
2011
2012
2013	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Old formats:</span></p>
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019	<p>Beside
2020	the NetCDF format, 2d cross section data and 3d volume data
2021	can
2022	also be output, for historical reasons, in a different (binary) format
2023	using parameter <a href="#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>.</p>
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028	<p>By
2029	assigning <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format
2030	</span>= <span style="font-style: italic;">'avs'</span>,
2031	the 3d volume data is output to the local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT3D_DATA">PLOT3D_DATA</a>.
2032	Output is in FORTRAN binary format readable by
2033	the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">AVS</span>.
2034	The order of data on the file follows the order used in the assignment
2035	for <b>data_output</b> (e.g. <b>data_output</b>
2036	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'p'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'v'</span>,...
2037	means that the file starts with the pressure data, followed by the
2038	v-component of the velocity, etc.). Both instantaneous and time
2039	averaged data are written on this file! Additional to this file, PALM
2040	creates
2041	a second binary file (local name <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT3D_COOR">PLOT3D_COOR</a>)
2042	with coordinate information needed by <span style="font-weight: bold;">AVS</span>.
2043	As third and
2044	fourth file two ASCII files are created (AVS-FLD-format, local name <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT3D_FLD">PLOT3D_FLD</a>
2045	and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT3D_FLD_COOR">PLOT3D_FLD_COOR</a>),
2046	which describe the contents of the data file and/or coordinate file
2047	and are used by AVS. However, AVS expects the content description in
2048	one file. This needs the local file PLOT3D_FLD_COOR to be appended to
2049	the file
2050	PLOT3D_FLD (by suitable OUTPUT command in the <span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span>
2051	configuration file: “<span style="font-family: monospace;">cat
2052	PLOT3D_FLD_COOR >> PLOT3D_FLD</span>”)
2053	after PALM has
2054	finished. To reduce the amount of data, output to this file
2055	can be done
2056	in
2057	compressed form (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#do3d_compress">do3d_compress</a>).
2058	Further details about plotting 3d volume data with <span style="font-weight: bold;">AVS </span>can be found in
2059	<a href="chapter_4.5.5.html">chapter
2060	4.5.5</a>.</p>
2061
2062
2063	By assigning <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format </span>=
2064	<span style="font-style: italic;">'iso2d'</span>,
2065	the cross section data is output to the local files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_XY">PLOT2D_XY</a>, <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_XZ">PLOT2D_XZ</a>, and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_YZ">PLOT2D_YZ</a>.
2066	Output is in FORTRAN binary format readable by
2067	the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d</span>.
2068	The order of data on the files follows the order used in the assignment
2069	for <b>data_output</b> (e.g. <b>data_output</b>
2070	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'p_xy'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'v_xy_av'</span>,...
2071	means that the file containing the horizontal cross section data starts
2072	with the instantaneous pressure data, followed by the
2073	temporally averaged v-component of the velocity, etc.). Both
2074	instantaneous and time averaged data are written on this
2075	file!Additional to these binary files, PALM
2076	creates NAMELIST parameter files
2077	(local names <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_XY_GLOBAL">PLOT2D_XY_GLOBAL</a>,
2078	<a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_XY_LOCAL">PLOT2D_XY_LOCAL</a>,
2079	<a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_XZ_GLOBAL">PLOT2D_XZ_GLOBAL</a>,
2080	<a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_XZ_LOCAL">PLOT2D_XZ_LOCAL</a>,
2081	<a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_YZ_GLOBAL">PLOT2D_YZ_GLOBAL</a>,
2082	<a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_YZ_LOCAL">PLOT2D_YZ_LOCAL</a>)
2083	which can be used as parameter input files for the plot software <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/institut/software/iso2d_beschreibung.html">iso2d</a>.
2084	That needs local files with suffix _LOCAL to be appended to the
2085	respective files with suffix _GLOBAL (by
2086	suitable OUTPUT commands in the <span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span>
2087	configuration file, e.g.: “<span style="font-family: monospace;">cat
2088	PLOT2D_XY_LOCAL >> PLOT2D_XY_GLOBAL</span>”)
2089	after PALM has
2090	finished. Cross sections can be directly plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d</span> using the
2091	respective data and
2092	parameter file. The plot layout is steered via the parameter input
2093	file.
2094	The values of these <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d</span>
2095	parameters are determined by a set of mostly internal PALM parameters
2096	(exception: <a href="chapter_4.2.html#z_max_do2d">z_max_do2d</a>).
2097	All parameter values can be changed by editing the parameter input
2098	file. Further details about plotting 2d cross sections with <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d </span>can be found
2099	in <a href="chapter_4.5.4.html">chapter
2100	4.5.4</a>.<br>
2101
2102
2103	<br>
2104
2105
2106	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Important:</span><br>
2107
2108
2109	There
2110	is no guarantee that iso2d- and avs-output will be available in future
2111	PALM versions (later than 3.0). </td>
2112
2113
2114	</tr>
2115
2116
2117	<tr>
2118
2119
2120	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="data_output_format"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format</span><br>
2121
2122
2123
2124	</td>
2125
2126
2127	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 10 (10) </td>
2128
2129
2130
2131	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'netcdf'</span> </td>
2132
2133
2134
2135	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Format of output data.<br>
2136
2137
2138	<br>
2139
2140
2141	By
2142	default, all data (profiles, time
2143	series, spectra, particle data, cross sections, volume data) are output
2144	in NetCDF format (see chapter <a href="chapter_4.5.1.html">4.5.1</a>).
2145	Exception: restart data (local files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#BININ">BININ</a>, <a href="chapter_3.4.html#BINOUT">BINOUT</a>, <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_IN">PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_IN</a>,
2146	<a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_OUT">PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_OUT</a>)
2147	are always output in FORTRAN binary format.<br>
2148
2149
2150	<br>
2151
2152
2153	The
2154	numerical precision of the NetCDF output is determined with parameter <a href="#chapter_4.1.html#netcdf_precision">netcdf_precision</a>.<br>
2155
2156
2157	<br>
2158
2159
2160	The
2161	maximum file size for NetCDF files is 2 GByte by default. Use the
2162	parameter <a href="#netcdf_64bit">netcdf_64bit</a>
2163	if larger files have to be created.<br>
2164
2165
2166	<br>
2167
2168
2169	For historical
2170	reasons, other data formats are still available. Beside 'netcdf', <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format</span>
2171	may be assigned the following values:<br>
2172
2173
2174	<br>
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179	<table style="text-align: left; width: 594px; height: 104px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
2180
2181
2182	<tbody>
2183
2184
2185	<tr>
2186
2187
2188	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span></td>
2189
2190
2191	<td>output
2192	of profiles, time series and spectra in ASCII format to be
2193	read by the graphic software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil
2194	</span>(see chapters <a href="chapter_4.5.2.html">4.5.2</a>,
2195	<a href="#chapter_4.5.3.html">4.5.3</a>)</td>
2196
2197
2198	</tr>
2199
2200
2201	<tr>
2202
2203
2204	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'iso2d'</span></td>
2205
2206
2207	<td>output
2208	of 2d cross-sections in FORTRAN binary format to be read by the graphic
2209	software <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d</span>
2210	(see chapter <a href="chapter_4.5.4.html">4.5.4</a>)</td>
2211
2212
2213	</tr>
2214
2215
2216	<tr>
2217
2218
2219	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'avs'</span></td>
2220
2221
2222	<td>output
2223	of 3d volume data in FORTRAN binary format to be read by the graphic
2224	software <span style="font-weight: bold;">AVS</span>
2225	(see chapter <a href="chapter_4.5.5.html">4.5.5</a>)</td>
2226
2227
2228	</tr>
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233	</tbody>
2234
2235
2236	</table>
2237
2238
2239	<br>
2240
2241
2242	Multiple
2243	values can be assigned to <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format</span>,
2244	i.e. if the user wants to have both the "old" data format suitable for <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d</span> as well as
2245	cross section data in NetCDF format, then <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format</span> =
2246	<span style="font-style: italic;">'iso2d'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'netcdf'</span> has to be
2247	assigned.<br>
2248
2249
2250	<br>
2251
2252
2253	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Warning:</span>
2254	There is no guarantee that the "old" formats will be available in
2255	future PALM versions (beyond 3.0)!<br>
2256
2257
2258	</td>
2259
2260
2261	</tr>
2262
2263
2264	<tr>
2265
2266
2267
2268	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2269
2270
2271	<p><a name="data_output_pr"></a><b>data_output_pr</b></p>
2272
2273
2274
2275	</td>
2276
2277
2278	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C *
2279	10  <br>
2280
2281
2282
2283	(100)</td>
2284
2285
2286	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>100
2287	* ' '</i></td>
2288
2289
2290	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2291
2292
2293	<p>Quantities for which vertical profiles (horizontally averaged)
2294	are to be output.  </p>
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300	<p>By default vertical
2301	profile data is output to the local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_1D_PR_NETCDF">DATA_1D_PR_NETCDF</a>.
2302	The file's format is NetCDF.  Further details about processing
2303	NetCDF data are given in chapter <a href="chapter_4.5.1.html">4.5.1</a>.</p>
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308	<p>For
2309	historical reasons, data can also be output in ASCII-format on local
2310	file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>
2311	which is readable by the graphic software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>. See
2312	parameter <a href="#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>
2313	for defining the format in which data shall be output.<br>
2314
2315
2316	</p>
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322	<p>For horizontally averaged vertical
2323	profiles always <span style="font-weight: bold;">all</span>
2324	vertical
2325	grid points (0 <= k <= nz+1) are output to file. Vertical
2326	profile data refers to the total domain but profiles for subdomains can
2327	also be output (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#statistic_regions">statistic_regions</a>).
2328	</p>
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334	<p>The temporal interval of the output times of
2335	profiles is
2336	assigned via the parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_dopr">dt_dopr</a>.
2337	Within the file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>,
2338	the profiles are ordered with respect to their
2339	output times.</p>
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344	<p>Profiles can also be temporally
2345	averaged (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#averaging_interval_pr">averaging_interval_pr</a>).<br>
2346
2347
2348
2349	</p>
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355	<p>The following list shows the values which can be
2356	assigned to <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_pr</span>.
2357	The profile data is either defined on
2358	u-v-levels (variables marked in <font color="#ff6600">red</font>)
2359	or
2360	on w-levels (<font color="#33ff33">green</font>).
2361	According to this,
2362	the
2363	z-coordinates of the individual profiles vary. Beyond that, with a
2364	Prandtl layer switched on (<a href="chapter_4.1.html#prandtl_layer">prandtl_layer</a>)
2365	the lowest output
2366	level is z = zu(1) instead of z = zw(0) for profiles <i>w''
2367	u'',w''v"</i>, <i>wu</i> and <i>wv</i>
2368	. Turbulence quantities such as <span style="font-style: italic;">wu  </span>or <span style="font-style: italic;">u*2</span> are calculated from turbulent fluctuations that are defined as deviations from the instantaneous horizontal average.
2369
2370
2371	</p>
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
2378
2379
2380	<tbody>
2381
2382
2383	<tr>
2384
2385
2386	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>u</i></font></td>
2387
2388
2389
2390	<td style="vertical-align: top;">u-component of the
2391	velocity (in m/s).</td>
2392
2393
2394	</tr>
2395
2396
2397	<tr>
2398
2399
2400	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>v</i></font></td>
2401
2402
2403
2404	<td style="vertical-align: top;">v-component of the
2405	velocity (in m/s).</td>
2406
2407
2408	</tr>
2409
2410
2411	<tr>
2412
2413
2414	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w</i></font></td>
2415
2416
2417
2418	<td style="vertical-align: top;">w-component of the
2419	velocity (in m/s).</td>
2420
2421
2422	</tr>
2423
2424
2425	<tr>
2426
2427
2428	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>pt</i></font></td>
2429
2430
2431
2432	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Potential temperature (in
2433	K).</td>
2434
2435
2436	</tr>
2437
2438
2439	<tr>
2440
2441
2442	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>vpt</i></font></td>
2443
2444
2445
2446	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Virtual potential
2447	temperature (in K).</td>
2448
2449
2450	</tr>
2451
2452
2453	<tr>
2454
2455
2456	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>lpt</i></font></td>
2457
2458
2459
2460	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Potential liquid water
2461	temperature (in K).</td>
2462
2463
2464	</tr>
2465
2466
2467	<tr>
2468
2469
2470	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>q</i></font></td>
2471
2472
2473
2474	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total water content
2475	(in kg/kg).</td>
2476
2477
2478	</tr>
2479
2480
2481	<tr>
2482
2483
2484	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>qv</i></font></td>
2485
2486
2487
2488	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Specific humidity (in
2489	kg/kg).</td>
2490
2491
2492	</tr>
2493
2494
2495	<tr>
2496
2497
2498	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>ql</i></font></td>
2499
2500
2501
2502	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Liquid water content
2503	(in kg/kg).</td>
2504
2505
2506	</tr>
2507
2508
2509	<tr>
2510
2511
2512	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">rho</span></td>
2513
2514
2515	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined">Potential density (in kg/m<sup>3</sup>).</td>
2516
2517
2518	</tr>
2519
2520
2521	<tr>
2522
2523
2524	<td style="vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic;"><font color="#ff6600">s</font></td>
2525
2526
2527
2528	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Scalar concentration (in
2529	kg/m<sup>3</sup>).</td>
2530
2531
2532	</tr>
2533
2534
2535	<tr>
2536
2537
2538	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="font-style: italic; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">sa</span></td>
2539
2540
2541	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined">Salinity (in psu).</td>
2542
2543
2544	</tr>
2545
2546
2547	<tr>
2548
2549
2550	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>e</i></font></td>
2551
2552
2553
2554	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Turbulent kinetic energy
2555	(TKE, subgrid-scale) (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).</td>
2556
2557
2558
2559	</tr>
2560
2561
2562	<tr>
2563
2564
2565	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>e*</i></font></td>
2566
2567
2568
2569	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Perturbation energy
2570	(resolved) (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).</td>
2571
2572
2573
2574	</tr>
2575
2576
2577	<tr>
2578
2579
2580	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>km</i></font></td>
2581
2582
2583
2584	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Eddy diffusivity for
2585	momentum (in m<sup>2</sup>/s).</td>
2586
2587
2588	</tr>
2589
2590
2591	<tr>
2592
2593
2594
2595	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>kh</i></font></td>
2596
2597
2598
2599	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Eddy diffusivity for heat
2600	(in m<sup>2</sup>/s).</td>
2601
2602
2603	</tr>
2604
2605
2606	<tr>
2607
2608
2609	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>l</i></font></td>
2610
2611
2612
2613	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Mixing length (in m).</td>
2614
2615
2616
2617	</tr>
2618
2619
2620	<tr>
2621
2622
2623	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w"u"</i></font></td>
2624
2625
2626
2627	<td style="vertical-align: top;">u-component of the
2628	subgrid-scale vertical momentum flux (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).</td>
2629
2630
2631
2632	</tr>
2633
2634
2635	<tr>
2636
2637
2638	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wu</i></font></td>
2639
2640
2641
2642	<td style="vertical-align: top;">u-component of the
2643	resolved vertical momentum flux (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).</td>
2644
2645
2646
2647	</tr>
2648
2649
2650	<tr>
2651
2652
2653	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wu</i></font></td>
2654
2655
2656
2657	<td style="vertical-align: top;">u-component of the total
2658	vertical momentum flux (<i>w"u"</i> + <i>wu</i>)
2659	(in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).</td>
2660
2661
2662	</tr>
2663
2664
2665
2666	<tr>
2667
2668
2669	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w"v"</i></font></td>
2670
2671
2672
2673	<td style="vertical-align: top;">v-component of the
2674	subgrid-scale vertical momentum flux (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).</td>
2675
2676
2677
2678	</tr>
2679
2680
2681	<tr>
2682
2683
2684	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wv</i></font></td>
2685
2686
2687
2688	<td style="vertical-align: top;">v-component of the
2689	resolved vertical momentum flux (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).</td>
2690
2691
2692
2693	</tr>
2694
2695
2696	<tr>
2697
2698
2699	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wv</i></font></td>
2700
2701
2702
2703	<td style="vertical-align: top;">v-component of the total
2704	vertical momentum flux (<i>w"v"</i> + <i>wv</i>)
2705	(in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).</td>
2706
2707
2708	</tr>
2709
2710
2711
2712	<tr>
2713
2714
2715	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w"pt"</i></font></td>
2716
2717
2718
2719	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgrid-scale vertical
2720	sensible heat flux (in K m/s).</td>
2721
2722
2723	</tr>
2724
2725
2726	<tr>
2727
2728
2729	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wpt</i></font></td>
2730
2731
2732
2733	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Resolved vertical
2734	sensible
2735	heat flux (in K m/s).</td>
2736
2737
2738	</tr>
2739
2740
2741	<tr>
2742
2743
2744	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wpt</i></font></td>
2745
2746
2747
2748	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total vertical sensible
2749	heat flux (<i>w"pt"</i> + <i>wpt</i>)
2750	(in K
2751	m/s).</td>
2752
2753
2754	</tr>
2755
2756
2757	<tr>
2758
2759
2760	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wptBC</i></font></td>
2761
2762
2763
2764	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgrid-scale vertical
2765	sensible heat flux using the
2766	Bott-Chlond scheme (in K m/s).</td>
2767
2768
2769	</tr>
2770
2771
2772	<tr>
2773
2774
2775	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wptBC</i></font></td>
2776
2777
2778
2779	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total vertical sensible
2780	heat flux using the Bott-Chlond scheme
2781	(<i>w"pt"</i>
2782	+ <i>wptBC</i>) (in K m/s).</td>
2783
2784
2785	</tr>
2786
2787
2788	<tr>
2789
2790
2791
2792	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w"vpt"</i></font></td>
2793
2794
2795
2796	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgrid-scale vertical
2797	buoyancy flux (in K m/s).</td>
2798
2799
2800	</tr>
2801
2802
2803	<tr>
2804
2805
2806	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wvpt</i></font></td>
2807
2808
2809
2810	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Resolved vertical
2811	buoyancy
2812	flux (in K m/s).</td>
2813
2814
2815	</tr>
2816
2817
2818	<tr>
2819
2820
2821	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wvpt</i></font></td>
2822
2823
2824
2825	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total vertical buoyancy
2826	flux (w"vpt" + wvpt) (in K m/s).</td>
2827
2828
2829	</tr>
2830
2831
2832	<tr>
2833
2834
2835	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w"q"</i></font></td>
2836
2837
2838
2839	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgrid-scale vertical
2840	water flux (in kg/kg m/s).</td>
2841
2842
2843	</tr>
2844
2845
2846	<tr>
2847
2848
2849	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wq</i></font></td>
2850
2851
2852
2853	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Resolved vertical water
2854	flux (in kg/kg m/s).</td>
2855
2856
2857	</tr>
2858
2859
2860	<tr>
2861
2862
2863	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wq</i></font></td>
2864
2865
2866
2867	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total vertical water flux
2868	(w"q" + wq) (in kg/kg m/s).</td>
2869
2870
2871	</tr>
2872
2873
2874	<tr>
2875
2876
2877	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w"qv"</i></font></td>
2878
2879
2880
2881	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgrid-scale vertical
2882	latent heat flux (in kg/kg m/s).</td>
2883
2884
2885	</tr>
2886
2887
2888	<tr>
2889
2890
2891	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wqv</i></font></td>
2892
2893
2894
2895	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Resolved vertical latent
2896	heat flux (in kg/kg m/s).</td>
2897
2898
2899	</tr>
2900
2901
2902	<tr>
2903
2904
2905	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wqv</i></font></td>
2906
2907
2908
2909	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total vertical latent
2910	heat
2911	flux (w"qv" + wqv) (in kg/kg m/s).</td>
2912
2913
2914	</tr>
2915
2916
2917	<tr>
2918
2919
2920
2921	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w"s"</i></font></td>
2922
2923
2924
2925	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgrid-scale vertical
2926	scalar concentration flux (in kg/m<sup>3 </sup>m/s).</td>
2927
2928
2929
2930	</tr>
2931
2932
2933	<tr>
2934
2935
2936	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>ws</i></font></td>
2937
2938
2939
2940	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Resolved vertical scalar
2941	concentration flux (in kg/m<sup>3</sup> m/s).</td>
2942
2943
2944	</tr>
2945
2946
2947
2948	<tr>
2949
2950
2951	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>ws</i></font></td>
2952
2953
2954
2955	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total vertical scalar
2956	concentration flux (w"s" + ws) (in kg/m<sup>3 </sup>m/s).</td>
2957
2958
2959
2960	</tr>
2961
2962
2963	<tr>
2964
2965
2966	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">w"sa"</span></td>
2967
2968
2969	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined">Subgrid-scale vertical
2970	salinity flux (in psu<sup> </sup>m/s).</td>
2971
2972
2973	</tr>
2974
2975
2976	<tr>
2977
2978
2979	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">wsa</span></td>
2980
2981
2982	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined">Resolved vertical salinity flux (in psu m/s).</td>
2983
2984
2985	</tr>
2986
2987
2988	<tr>
2989
2990
2991	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">wsa</span></td>
2992
2993
2994	<td align="undefined" valign="undefined">Total vertical salinity flux (w"sa" + wsa) (in psu<sup> </sup>m/s).</td>
2995
2996
2997	</tr>
2998
2999
3000	<tr>
3001
3002
3003	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>we</i></font></td>
3004
3005
3006
3007	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Vertical flux of
3008	perturbation energy (resolved)</td>
3009
3010
3011	</tr>
3012
3013
3014	<tr>
3015
3016
3017	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>u*2</i></font></td>
3018
3019
3020
3021	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Variance of the
3022	u-velocity
3023	component (resolved)</td>
3024
3025
3026	</tr>
3027
3028
3029	<tr>
3030
3031
3032	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>v*2</i></font></td>
3033
3034
3035
3036	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Variance of the
3037	v-velocity
3038	component (resolved)</td>
3039
3040
3041	</tr>
3042
3043
3044	<tr>
3045
3046
3047	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w*2</i></font></td>
3048
3049
3050
3051	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Variance of the w-velocity
3052	component (resolved)</td>
3053
3054
3055	</tr>
3056
3057
3058	<tr>
3059
3060
3061	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6600"><i>pt*2</i></font></td>
3062
3063
3064
3065	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Variance of the potential
3066	temperature (resolved)</td>
3067
3068
3069	</tr>
3070
3071
3072	<tr>
3073
3074
3075	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w*3</i></font></td>
3076
3077
3078
3079	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Third moment of the
3080	w-velocity component (resolved)</td>
3081
3082
3083	</tr>
3084
3085
3086	<tr>
3087
3088
3089	<td style="vertical-align: middle;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>Sw</i></font></td>
3090
3091
3092
3093	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Skewness of the
3094	w-velocity
3095	component (resolved, S<sub>w</sub>
3096	= W<sup>3</sup>/(w<sup>2</sup>)<sup>1.5</sup>)</td>
3097
3098
3099
3100	</tr>
3101
3102
3103	<tr>
3104
3105
3106	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>w2pt</i></font></td>
3107
3108
3109
3110	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Third moment (resolved)</td>
3111
3112
3113
3114	</tr>
3115
3116
3117	<tr>
3118
3119
3120	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#33ff33"><i>wpt2</i></font></td>
3121
3122
3123
3124	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Third moment (resolved)</td>
3125
3126
3127
3128	</tr>
3129
3130
3131	<tr>
3132
3133
3134	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6666"><i>wuu*/dz</i></font></td>
3135
3136
3137
3138	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Energy production by
3139	shear
3140	(resolved)</td>
3141
3142
3143	</tr>
3144
3145
3146	<tr>
3147
3148
3149	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6666"><i>wp/dz</i></font></td>
3150
3151
3152
3153	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Energy production by
3154	turbulent transport of pressure
3155	fluctuations (resolved)</td>
3156
3157
3158	</tr>
3159
3160
3161	<tr>
3162
3163
3164	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font color="#ff6666"><i>w"e/dz</i></font></td>
3165
3166
3167
3168	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Energy production by
3169	transport of resolved-scale TKE</td>
3170
3171
3172	</tr>
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178	</tbody>
3179
3180
3181	</table>
3182
3183
3184	<br>
3185
3186
3187	Beyond that, initial profiles (t=0) of some
3188	variables can additionally be
3189	output (this output is only done once
3190	with the first plot output and not repeated with the profile output at
3191	later
3192	times). The names of these profiles result from the ones specified
3193	above leaded by a hash "#".  Allowed values are:<br>
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199	<ul>
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205	<p><i>#u</i>, <i>#v</i>, <i>#pt</i>,
3206	<i>#km</i>, <i>#kh</i>, <i>#l, #lpt, #q, #qv, #s, #sa, #vpt</i></p>
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212	</ul>
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218	<p>Profile names preceded by a hash automatically imply that
3219	profiles for these variables are also output at later times. It is not
3220	necessary and not allowed to specify the same profile name with and
3221	without hash simultaneously(this would lead to an NetCDF error). </p>
3222	<p>These initial profiles have been either set by
3223	the user or
3224	have been calculated by a 1d-model prerun.</p>
3225
3226
3227	The
3228	user is allowed to extend the above list of quantities by defining his
3229	own output quantities (see the user-parameter <a href="chapter_4.3.html#data_output_pr_user">data_output_pr_user</a>).<br>
3230
3231
3232	<br>
3233
3234
3235	In case
3236	of ASCII data output to local file PLOT1D_DATA,
3237	PALM additionally creates a NAMELIST parameter file (local name <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_PAR">PLOT1D_PAR</a>)
3238	which can be used as parameter input file for the plot software <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/institut/software/profil_intro.html">profil</a>.
3239	Profiles can be directly plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>
3240	using these two files. The
3241	plot layout is
3242	steered via the parameter input file. The values of these <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>-parameters
3243	are determined by
3244	a set of PALM parameters (<a href="chapter_4.2.html#profile_columns">profile_columns</a>,
3245	<a href="chapter_4.2.html#profile_rows">profile_rows</a>,
3246	<a href="chapter_4.2.html#z_max_do1d">z_max_do1d</a>,
3247	<a href="chapter_4.2.html#cross_profiles">cross_profiles</a>,
3248	etc.) All parameter values can be changed by editing the parameter
3249	input
3250	file. <br>
3251
3252
3253	<br>
3254
3255
3256	Further details about plotting vertical
3257	profiles with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil </span>can
3258	be found in <a href="chapter_4.5.2.html">chapter
3259	4.5.2</a></td>
3260
3261
3262	</tr>
3263
3264
3265	<tr>
3266
3267
3268	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3269
3270
3271	<p><a name="data_output_2d_on_each_pe"></a><b>data_output_2d_on</b>
3272	<br>
3273
3274
3275	<b>_each_pe</b></p>
3276
3277
3278	</td>
3279
3280
3281	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
3282
3283
3284	</td>
3285
3286
3287	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span><br>
3288
3289
3290	</td>
3291
3292
3293
3294	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Output 2d cross section
3295	data by one or
3296	all processors.
3297
3298
3299	<p>In runs with several processors, by
3300	default, each processor
3301	outputs cross section data of its subdomain into an individual
3302	file. After PALM
3303	has finished, the contents of these files have to be sampled into one
3304	file<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span> using
3305	the program <tt>combine_plot_fields.x</tt>.  </p>
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311	<p>Alternatively, by assigning <b>data_output_2d_on_each_pe</b>
3312	= <i>.F.,</i>
3313	the respective data is gathered on PE0 and output is done directly
3314	into one file, so <tt>combine_plot_fields.x</tt> does not
3315	have to be
3316	called. However, in case of very large numbers of horizontal
3317	gridpoints, sufficient
3318	memory is required on PE0. </p>
3319
3320
3321	</td>
3322
3323
3324	</tr>
3325
3326
3327
3328	<tr>
3329
3330
3331	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3332
3333
3334	<p><a name="disturbance_amplitude"></a><b>disturbance<br>
3335
3336
3337
3338	_amplitude</b></p>
3339
3340
3341	</td>
3342
3343
3344	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3345
3346
3347	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.25</i></td>
3348
3349
3350
3351	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3352
3353
3354	<p>Maximum
3355	perturbation amplitude of the random perturbations
3356	imposed to the horizontal velocity field (in m/s).  </p>
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362	<p>The parameter <a href="#create_disturbances">create_disturbances</a>
3363	describes how to impose random perturbations to the horizontal velocity
3364	field. Since the perturbation procedure includes two filter operations,
3365	the amplitude assigned by <b>disturbance_amplitude</b> is
3366	only an
3367	approximate value of the real magnitude of the perturbation.</p>
3368
3369
3370	</td>
3371
3372
3373
3374	</tr>
3375
3376
3377	<tr>
3378
3379
3380	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3381
3382
3383	<p><a name="disturbance_energy_limit"></a><b>disturbance_energy</b>
3384	<br>
3385
3386
3387	<b>_limit</b></p>
3388
3389
3390	</td>
3391
3392
3393	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3394
3395
3396	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.01</i></td>
3397
3398
3399
3400	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3401
3402
3403	<p lang="en-GB">Upper
3404	limit value of the perturbation energy of
3405	the velocity field used as a criterion for imposing random
3406	perturbations (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).
3407	</p>
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">The parameter </font></span><a href="#create_disturbances"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">create_disturbances</font></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">
3414	describes how to impose
3415	random perturbations to the horizontal velocity field. The perturbation
3416	energy is defined as the volume average (over the total model domain)
3417	of the squares of the deviations of the velocity components from the
3418	mean flow (horizontal average). If the perturbation energy exceeds the
3419	assigned value, random perturbations to the fields of horizontal
3420	velocities are imposed no more. The value of this parameter usually
3421	must be determined by trial and error (it depends e.g. on the total
3422	number of grid points).</span> </font> </p>
3423
3424
3425	</td>
3426
3427
3428
3429	</tr>
3430
3431
3432	<tr>
3433
3434
3435	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3436
3437
3438	<p><a name="disturbance_level_b"></a><b>disturbance_level_b</b></p>
3439
3440
3441
3442	</td>
3443
3444
3445	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3446
3447
3448
3449	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>zu(3) or<br>
3450
3451
3452	zu(nz*2/3)<br>
3453
3454
3455	see right</i></td>
3456
3457
3458
3459	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3460
3461
3462	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"><font size="3">Lower
3463	limit of the vertical range for which random perturbations are to be
3464	imposed on the horizontal wind field (</font></font>in <font face="Thorndale, serif"><font size="3">m).
3465	</font></font> </p>
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">This
3472	parameter must hold the condition zu(3) <= <b>disturbance_level_b</b>
3473	<= zu(</font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#nz"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">nz-2</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">)</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">. Additionally, <b>disturbance_level_b</b>
3474	<= </font></span><a href="#disturbance_level_t"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">disturbance_level_t</font></span></a>
3475	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">must
3476	also hold.</font></span></p>
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">In case of ocean runs (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#ocean">ocean</a>) </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-family: Thorndale,serif;">the default value is <span style="font-weight: bold;">disturbance_level_b</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">zu(nz * 2 / 3) </span>(negative).</span></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#nz"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"></span></p>
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">The
3488	parameter </font></span><a href="#create_disturbances"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">create_disturbances</font></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">
3489	describes how to impose
3490	random perturbations to the horizontal velocity field</span></font><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">.</span>
3491	</font> </p>
3492
3493
3494	</td>
3495
3496
3497	</tr>
3498
3499
3500	<tr>
3501
3502
3503	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3504
3505
3506	<p><a name="disturbance_level_t"></a><b>disturbance_level_t</b></p>
3507
3508
3509
3510	</td>
3511
3512
3513	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3514
3515
3516
3517	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>zu(nz/3) or<br>
3518
3519
3520	zu(nzt-3)<br>
3521
3522
3523	see right</i></td>
3524
3525
3526
3527	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3528
3529
3530	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"><font size="3">Upper
3531	limit of the vertical range for which random perturbations are to be
3532	imposed on the horizontal wind field (</font></font>in <font face="Thorndale, serif"><font size="3">m).
3533	</font></font> </p>
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">This
3540	parameter must hold the condition <b>disturbance_level_t</b>
3541	<= zu<i>(</i></font></span><i><a href="chapter_4.1.html#nz"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">nz-2</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">)</font></span></i><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">.
3542	Additionally, </font></span><a href="#disturbance_level_b"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">disturbance_level_b</font></span></a>
3543	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"><=
3544	<b>disturbance_level_t</b>
3545	must also hold.</font></span></p>
3546
3547
3548	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">In case of ocean runs (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#ocean">ocean</a>) </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-family: Thorndale,serif;">the default value is <span style="font-weight: bold;">disturbance_level_t</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">zu(nzt - 3</span>)</span></span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-family: Thorndale,serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span>(negative)</span></span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-family: Thorndale,serif;">.</span></span>
3549
3550
3551	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">The
3552	parameter </font></span><a href="#create_disturbances"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">create_disturbances</font></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">
3553	describes how to impose
3554	random perturbations to the horizontal velocity field</span></font><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">.</span>
3555	</font> </p>
3556
3557
3558	</td>
3559
3560
3561	</tr>
3562
3563
3564	<tr>
3565
3566
3567	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3568
3569
3570	<p><a name="do2d_at_begin"></a><b>do2d_at_begin</b></p>
3571
3572
3573
3574	</td>
3575
3576
3577	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
3578
3579
3580	</td>
3581
3582
3583
3584	<td style="vertical-align: top;">.F.<br>
3585
3586
3587	</td>
3588
3589
3590
3591	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3592
3593
3594	<p>Output of 2d
3595	cross section data at the beginning of a run.  </p>
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601	<p>The
3602	temporal intervals of output times of 2d cross section data (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output">data_output</a>)
3603	are usually determined with parameters <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_do2d_xy">dt_do2d_xy</a>, <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_do2d_xz">dt_do2d_xz</a>
3604	and <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_do2d_yz">dt_do2d_yz</a>.
3605	By assigning <b>do2d_at_begin</b> = <i>.T.</i>
3606	an additional output
3607	will be made at the
3608	beginning of a run (thus at the time t = 0 or at the respective
3609	starting times of restart runs).</p>
3610
3611
3612	</td>
3613
3614
3615	</tr>
3616
3617
3618	<tr>
3619
3620
3621
3622	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3623
3624
3625	<p><a name="do3d_at_begin"></a><b>do3d_at_begin</b></p>
3626
3627
3628
3629	</td>
3630
3631
3632	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
3633
3634
3635	</td>
3636
3637
3638
3639	<td style="vertical-align: top;">.F.<br>
3640
3641
3642	</td>
3643
3644
3645
3646	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Output of 3d volume data
3647	at the beginning
3648	of a run.<br>
3649
3650
3651	<br>
3652
3653
3654	The temporal intervals of output times of
3655	3d volume data (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output">data_output</a>)
3656	is usually determined with parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_do3d">dt_do3d</a>.
3657	By assigning <b>do3d_at_begin</b> = <i>.T.</i>
3658	an additional output
3659	will be made at the
3660	beginning of a run (thus at the time t = 0 or at the respective
3661	starting times of restart runs).</td>
3662
3663
3664	</tr>
3665
3666
3667	<tr>
3668
3669
3670	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3671
3672
3673	<p><a name="do3d_compress"></a><b>do3d_compress</b></p>
3674
3675
3676
3677	</td>
3678
3679
3680	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
3681
3682
3683	</td>
3684
3685
3686
3687	<td style="vertical-align: top;">.F.<br>
3688
3689
3690	</td>
3691
3692
3693
3694	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3695
3696
3697	<p>Output of data
3698	for 3d plots in compressed form.  </p>
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704	<p>This
3705	parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>
3706	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'avs'</span>.</p>
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711	<p>Output
3712	of 3d volume data may need huge amounts of disc storage
3713	(up to several Terabytes ore more). Data compression can serve to
3714	reduce this requirement. PALM is able to output 3d data in compressed
3715	form using 32-bit integers, if <span style="font-weight: bold;">do3d_compress</span>
3716	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> is
3717	assigned. This
3718	yields a loss of accuracy, but the file size is clearly reduced. The
3719	parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#do3d_precision">do3d_precision</a>
3720	can be used to separately define the number of significant digits for
3721	each quantity.<br>
3722
3723
3724	</p>
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730	<p>So far compressed data
3731	output is only possible for Cray-T3E
3732	machines. Additional information for
3733	handling compressed data is given in <a href="chapter_4.5.6.html">chapter
3734	4.5.6</a>.</p>
3735
3736
3737	</td>
3738
3739
3740	</tr>
3741
3742
3743	<tr>
3744
3745
3746	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3747
3748
3749	<p><a name="do3d_precision"></a><b>do3d_precision</b></p>
3750
3751
3752
3753	</td>
3754
3755
3756	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C *
3757	7  <br>
3758
3759
3760
3761	(100)</td>
3762
3763
3764	<td style="vertical-align: top;">see
3765	right<br>
3766
3767
3768	</td>
3769
3770
3771	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3772
3773
3774	<p>Significant digits in case of compressed data
3775	output.  </p>
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781	<p>This parameter only applies for
3782	<a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>
3783	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'avs'</span>.</p>
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788	<p>In
3789	case that data compression is used for output of 3d data
3790	(see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#do3d_compress">do3d_compress</a>),
3791	this parameter determines the number of significant digits
3792	which are to be output.<br>
3793
3794
3795	</p>
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801	<p>Fewer digits
3802	clearly reduce the amount
3803	of data. Assignments have to be given separately for each individual
3804	quantity via a character string of the form <span style="font-style: italic;">'<quantity
3805	name><number of
3806	significant digits>'</span>, e.g. <span style="font-style: italic;">'pt2'</span>.
3807	Only those quantities listed in <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output">data_output</a>
3808	are admitted. Up to 9 significant digits are allowed (but large values
3809	are not very reasonable
3810	because they do not effect a significant compression).<br>
3811
3812
3813	</p>
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819	<p>The default assignment is <span style="font-weight: bold;">do3d_precision</span>
3820	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'u2'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'v2'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'w2'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'p5'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'pt2'</span>.</p>
3821
3822
3823	</td>
3824
3825
3826
3827	</tr>
3828
3829
3830	<tr>
3831
3832
3833	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3834
3835
3836	<p><a name="dt_laufparameter"></a><b>dt</b></p>
3837
3838
3839
3840	</td>
3841
3842
3843	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3844
3845
3846
3847	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>variable</i></td>
3848
3849
3850
3851	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3852
3853
3854	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"><font size="3">Time
3855	step to be used by the 3d-model (</font></font>in <font face="Thorndale, serif"><font size="3">s).
3856	</font></font> </p>
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">This parameter</font></span>
3863	<font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">is
3864	described in
3865	detail with the initialization parameters (see</span></font><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> </font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">dt</font></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">).
3866	Additionally, it may be
3867	used as a run parameter and then applies to all restart runs (until it
3868	is changed again). A switch from a constant time step to a variable
3869	time step can be achieved with <b>dt</b> = <i>-1.0</i>.</span>
3870	</font> </p>
3871
3872
3873	</td>
3874
3875
3876	</tr>
3877
3878
3879	<tr>
3880
3881
3882	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="dt_averaging_input"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_averaging_input</span><br>
3883
3884
3885
3886	</td>
3887
3888
3889	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
3890
3891
3892	</td>
3893
3894
3895
3896	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span><br>
3897
3898
3899	</td>
3900
3901
3902
3903	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Temporal interval
3904	of data which are subject to temporal averaging (in s).<br>
3905
3906
3907	<br>
3908
3909
3910	By
3911	default, data from each timestep within the interval defined by <a href="chapter_4.2.html#averaging_interval">averaging_interval</a>
3912	are used for calculating the temporal average. By choosing <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_averaging_input</span>
3913	> <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> </font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">dt</font></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB"></span></font><span lang="en-GB"></span><span style="font-style: italic;"></span>,
3914	the number of time levels entering the average can be minimized. This
3915	reduces the CPU-time of a run but may worsen the quality of the
3916	average's statistics.<br>
3917
3918
3919	<br>
3920
3921
3922	<font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">With
3923	variable time step (see <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt</span>),
3924	the number of time levels entering the average can vary from one
3925	averaging interval to the next (for a more detailed explanation see </span></font><font><a href="#averaging_interval"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">averaging_interval</font></span></a>)</font><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">. It
3926	is approximately given by the quotient of <span style="font-weight: bold;">averaging_interval</span> /
3927	MAX(<span style="font-weight: bold;"> dt_averaging_input</span>,
3928	<span style="font-weight: bold;">dt</span>) (which
3929	gives a more or less exact value if a fixed timestep is used and if
3930	this is an integral divisor of <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_averaging_input</span>).</span></font>
3931	<br>
3932
3933
3934	<br>
3935
3936
3937	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>
3938
3939
3940	With
3941	an averaging interval of 100.0 s and <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_averaging_input</span> =
3942	<span style="font-style: italic;">10.0</span>,
3943	the time levels entering the average have a (minimum) distance of 10.0
3944	s (their distance may of course be larger if the current timestep is
3945	larger than 10.0 s), so the average is calculated from the data of
3946	(maximum) 10 time levels.<br>
3947
3948
3949	<br>
3950
3951
3952	<font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">It
3953	is allowed
3954	to change <b>dt_averaging_input</b> during a job chain. If
3955	the last averaging
3956	interval of the run previous to the change could not be completed (i.e.
3957	has to be finished in the current run), the individual profiles and/or
3958	spectra entering the averaging are not uniformly distributed over the
3959	averaging interval.<br>
3960
3961
3962	<br>
3963
3964
3965	</span></font>Parameter <a href="#dt_averaging_input_pr">dt_averaging_input_pr</a> can
3966	be used to define a different temporal interval for
3967	vertical profile data and spectra.<br>
3968
3969
3970	</td>
3971
3972
3973	</tr>
3974
3975
3976
3977	<tr>
3978
3979
3980	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3981
3982
3983	<p><a name="dt_averaging_input_pr"></a><b>dt_averaging_input_pr</b></p>
3984
3985
3986
3987	</td>
3988
3989
3990	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3991
3992
3993
3994	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="#dt_averaging_input">dt_<br>
3995
3996
3997	averaging_<br>
3998
3999
4000	input</a></span></td>
4001
4002
4003
4004	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4005
4006
4007	<p lang="en-GB">Temporal
4008	interval of data which are subject to temporal averaging of <font face="Thorndale, serif"><font size="3">vertical
4009	profiles and/or spectra (</font></font>in <font face="Thorndale, serif"><font size="3">s).
4010	</font></font> </p>
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016	<p>By default, data from
4017	each timestep within the interval defined by<font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB"> </span></font><a href="#averaging_interval_pr"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">averaging_interval_pr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">and </font></span><a href="#averaging_interval_sp"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">averaging_interval_sp</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> </font></span>are
4018	used for calculating the temporal average. By choosing <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_averaging_input_pr</span>
4019	> <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> </font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">dt</font></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB"></span></font><span lang="en-GB"></span><span style="font-style: italic;"></span>,
4020	the number of time levels entering the average can be minimized. This
4021	reduces the CPU-time of a run but may worsen the quality of the
4022	average's statistics. <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB"></span></font><span lang="en-GB"></span><br>
4023
4024
4025	</p>
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030	<p>For
4031	more explanations see parameter <a href="#dt_averaging_input">dt_averaging_input</a>.<a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB"></span></font></p>
4032
4033
4034	</td>
4035
4036
4037
4038	</tr>
4039
4040
4041	<tr>
4042
4043
4044	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="dt_coupling"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_coupling</span></td>
4045
4046
4047	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4048
4049
4050	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">9999999.9</span></td>
4051
4052
4053	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Temporal interval for the data exchange in case of <a href="chapter_3.8.html">runs with coupled models</a> (e.g. atmosphere - ocean) (in s).<br>
4054
4055
4056	<br>
4057
4058
4059	This parameter has an effect only in case of a run with coupled models. It is available starting from version 3.3a. <br>
4060
4061
4062	<br>
4063
4064
4065	This parameter specifies the temporal interval at which data are
4066	exchanged at the interface between coupled models (currently: interface
4067	between atmosphere and ocean). If this parameter is not explicitly
4068	specified in the parameter files for both coupled models, or if there
4069	is an inconsistency between its values for both coupled models,
4070	the execution will terminate and an informative error message will
4071	be given. In order to ensure synchronous coupling throughout the simulation, <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_coupling</span> should be chosen larger than
4072	<a href="#dt_max">dt_max</a>.</td>
4073
4074
4075	</tr>
4076
4077
4078	<tr>
4079
4080
4081	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="dt_data_output"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_data_output</span><br>
4082
4083
4084
4085	</td>
4086
4087
4088	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
4089
4090
4091	</td>
4092
4093
4094
4095	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">9999999.9</span><br>
4096
4097
4098
4099	</td>
4100
4101
4102	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4103
4104
4105	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal interval</font>
4106	at which data (3d volume data (instantaneous or time
4107	averaged),
4108	cross sections (instantaneous or time averaged), vertical profiles,
4109	spectra) shall be output (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s). </font></p>
4110
4111
4112
4113	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If
4114	data output is switched on (see </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">, <a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>, <a href="#data_output_sp">data_output_sp</a>, and </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#section_xy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">section_xy</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">), this
4115	parameter can be used to
4116	assign the temporal interval at which these data shall be
4117	output. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Output can be skipped at the beginning of a
4118	simulation using parameter <a href="#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_data_output</a>,
4119	which has zero value by default. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference
4120	time is the beginning of the simulation, i.e. output
4121	takes place at times t = <b>skip_time_data_output +
4122	dt_data_output</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_data_output</span>
4123	+ 2*<b>dt_data_output</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_data_output</span>
4124	+ 3*<b>dt_data_output</b>,
4125	etc. Since output is only done at the discrete time levels given by
4126	the timestep used, the actual output times can slightly
4127	deviate
4128	from these theoretical values</font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">.<br>
4129
4130
4131	<br>
4132
4133
4134	Individual temporal
4135	intervals for the different output quantities can be assigned using
4136	parameters <a href="#dt_do3d">dt_do3d</a>, <a href="#dt_do2d_xy">dt_do2d_xy</a>, <a href="dt_do2d_xz">dt_do2d_xz</a>, <a href="#dt_do2d_yz">dt_do2d_yz</a>, <a href="#dt_dopr">dt_dopr</a>, <a href="#dt_dosp">dt_dosp</a>,
4137	and <a href="#dt_data_output_av">dt_data_output_av</a>.</font></span>
4138	</td>
4139
4140
4141	</tr>
4142
4143
4144	<tr>
4145
4146
4147	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="dt_data_output_av"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_data_output_av</span><br>
4148
4149
4150
4151	</td>
4152
4153
4154	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
4155
4156
4157	</td>
4158
4159
4160
4161	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>value of
4162	<a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_data_output">dt_data_<br>
4163
4164
4165	output</a></i>
4166	</td>
4167
4168
4169	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4170
4171
4172	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal interval</font>
4173	at which time averaged 3d volume data and/or 2d cross section data
4174	shall be output (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s). </font></p>
4175
4176
4177	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If data
4178	output of time averaged 2d and 3d data is switched on (see </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a> <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">and </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#section_xy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">section_xy</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">), this
4179	parameter can be used to
4180	assign the temporal interval at which they shall be
4181	output. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Output can be skipped at the beginning of a
4182	simulation using parameter <a href="#skip_time_data_output_av">skip_time_data_output_av</a>,
4183	which has zero value by default. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference
4184	time is the beginning of the simulation, i.e. output
4185	takes place at times t = <b>skip_time_data_output_av +
4186	dt_data_output_av</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_data_output_av</span>
4187	+ 2*<b>dt_data_output_av</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_data_output_av</span>
4188	+ 3*<b>dt_data_output_av</b>,
4189	etc. Since output is only done at the discrete time levels given by
4190	the timestep used, the actual output times can slightly
4191	deviate from
4192	these theoretical values</font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">.<br>
4193
4194
4195	<br>
4196
4197
4198	</font></span>The
4199	length of the averaging interval is controlled via parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#averaging_interval">averaging_interval</a>.</td>
4200
4201
4202
4203	</tr>
4204
4205
4206	<tr>
4207
4208
4209	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4210
4211
4212	<p><a name="dt_disturb"></a><b>dt_disturb</b></p>
4213
4214
4215
4216	</td>
4217
4218
4219	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4220
4221
4222
4223	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>9999999.9</i></td>
4224
4225
4226
4227	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4228
4229
4230	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal
4231	interval</font> at which random
4232	perturbations are to be imposed on the horizontal velocity field
4233	(</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s).  </font>
4234	</p>
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">The parameter </font></span><a href="#create_disturbances"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">create_disturbances</font></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">
4241	describes how to impose
4242	random perturbations to the horizontal velocity field</span></font><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">.</span>
4243	</font> </p>
4244
4245
4246	</td>
4247
4248
4249	</tr>
4250
4251
4252	<tr>
4253
4254
4255	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4256
4257
4258	<p><a name="dt_dopr"></a><b>dt_dopr</b></p>
4259
4260
4261
4262	</td>
4263
4264
4265	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4266
4267
4268
4269	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>value of
4270	<a href="#dt_data_output">dt_data_<br>
4271
4272
4273	output</a></i></td>
4274
4275
4276
4277	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4278
4279
4280	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Temporal
4281	interval at
4282	which data of vertical profiles shall be output (to local
4283	file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_1D_PR_NETCDF">DATA_1D_PR_NETCDF</a>
4284	or/and </font></span><a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">PLOT1D_DATA</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">) (</font></span>in
4285	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">s).
4286	</font></span> </p>
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output of
4293	horizontally averaged vertical profiles is switched on (see </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_pr"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output_pr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">), </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">this
4294	parameter can be used to
4295	assign the temporal interval at which profile data shall be output.</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"> </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Output can
4296	be skipped at the beginning of a simulation using parameter <a href="#skip_time_dopr">skip_time_dopr</a>, which has
4297	zero value by default. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference
4298	time is the beginning
4299	of the simulation, thus t = 0, </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">i.e. output
4300	takes place at times t = <b>skip_time_dopr + dt_dopr</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_dopr</span> + 2*<b>dt_dopr</b>,
4301	<span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_dopr</span>
4302	+ 3*<b>dt_dopr</b>,
4303	etc.</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"> Since
4304	profiles can not be calculated for times lying within a time step
4305	interval, the output times can deviate from these theoretical values.
4306	If a time step ranges from t = 1799.8 to t = 1800.2, then in the
4307	example above the output would take place at t = 1800.2. In general,
4308	the output always lie between t = 1800.0 and t = 1800.0 + </font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">. If the
4309	model uses a variable time step, these
4310	deviations from the theoretical output times will of course be
4311	different for each output time.<br>
4312
4313
4314	</font></span></p>
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">In
4321	order to
4322	guarantee an output of profile data at the end of a simulation (see </font></span><font><a href="chapter_4.1.html#end_time"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">end_time</font></span></a></font><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">) in any way</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">,
4323	<span style="font-weight: bold;">end_time</span>
4324	should be equal or a little bit
4325	larger than the respective theoretical output time. For example, if <b>dt_dopr</b>
4326	= <i>900.0</i><span style="font-style: italic;">
4327	</span>and 3600.0
4328	seconds are to be simulated, then <b>end_time</b>
4329	>= 3600.0 should be chosen.</font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>  </font></span>
4330	</p>
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">A selection of
4337	profiles to be output can be done via parameter </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_pr"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output_pr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">. </font></span>
4338	</p>
4339
4340
4341	</td>
4342
4343
4344	</tr>
4345
4346
4347	<tr>
4348
4349
4350	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="dt_dopr_listing"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_dopr_listing</span><br>
4351
4352
4353
4354	</td>
4355
4356
4357	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
4358
4359
4360	</td>
4361
4362
4363
4364	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>9999999.9</i></td>
4365
4366
4367
4368	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4369
4370
4371	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal
4372	interval</font> at which data <font face="Thorndale">of
4373	vertical
4374	profiles shall be output (output for printouts, local file </font></span><a href="chapter_3.4.html#LIST_PROFIL"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">LIST_PROFIL</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">) (</font></span>in
4375	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">s). </font></span>
4376	</p>
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382	<p>T<span lang="en-GB"></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pr1d"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">his
4383	parameter can be used to
4384	assign the temporal interval at which profile data shall be output.</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"> Reference
4385	time is the beginning
4386	of the simulation, thus t = 0. For example if <b>dt_dopr_listing</b>
4387	= 1800.0,
4388	then output takes place at t = 1800.0, 3600.0, 5400.0, etc. Since
4389	profiles can not be calculated for times lying within a time step
4390	interval, the output times can deviate from these theoretical values.
4391	If a time step ranges from t = 1799.8 to t = 1800.2, then in the
4392	example above the output would take place at t = 1800.2. In general,
4393	the output always lie between t = 1800.0 and t = 1800.0 + </font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt</font></span></a> <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">(numbers
4394	are related to
4395	the
4396	example above). If the model uses a variable time step, these
4397	deviations from the theoretical output times will of course be
4398	different for each output time.<br>
4399
4400
4401	</font></span></p>
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">In
4408	order to
4409	guarantee an output of profile data at the end of a simulation (see </font></span><font><a href="chapter_4.1.html#end_time"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">end_time</font></span></a></font><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">) in any way</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">,
4410	<span style="font-weight: bold;">end_time</span>
4411	should be a little bit
4412	larger than the respective theoretical output time. For example, if <b>dt_dopr_listing</b>
4413	= <i>900.0</i><span style="font-style: italic;">
4414	</span>and 3600.0
4415	seconds are to be simulated, then it should be at least  <b>end_time</b>
4416	> 3600.0 + </font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">. If
4417	variable time steps are used
4418	(which is the default), <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt</span>
4419	should be properly estimated.  </font></span> </p>
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Data
4426	and output
4427	format of the file </font></span><a href="chapter_3.4.html#LIST_PROFIL"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">LIST_PROFIL</font></span></a>
4428	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">is
4429	internally fixed. In this file
4430	the profiles of the most important model variables are arranged in
4431	adjacent columns.</font></span> </p>
4432
4433
4434	</td>
4435
4436
4437	</tr>
4438
4439
4440
4441	<tr>
4442
4443
4444	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4445
4446
4447	<p><a name="dt_dots"></a><b>dt_dots</b></p>
4448
4449
4450
4451	</td>
4452
4453
4454	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4455
4456
4457
4458	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">see right</span></td>
4459
4460
4461
4462	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4463
4464
4465	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal
4466	interval</font> at which time series data shall be
4467	output (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s). </font>
4468	</p>
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474	<p>The default interval for the output of timeseries
4475	is calculated as shown below (this tries to minimize the number of
4476	calls of <span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">flow_statistics</span>)</p>
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481	<p style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">
4482	IF ( <a href="#averaging_interval_pr">averaging_interval_pr</a>
4483	== 0.0 )  THEN<br>
4484
4485
4486
4487	<span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_dots</span> =
4488	MIN( <a href="#dt_run_control">dt_run_control</a>, <a href="#dt_dopr">dt_dopr</a> )<br>
4489
4490
4491
4492	ELSE<br>
4493
4494
4495
4496	<span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_dots</span> =
4497	MIN( dt_run_control, <a href="#dt_averaging_input_pr">dt_averaging_input_pr</a>
4498	)<br>
4499
4500
4501
4502	ENDIF</p>
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507	<p>This parameter can be used to
4508	assign the temporal interval at which data points shall be output. <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference
4509	time is the beginning of
4510	the simulation, i.e. output takes place at times t = <b>dt_dots</b>,
4511	2<b>dt_dots</b>, 3<b>dt_dots</b>, etc. The
4512	actual output times can
4513	deviate from these theoretical values (see </font></span><a href="#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt_dopr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">).
4514	Is <b>dt_dots</b> < </font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dt"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">, then data
4515	of the time series are
4516	written after each time step (if this is requested it should be <b>dt_dots</b>
4517	= <i>0</i>).</font></span></p>
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">The default
4523	value of <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_dots</span>
4524	is calculated as follows:</font></span></p>
4525
4526
4527
4528	IF ( <a href="#averaging_interval_pr">averaging_interval_pr</a>
4529	== 0.0 )  THEN<br>
4530
4531
4532
4533	<span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_dots</span> =
4534	MIN( <a href="#dt_run_control">dt_run_control</a>, <a href="#dt_dopr">dt_dopr</a> )<br>
4535
4536
4537
4538	ELSE<br>
4539
4540
4541
4542	<span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_dots</span> =
4543	MIN( <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_run_control</span>,
4544	<a href="#dt_averaging_input_pr">dt_averaging_input_pr</a>
4545	)<br>
4546
4547
4548
4549	ENDIF<br>
4550
4551
4552	<br>
4553
4554
4555	(which minimizes the number of calls of
4556	routine flow_statistics).<br>
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561	<p>By default time series data
4562	is output to the local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_1D_TS_NETCDF">DATA_1D_TS_NETCDF</a>.
4563	Because of the default settings of <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_dots</span>,
4564	it will generally be created for each model run. The file's
4565	format is NetCDF.  Further details about processing NetCDF
4566	data are given in chapter <a href="chapter_4.5.1.html">4.5.1</a>.</p>
4567
4568
4569	The
4570	file contains the following timeseries quantities (the first column
4571	gives the name of the quantities as used in the NetCDF file):<br>
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
4577
4578
4579	<tbody>
4580
4581
4582	<tr>
4583
4584
4585	<td style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: middle;">E<br>
4586
4587
4588
4589	</td>
4590
4591
4592	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total
4593	kinetic energy of
4594	the flow (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>)
4595	(normalized with respect to the total number of grid points).</td>
4596
4597
4598
4599	</tr>
4600
4601
4602	<tr>
4603
4604
4605	<td style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: middle;">E*<br>
4606
4607
4608
4609	</td>
4610
4611
4612	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Perturbation
4613	kinetic
4614	energy of the flow (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>)<sup>
4615	</sup>(normalized
4616	with respect to the total number of grid
4617	points)</td>
4618
4619
4620	</tr>
4621
4622
4623	<tr>
4624
4625
4626	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">dt<br>
4627
4628
4629
4630	</td>
4631
4632
4633	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Time step
4634	size (in s).</td>
4635
4636
4637	</tr>
4638
4639
4640	<tr>
4641
4642
4643	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">u<sub>*</sub></td>
4644
4645
4646
4647	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Friction velocity (in
4648	m/s)
4649	(horizontal average).</td>
4650
4651
4652	</tr>
4653
4654
4655	<tr>
4656
4657
4658	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">w<sub>*</sub></td>
4659
4660
4661
4662	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Vertical velocity scale
4663	of
4664	the CBL (in m/s) (horizontal average)</td>
4665
4666
4667	</tr>
4668
4669
4670	<tr>
4671
4672
4673
4674	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">th<sub>*</sub></td>
4675
4676
4677
4678	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Temperature
4679	scale (Prandtl layer), defined as <i>w"pt"0
4680	/ </i><i>u<sub>*</sub></i>
4681	(horizontal
4682	average) (in K).</td>
4683
4684
4685	</tr>
4686
4687
4688	<tr>
4689
4690
4691	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">umax<br>
4692
4693
4694
4695	</td>
4696
4697
4698	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Maximum
4699	u-component of the
4700	velocity (in m/s).</td>
4701
4702
4703	</tr>
4704
4705
4706	<tr>
4707
4708
4709	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">vmax<br>
4710
4711
4712
4713	</td>
4714
4715
4716	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Maximum
4717	v-component of the
4718	velocity (in m/s).</td>
4719
4720
4721	</tr>
4722
4723
4724	<tr>
4725
4726
4727	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">wmax<br>
4728
4729
4730
4731	</td>
4732
4733
4734	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Maximum
4735	w-component of the
4736	velocity (in m/s).</td>
4737
4738
4739	</tr>
4740
4741
4742	<tr>
4743
4744
4745	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">div_old<br>
4746
4747
4748
4749	</td>
4750
4751
4752	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Divergence
4753	of the velocity
4754	field before the pressure
4755	solver has been called (normalized with respect to the total number of
4756	grid points) (in 1/s).</td>
4757
4758
4759	</tr>
4760
4761
4762	<tr>
4763
4764
4765	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">div_new</td>
4766
4767
4768
4769	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Divergence of the
4770	velocity
4771	field after the pressure
4772	solver has been called (normalized with respect to the total number of
4773	grid points) (in 1/s).</td>
4774
4775
4776	</tr>
4777
4778
4779	<tr>
4780
4781
4782	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">z_i_wpt</td>
4783
4784
4785
4786	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Height of the convective
4787	boundary layer (horizontal average)
4788	determined by the height of the minimum sensible heat flux (in m).</td>
4789
4790
4791
4792	</tr>
4793
4794
4795	<tr>
4796
4797
4798	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">z_i_pt</td>
4799
4800
4801
4802	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Height of the convective
4803	boundary layer (horizontal average)
4804	determined by the temperature profile (in m).</td>
4805
4806
4807	</tr>
4808
4809
4810	<tr>
4811
4812
4813
4814	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">w"pt"0</td>
4815
4816
4817
4818	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgrid-scale sensible
4819	heat flux near the surface (horizontal
4820	average)
4821	between z = 0 and z = z<sub>p</sub> = zu(1) (there it
4822	corresponds to
4823	the total heat flux) (in K m/s).</td>
4824
4825
4826	</tr>
4827
4828
4829	<tr>
4830
4831
4832	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">w"pt"</td>
4833
4834
4835
4836	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Subgrid-scale heat flux
4837	(horizontal average) for z = zw(1) (in K
4838	m/s).</td>
4839
4840
4841	</tr>
4842
4843
4844	<tr>
4845
4846
4847	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">wpt</td>
4848
4849
4850
4851	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Total heat flux
4852	(horizontal average) for z = zw(1) (in K m/s).</td>
4853
4854
4855	</tr>
4856
4857
4858	<tr>
4859
4860
4861
4862	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">pt(0)</td>
4863
4864
4865
4866	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Potential temperature at
4867	the surface (horizontal average) (in K).</td>
4868
4869
4870	</tr>
4871
4872
4873	<tr>
4874
4875
4876
4877	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">pt(zp)</td>
4878
4879
4880
4881	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Potential temperature for
4882	z = zu(1) (horizontal average) (in K).</td>
4883
4884
4885	</tr>
4886
4887
4888	<tr>
4889
4890
4891
4892	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">splptx</td>
4893
4894
4895
4896	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Percentage of grid points
4897	using upstream scheme along x with
4898	upstream-spline advection switched on.</td>
4899
4900
4901	</tr>
4902
4903
4904	<tr>
4905
4906
4907
4908	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">splpty</td>
4909
4910
4911
4912	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Percentage of grid points
4913	using upstream scheme along y with
4914	upstream-spline
4915	advection switched on.</td>
4916
4917
4918	</tr>
4919
4920
4921	<tr>
4922
4923
4924	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">splptz</td>
4925
4926
4927
4928	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Percentage of grid points
4929	using upstream scheme along z with
4930	upstream-spline
4931	advection switched on.<br>
4932
4933
4934	</td>
4935
4936
4937	</tr>
4938
4939
4940	<tr>
4941
4942
4943	<td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">L</td>
4944
4945
4946
4947	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Monin-Obukhov length.</td>
4948
4949
4950
4951	</tr>
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957	</tbody>
4958
4959
4960	</table>
4961
4962
4963	<br>
4964
4965
4966	Additionally, the
4967	user can add his own timeseries quantities to the file, by using the
4968	user-interface subroutines<span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;"> <a href="chapter_3.5.1.html#user_init">user_init</a> </span>and<span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;"> <a href="chapter_3.5.1.html#user_statistics">user_statistics</a></span>.
4969	These routines contain (as comment lines) a simple example how to do
4970	this.<br>
4971
4972
4973	<br>
4974
4975
4976	Time series data refers to the total
4977	domain, but time series for subdomains can also be output (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#statistic_regions">statistic_regions</a>).
4978	However, the following time series always present the values of the
4979	total model domain (even with output for subdomains): <i>umax</i>,
4980	<i>vmax</i>, <i>wmax</i>, <i>div_old</i>,
4981	<i>div_new</i>.</td>
4982
4983
4984	</tr>
4985
4986
4987	<tr>
4988
4989
4990	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4991
4992
4993	<p><a name="dt_do2d_xy"></a><b>dt_do2d_xy</b></p>
4994
4995
4996
4997	</td>
4998
4999
5000	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
5001
5002
5003
5004	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>value of
5005	<a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_data_output">dt_data_<br>
5006
5007
5008	output</a></i></td>
5009
5010
5011
5012	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5013
5014
5015	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal
5016	interval</font> at which horizontal cross section data
5017	shall be output (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s).
5018	</font> </p>
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output of
5025	horizontal cross sections is switched on (see </font></span><a href="#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a>
5026	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">and
5027	</font></span><a href="#section_xy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">section_xy</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">), this
5028	parameter can be used to
5029	assign the temporal interval at which cross section data shall be
5030	output. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Output can be skipped at the beginning of a
5031	simulation using parameter <a href="#skip_time_do2d_xy">skip_time_do2d_xy</a>,
5032	which has zero value by default. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference
5033	time is the beginning of the simulation, i.e. output
5034	takes place at times t = <b>skip_time_do2d_xy + dt_do2d_xy</b>,
5035	<span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_xy</span>
5036	+ 2*<b>dt_do2d_xy</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_xy</span>
5037	+ 3*<b>dt_do2d_xy</b>,
5038	etc. The actual output times can deviate from these theoretical values
5039	(see </font></span><a href="#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt_dopr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">).<br>
5040
5041
5042
5043	</font></span></p>
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Parameter </font></span><a href="#do2d_at_begin"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">do2d_at_begin</font></span></a>
5050	has to be used if an additional output is wanted at the start of a run <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">(thus at
5051	the time t = 0 or at the
5052	respective starting times of restart runs).</font></span> </p>
5053
5054
5055
5056	</td>
5057
5058
5059	</tr>
5060
5061
5062	<tr>
5063
5064
5065	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5066
5067
5068	<p><a name="dt_do2d_xz"></a><b>dt_do2d_xz</b></p>
5069
5070
5071
5072	</td>
5073
5074
5075	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
5076
5077
5078
5079	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>value of
5080	<a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_data_output">dt_data_<br>
5081
5082
5083	output</a></i></td>
5084
5085
5086
5087	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5088
5089
5090	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal
5091	interval</font> at which vertical cross sections data
5092	(xz) shall be output (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s).
5093	</font> </p>
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output of
5100	horizontal cross sections is switched on (see </font></span><a href="#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a>
5101	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">and
5102	</font></span><a href="#section_xz"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">section_xz</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">),
5103	this parameter can be used to assign the temporal interval at which
5104	cross section data shall be output. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Output can
5105	be skipped at the beginning of a simulation using parameter <a href="#skip_time_do2d_xz">skip_time_do2d_xz</a>, which
5106	has zero value by default. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference time is the beginning of
5107	the simulation, i.e. output takes place at times t = <b>skip_time_do2d_xz
5108	+ dt_do2d_xz</b>,
5109	<span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_xz</span>
5110	+ 2*<b>dt_do2d_xz</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_xz</span>
5111	+ 3*<b>dt_do2d_xz</b>, etc. The actual output times
5112	can deviate from these theoretical values (see </font></span><a href="#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt_dopr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">).<br>
5113
5114
5115
5116	</font></span></p>
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Parameter </font></span><a href="#do2d_at_begin"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">do2d_at_begin</font></span></a>
5123	has to be used if an additional output is wanted at the start of a run <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">(thus at
5124	the time t = 0 or at the
5125	respective starting times of restart runs).</font></span> </p>
5126
5127
5128
5129	</td>
5130
5131
5132	</tr>
5133
5134
5135	<tr>
5136
5137
5138	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5139
5140
5141	<p><a name="dt_do2d_yz"></a><b>dt_do2d_yz</b></p>
5142
5143
5144
5145	</td>
5146
5147
5148	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
5149
5150
5151
5152	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>value of
5153	<a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_data_output">dt_data_<br>
5154
5155
5156	output</a></i></td>
5157
5158
5159
5160	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5161
5162
5163	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal
5164	interval</font> at which vertical cross section data
5165	(yz) shall be output (</font>in s<font face="Thorndale">).
5166	</font> </p>
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output of
5173	horizontal cross sections is switched on (see </font></span><a href="#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a>
5174	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">and
5175	</font></span><a href="#section_yz"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">section_yz</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">),
5176	this parameter can be used to assign the temporal interval at which
5177	cross section data shall be output. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Output can
5178	be skipped at the beginning of a simulation using parameter <a href="#skip_time_do2d_yz">skip_time_do2d_yz</a>, which
5179	has zero value by default. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference
5180	time is the beginning of
5181	the simulation, i.e. output takes place at times t = <b>skip_time_do2d_yz
5182	+ dt_do2d_yz</b>,
5183	<span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_yz</span>
5184	+ 2*<b>dt_do2d_yz</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_yz
5185	</span>+ 3*<b>dt_do2d_yz</b>, etc. The actual output
5186	times
5187	can deviate from these theoretical values (see </font></span><a href="#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt_dopr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">).<br>
5188
5189
5190
5191	</font></span></p>
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Parameter </font></span><a href="#do2d_at_begin"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">do2d_at_begin</font></span></a>
5198	has to be used if an additional output is wanted at the start of a run <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">(thus at
5199	the time t = 0 or at the
5200	respective starting times of restart runs).</font></span> </p>
5201
5202
5203
5204	</td>
5205
5206
5207	</tr>
5208
5209
5210	<tr>
5211
5212
5213	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5214
5215
5216	<p><a name="dt_do3d"></a><b>dt_do3d</b></p>
5217
5218
5219
5220	</td>
5221
5222
5223	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
5224
5225
5226
5227	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>value of
5228	<a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_data_output">dt_data_<br>
5229
5230
5231	output</a></i></td>
5232
5233
5234
5235	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5236
5237
5238	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal
5239	interval</font> at which 3d volume data shall be output (</font>in
5240	<font face="Thorndale">s).  </font> </p>
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If
5247	output of
5248	3d-volume data is switched on (see </font></span><font><a href="#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a>)<span style="font-family: thorndale;">, this parameter can be used
5249	to assign
5250	th</span></font><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">e temporal
5251	interval at which 3d-data shall be output. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Output can
5252	be skipped at the beginning of a simulation using parameter <a href="#skip_time_do3d">skip_time_do3d</a>, which has
5253	zero value by default. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Reference
5254	time is the
5255	beginning of the simulation, i.e. output takes place at times t = <b>skip_time_do3d
5256	+ dt_do3d</b>,
5257	<span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do3d</span>
5258	+ 2*<b>dt_do3d</b>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do3d</span>
5259	+ 3*<b>dt_do3d</b>, etc. The actual output times can
5260	deviate from these theoretical values (see </font></span><a href="#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt_dopr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">). <br>
5261
5262
5263
5264	</font></span></p>
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Parameter </font></span><a href="#do3d_at_begin"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">do3d_at_begin</font></span></a>
5271	has to be used if an additional output is wanted at the start of a run <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">(thus at
5272	the time t = 0 or at the
5273	respective starting times of restart runs).</font></span> </p>
5274
5275
5276
5277	</td>
5278
5279
5280	</tr>
5281
5282
5283	<tr>
5284
5285
5286	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="dt_max"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_max</span></td>
5287
5288
5289	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
5290
5291
5292	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">20.0</span></td>
5293
5294
5295	<td>Maximum
5296	allowed value of the timestep (in s).<br>
5297
5298
5299	<br>
5300
5301
5302	By default,
5303	the maximum timestep is restricted to be 20 s. This might be o.k. for
5304	simulations of any kind of atmospheric turbulence but may have to be
5305	changed for other situations.</td>
5306
5307
5308	</tr>
5309
5310
5311	<tr>
5312
5313
5314	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5315
5316
5317	<p><a name="dt_restart"></a><b>dt_restart</b></p>
5318
5319
5320
5321	</td>
5322
5323
5324	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
5325
5326
5327
5328	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>9999999.9</i></td>
5329
5330
5331
5332	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5333
5334
5335	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal
5336	interval</font> at which a new
5337	restart run is to be carried out (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s). </font> </p>
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">For a
5344	description
5345	how to assign restart times manually see run time parameter </font></span><a href="#restart_time"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">restart_time</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">. <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_restart</span>
5346	does not show any effect, if <span style="font-weight: bold;">restart_time</span>
5347	has not been set.</font></span></p>
5348
5349
5350	<p>For <a href="chapter_3.8.html">coupled runs</a> this parameter must be equal in both parameter files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2"><span style="font-family: mon;"></span>PARIN</font></a>
5351	and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2">PARIN_O</font></a>.</p>
5352
5353
5354	</td>
5355
5356
5357	</tr>
5358
5359
5360
5361	<tr>
5362
5363
5364	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5365
5366
5367	<p><a name="dt_run_control"></a><b>dt_run_control</b></p>
5368
5369
5370
5371	</td>
5372
5373
5374	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
5375
5376
5377
5378	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>60.0</i></td>
5379
5380
5381
5382	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5383
5384
5385	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal
5386	interval</font> at which run control
5387	output is to be made (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s).
5388	</font> </p>
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Run control
5395	information is output to the local ASCII-file </font></span><a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">RUN_CONTROL</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">. At each
5396	output time, one line
5397	with information about the size of the time step, maximum speeds, total
5398	kinetic energy etc. is written to this file. Reference time is the
5399	beginning of the simulation, i.e. output takes place at times t = <b>dt_run_control</b>,
5400	2<b>dt_run_control</b>, 3<b>dt_run_control</b>,
5401	etc., and always at
5402	the beginning of a model run (thus at the time t = 0 or at the
5403	respective starting times of restart runs). The actual output times can
5404	deviate from these theoretical values (see </font></span><a href="#dt_dopr_zeitpunkte"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt_dopr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">).<br>
5405
5406
5407
5408	</font></span></p>
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Run control
5415	information is output after each time step can be achieved via <b>dt_run_control</b>
5416	= <i>0.0</i>.</font></span> </p>
5417
5418
5419	</td>
5420
5421
5422
5423	</tr>
5424
5425
5426	<tr>
5427
5428
5429	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5430
5431
5432	<p><a name="end_time"></a><b>end_time</b></p>
5433
5434
5435
5436	</td>
5437
5438
5439	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
5440
5441
5442
5443	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
5444
5445
5446
5447	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5448
5449
5450	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Simulation time of the 3D
5451	model (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s).
5452	</font> </p>
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">The simulation time
5459	is starting from the beginning of the initialization run (t = 0), not
5460	starting from the beginning of the respective restart run.</font></span></p>
5461
5462
5463	<p>For <a href="chapter_3.8.html">coupled runs</a> this parameter must be equal in both parameter files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2"><span style="font-family: mon;"></span>PARIN</font></a>
5464	and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2">PARIN_O</font></a>.</p>
5465
5466
5467	</td>
5468
5469
5470	</tr>
5471
5472
5473	<tr>
5474
5475
5476	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5477
5478
5479	<p><a name="force_print_header"></a><b>force_print_header</b></p>
5480
5481
5482
5483	</td>
5484
5485
5486	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
5487
5488
5489
5490	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.F.</i></td>
5491
5492
5493
5494	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5495
5496
5497	<p>Steering of
5498	header output to the local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>.
5499	</p>
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505	<p>By default, informations about the model
5506	parameters in use are
5507	output to the beginning of file RUN_CONTROL for initial runs only
5508	(these informations are identical to that which are output to the local
5509	file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#HEADER">HEADER</a>).
5510	With <b>force_print_header</b> = <i>.T.</i>,
5511	these informations are
5512	also output to <a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>
5513	at restart runs.</p>
5514
5515
5516	</td>
5517
5518
5519	</tr>
5520
5521
5522	<tr>
5523
5524
5525	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5526
5527
5528	<p><a name="mg_cycles"></a><b>mg_cycles</b></p>
5529
5530
5531
5532	</td>
5533
5534
5535	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
5536
5537
5538
5539	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>-1</i></td>
5540
5541
5542
5543	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5544
5545
5546	<p>Number of
5547	cycles to be used with the multi-grid scheme.<br>
5548
5549
5550	<br>
5551
5552
5553
5554	This parameter determines the number of cycles to be carried out in the
5555	multi-grid method used for solving the Poisson equation for
5556	perturbation pressure (see <a href="#psolver">psolver</a>).
5557	The type of the cycles can be set with <a href="#cycle_mg">cycle_mg</a>.<br>
5558
5559
5560
5561	</p>
5562
5563
5564	<br>
5565
5566
5567	By default (<b>mg_cyles</b> = <i>-
5568	1</i>), the
5569	number of cycles
5570	depends on the requested accuracy of the scheme (see <a href="#residual_limit">residual_limit</a>)
5571	and may vary from time step to time step. In this case, the CPU time
5572	for a run will be difficult to estimate, since it heavily depends on
5573	the total number of the cycles to be carried out.<br>
5574
5575
5576	<br>
5577
5578
5579
5580	By assigning <b>mg_cycles</b> a value (>=<span style="font-style: italic;">1</span>), the number of
5581	cycles can be
5582	fixed so that the CPU time can be clearly estimated. <br>
5583
5584
5585	<br>
5586
5587
5588
5589	<b>Note:</b> When using a fixed number of cycles, the user
5590	must
5591	examine the local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>
5592	regularly to check whether the divergence of the velocity field is
5593	sufficiently reduced by the pressure solver. It should be reduced at
5594	least by two orders of magnitude. For cyclic boundary conditions along
5595	both horizontal directions (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
5596	and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>) <span style="font-weight: bold;">mg_cycles</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">2</span> is typically a
5597	good choice, for
5598	non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions <span style="font-weight: bold;">mg_cycles</span>
5599	= <span style="font-style: italic;">4</span> may be
5600	sufficient.</td>
5601
5602
5603	</tr>
5604
5605
5606	<tr>
5607
5608
5609	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="mg_switch_to_pe0_level"></a><b>mg_switch_to_pe0_<br>
5610
5611
5612
5613	level</b></td>
5614
5615
5616	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
5617
5618
5619
5620	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
5621
5622
5623	</td>
5624
5625
5626	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Grid
5627	level at which data shall be gathered on PE0.<br>
5628
5629
5630	<br>
5631
5632
5633
5634	In case of a run using several PEs and the multigrid method for solving
5635	the Poisson equation for perturbation pressure (see <a href="#psolver">psolver</a>),
5636	the value of this parameter defines on which grid level the data are
5637	gathered on PE0 in order to allow for a further coarsening of the grid.
5638	The finest grid defines the largest grid level. By default, the
5639	gathering level is determined automatically and displayed in file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>.
5640	It is only possible to gather data from a level larger than the one
5641	determined automatically. A test run may be neccessary to determine
5642	this level.</td>
5643
5644
5645	</tr>
5646
5647
5648	<tr>
5649
5650
5651	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="netcdf_64bit"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">netcdf_64bit</span><br>
5652
5653
5654
5655	</td>
5656
5657
5658	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
5659
5660
5661	</td>
5662
5663
5664
5665	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span><br>
5666
5667
5668	</td>
5669
5670
5671
5672	<td style="vertical-align: top;">All NetCDF files - except those containing 3d
5673	volume data - will have 64
5674	bit offset format if <span style="font-weight: bold;">netcdf_64bit</span>
5675	= .TRUE..<br>
5676
5677
5678	<br>
5679
5680
5681	By
5682	default, the maximum file size of the NetCDF files opened by PALM is 2
5683	GByte. Using <span style="font-weight: bold;">netcdf_64bit</span> = .TRUE. allows file sizes larger than 2
5684	GByte.<br>
5685
5686
5687	<br>
5688
5689
5690	The 64 bit offset format for those NetCDF files containing 3d volume data (<span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">DATA_3D_NETCDF</span>,
5691	<span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">DATA_3D_AV_NETCDF</span>)
5692	is controlled independently by the switch <a href="#netcdf_64bit_3d">netcdf_64bit_3d</a>.<br>
5693
5694
5695	<br>
5696
5697
5698	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Warning:</span><br>
5699
5700
5701	Some
5702	(PD or commercial) software may not support the 64 bit offset format.<br>
5703
5704
5705
5706	</td>
5707
5708
5709	</tr>
5710
5711
5712	<tr>
5713
5714
5715	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="netcdf_64bit_3d"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">netcdf_64bit_3d</span></td>
5716
5717
5718	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
5719
5720
5721	<td style="vertical-align: top;">.T.</td>
5722
5723
5724	<td style="vertical-align: top;">NetCDF files containing 3d
5725	volume data will have 64 bit offset format if <span style="font-weight: bold;">netcdf_64bit_3d</span>
5726	= .TRUE..<br><br>
5727
5728
5729	By
5730	default, the maximum file size of the NetCDF files opened by PALM is 2
5731	GByte. Using <span style="font-weight: bold;">netcdf_64bit_3d</span> = .TRUE. allows file sizes larger than 2
5732	GByte.<br><br>
5733
5734
5735	The 64 bit offset format for all other NetCDF files (<span style="font-style: italic;">not</span> containing 3d volume data) is controlled independently by the switch <a href="chapter_4.2.html#netcdf_64bit">netcdf_64bit</a>.<br><br>
5736
5737
5738	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Warning:</span><br>
5739
5740
5741	Some
5742	(PD or commercial) software may not support the 64 bit offset format.</td>
5743
5744
5745	</tr>
5746
5747
5748	<tr>
5749
5750
5751
5752	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5753
5754
5755	<p><a name="ngsrb"></a><b>ngsrb</b></p>
5756
5757
5758	</td>
5759
5760
5761
5762	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
5763
5764
5765	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>2</i></td>
5766
5767
5768
5769	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Grid
5770	level at which data shall be gathered on PE0.<br>
5771
5772
5773	<br>
5774
5775
5776
5777	In case of a run using several PEs and the multigrid method for solving
5778	the Poisson equation for perturbation pressure (see <a href="#psolver">psolver</a>),
5779	the value of this parameter defines on which grid level the data are
5780	gathered on PE0 in order to allow for a further coarsening of the grid.
5781	The finest grid defines the largest grid level. By default, the
5782	gathering level is determined automatically and displayed in file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>.
5783	It is only possible to gather data from a level larger than the one
5784	determined automatically. A test run may be neccessary to determine
5785	this level.</td>
5786
5787
5788	</tr>
5789
5790
5791	<tr>
5792
5793
5794	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5795
5796
5797	<p><a name="normalizing_region"></a><b>normalizing_region</b></p>
5798
5799
5800
5801	</td>
5802
5803
5804	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
5805
5806
5807
5808	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0</span><br>
5809
5810
5811	</td>
5812
5813
5814
5815	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5816
5817
5818	<p>Determines the
5819	subdomain from which the normalization
5820	quantities are calculated.  </p>
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826	<p>If output
5827	data of the horizontally averaged vertical profiles
5828	(see <a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>)
5829	is to be normalized (see <a href="#cross_normalized_x">cross_normalized_x</a>,
5830	<a href="#cross_normalized_y">cross_normalized_y</a>),
5831	the respective normalization quantities are by default calculated from
5832	the averaged data of the total model domain (<b>normalizing_region</b>
5833	= <i>0</i>) and are thus representative for the total
5834	domain. Instead
5835	of that, normalization quantities can also be calculated for a
5836	subdomain. The wanted subdomain can be given with the parameter <span style="font-weight: bold;">normalizing_region</span>,
5837	where <i>1</i>
5838	<= <b>normalizing_region</b> <= <i>9 </i>must
5839	hold. These
5840	quantities are then used for normalizing of all profiles (even for that
5841	of the total domain).</p>
5842
5843
5844	</td>
5845
5846
5847	</tr>
5848
5849
5850	<tr>
5851
5852
5853	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5854
5855
5856	<p><a name="nsor"></a><b>nsor</b></p>
5857
5858
5859
5860	</td>
5861
5862
5863	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
5864
5865
5866
5867	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>20</i></td>
5868
5869
5870
5871	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5872
5873
5874	<p>Number of
5875	iterations to be used with the SOR-scheme.  </p>
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881	<p>This
5882	parameter is only effective if the SOR-scheme is selected
5883	as pressure solver (<a href="#psolver">psolver</a>
5884	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'sor'</span>).
5885	The number of
5886	iterations necessary for a sufficient convergence of the scheme depends
5887	on the grid point numbers and is to be determined by appropriate test
5888	runs (the default value will not at all be sufficient for larger grid
5889	point numbers). The number of iterations used for the first call of the
5890	SOR-scheme (t = 0) is determined via the parameter <a href="chapter_4.1.html#nsor_ini">nsor_ini</a>.</p>
5891
5892
5893
5894	</td>
5895
5896
5897	</tr>
5898
5899
5900	<tr>
5901
5902
5903	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5904
5905
5906	<p><a name="nz_do3d"></a><b>nz_do3d</b></p>
5907
5908
5909
5910	</td>
5911
5912
5913	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
5914
5915
5916
5917	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>nz+1</i></td>
5918
5919
5920
5921	<td style="vertical-align: top;"> Limits the output of 3d
5922	volume data along the vertical direction (grid point index k).<br>
5923
5924
5925	<br>
5926
5927
5928	By
5929	default, data for all grid points along z are output. The parameter <span style="font-weight: bold;">nz_do3d</span>
5930	can be used to limit the output up to a certain vertical grid point
5931	(e.g. in order to reduce the amount of output data). It affects all
5932	output of volume data ("normal" output to file, see <a href="#data_output">data_output</a>, as well as output
5933	for <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span>-software,
5934	see <a href="#mode_dvrp">mode_dvrp</a>).</td>
5935
5936
5937
5938	</tr>
5939
5940
5941	<tr>
5942
5943
5944	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5945
5946
5947	<p><a name="omega_sor"></a><b>omega_sor</b></p>
5948
5949
5950
5951	</td>
5952
5953
5954	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
5955
5956
5957
5958	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>1.8</i></td>
5959
5960
5961
5962	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5963
5964
5965	<p>Convergence
5966	factor to be used with the the SOR-scheme.  </p>
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972	<p>If
5973	the SOR-scheme is selected (<a href="#psolver">psolver</a>
5974	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'sor'</span>),
5975	this parameter
5976	determines the value of the convergence factor, where <i>1.0</i>
5977	<= <b>omega_sor</b> < <i>2.0 </i>.
5978	The optimum value of <b>omega_sor</b>
5979	depends on the number of grid points along the different directions in
5980	space. For non-equidistant grids it can only be determined by
5981	appropriate test runs.</p>
5982
5983
5984	</td>
5985
5986
5987	</tr>
5988
5989
5990	<tr>
5991
5992
5993	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5994
5995
5996	<p><a name="prandtl_number"></a><b>prandtl_number</b></p>
5997
5998
5999
6000	</td>
6001
6002
6003	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6004
6005
6006
6007	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>1.0</i></td>
6008
6009
6010
6011	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6012
6013
6014	<p>Ratio of the
6015	eddy diffusivities for momentum and heat (K<sub>m</sub>/K<sub>h</sub>).
6016	</p>
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022	<p>For runs with constant eddy diffusivity (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#km_constant">km_constant</a>),
6023	this parameter can be used to assign the Prandtl number (ratio K<sub>m</sub>
6024	/ K<sub>h</sub>).</p>
6025
6026
6027	</td>
6028
6029
6030	</tr>
6031
6032
6033	<tr>
6034
6035
6036	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="precipitation_amount_interval"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">precipitation_amount_</span><br style="font-weight: bold;">
6037
6038
6039	<span style="font-weight: bold;">interval</span></td>
6040
6041
6042	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6043
6044
6045	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>value of
6046	<a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_do2d_xy">dt_do2d_<br>
6047
6048
6049	xy</a></i></td>
6050
6051
6052	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6053
6054
6055	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Temporal
6056	interval</font> for which the precipitation amount (in mm) shall be calculated and output (</font>in <font face="Thorndale">s).
6057	</font> </p>
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063	<p><span lang="en-GB"></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><span lang="en-GB"></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#section_xy"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">This
6064	parameter requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#precipitation">precipitation</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span>. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>The interval must be smaller or equal than the output interval for 2d horizontal cross sections given by </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_do2d_xy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dt_do2d_xy</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">). The output of the precipitation amount also requires setting of <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output">data_output</a> =<span style="font-style: italic;"> 'pra*'</span>.<br>
6065
6066
6067
6068	</font></span></p>
6069
6070
6071	<span lang="en-GB"></span></td>
6072
6073
6074	</tr>
6075
6076
6077	<tr>
6078
6079
6080
6081	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6082
6083
6084	<p><a name="profile_columns"></a><b>profile_columns</b></p>
6085
6086
6087
6088	</td>
6089
6090
6091	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
6092
6093
6094
6095	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>3</i></td>
6096
6097
6098
6099	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6100
6101
6102	<p>Number of
6103	coordinate systems to be plotted<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>
6104	in one row by <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>.
6105	</p>
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>
6112	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p>
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117	<p>It
6118	determines the layout of plots of
6119	horizontally averaged profiles (<a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>)
6120	when plotted with the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>.
6121	Generally, the number and sequence of coordinate systems (panels) to be
6122	plotted on one page are
6123	determined by <a href="#cross_profiles">cross_profiles</a>.
6124	<b>profile_columns</b>
6125	determines how many panels are to be
6126	arranged next to each other in one row (number of columns). The
6127	respective number of rows on a page is assigned by <a href="#profile_rows">profile_rows</a>.
6128	According to their order given by <a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>,
6129	the panels are arranged beginning in the top row from left to right and
6130	then continued in the following row. If the number of panels cranz
6131	> <b>profile_columns</b> * <b>profile_rows</b>,
6132	the remaining
6133	panels are drawn on an additional page. If cranz < <b>profile_columns</b>,
6134	then <b>profile_columns</b> = cranz is automatically set.
6135	If
6136	row  contains any panel, then the value of <b>profile_rows</b>
6137	is reduced automatically.</p>
6138
6139
6140	</td>
6141
6142
6143	</tr>
6144
6145
6146	<tr>
6147
6148
6149
6150	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6151
6152
6153	<p><a name="profile_rows"></a><b>profile_rows</b></p>
6154
6155
6156
6157	</td>
6158
6159
6160	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
6161
6162
6163
6164	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>2</i></td>
6165
6166
6167
6168	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6169
6170
6171	<p>Number of rows
6172	of coordinate systems to be plotted on one page
6173	by <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>.
6174	</p>
6175
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>
6181	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p>
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186	<p>It
6187	determines the layout of plots of horizontally averaged
6188	profiles. See <a href="#profile_columns">profile_columns</a>.</p>
6189
6190
6191
6192	</td>
6193
6194
6195	</tr>
6196
6197
6198	<tr>
6199
6200
6201	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6202
6203
6204	<p><a name="psolver"></a><b>psolver</b></p>
6205
6206
6207
6208	</td>
6209
6210
6211	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 10</td>
6212
6213
6214
6215	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'poisfft'</i></td>
6216
6217
6218
6219	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6220
6221
6222	<p>Scheme to be
6223	used to solve the Poisson equation for the
6224	perturbation pressure.  </p>
6225
6226
6227	<br>
6228
6229
6230
6231	The user can choose between the following schemes:<br>
6232
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
6238
6239
6240	<tbody>
6241
6242
6243	<tr>
6244
6245
6246	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>poisfft</i></td>
6247
6248
6249
6250	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Direct method using FFT
6251	along x and y, solution of a
6252	tridiagonal matrix along z, and backward
6253	FFT (see Siano, institute reports, volume 54). The FFT routines to be
6254	used can be determined via the initialization parameter <a href="chapter_4.1.html#fft_method">fft_method</a>.<br>
6255
6256
6257
6258	This solver is specially optimized for 1d domain decompositions.
6259	Vectorization is optimized for domain decompositions along x only.</td>
6260
6261
6262
6263	</tr>
6264
6265
6266	<tr>
6267
6268
6269	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6270
6271
6272	<p><i>poisfft_</i>
6273	<br>
6274
6275
6276	<i>hybrid</i></p>
6277
6278
6279
6280	</td>
6281
6282
6283	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Direct
6284	method using FFT
6285	along x and y, solution of a
6286	tridiagonal matrix along z, and backward
6287	FFT (see Siano, institute reports, volume 54). The FFT routines to be
6288	used can be determined via the initialization parameter <a href="chapter_4.1.html#fft_method">fft_method</a>.<br>
6289
6290
6291
6292	This solver is specially optimized for 1d domain decompositions.
6293	Vectorization is optimized for domain decompositions along x only.</td>
6294
6295
6296
6297	</tr>
6298
6299
6300	<tr>
6301
6302
6303	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>multigrid</i></td>
6304
6305
6306
6307	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6308
6309
6310	<p>Multi-grid
6311	scheme (see Uhlenbrock, diploma thesis). v-
6312	and
6313	w-cycles (see <a href="#cycle_mg">cycle_mg</a>)
6314	are implemented. The convergence of the iterative scheme can be
6315	steered by the number of v-/w-cycles to be carried out for each call of
6316	the scheme (<a href="#mg_cycles">mg_cycles</a>)
6317	and by the number of Gauss-Seidel iterations (see <a href="#ngsrb">ngsrb</a>)
6318	to be carried out on each grid level. Instead the requested accuracy
6319	can be given via <a href="#residual_limit">residual_limit</a>.
6320	<span style="font-weight: bold;">This is the default!</span>
6321	The
6322	smaller this limit is, the more cycles have to be carried out in this
6323	case and the number of cycles may vary from timestep to timestep.</p>
6324
6325
6326
6327	<br>
6328
6329
6330	If <a href="#mg_cycles">mg_cycles</a>
6331	is set to its optimal value, the computing time of the
6332	multi-grid scheme amounts approximately to that of the direct solver <span style="font-style: italic;">poisfft</span>, as long as
6333	the number of
6334	grid points in the three directions
6335	of space corresponds to a power-of-two (2<sup>n</sup>)
6336	where <i>n</i> >= 5 must hold. With large <i>n,
6337	</i>the
6338	multi-grid scheme can even be faster than the direct solver (although
6339	its accuracy is several orders of magnitude worse, but this does not
6340	affect the accuracy of the simulation). Nevertheless, the user should
6341	always carry out some test runs in order to find out the optimum value
6342	for <a href="#mg_cycles">mg_cycles</a>,
6343	because the CPU time of a run very critically depends on this
6344	parameter.
6345
6346
6347	<p>This scheme requires that the number of grid
6348	points of
6349	the
6350	subdomains (or of the total domain, if only one PE is uesd) along each
6351	of the directions can at least be devided once by 2 without rest.</p>
6352
6353
6354
6355	With parallel runs, starting from a certain grid level the
6356	data of the subdomains are possibly gathered on PE0 in order to allow
6357	for a further coarsening of the grid. The grid level for gathering can
6358	be manually set by <a href="#mg_switch_to_pe0_level">mg_switch_to_pe0_level</a>.<br>
6359
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364	<p>Using this procedure requires the subdomains to be of
6365	identical size (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#grid_matching">grid_matching</a>).</p>
6366
6367
6368
6369	</td>
6370
6371
6372	</tr>
6373
6374
6375	<tr>
6376
6377
6378	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>sor</i></td>
6379
6380
6381
6382	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Successive over
6383	relaxation
6384	method (SOR). The convergence of
6385	this
6386	iterative scheme is steered with the parameters <a href="#omega_sor">omega_sor</a>,
6387	<a href="chapter_4.1.html#nsor_ini">nsor_ini</a>
6388	and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#nsor">nsor</a>.
6389	<br>
6390
6391
6392	Compared to the direct method and the multi-grid method, this
6393	scheme
6394	needs substantially
6395	more computing time. It should only be used for test runs, e.g. if
6396	errors in the other pressure solver methods are assumed.</td>
6397
6398
6399	</tr>
6400
6401
6402
6403
6404
6405	</tbody>
6406
6407
6408	</table>
6409
6410
6411	<br>
6412
6413
6414	In order to speed-up
6415	performance, the Poisson equation is by default
6416	only solved at the last substep of a multistep Runge-Kutta scheme (see <a href="#call_psolver_at_all_substeps">call_psolver
6417	at_all_substeps</a> and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#timestep_scheme">timestep_scheme</a>).
6418	</td>
6419
6420
6421	</tr>
6422
6423
6424	<tr>
6425
6426
6427	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6428
6429
6430	<p><a name="rayleigh_damping_factor"></a><b>rayleigh_damping</b>
6431	<br>
6432
6433
6434	<b>_factor</b></p>
6435
6436
6437	</td>
6438
6439
6440	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6441
6442
6443	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0 or</i><br>
6444
6445
6446
6447	<i>0.01</i></td>
6448
6449
6450	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6451
6452
6453	<p>Factor for Rayleigh damping.  </p>
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459	<p>A
6460	so-called Rayleigh damping is applied to all prognostic
6461	variables if a non-zero value is assigned to <b>rayleigh_damping_factor</b>.
6462	If switched on, variables are forced towards the value of their
6463	respective basic states (e.g. the geostrophic wind). The intensity of
6464	damping is controlled by the value the <b>rayleigh_damping_factor</b>
6465	is assigned to.
6466	The damping starts weakly at a height defined by <a href="#rayleigh_damping_height">rayleigh_damping_height</a>
6467	and rises according to a sin<sup>2</sup>-function to its
6468	maximum value
6469	at
6470	the top (ocean: bottom) boundary. </p>
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476	<p>This method
6477	effectively damps gravity waves, caused by boundary layer convection,
6478	which may spread out vertically in the inversion layer and which are
6479	reflected at the top (ocean: bottom)
6480	boundary. This particularly happens with the upstream-spline scheme
6481	switched on (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#momentum_advec">momentum_advec</a>
6482	or <a href="chapter_4.1.html#scalar_advec">scalar_advec</a>).
6483	Therefore, with this scheme the Rayleigh damping is switched on (<b>rayleigh_damping_factor</b>
6484	= <i>0.01</i>) by default. Otherwise it remains switched
6485	off.  </p>
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491	<p>The Rayleigh damping factor must
6492	hold the condition <i>0.0</i>
6493	<= <b>rayleigh_damping_factor</b>
6494	<= <i>1.0</i>. Large values (close to <span style="font-style: italic;">1.0</span>) can cause
6495	numerical instabilities.</p>
6496
6497
6498	</td>
6499
6500
6501	</tr>
6502
6503
6504	<tr>
6505
6506
6507
6508	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6509
6510
6511	<p><a name="rayleigh_damping_height"></a><b>rayleigh_damping</b>
6512	<br>
6513
6514
6515	<b>_height</b></p>
6516
6517
6518	</td>
6519
6520
6521	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6522
6523
6524	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6525
6526
6527	<p><i>2/3 *</i>
6528	<br>
6529
6530
6531	<span style="font-style: italic;">zu</span><i style="font-style: italic;">(nz)</i></p>
6532	<p> (ocean:<i style="font-style: italic;"> </i><i>2/3 *</i>
6533	<i style="font-style: italic;"> zu(0)</i>)</p>
6534
6535
6536
6537	</td>
6538
6539
6540	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6541
6542
6543	<p>Height above (ocean: below) which the Rayleigh damping starts (in m).  </p>
6544
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549	<p>With
6550	Rayleigh damping switched on (see <a href="#rayleigh_damping_factor">rayleigh_damping_factor</a>),
6551	this parameter determines the range where damping is applied. By
6552	default, Rayleigh damping will be applied in the upper (ocean: lower) third of the
6553	model
6554	domain.</p>
6555
6556
6557	</td>
6558
6559
6560	</tr>
6561
6562
6563	<tr>
6564
6565
6566	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6567
6568
6569	<p><a name="residual_limit"></a><b>residual_limit</b></p>
6570
6571
6572
6573	</td>
6574
6575
6576	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6577
6578
6579
6580	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>1.0E-6</i></td>
6581
6582
6583
6584	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6585
6586
6587	<p>Largest
6588	residual permitted for the multi-grid scheme (in s<sup>-2</sup>m<sup>-3</sup>).
6589	</p>
6590
6591
6592
6593
6594
6595	<p>This is a parameter to steer the accuracy of the
6596	multi-grid
6597	scheme (see <a href="#psolver">psolver</a>).
6598	The assigned cycle (v- or w-cycle, see <a href="#mg_cycles">mg_cycles</a>)
6599	is passed through until the residual falls below the limit given by <span style="font-weight: bold;">residual_limit</span>. If
6600	this
6601	is not the case after 1000 cycles, the PALM aborts with a corresponding
6602	error message.</p>
6603
6604
6605
6606
6607
6608	<p>The reciprocal value of this
6609	parameter can be interpreted as
6610	a factor by the divergence of the provisional
6611	velocity field is approximately reduced after the multi-grid scheme has
6612	been applied (thus the default value causes a reduction of the
6613	divergence by approx. 6 orders of magnitude).  </p>
6614
6615
6616	</td>
6617
6618
6619
6620	</tr>
6621
6622
6623	<tr>
6624
6625
6626	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6627
6628
6629	<p><a name="restart_time"></a><b>restart_time</b></p>
6630
6631
6632
6633	</td>
6634
6635
6636	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6637
6638
6639
6640	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>9999999.9</i></td>
6641
6642
6643
6644	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6645
6646
6647	<p>Simulated time
6648	after which a restart run is to be carried out
6649	(in s). </p>
6650
6651
6652
6653
6654
6655	<p>The simulated time refers to the
6656	beginning of the
6657	initial run (t = 0), not to the beginning of the respective
6658	restart run. Restart runs can additionally be forced to be carried out
6659	in regular intervals using the run time parameter <a href="#dt_restart">dt_restart</a>. </p>
6660
6661
6662
6663
6664
6665	<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Note:</span><br>
6666
6667
6668
6669	A successful operation of this parameter requires additional
6670	modifications in the <span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span>-call
6671	for the respective run (see <a href="chapter_3.3.html">chapter
6672	3.3</a>).<br>
6673
6674
6675	</p>
6676
6677
6678
6679
6680
6681	<p>The choice of <b>restart_time</b>
6682	or <b>dt_restart</b> does
6683	not override the automatic start of restart runs in case that the job
6684	runs out of CPU time. <br>
6685
6686	</p>
6687
6688
6689	<p>For <a href="chapter_3.8.html">coupled runs</a> this parameter must be equal in both parameter files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2"><span style="font-family: mon;"></span>PARIN</font></a>
6690	and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2">PARIN_O</font></a>.</p>
6691
6692
6693	</td>
6694
6695
6696	</tr>
6697
6698
6699
6700	<tr>
6701
6702
6703	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6704
6705
6706	<p><a name="section_xy"></a><b>section_xy</b></p>
6707
6708
6709
6710	</td>
6711
6712
6713	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I(100)<br>
6714
6715
6716
6717	</td>
6718
6719
6720	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">no section</span><br>
6721
6722
6723
6724	</td>
6725
6726
6727	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6728
6729
6730	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Position
6731	of cross section(s) for output of 2d horizontal cross
6732	sections (grid point index k).  </font> </p>
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output
6739	of
6740	horizontal cross sections is selected (see </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">), this
6741	parameter can be used to
6742	define the position(s) of the cross section(s). Up to 100 positions of
6743	cross sections can be selected by assigning <b>section_xy</b>
6744	the
6745	corresponding vertical grid point index/indices k of the requested
6746	cross section(s). The exact location (height level) of the cross
6747	section depends on the variable for which the output is made: zu(k) for
6748	scalars and horizontal velocities, zw(k) for the vertical velocity.
6749	Information about the exact location of the cross section is contained
6750	in the NetCDF output file (if the default NetCDF output is switched on;
6751	see <a href="#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>).</font></span></p>
6752
6753
6754
6755
6756	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Assigning <span style="font-weight: bold;">section_xy</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">-1</span>
6757	creates the output of horizontal cross sections averaged along z. In
6758	the
6759	NetCDF output file these (averaged) cross sections are given the
6760	z-coordinate <span style="font-style: italic;">-1.0</span>.</font></span></p>
6761
6762
6763
6764
6765	<p><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Assignments to <b>section_xy</b>
6766	does not effect the output of horizontal cross sections of variable u<sub>*</sub>
6767	and theta<sub></sub> and the liquid water path lwp. For
6768	these quantities always only one cross
6769	section (for z=zu(1)) is output.</font></span></p>
6770
6771
6772	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">In case of <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format</span> =
6773	<span style="font-style: italic;">'iso2d'</span> and
6774	if several cross sections are selected (e.g. <b>section_xy</b>
6775	= <i>1</i>, <i>10</i>, <i>15</i>),
6776	then the respective data are
6777	successively written to file. The output order follows the order given
6778	by <b>section_xy</b>. </font></span></td>
6779
6780
6781
6782	</tr>
6783
6784
6785	<tr>
6786
6787
6788	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6789
6790
6791	<p><a name="section_xz"></a><b>section_xz</b></p>
6792
6793
6794
6795	</td>
6796
6797
6798	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I(100)<br>
6799
6800
6801
6802	</td>
6803
6804
6805	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">no section</span></td>
6806
6807
6808
6809	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6810
6811
6812	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Position of cross section(s)
6813	for output of 2d (xz) vertical cross sections (grid point
6814	index j).  </font> </p>
6815
6816
6817	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output of
6818	vertical xz cross sections is selected (see </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">), this
6819	parameter can be used to
6820	define the position(s) of the cross section(s). Up to 100 positions of
6821	cross sections can be selected by assigning <b>section_xz</b>
6822	the
6823	corresponding horizontal grid point index/indices j of the requested
6824	cross section(s). The exact position (in y-direction) of the cross
6825	section is given by j</font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dy</font></span></a> <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">or (j-0.5)</font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dy</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">, depending
6826	on which grid the output quantity is defined. However, in
6827	the NetCDF output file </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">(if the
6828	default NetCDF output is switched on; see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>)
6829	no distinction is made between the quantities and j*<span style="font-weight: bold;">dy</span> is used for all
6830	positions.<br>
6831
6832
6833	<br>
6834
6835
6836	Assigning <span style="font-weight: bold;">section_xz</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">-1</span>
6837	creates the output of vertical cross sections averaged along y. In the
6838	NetCDF output file these (averaged) cross sections are given the
6839	y-coordinate <span style="font-style: italic;">-1.0</span>.<br>
6840
6841
6842	</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"><br>
6843
6844
6845	</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">In case of <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format</span> =
6846	<span style="font-style: italic;">'iso2d'</span> and
6847	</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">if several cross sections are
6848	selected (e.g. <b>section_xz</b> = <i>0</i>, <i>12</i>,
6849	<i>27</i>),
6850	then the respective data are successively written to file. The output
6851	order follows the order given by <b>section_xz</b>.</font></span></td>
6852
6853
6854
6855	</tr>
6856
6857
6858	<tr>
6859
6860
6861	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6862
6863
6864	<p><a name="section_yz"></a><b>section_yz</b></p>
6865
6866
6867
6868	</td>
6869
6870
6871	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I(100)<br>
6872
6873
6874
6875	</td>
6876
6877
6878	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">no section</span></td>
6879
6880
6881
6882	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6883
6884
6885	<p lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Position of cross section(s)
6886	for output of 2d (yz) vertical cross sections (grid point
6887	index i).  </font> </p>
6888
6889
6890	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">If output of
6891	vertical yz cross sections is selected (see </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">data_output</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">),
6892	this parameter can be used to define the position(s) of the cross
6893	section(s). Up to 100 positions of cross sections can be selected by
6894	assigning <b>section_yz</b> the corresponding horizontal
6895	grid point
6896	index/indices i of the requested cross section(s). The exact position
6897	(in x-direction) of the cross section is given by i</font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dx"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dx</font></span></a> <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">or (i-0.5)</font></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#dx"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">dx</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">, depending
6898	on which grid the output quantity is defined. </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">However, in
6899	the NetCDF output file </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">(if the
6900	default NetCDF output is switched on; see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>)
6901	no distinction is made between the quantities and i*<span style="font-weight: bold;">dx</span> is used for all
6902	positions.<br>
6903
6904
6905	<br>
6906
6907
6908	</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">Assigning <span style="font-weight: bold;">section_yz</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">-1</span>
6909	creates the output of vertical cross sections averaged along x. In the
6910	NetCDF output file these (averaged) cross sections are given the
6911	x-coordinate <span style="font-style: italic;">-1.0</span>.</font></span><br>
6912
6913
6914	<span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale"> <br>
6915
6916
6917	</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">In case of <span style="font-weight: bold;">data_output_format</span> =
6918	<span style="font-style: italic;">'iso2d'</span> and
6919	</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale">if several cross sections are
6920	selected (e.g. <b>section_yz</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">3</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">27</span>, 19), then the
6921	respective data are successively written to file. The output order
6922	follows the order given by <b>section_yz</b>.</font></span></td>
6923
6924
6925
6926	</tr>
6927
6928
6929	<tr>
6930
6931
6932	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="skip_time_data_output"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_data_output</span><br>
6933
6934
6935
6936	</td>
6937
6938
6939	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
6940
6941
6942	</td>
6943
6944
6945
6946	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span><br>
6947
6948
6949	</td>
6950
6951
6952
6953	<td style="vertical-align: top;">No data output before
6954	this interval has passed (in s).<br>
6955
6956
6957	<br>
6958
6959
6960	This
6961	parameter causes that data output activities are starting not before
6962	this interval
6963	(counting from the beginning of the simulation, t=0) has passed. By
6964	default, this
6965	applies for output of instantaneous 3d volume data, cross section data,
6966	spectra and vertical profile data as well as for temporally averaged 2d
6967	and 3d data. Individual intervals can be assigned using parameters <a href="#skip_time_do3d">skip_time_do3d</a>, <a href="#skip_time_do2d_xy">skip_time_do2d_xy</a>, <a href="#skip_time_do2d_xz">skip_time_do2d_xz</a>, <a href="#skip_time_do2d_yz">skip_time_do2d_yz</a>, <a href="#skip_time_dosp">skip_time_dosp</a>, <a href="#skip_time_dopr">skip_time_dopr</a>, and <a href="#skip_time_data_output_av">skip_time_data_output_av</a>.<br>
6968
6969
6970	<br>
6971
6972
6973	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>
6974
6975
6976	If
6977	the user has set <a href="#dt_data_output">dt_data_output</a>
6978	= <span style="font-style: italic;">3600.0</span>
6979	and <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_data_output</span>
6980	= <span style="font-style: italic;">1800.0</span>,
6981	then the first output will be done at t = 5400 s.<br>
6982
6983
6984	</td>
6985
6986
6987
6988	</tr>
6989
6990
6991	<tr>
6992
6993
6994	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="skip_time_data_output_av"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_data_output_av</span></td>
6995
6996
6997	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6998
6999
7000	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_<br>
7001
7002
7003	data_output</a></span></td>
7004
7005
7006	<td style="vertical-align: top;">No output of temporally
7007	averaged 2d/3d data before this interval has passed (in s).<br>
7008
7009
7010	<br>
7011
7012
7013	This
7014	parameter causes that data output activities are starting not before
7015	this interval
7016	(counting from the beginning of the simulation, t=0) has passed. <br>
7017
7018
7019	<br>
7020
7021
7022	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>
7023
7024
7025	If
7026	the user has set <a href="#dt_data_output_av">dt_data_output_av</a>
7027	= <span style="font-style: italic;">3600.0</span>
7028	and <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_data_output_av</span>
7029	= <span style="font-style: italic;">1800.0</span>,
7030	then the first output will be done at t = 5400 s.</td>
7031
7032
7033	</tr>
7034
7035
7036	<tr>
7037
7038
7039
7040	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="skip_time_dopr"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_dopr</span><br>
7041
7042
7043
7044	</td>
7045
7046
7047	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
7048
7049
7050	</td>
7051
7052
7053
7054	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="chapter_4.2.html#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_<br>
7055
7056
7057	data_output</a></span>
7058	</td>
7059
7060
7061	<td style="vertical-align: top;">No output of
7062	vertical profile data before this interval has passed (in s).<br>
7063
7064
7065	<br>
7066
7067
7068	This
7069	parameter causes that data output activities are starting not before
7070	this interval
7071	(counting from the beginning of the simulation, t=0) has passed. <br>
7072
7073
7074	<br>
7075
7076
7077	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>
7078
7079
7080	If
7081	the user has set <a href="#dt_dopr">dt_dopr</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">3600.0</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_dopr</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">1800.0</span>, then the
7082	first output will be done at t = 5400 s. </td>
7083
7084
7085	</tr>
7086
7087
7088	<tr>
7089
7090
7091
7092	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="skip_time_do2d_xy"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_xy</span><br>
7093
7094
7095
7096	</td>
7097
7098
7099	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
7100
7101
7102	</td>
7103
7104
7105
7106	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="chapter_4.2.html#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_<br>
7107
7108
7109	data_output</a></span>
7110	</td>
7111
7112
7113	<td style="vertical-align: top;">No output of
7114	instantaneous horizontal cross section data before this interval has
7115	passed (in s).<br>
7116
7117
7118	<br>
7119
7120
7121	This
7122	parameter causes that data output activities are starting not before
7123	this interval
7124	(counting from the beginning of the simulation, t=0) has passed. <br>
7125
7126
7127	<br>
7128
7129
7130	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>
7131
7132
7133	If
7134	the user has set <a href="#dt_do2d_xy">dt_do2d_xy</a>
7135	= <span style="font-style: italic;">3600.0</span>
7136	and <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_xy</span>
7137	= <span style="font-style: italic;">1800.0</span>,
7138	then the first output will be done at t = 5400 s. </td>
7139
7140
7141	</tr>
7142
7143
7144
7145	<tr>
7146
7147
7148	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="skip_time_do2d_xz"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_xz</span><br>
7149
7150
7151
7152	</td>
7153
7154
7155	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
7156
7157
7158	</td>
7159
7160
7161
7162	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="chapter_4.2.html#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_<br>
7163
7164
7165	data_output</a></span>
7166	</td>
7167
7168
7169	<td style="vertical-align: top;">No output of
7170	instantaneous vertical (xz) cross section data before this interval has
7171	passed (in s).<br>
7172
7173
7174	<br>
7175
7176
7177	This
7178	parameter causes that data output activities are starting not before
7179	this interval
7180	(counting from the beginning of the simulation, t=0) has passed. <br>
7181
7182
7183	<br>
7184
7185
7186	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>
7187
7188
7189	If
7190	the user has set <a href="#dt_do2d_xz">dt_do2d_xz</a>
7191	= <span style="font-style: italic;">3600.0</span>
7192	and <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_xz</span>
7193	= <span style="font-style: italic;">1800.0</span>,
7194	then the first output will be done at t = 5400 s. </td>
7195
7196
7197	</tr>
7198
7199
7200
7201	<tr>
7202
7203
7204	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="skip_time_do2d_yz"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_yz</span><br>
7205
7206
7207
7208	</td>
7209
7210
7211	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
7212
7213
7214	</td>
7215
7216
7217
7218	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="chapter_4.2.html#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_<br>
7219
7220
7221	data_output</a></span>
7222	</td>
7223
7224
7225	<td style="vertical-align: top;">No output of
7226	instantaneous vertical (yz) cross section data before this interval has
7227	passed (in s).<br>
7228
7229
7230	<br>
7231
7232
7233	This
7234	parameter causes that data output activities are starting not before
7235	this interval
7236	(counting from the beginning of the simulation, t=0) has passed. <br>
7237
7238
7239	<br>
7240
7241
7242	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>
7243
7244
7245	If
7246	the user has set <a href="#dt_do2d_yz">dt_do2d_yz</a>
7247	= <span style="font-style: italic;">3600.0</span>
7248	and <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do2d_yz</span>
7249	= <span style="font-style: italic;">1800.0</span>,
7250	then the first output will be done at t = 5400 s. </td>
7251
7252
7253	</tr>
7254
7255
7256
7257	<tr>
7258
7259
7260	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="skip_time_do3d"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do3d</span><br>
7261
7262
7263
7264	</td>
7265
7266
7267	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
7268
7269
7270	</td>
7271
7272
7273
7274	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">value of <a href="chapter_4.2.html#skip_time_data_output">skip_time_<br>
7275
7276
7277	data_output</a></span>
7278	</td>
7279
7280
7281	<td style="vertical-align: top;">No output of
7282	instantaneous 3d volume data before this interval has passed (in s).<br>
7283
7284
7285	<br>
7286
7287
7288	This
7289	parameter causes that data output activities are starting not before
7290	this interval
7291	(counting from the beginning of the simulation, t=0) has passed. <br>
7292
7293
7294	<br>
7295
7296
7297	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>
7298
7299
7300	If
7301	the user has set <a href="#dt_do3d">dt_do3d</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">3600.0</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">skip_time_do3d</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">1800.0</span>, then the
7302	first output will be done at t = 5400 s. </td>
7303
7304
7305	</tr>
7306
7307
7308
7309	<tr>
7310
7311
7312	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7313
7314
7315	<p><a name="termination_time_needed"></a><b>termination_time</b>
7316	<br>
7317
7318
7319	<b>_needed</b></p>
7320
7321
7322	</td>
7323
7324
7325	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
7326
7327
7328	</td>
7329
7330
7331	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">35.0</span><br>
7332
7333
7334	</td>
7335
7336
7337
7338	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7339
7340
7341	<p>CPU time
7342	needed for terminal actions at the end of a run in
7343	batch mode (in s).<br>
7344
7345
7346	</p>
7347
7348
7349
7350
7351
7352	<p>If the environment
7353	variable <b>write_binary </b>is
7354	set <i>true</i> (see <a href="chapter_3.3.html">chapter
7355	3.3</a>), PALM checks the remaining CPU time of the job after
7356	each
7357	timestep. Time integration must not consume the CPU time completely,
7358	since several actions still have to be carried out after time
7359	integration has finished (e.g. writing of binary data for the restart
7360	run, carrying out output commands, copying of local files to their
7361	permanent destinations, etc.) which also takes some time. The maximum
7362	possible time needed for these activities plus a reserve is to be given
7363	with the parameter <b>termination_time_needed</b>. Among
7364	other things,
7365	it depends on
7366	the number of grid points used. If its value is selected too small,
7367	then the
7368	respective job will be prematurely aborted by the queuing system, which
7369	may result in a data loss and will possibly interrupt the job chain.<br>
7370
7371
7372
7373	</p>
7374
7375
7376
7377
7378
7379	<p>An abort happens in any way, if the environment
7380	variable <span style="font-weight: bold;">write_binary</span>
7381	is not set to <span style="font-style: italic;">true</span>
7382	and if moreover the job has
7383	been assigned an insufficient CPU time by <b>mrun</b>
7384	option <tt><tt>-t</tt></tt>. <i><br>
7385
7386
7387
7388	</i> </p>
7389
7390
7391
7392
7393
7394	<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Note:</span><br>
7395
7396
7397
7398	On the IBM computers of the HLRN the time used by the job <span style="font-weight: bold;">before</span> the start of
7399	PALM
7400	have also to be accounted for (e.g. for
7401	compilation and copying of input files).</p>
7402
7403
7404	</td>
7405
7406
7407	</tr>
7408
7409
7410
7411	<tr>
7412
7413
7414	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7415
7416
7417	<p><a name="use_prior_plot1d_parameters"></a><b>use_prior_plot1d</b>
7418	<br>
7419
7420
7421	<b>_parameters</b></p>
7422
7423
7424	</td>
7425
7426
7427	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
7428
7429
7430	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.F.</i></td>
7431
7432
7433
7434	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7435
7436
7437	<p>Additional
7438	plot of vertical profile data with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>
7439	from preceding runs of the
7440	job chain.  </p>
7441
7442
7443
7444
7445
7446	<p>This parameter only applies
7447	for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>
7448	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p>
7449
7450
7451
7452
7453	<p>By
7454	default, plots of horizontally averaged vertical profiles
7455	(see <a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>)
7456	only contain profiles of data produced by the model
7457	run. If profiles of prior times (i.e. data of preceding jobs of a
7458	job chain) shall be plotted additionally (e.g. for comparison
7459	purposes), <b>use_prior_plot1d_parameters</b> = <i>.T</i>.
7460	must be
7461	set.<br>
7462
7463
7464	</p>
7465
7466
7467
7468
7469
7470	<p>For further explanation see <a href="chapter_4.5.2.html">chapter
7471	4.5.2</a>.</p>
7472
7473
7474	</td>
7475
7476
7477	</tr>
7478
7479
7480	<tr>
7481
7482
7483	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7484
7485
7486	<p><a name="z_max_do1d"></a><b>z_max_do1d</b></p>
7487
7488
7489
7490	</td>
7491
7492
7493	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
7494
7495
7496
7497	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>zu(nzt+1) (model
7498	top)</i></td>
7499
7500
7501	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7502
7503
7504	<p>Height level up to which horizontally averaged profiles are to
7505	be
7506	plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>
7507	(in
7508	m).  </p>
7509
7510
7511
7512
7513
7514	<p>This parameter only applies for
7515	<a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>
7516	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p>
7517
7518
7519
7520
7521	<p>It
7522	affects plots of horizontally averaged profiles
7523	(<a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>)
7524	when plotted with the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>.
7525	By default, profiles are plotted up to the top boundary. The height
7526	level up to which profiles are plotted can be decreased by assigning <span style="font-weight: bold;">z_max_do1d</span> a smaller
7527	value.
7528	Nevertheless, <span style="font-weight: bold;">all</span>
7529	vertical
7530	grid points (0 <= k <= nz+1) are still output to file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT1D_DATA">PLOT1D_DATA</a>.</p>
7531
7532
7533
7534
7535
7536	<p>If a normalization for the vertical axis was selected (see <a href="#cross_normalized_y">cross_normalized_y</a>), <b>z_max_do1d</b>
7537	has no effect. Instead, <a href="#z_max_do1d_normalized">z_max_do1d_normalized</a>
7538	must be used.</p>
7539
7540
7541	</td>
7542
7543
7544	</tr>
7545
7546
7547	<tr>
7548
7549
7550	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7551
7552
7553	<p><a name="z_max_do1d_normalized"></a><b>z_max_do1d</b>
7554	<br>
7555
7556
7557	<b>_normalized</b></p>
7558
7559
7560	</td>
7561
7562
7563	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
7564
7565
7566	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>determined by plot</i>
7567	<br>
7568
7569
7570	<i>data</i> <br>
7571
7572
7573	</td>
7574
7575
7576	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7577
7578
7579	<p>Normalized height
7580	level up to which horizontally averaged
7581	profiles are to be plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>.
7582	</p>
7583
7584
7585
7586
7587
7588	<p>This parameter only applies for  <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>
7589	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'profil'</span>.</p>
7590
7591
7592
7593
7594	<p>It
7595	affects plots of horizontally averaged profiles
7596	(<a href="#data_output_pr">data_output_pr</a>)
7597	when plotted with the plot software <span style="font-weight: bold;">profil</span>,
7598	if a normalization for the vertical axis is selected
7599	(see <a href="#cross_normalized_y">cross_normalized_y</a>).
7600	If e.g. the boundary layer height is used for normalization, then <b>z_max_do1d_normalized</b>
7601	= <i>1.5</i> means that all profiles up to the height
7602	level of z =
7603	1.5* z<sub>i </sub>are plotted.</p>
7604
7605
7606	</td>
7607
7608
7609	</tr>
7610
7611
7612
7613	<tr>
7614
7615
7616	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7617
7618
7619	<p><a name="z_max_do2d"></a><b>z_max_do2d</b></p>
7620
7621
7622
7623	</td>
7624
7625
7626	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
7627
7628
7629	</td>
7630
7631
7632
7633	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">zu(nz)</span><br>
7634
7635
7636	</td>
7637
7638
7639
7640	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7641
7642
7643	<p>Height level
7644	up to which 2d cross sections are to be plotted
7645	with <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d</span>
7646	(in m).  </p>
7647
7648
7649
7650
7651
7652	<p>This parameter only applies for
7653	<a href="#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>
7654	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'iso2d'</span>.</p>
7655
7656
7657
7658
7659	<p>It
7660	affects plots of  2d vertical cross
7661	sections (<a href="#data_output">data_output</a>)
7662	when plotted with <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d</span>.
7663	By
7664	default, vertical sections are plotted up to the top boundary. <span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>In contrast, with <b>z_max_do2d
7665	</b>the
7666	visualization within
7667	the plot can be limited to a certain height level (0 <= z
7668	<= <b>z_max_do2d</b>).
7669	Nevertheless, <span style="font-weight: bold;">all</span>
7670	grid points
7671	of the complete cross section are still output to the local files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_XZ">PLOT2D_XZ</a>
7672	or <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_YZ">PLOT2D_YZ</a>.
7673	The level up to which the section is visualized can later be changed by
7674	manually editing the
7675	file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_XZ_GLOBAL">PLOT2D_XZ_GLOBAL</a>
7676	or <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PLOT2D_YZ_GLOBAL">PLOT2D_YZ_GLOBAL</a>
7677	(the respective <span style="font-weight: bold;">iso2d</span>-parameter
7678	is <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/institut/software/iso2d_beschreibung.html#YRIGHT">yright</a>).</p>
7679
7680
7681
7682	</td>
7683
7684
7685	</tr>
7686
7687
7688
7689
7690
7691	</tbody>
7692	</table>
7693
7694
7695	<br>
7696
7697
7698
7699	<br>
7700
7701
7702	<h3 style="line-height: 100%;"><a name="particle_parameters"></a>Particle
7703	parameters: </h3>
7704
7705
7706
7707	<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>NAMELIST group name: <span style="font-weight: bold;">particles_par<br>
7708
7709
7710
7711	</span>
7712	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
7713
7714
7715	<tbody>
7716
7717
7718	<tr>
7719
7720
7721
7722	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Parameter
7723	name</b></font></td>
7724
7725
7726
7727	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Type</b></font></td>
7728
7729
7730
7731	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7732
7733
7734	<p><b><font size="4">Default</font></b> <br>
7735
7736
7737	<b><font size="4">value</font></b></p>
7738
7739
7740	</td>
7741
7742
7743
7744	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7745
7746
7747	<p><font size="4"><b>Explanation</b></font></p>
7748
7749
7750
7751	</td>
7752
7753
7754	</tr>
7755
7756
7757	<tr>
7758
7759
7760	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7761
7762
7763	<p><a name="dt_prel"></a><b>dt_prel</b></p>
7764
7765
7766
7767	</td>
7768
7769
7770	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
7771
7772
7773
7774	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>9999999.9</i></td>
7775
7776
7777
7778	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7779
7780
7781	<p><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">Temporal
7782	interval at
7783	which particles are to be released <span lang="en-GB">from
7784	a particle
7785	source </span>(</span></font>in <font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">s).</span>
7786	</font> </p>
7787
7788
7789
7790
7791
7792	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">By default
7793	particles are released only at the beginning of a simulation
7794	(t_init=0). The time of the first release (t_init) can be changed with
7795	package parameter </font></span><span lang="en-GB"></span><font><a href="#particle_advection_start"><font face="Thorndale, serif">particle_advection_start</font></a>.
7796	</font><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">The time of the last release can be
7797	set with the package parameter <a href="#end_time_prel">end_time_prel</a>.
7798	If <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_prel</span>
7799	has been set, additional
7800	releases will be at t = t_init+<span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_prel</span>,
7801	t_init+2*<span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_prel</span>,
7802	t_init+3*<span style="font-weight: bold;">dt_prel</span>,
7803	etc.. Actual release times
7804	may slightly deviate from thesel values (</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">see
7805	e.g. </font></span><a href="#dt_dopr"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">dt_dopr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">).</font></span></p>
7806
7807
7808
7809
7810
7811	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> The domain
7812	of the particle <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">source </font></span>as
7813	well as the distance of  released particles
7814	within this source </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">are determined via package
7815	parameters </font></span><a href="#pst"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pst</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="#psl"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psl</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="#psr"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="#pss"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pss</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="#psn"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psn</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="#psb"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psb</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="#pdx"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdx</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="#pdy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdy</font></span></a>
7816	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">and
7817	</font></span><a href="#pdz"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdz</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">.</font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> By
7818	default, one particle is released at all points defined by these
7819	parameters. The package parameter <a href="#particles_per_point">particles_per_point</a>
7820	can be used to start more than one particle per point.<br>
7821
7822
7823
7824	</font></span></p>
7825
7826
7827
7828
7829
7830	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Up to 10
7831	different groups of particles can be released at the same time (see </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#number_of_particle_groups"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">number_of_particle_groups</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">)
7832	where each group may have a different source. All particles belonging
7833	to one group have the same density ratio and the same radius. All other
7834	particle features (e.g. location of the source) are
7835	identical for all groups of particles.</font></span></p>
7836
7837
7838	Subgrid
7839	scale velocities can (optionally) be included for calculating the
7840	particle advection, using the method of Weil et al. (2004, JAS, 61,
7841	2877-2887). This method is switched on by the package
7842	parameter <a href="#use_sgs_for_particles">use_sgs_for_particles</a>.
7843	This also forces the Euler/upstream method to be used for time
7844	advancement of the TKE (see initialization parameter <a href="chapter_4.1.html#use_upstream_for_tke">use_upstream_for_tke</a>).
7845	The minimum timestep during the sub-timesteps is controlled by package
7846	parameter <a href="#dt_min_part">dt_min_part</a>.
7847
7848
7849	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">By
7850	default, particles are weightless and transported passively with the
7851	resolved scale flow. Particles can be given a mass and thus an inertia
7852	by assigning the
7853	package parameter </font></span><a href="#density_ratio"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">density_ratio</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> a
7854	non-zero value (it
7855	defines the ratio of the density of the fluid and the density of the
7856	particles). In these cases their </font></span><a href="#radius"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">radius</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">
7857	must also be defined, which affects their flow resistance. </font></span><a href="#diameter"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> </font></span> </p>
7858
7859
7860
7861
7862
7863	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Boundary
7864	conditions for the particle transport can be defined with package
7865	parameters </font></span><a href="#bc_par_t"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">bc_par_t</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="#bc_par_lr"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">bc_par_lr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="bc_par_ns"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">bc_par_ns</font></span></a>
7866	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">and
7867	</font></span><a href="#bc_par_b"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">bc_par_b</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">.</font></span></p>
7868
7869
7870	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">Timeseries
7871	of particle quantities in NetCDF format can be output to local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#DATA_1D_PTS_NETCDF">DATA_1D_PTS_NETCDF</a>
7872	by using package parameter <a href="#dt_dopts">dt_dopts</a>.<br>
7873
7874
7875	</font></span>
7876
7877
7878	<p>For
7879	analysis, additional output of
7880	particle
7881	information in equidistant temporal intervals can be carried out using <a href="#dt_write_particle_data">dt_write_particle_data</a>
7882	(file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARTICLE_DATA">PARTICLE_DATA</a>).<br>
7883
7884
7885
7886	</p>
7887
7888
7889
7890
7891
7892	<p><span style="font-family: thorndale,serif;">Statistical
7893	informations</span> (e.g. the total number of particles used, the
7894	number of particles exchanged between the PEs, etc.) are output to the
7895	local file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARTICLE_DATA">PARTICLE_INFOS</a>,
7896	if switched on by the parameter <a href="#write_particle_statistics">write_particle_statistics</a>.
7897	<br>
7898
7899
7900	</p>
7901
7902
7903
7904
7905
7906	<p><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">If a job
7907	chain is to be carried out, particle
7908	informations </font></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">for the restart run (e.g. current
7909	location of
7910	all
7911	particles at the end of the
7912	run) is output to
7913	the local file</font></span> <font><a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_dvrp"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a></font><a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_OUT">PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_OUT</a><font><a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_dvrp"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a></font>,
7914	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">which
7915	must be saved at the
7916	end of the run <tt><span lang="en-GB"></span></tt>and
7917	given as an
7918	input file to the restart run
7919	under local file name</font></span> <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_IN">PARTICLE_RESTART_DATA_IN</a>
7920	u<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">sing
7921	respective file
7922	connection statements in the <span style="font-weight: bold;">mrun</span>
7923	configuration file. </font></span> <span lang="en-GB"></span></p>
7924
7925
7926
7927
7928	<p><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">The output of
7929	particles for visualization with the graphic software <span style="font-weight: bold;">dvrp</span> is steered by
7930	the package
7931	parameter </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_dvrp"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">dt_dvrp</font></span></a><font face="Thorndale, serif"><span lang="en-GB">.
7932	For visualization
7933	purposes particles can be given a
7934	diameter by the parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dvrp_psize">dvrp_psize</a>
7935	(this diameter only affects the visualization). All particles have the
7936	same size. Alternatively, particles can be given an individual size and
7937	a </span>color <span lang="en-GB">by modifying the
7938	user-interface (subroutine</span></font> <span style="font-family: monospace;">user_init_particles</span>)<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">.
7939	Particles can pull a
7940	“tail” behind themselves to improve their
7941	visualization.
7942	This is steered via the parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#use_particle_tails">use_particle_tails</a>.</font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#maximum_number_of_tailpoints"><span lang="en-GB"></span></a></p>
7943
7944
7945	<span lang="en-GB"></span>
7946
7947
7948	<p><b>So far, the
7949	particle transport realized in PALM does only
7950	work
7951	duly in case of a constant vertical grid spacing!</b></p>
7952
7953
7954	</td>
7955
7956
7957
7958	</tr>
7959
7960
7961	<tr>
7962
7963
7964	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7965
7966
7967	<p><a name="bc_par_b"></a><b>bc_par_b</b></p>
7968
7969
7970
7971	</td>
7972
7973
7974	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*15</td>
7975
7976
7977
7978	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>´reflect´</i></td>
7979
7980
7981
7982	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7983
7984
7985	<p>Bottom
7986	boundary condition for particle transport. </p>
7987
7988
7989
7990
7991
7992	<p>By
7993	default, particles are reflected at the bottom boundary.
7994	Alternatively, a particle absorption can set by <b>bc_par_b</b>
7995	= <i>´absorb´</i>.</p>
7996
7997
7998	</td>
7999
8000
8001
8002	</tr>
8003
8004
8005	<tr>
8006
8007
8008	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8009
8010
8011	<p><a name="bc_par_lr"></a><b>bc_par_lr</b></p>
8012
8013
8014
8015	</td>
8016
8017
8018	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*15</td>
8019
8020
8021
8022	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>´cyclic´</i></td>
8023
8024
8025
8026	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8027
8028
8029	<p>Lateral
8030	boundary condition (x-direction) for particle
8031	transport. </p>
8032
8033
8034
8035
8036
8037	<p>By default, cyclic boundary conditions
8038	are used along x.
8039	Alternatively, reflection (<b>bc_par_lr</b>
8040	= <i>´reflect´</i>) or absorption (<b>bc_par_lr</b>
8041	= <i>´absorb´</i>)
8042	can be set. <br>
8043
8044
8045	</p>
8046
8047
8048
8049
8050
8051	<p>This lateral boundary
8052	conditions should correspond to the
8053	lateral boundary condition used for the flow (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>).</p>
8054
8055
8056	</td>
8057
8058
8059
8060	</tr>
8061
8062
8063	<tr>
8064
8065
8066	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8067
8068
8069	<p><a name="bc_par_ns"></a><b>bc_par_ns</b></p>
8070
8071
8072
8073	</td>
8074
8075
8076	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*15</td>
8077
8078
8079
8080	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>´cyclic´</i></td>
8081
8082
8083
8084	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8085
8086
8087	<p>Lateral
8088	boundary condition (y-direction) for particle
8089	transport. </p>
8090
8091
8092
8093
8094
8095	<p>By default, cyclic boundary conditions
8096	are used along y.
8097	Alternatively, reflection (<b>bc_par_ns</b>
8098	= <i>´reflect´</i>) or absorption (<b>bc_par_ns</b>
8099	= <i>´absorb´</i>)
8100	can be set.<br>
8101
8102
8103	</p>
8104
8105
8106
8107	This lateral boundary conditions should correspond to the lateral
8108	boundary condition used for the flow (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>).</td>
8109
8110
8111	</tr>
8112
8113
8114
8115	<tr>
8116
8117
8118	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8119
8120
8121	<p><a name="bc_par_t"></a><b>bc_par_t</b></p>
8122
8123
8124
8125	</td>
8126
8127
8128	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*15</td>
8129
8130
8131
8132	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>´absorb´</i></td>
8133
8134
8135
8136	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8137
8138
8139	<p>Top boundary
8140	condition for particle transport. </p>
8141
8142
8143
8144
8145
8146	<p>By default,
8147	particles are absorbed at the top boundary.
8148	Alternatively, a reflection condition can be set by <b>bc_par_t</b>
8149	= <i>´reflect´</i>.</p>
8150
8151
8152	</td>
8153
8154
8155
8156	</tr>
8157
8158
8159	<tr>
8160
8161
8162	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8163
8164
8165	<p><a name="density_ratio"></a><b>density_ratio</b></p>
8166
8167
8168
8169	</td>
8170
8171
8172	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)</td>
8173
8174
8175
8176	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8177
8178
8179	<p><i>0.0, 9</i>
8180	*<br>
8181
8182
8183	<i>9999999.9</i></p>
8184
8185
8186	</td>
8187
8188
8189	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8190
8191
8192	<p>Ratio of the density
8193	of the fluid and the de