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1	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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29	<title>PALM chapter 4.1</title></head>
30	<body>
31
32
33
34
35
36
37	<h3><a name="chapter4.1"></a>4.1
38	Initialization parameters</h3>
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46	<br>
47
48
49
50
51
52
53	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
54
55
56
57
58
59
60	<tbody>
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68	<tr>
69
70
71
72
73
74
75	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Parameter name</b></font></td>
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Type</b></font></td>
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
92
93
94
95
96
97
98	<p><b><font size="4">Default</font></b> <br>
99
100
101
102
103
104
105	<b><font size="4">value</font></b></p>
106
107
108
109
110
111
112	</td>
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Explanation</b></font></td>
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128	</tr>
129
130
131
132
133
134
135	<tr>
136
137
138
139
140
141
142	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
143
144
145
146
147
148
149	<p><a name="adjust_mixing_length"></a><b>adjust_mixing_length</b></p>
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157	</td>
158
159
160
161
162
163
164	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span></td>
173
174
175
176
177
178
179	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
180
181
182
183
184
185
186	<p style="font-style: normal;">Near-surface adjustment of the
187	mixing length to the Prandtl-layer law.  </p>
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201	<p>Usually
202	the mixing length in LES models l<sub>LES</sub>
203	depends (as in PALM) on the grid size and is possibly restricted
204	further in case of stable stratification and near the lower wall (see
205	parameter <a href="#wall_adjustment">wall_adjustment</a>).
206	With <b>adjust_mixing_length</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span>
207	the Prandtl' mixing length l<sub>PR</sub> = kappa * z/phi
208	is calculated
209	and the mixing length actually used in the model is set l = MIN (l<sub>LES</sub>,
210	l<sub>PR</sub>). This usually gives a decrease of the
211	mixing length at
212	the bottom boundary and considers the fact that eddy sizes
213	decrease in the vicinity of the wall.  </p>
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227	<p style="font-style: normal;"><b>Warning:</b> So
228	far, there is
229	no good experience with <b>adjust_mixing_length</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> !  </p>
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243	<p>With <b>adjust_mixing_length</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> and the
244	Prandtl-layer being
245	switched on (see <a href="#prandtl_layer">prandtl_layer</a>)
246	<span style="font-style: italic;">'(u)* 2+neumann'</span>
247	should always be set as the lower boundary condition for the TKE (see <a href="#bc_e_b">bc_e_b</a>),
248	otherwise the near-surface value of the TKE is not in agreement with
249	the Prandtl-layer law (Prandtl-layer law and Prandtl-Kolmogorov-Ansatz
250	should provide the same value for K<sub>m</sub>). A warning
251	is given,
252	if this is not the case.</p>
253
254
255
256
257
258
259	</td>
260
261
262
263
264
265
266	</tr>
267
268
269
270
271
272
273	<tr>
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
282
283
284
285
286
287
288	<p><a name="alpha_surface"></a><b>alpha_surface</b></p>
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296	</td>
297
298
299
300
301
302
303	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
304
305
306
307
308
309
310	</td>
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span><br>
319
320
321
322
323
324
325	</td>
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
334
335
336
337
338
339
340	<p style="font-style: normal;">Inclination of the model domain
341	with respect to the horizontal (in degrees).  </p>
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355	<p style="font-style: normal;">By means of <b>alpha_surface</b>
356	the model domain can be inclined in x-direction with respect to the
357	horizontal. In this way flows over inclined surfaces (e.g. drainage
358	flows, gravity flows) can be simulated. In case of <b>alpha_surface
359	</b>/= <span style="font-style: italic;">0</span>
360	the buoyancy term
361	appears both in
362	the equation of motion of the u-component and of the w-component.<br>
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370	</p>
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384	<p style="font-style: normal;">An inclination
385	is only possible in
386	case of cyclic horizontal boundary conditions along x AND y (see <a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
387	and <a href="#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>) and <a href="#topography">topography</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'flat'</span>. </p>
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401	<p>Runs with inclined surface still require additional
402	user-defined code as well as modifications to the default code. Please
403	ask the <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/PALM_group.html#0">PALM
404	developer  group</a>.</p>
405
406
407
408
409
410
411	</td>
412
413
414
415
416
417
418	</tr>
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426	<tr>
427
428
429
430
431
432
433	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
434
435
436
437
438
439
440	<p><a name="bc_e_b"></a><b>bc_e_b</b></p>
441
442
443
444
445
446
447	</td>
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
456
457
458
459
460
461
462	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span></td>
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
471
472
473
474
475
476
477	<p style="font-style: normal;">Bottom boundary condition of the
478	TKE.  </p>
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492	<p><b>bc_e_b</b> may be
493	set to <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
494	or <span style="font-style: italic;">'(u) * 2+neumann'</span>.
495	<b>bc_e_b</b>
496	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
497	yields to
498	e(k=0)=e(k=1) (Neumann boundary condition), where e(k=1) is calculated
499	via the prognostic TKE equation. Choice of <span style="font-style: italic;">'(u)*2+neumann'</span>
500	also yields to
501	e(k=0)=e(k=1), but the TKE at the Prandtl-layer top (k=1) is calculated
502	diagnostically by e(k=1)=(us/0.1)**2. However, this is only allowed if
503	a Prandtl-layer is used (<a href="#prandtl_layer">prandtl_layer</a>).
504	If this is not the case, a warning is given and <b>bc_e_b</b>
505	is reset
506	to <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>.
507	</p>
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521	<p style="font-style: normal;">At the top
522	boundary a Neumann
523	boundary condition is generally used: (e(nz+1) = e(nz)).</p>
524
525
526
527
528
529
530	</td>
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538	</tr>
539
540
541
542
543
544
545	<tr>
546
547
548
549
550
551
552	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
553
554
555
556
557
558
559	<p><a name="bc_lr"></a><b>bc_lr</b></p>
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567	</td>
568
569
570
571
572
573
574	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'cyclic'</span></td>
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Boundary
591	condition along x (for all quantities).<br>
592
593
594
595
596
597
598	<br>
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606	By default, a cyclic boundary condition is used along x.<br>
607
608
609
610
611
612
613	<br>
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621	<span style="font-weight: bold;">bc_lr</span> may
622	also be
623	assigned the values <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet/radiation'</span>
624	(inflow from left, outflow to the right) or <span style="font-style: italic;">'radiation/dirichlet'</span>
625	(inflow from
626	right, outflow to the left). This requires the multi-grid method to be
627	used for solving the Poisson equation for perturbation pressure (see <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_4.2.html#psolver">psolver</a>)
628	and it also requires cyclic boundary conditions along y (see <a href="#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>).<br>
629
630
631
632
633
634
635	<br>
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643	In case of these non-cyclic lateral boundaries, a Dirichlet condition
644	is used at the inflow for all quantities (initial vertical profiles -
645	see <a href="#initializing_actions">initializing_actions</a>
646	- are fixed during the run) except u, to which a Neumann (zero
647	gradient) condition is applied. At the outflow, a radiation condition is used for all velocity components, while a Neumann (zero
648	gradient) condition is used for the scalars. For perturbation
649	pressure Neumann (zero gradient) conditions are assumed both at the
650	inflow and at the outflow.<br>
651
652
653
654
655
656
657	<br>
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665	When using non-cyclic lateral boundaries, a filter is applied to the
666	velocity field in the vicinity of the outflow in order to suppress any
667	reflections of outgoing disturbances (see <a href="#km_damp_max">km_damp_max</a>
668	and <a href="#outflow_damping_width">outflow_damping_width</a>).<br>
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676	<br>
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684	In order to maintain a turbulent state of the flow, it may be
685	neccessary to continuously impose perturbations on the horizontal
686	velocity field in the vicinity of the inflow throughout the whole run.
687	This can be switched on using <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_4.2.html#create_disturbances">create_disturbances</a>.
688	The horizontal range to which these perturbations are applied is
689	controlled by the parameters <a href="#inflow_disturbance_begin">inflow_disturbance_begin</a>
690	and <a href="#inflow_disturbance_end">inflow_disturbance_end</a>.
691	The vertical range and the perturbation amplitude are given by <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_4.2.html#psolver">disturbance_level_b</a>,
692	<a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_4.2.html#psolver">disturbance_level_t</a>,
693	and <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_4.2.html#psolver">disturbance_amplitude</a>.
694	The time interval at which perturbations are to be imposed is set by <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_4.2.html#dt_disturb">dt_disturb</a>.<br>
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702	<br>
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710	In case of non-cyclic horizontal boundaries <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_4.2.html#call_psolver_at_all_substeps">call_psolver
711	at_all_substeps</a> = .T. should be used.<br>
712
713
714
715
716
717
718	<br>
719
720
721
722
723
724
725	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Note:</span><br>
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733	Using non-cyclic lateral boundaries requires very sensitive adjustments
734	of the inflow (vertical profiles) and the bottom boundary conditions,
735	e.g. a surface heating should not be applied near the inflow boundary
736	because this may significantly disturb the inflow. Please check the
737	model results very carefully.</td>
738
739
740
741
742
743
744	</tr>
745
746
747
748
749
750
751	<tr>
752
753
754
755
756
757
758	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
759
760
761
762
763
764
765	<p><a name="bc_ns"></a><b>bc_ns</b></p>
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773	</td>
774
775
776
777
778
779
780	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'cyclic'</span></td>
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Boundary
797	condition along y (for all quantities).<br>
798
799
800
801
802
803
804	<br>
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812	By default, a cyclic boundary condition is used along y.<br>
813
814
815
816
817
818
819	<br>
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827	<span style="font-weight: bold;">bc_ns</span> may
828	also be
829	assigned the values <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet/radiation'</span>
830	(inflow from rear ("north"), outflow to the front ("south")) or <span style="font-style: italic;">'radiation/dirichlet'</span>
831	(inflow from front ("south"), outflow to the rear ("north")). This
832	requires the multi-grid
833	method to be used for solving the Poisson equation for perturbation
834	pressure (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#psolver">psolver</a>)
835	and it also requires cyclic boundary conditions along x (see<br>
836
837
838
839
840
841
842	<a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>).<br>
843
844
845
846
847
848
849	<br>
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857	In case of these non-cyclic lateral boundaries, a Dirichlet condition
858	is used at the inflow for all quantities (initial vertical profiles -
859	see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#initializing_actions">initializing_actions</a>
860	- are fixed during the run) except u, to which a Neumann (zero
861	gradient) condition is applied. At the outflow, a radiation condition is used for all velocity components, while a Neumann (zero
862	gradient) condition is used for the scalars. For perturbation
863	pressure Neumann (zero gradient) conditions are assumed both at the
864	inflow and at the outflow.<br>
865
866
867
868
869
870
871	<br>
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879	For further details regarding non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions
880	see <a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>.</td>
881
882
883
884
885
886
887	</tr>
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895	<tr>
896
897
898
899
900
901
902	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
903
904
905
906
907
908
909	<p><a name="bc_p_b"></a><b>bc_p_b</b></p>
910
911
912
913
914
915
916	</td>
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
925
926
927
928
929
930
931	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span></td>
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
940
941
942
943
944
945
946	<p style="font-style: normal;">Bottom boundary condition of the
947	perturbation pressure.  </p>
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961	<p>Allowed values
962	are <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>,
963	<span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
964	and <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann+inhomo'</span>.
965	<span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>
966	sets
967	p(k=0)=0.0,  <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
968	sets p(k=0)=p(k=1). <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann+inhomo'</span>
969	corresponds to an extended Neumann boundary condition where heat flux
970	or temperature inhomogeneities near the
971	surface (pt(k=1))  are additionally regarded (see Shen and
972	LeClerc
973	(1995, Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc.,
974	1209)). This condition is only permitted with the Prandtl-layer
975	switched on (<a href="#prandtl_layer">prandtl_layer</a>),
976	otherwise the run is terminated.  </p>
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990	<p>Since
991	at the bottom boundary of the model the vertical
992	velocity
993	disappears (w(k=0) = 0.0), the consistent Neumann condition (<span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span> or <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann+inhomo'</span>)
994	dp/dz = 0 should
995	be used, which leaves the vertical component w unchanged when the
996	pressure solver is applied. Simultaneous use of the Neumann boundary
997	conditions both at the bottom and at the top boundary (<a href="#bc_p_t">bc_p_t</a>)
998	usually yields no consistent solution for the perturbation pressure and
999	should be avoided.</p>
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006	</td>
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013	</tr>
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020	<tr>
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034	<p><a name="bc_p_t"></a><b>bc_p_t</b></p>
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042	</td>
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span></td>
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072	<p style="font-style: normal;">Top boundary condition of the
1073	perturbation pressure.  </p>
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087	<p style="font-style: normal;">Allowed values are <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>
1088	(p(k=nz+1)= 0.0) or <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1089	(p(k=nz+1)=p(k=nz)).  </p>
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103	<p>Simultaneous use
1104	of Neumann boundary conditions both at the
1105	top and bottom boundary (<a href="#bc_p_b">bc_p_b</a>)
1106	usually yields no consistent solution for the perturbation pressure and
1107	should be avoided. Since at the bottom boundary the Neumann
1108	condition  is a good choice (see <a href="#bc_p_b">bc_p_b</a>),
1109	a Dirichlet condition should be set at the top boundary.</p>
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116	</td>
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124	</tr>
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131	<tr>
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145	<p><a name="bc_pt_b"></a><b>bc_pt_b</b></p>
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153	</td>
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*20</td>
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span></td>
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183	<p style="font-style: normal;">Bottom boundary condition of the
1184	potential temperature.  </p>
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198	<p>Allowed values
1199	are <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>
1200	(pt(k=0) = const. = <a href="#pt_surface">pt_surface</a>
1201	+ <a href="#pt_surface_initial_change">pt_surface_initial_change</a>;
1202	the user may change this value during the run using user-defined code)
1203	and <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1204	(pt(k=0)=pt(k=1)).  <br>
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212	When a constant surface sensible heat flux is used (<a href="#surface_heatflux">surface_heatflux</a>), <b>bc_pt_b</b>
1213	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1214	must be used, because otherwise the resolved scale may contribute to
1215	the surface flux so that a constant value cannot be guaranteed.</p>
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228	<p>In the <a href="chapter_3.8.html">coupled</a> atmosphere executable, <a href="chapter_4.2.html#bc_pt_b">bc_pt_b</a> is internally set and does not need to be prescribed.</p>
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236	</td>
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243	</tr>
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250	<tr>
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264	<p><a name="pc_pt_t"></a><b>bc_pt_t</b></p>
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272	</td>
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'initial_ gradient'</span></td>
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302	<p style="font-style: normal;">Top boundary condition of the
1303	potential temperature.  </p>
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317	<p>Allowed are the
1318	values <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet' </span>(pt(k=nz+1)
1319	does not change during the run), <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1320	(pt(k=nz+1)=pt(k=nz)), and <span style="font-style: italic;">'initial_gradient'</span>.
1321	With the 'initial_gradient'-condition the value of the temperature
1322	gradient at the top is
1323	calculated from the initial
1324	temperature profile (see <a href="#pt_surface">pt_surface</a>,
1325	<a href="#pt_vertical_gradient">pt_vertical_gradient</a>)
1326	by bc_pt_t_val = (pt_init(k=nz+1) -
1327	pt_init(k=nz)) / dzu(nz+1).<br>
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335	Using this value (assumed constant during the
1336	run) the temperature boundary values are calculated as  </p>
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350	<ul>
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364	<p style="font-style: normal;">pt(k=nz+1) =
1365	pt(k=nz) +
1366	bc_pt_t_val * dzu(nz+1)</p>
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380	</ul>
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394	<p style="font-style: normal;">(up to k=nz the prognostic
1395	equation for the temperature is solved).<br>
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403	When a constant sensible heat flux is used at the top boundary (<a href="chapter_4.1.html#top_heatflux">top_heatflux</a>),
1404	<b>bc_pt_t</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1405	must be used, because otherwise the resolved scale may contribute to
1406	the top flux so that a constant value cannot be guaranteed.</p>
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413	</td>
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421	</tr>
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428	<tr>
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442	<p><a name="bc_q_b"></a><b>bc_q_b</b></p>
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450	</td>
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span></td>
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480	<p style="font-style: normal;">Bottom boundary condition of the
1481	specific humidity / total water content.  </p>
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495	<p>Allowed
1496	values are <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>
1497	(q(k=0) = const. = <a href="#q_surface">q_surface</a>
1498	+ <a href="#q_surface_initial_change">q_surface_initial_change</a>;
1499	the user may change this value during the run using user-defined code)
1500	and <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1501	(q(k=0)=q(k=1)).  <br>
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509	When a constant surface latent heat flux is used (<a href="#surface_waterflux">surface_waterflux</a>), <b>bc_q_b</b>
1510	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1511	must be used, because otherwise the resolved scale may contribute to
1512	the surface flux so that a constant value cannot be guaranteed.</p>
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520	</td>
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527	</tr>
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534	<tr>
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548	<p><a name="bc_q_t"></a><b>bc_q_t</b></p>
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556	</td>
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">C
1564	* 20</span></td>
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span></td>
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586	<p style="font-style: normal;">Top boundary condition of the
1587	specific humidity / total water content.  </p>
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601	<p>Allowed
1602	are the values <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>
1603	(q(k=nz) and q(k=nz+1) do
1604	not change during the run) and <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>.
1605	With the Neumann boundary
1606	condition the value of the humidity gradient at the top is calculated
1607	from the
1608	initial humidity profile (see <a href="#q_surface">q_surface</a>,
1609	<a href="#q_vertical_gradient">q_vertical_gradient</a>)
1610	by: bc_q_t_val = ( q_init(k=nz) - q_init(k=nz-1)) / dzu(nz).<br>
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618	Using this value (assumed constant during the run) the humidity
1619	boundary values
1620	are calculated as  </p>
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634	<ul>
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648	<p style="font-style: normal;">q(k=nz+1) =q(k=nz) +
1649	bc_q_t_val * dzu(nz+1)</p>
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663	</ul>
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677	<p style="font-style: normal;">(up tp k=nz the prognostic
1678	equation for q is solved). </p>
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685	</td>
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692	</tr>
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699	<tr>
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714	<p><a name="bc_s_b"></a><b>bc_s_b</b></p>
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721	</td>
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span></td>
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751	<p style="font-style: normal;">Bottom boundary condition of the
1752	scalar concentration.  </p>
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766	<p>Allowed values
1767	are <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>
1768	(s(k=0) = const. = <a href="#s_surface">s_surface</a>
1769	+ <a href="#s_surface_initial_change">s_surface_initial_change</a>;
1770	the user may change this value during the run using user-defined code)
1771	and <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1772	(s(k=0) =
1773	s(k=1)).  <br>
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781	When a constant surface concentration flux is used (<a href="#surface_scalarflux">surface_scalarflux</a>), <b>bc_s_b</b>
1782	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1783	must be used, because otherwise the resolved scale may contribute to
1784	the surface flux so that a constant value cannot be guaranteed.</p>
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792	</td>
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799	</tr>
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806	<tr>
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820	<p><a name="bc_s_t"></a><b>bc_s_t</b></p>
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828	</td>
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span></td>
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858	<p style="font-style: normal;">Top boundary condition of the
1859	scalar concentration.  </p>
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873	<p>Allowed are the
1874	values <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>
1875	(s(k=nz) and s(k=nz+1) do
1876	not change during the run) and <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>.
1877	With the Neumann boundary
1878	condition the value of the scalar concentration gradient at the top is
1879	calculated
1880	from the initial scalar concentration profile (see <a href="#s_surface">s_surface</a>, <a href="#s_vertical_gradient">s_vertical_gradient</a>)
1881	by: bc_s_t_val = (s_init(k=nz) - s_init(k=nz-1)) / dzu(nz).<br>
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889	Using this value (assumed constant during the run) the concentration
1890	boundary values
1891	are calculated as </p>
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905	<ul>
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919	<p style="font-style: normal;">s(k=nz+1) = s(k=nz) +
1920	bc_s_t_val * dzu(nz+1)</p>
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934	</ul>
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948	<p style="font-style: normal;">(up to k=nz the prognostic
1949	equation for the scalar concentration is
1950	solved).</p>
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957	</td>
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964	</tr>
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971	<tr>
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="bc_sa_t"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">bc_sa_t</span></td>
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span></td>
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006	<p style="font-style: normal;">Top boundary condition of the salinity.  </p>
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020	<p>This parameter only comes into effect for ocean runs (see parameter <a href="#ocean">ocean</a>).</p>
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033	<p style="font-style: normal;">Allowed are the
2034	values <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet' </span>(sa(k=nz+1)
2035	does not change during the run) and <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
2036	(sa(k=nz+1)=sa(k=nz))<span style="font-style: italic;"></span>. <br>
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043	<br>
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051	When a constant salinity flux is used at the top boundary (<a href="chapter_4.1.html#top_salinityflux">top_salinityflux</a>),
2052	<b>bc_sa_t</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
2053	must be used, because otherwise the resolved scale may contribute to
2054	the top flux so that a constant value cannot be guaranteed.</p>
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061	</td>
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068	</tr>
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075	<tr>
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089	<p><a name="bc_uv_b"></a><b>bc_uv_b</b></p>
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097	</td>
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span></td>
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127	<p style="font-style: normal;">Bottom boundary condition of the
2128	horizontal velocity components u and v.  </p>
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142	<p>Allowed
2143	values are <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet' </span>and
2144	<span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>. <b>bc_uv_b</b>
2145	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>
2146	yields the
2147	no-slip condition with u=v=0 at the bottom. Due to the staggered grid
2148	u(k=0) and v(k=0) are located at z = - 0,5 * <a href="#dz">dz</a>
2149	(below the bottom), while u(k=1) and v(k=1) are located at z = +0,5 *
2150	dz. u=v=0 at the bottom is guaranteed using mirror boundary
2151	condition:  </p>
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165	<ul>
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179	<p style="font-style: normal;">u(k=0) = - u(k=1) and v(k=0) = -
2180	v(k=1)</p>
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194	</ul>
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208	<p style="font-style: normal;">The
2209	Neumann boundary condition
2210	yields the free-slip condition with u(k=0) = u(k=1) and v(k=0) =
2211	v(k=1).
2212	With Prandtl - layer switched on (see <a href="#prandtl_layer">prandtl_layer</a>), the free-slip condition is not
2213	allowed (otherwise the run will be terminated)<font color="#000000">.</font></p>
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221	</td>
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228	</tr>
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235	<tr>
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249	<p><a name="bc_uv_t"></a><b>bc_uv_t</b></p>
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257	</td>
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span></td>
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287	<p style="font-style: normal;">Top boundary condition of the
2288	horizontal velocity components u and v.  </p>
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302	<p>Allowed
2303	values are <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet_0'</span>
2304	and <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>.
2305	The
2306	Dirichlet condition yields u(k=nz+1) = ug(nz+1) and v(k=nz+1) =
2307	vg(nz+1),
2308	Neumann condition yields the free-slip condition with u(k=nz+1) =
2309	u(k=nz) and v(k=nz+1) = v(k=nz) (up to k=nz the prognostic equations
2310	for the velocities are solved). The special condition <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet_0'</span> can be used for channel flow, it yields the no-slip condition u(k=nz+1) = ug(nz+1) = 0 and v(k=nz+1) =
2311	vg(nz+1) = 0.</p>
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324	<p>In the <a href="chapter_3.8.html">coupled</a> ocean executable, <a href="chapter_4.2.html#bc_uv_t">bc_uv_t</a> is internally set ('neumann') and does not need to be prescribed.</p>
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331	</td>
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338	</tr>
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345	<tr>
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="bottom_salinityflux"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">bottom_salinityflux</span></td>
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span></td>
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380	<p>Kinematic salinity flux near the surface (in psu m/s). </p>
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387	This parameter only comes into effect for ocean runs (see parameter <a href="chapter_4.1.html#ocean">ocean</a>).
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394	<p>The
2395	respective salinity flux value is used
2396	as bottom (horizontally homogeneous) boundary condition for the salinity equation. This additionally requires that a Neumann
2397	condition must be used for the salinity, which is currently the only available condition.<br>
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404	</p>
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411	</td>
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418	</tr>
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425	<tr>
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="building_height"></a>building_height</span></td>
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">50.0</span></td>
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455	<td>Height
2456	of a single building in m.<br>
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463	<br>
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470	<span style="font-weight: bold;">building_height</span> must
2471	be less than the height of the model domain. This parameter requires
2472	the use of <a href="#topography">topography</a>
2473	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'single_building'</span>.</td>
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481	</tr>
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488	<tr>
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="building_length_x"></a>building_length_x</span></td>
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">50.0</span></td>
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517	<td><span style="font-style: italic;"></span>Width of a single
2518	building in m.<br>
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525	<br>
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533	Currently, <span style="font-weight: bold;">building_length_x</span>
2534	must be at least <span style="font-style: italic;">3
2535	* </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="#dx">dx</a> and no more than <span style="font-style: italic;">( </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="#nx">nx</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> - 1 ) </span><span style="font-style: italic;"> * <a href="#dx">dx</a>
2536	</span><span style="font-style: italic;">- <a href="#building_wall_left">building_wall_left</a></span>.
2537	This parameter requires the use of <a href="#topography">topography</a>
2538	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'single_building'</span>.</td>
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546	</tr>
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553	<tr>
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="building_length_y"></a>building_length_y</span></td>
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">50.0</span></td>
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582	<td>Depth
2583	of a single building in m.<br>
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590	<br>
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598	Currently, <span style="font-weight: bold;">building_length_y</span>
2599	must be at least <span style="font-style: italic;">3
2600	* </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="#dy">dy</a> and no more than <span style="font-style: italic;">( </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="#ny">ny</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> - 1 ) </span><span style="font-style: italic;"> * <a href="#dy">dy</a></span><span style="font-style: italic;"> - <a href="#building_wall_south">building_wall_south</a></span>. This parameter requires
2601	the use of <a href="#topography">topography</a>
2602	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'single_building'</span>.</td>
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610	</tr>
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617	<tr>
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="building_wall_left"></a>building_wall_left</span></td>
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">building centered in x-direction</span></td>
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647	<td>x-coordinate of the left building wall (distance between the
2648	left building wall and the left border of the model domain) in m.<br>
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656	<br>
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664	Currently, <span style="font-weight: bold;">building_wall_left</span>
2665	must be at least <span style="font-style: italic;">1
2666	* </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="#dx">dx</a> and less than <span style="font-style: italic;">( <a href="#nx">nx</a>
2667	- 1 ) * <a href="#dx">dx</a> -  <a href="#building_length_x">building_length_x</a></span>.
2668	This parameter requires the use of <a href="#topography">topography</a>
2669	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'single_building'</span>.<br>
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677	<br>
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685	The default value <span style="font-weight: bold;">building_wall_left</span>
2686	= <span style="font-style: italic;">( ( <a href="#nx">nx</a> +
2687	1 ) * <a href="#dx">dx</a> -  <a href="#building_length_x">building_length_x</a> ) / 2</span>
2688	centers the building in x-direction. <font color="#000000">Due to the staggered grid the building will be displaced by -0.5 <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dx">dx</a> in x-direction and -0.5 <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dy">dy</a> in y-direction.</font> </td>
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695	</tr>
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702	<tr>
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="building_wall_south"></a>building_wall_south</span></td>
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;"></span><span style="font-style: italic;">building centered in y-direction</span></td>
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733	<td>y-coordinate of the South building wall (distance between the
2734	South building wall and the South border of the model domain) in m.<br>
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742	<br>
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750	Currently, <span style="font-weight: bold;">building_wall_south</span>
2751	must be at least <span style="font-style: italic;">1
2752	* </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="#dy">dy</a> and less than <span style="font-style: italic;">( <a href="#ny">ny</a>
2753	- 1 ) * <a href="#dy">dy</a> -  <a href="#building_length_y">building_length_y</a></span>.
2754	This parameter requires the use of <a href="#topography">topography</a>
2755	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'single_building'</span>.<br>
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763	<br>
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771	The default value <span style="font-weight: bold;">building_wall_south</span>
2772	= <span style="font-style: italic;">( ( <a href="#ny">ny</a> +
2773	1 ) * <a href="#dy">dy</a> -  <a href="#building_length_y">building_length_y</a> ) / 2</span>
2774	centers the building in y-direction. <font color="#000000">Due to the staggered grid the building will be displaced by -0.5 <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dx">dx</a> in x-direction and -0.5 <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dy">dy</a> in y-direction.</font> </td>
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781	</tr>
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788	<tr>
2789
2790	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="canopy_mode"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">canopy_mode</span></td>
2791
2792	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
2793
2794	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'block'</span></td>
2795
2796	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Canopy mode.<br>
2797
2798	<br>
2799
2800	<font color="#000000">
2801	Besides using the default value, that will create a horizontally
2802	homogeneous plant canopy that extends over the total horizontal
2803	extension of the model domain, the user may add code to the user
2804	interface subroutine <a href="chapter_3.5.1.html#user_init_plant_canopy">user_init_plant_canopy</a>
2805	to allow further canopy modes. <br>
2806
2807	<br>
2808
2809	The setting of <a href="#canopy_mode">canopy_mode</a> becomes only active, if <a href="#plant_canopy">plant_canopy</a> has been set <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> and a non-zero <a href="#drag_coefficient">drag_coefficient</a> has been defined.</font></td>
2810
2811	</tr>
2812
2813	<tr><td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top;"><a name="canyon_height"></a>canyon_height</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td><td style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: top;">50.0</td><td>Street canyon height
2814	in m.<br>
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821	<br>
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828	<span style="font-weight: bold;">canyon_height</span> must
2829	be less than the height of the model domain. This parameter requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#topography">topography</a>
2830	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'single_street_canyon'</span>.</td></tr><tr><td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top;"><a name="canyon_width_x"></a>canyon_width_x</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td><td style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: top;">9999999.9</td><td>Street canyon width in x-direction in m.<br>
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837	<br>
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845	Currently, <span style="font-weight: bold;">canyon_width_x</span>
2846	must be at least <span style="font-style: italic;">3
2847	* </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="chapter_4.1.html#dx">dx</a> and no more than <span style="font-style: italic;">( </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="chapter_4.1.html#nx">nx</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> - 1 ) </span><span style="font-style: italic;"> * <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dx">dx</a>
2848	</span><span style="font-style: italic;">- <a href="chapter_4.1.html#canyon_wall_left">canyon_wall_left</a></span>.
2849	This parameter requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#topography">topography</a>
2850	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'</span><span style="font-style: italic;">single_street_canyon</span><span style="font-style: italic;">'</span>. A non-default value implies a canyon orientation in y-direction.</td></tr><tr><td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top;"><a name="canyon_width_y"></a>canyon_width_y</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td><td style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: top;">9999999.9</td><td>Street canyon width in y-direction in m.<br>
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857	<br>
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865	Currently, <span style="font-weight: bold;">canyon_width_y</span>
2866	must be at least <span style="font-style: italic;">3
2867	* </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="chapter_4.1.html#dy">dy</a> and no more than <span style="font-style: italic;">( </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="chapter_4.1.html#ny">ny</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> - 1 ) </span><span style="font-style: italic;"> * <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dy">dy</a></span><span style="font-style: italic;"> - <a href="chapter_4.1.html#canyon_wall_south">canyon_wall_south</a></span>. This parameter requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#topography">topography</a>
2868	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'</span><span style="font-style: italic;">single_street_canyon</span>. A non-default value implies a canyon orientation in x-direction.</td></tr><tr><td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top;"><a name="canyon_wall_left"></a>canyon_wall_left</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td><td style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">canyon centered in x-direction</span></td><td>x-coordinate of the left canyon wall (distance between the
2869	left canyon wall and the left border of the model domain) in m.<br>
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877	<br>
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885	Currently, <span style="font-weight: bold;">canyon_wall_left</span>
2886	must be at least <span style="font-style: italic;">1
2887	* </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="chapter_4.1.html#dx">dx</a> and less than <span style="font-style: italic;">( <a href="chapter_4.1.html#nx">nx</a>
2888	- 1 ) * <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dx">dx</a> -  <a href="chapter_4.1.html#canyon_width_x">canyon_width_x</a></span>.
2889	This parameter requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#topography">topography</a>
2890	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'</span><span style="font-style: italic;">single_street_canyon</span><span style="font-style: italic;">'</span>.<br>
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898	<br>
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906	The default value <span style="font-weight: bold;">canyon_wall_left</span>
2907	= <span style="font-style: italic;">( ( <a href="chapter_4.1.html#nx">nx</a> +
2908	1 ) * <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dx">dx</a> -  <a href="chapter_4.1.html#canyon_width_x">canyon_width_x</a> ) / 2</span>
2909	centers the canyon in x-direction.</td></tr><tr><td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top;"><a name="canyon_wall_south"></a>canyon_wall_south</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td><td style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">canyon centered in y-direction</span></td><td>y-coordinate of the South canyon wall (distance between the
2910	South canyon wall and the South border of the model domain) in m.<br>
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918	<br>
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926	Currently, <span style="font-weight: bold;">canyon_wall_south</span>
2927	must be at least <span style="font-style: italic;">1
2928	* </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="chapter_4.1.html#dy">dy</a> and less than <span style="font-style: italic;">( <a href="chapter_4.1.html#ny">ny</a>
2929	- 1 ) * <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dy">dy</a> -  <a href="chapter_4.1.html#canyon_width_y">canyon_width_y</a></span>.
2930	This parameter requires <a href="chapter_4.1.html#topography">topography</a>
2931	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'</span><span style="font-style: italic;">single_street_canyon</span><span style="font-style: italic;">'</span>.<br>
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939	<br>
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947	The default value <span style="font-weight: bold;">canyon_wall_south</span>
2948	= <span style="font-style: italic;">( ( <a href="chapter_4.1.html#ny">ny</a> +
2949	1 ) * <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dy">dy</a> -  </span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#building_length_y"><span style="font-style: italic;"></span></a><a style="font-style: italic;" href="chapter_4.1.html#canyon_width_y">canyon_wid</a><span style="font-style: italic;"><a style="font-style: italic;" href="chapter_4.1.html#canyon_width_y">th_y</a> ) / 2</span>
2950	centers the canyon in y-direction.</td></tr><tr>
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="cloud_droplets"></a>cloud_droplets</span><br>
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966	</td>
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980	</td>
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span><br>
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995	</td>
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Parameter to switch on
3004	usage of cloud droplets.<br>
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011	<br>
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019	<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: monospace;"></span>
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024	Cloud droplets require to use particles (i.e. the NAMELIST group <span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">particles_par</span> has to be included in the parameter file<span style="font-family: monospace;"></span>). Then each particle is a representative for a certain number of droplets. The droplet
3025	features (number of droplets, initial radius, etc.) can be steered with
3026	the  respective particle parameters (see e.g. <a href="#chapter_4.2.html#radius">radius</a>).
3027	The real number of initial droplets in a grid cell is equal to the
3028	initial number of droplets (defined by the particle source parameters <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pst"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pst</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#psl"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psl</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#psr"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pss"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pss</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#psn"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psn</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#psb"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psb</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pdx"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdx</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pdy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdy</font></span></a>
3029	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">and
3030	</font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pdz"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdz</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"></span>)
3031	times the <a href="#initial_weighting_factor">initial_weighting_factor</a>.<br>
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039	<br>
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047	In case of using cloud droplets, the default condensation scheme in
3048	PALM cannot be used, i.e. <a href="#cloud_physics">cloud_physics</a>
3049	must be set <span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span>.<br>
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057	</td>
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064	</tr>
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071	<tr>
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085	<p><a name="cloud_physics"></a><b>cloud_physics</b></p>
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093	</td>
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107	</td>
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span></td>
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129	<p>Parameter to switch
3130	on the condensation scheme.  </p>
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138	For <b>cloud_physics =</b> <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span>, equations
3139	for the
3140	liquid water
3141	content and the liquid water potential temperature are solved instead
3142	of those for specific humidity and potential temperature. Note
3143	that a grid volume is assumed to be either completely saturated or
3144	completely
3145	unsaturated (0%-or-100%-scheme). A simple precipitation scheme can
3146	additionally be switched on with parameter <a href="#precipitation">precipitation</a>.
3147	Also cloud-top cooling by longwave radiation can be utilized (see <a href="#radiation">radiation</a>)<br>
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154	<b><br>
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162	cloud_physics =</b> <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.
3163	</span>requires <a href="#humidity">humidity</a>
3164	=<span style="font-style: italic;"> .TRUE.</span> .<br>
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172	Detailed information about the condensation scheme is given in the
3173	description of the <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM-1/Dokumentationen/Cloud_physics/wolken.pdf">cloud
3174	physics module</a> (pdf-file, only in German).<br>
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181	<br>
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189	This condensation scheme is not allowed if cloud droplets are simulated
3190	explicitly (see <a href="#cloud_droplets">cloud_droplets</a>).<br>
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198	</td>
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205	</tr>
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212	<tr>
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="conserve_volume_flow"></a>conserve_volume_flow</span></td>
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span></td>
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241	<td>Conservation
3242	of volume flow in x- and y-direction.<br>
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249	<br>
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256	<span style="font-weight: bold;">conserve_volume_flow</span>
3257	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span>
3258	guarantees that the volume flow through the xz- and yz-cross-sections of
3259	the total model domain remains constant throughout the run depending on the chosen <a href="#conserve_volume_flow_mode">conserve_volume_flow_mode</a>.<br><br>Note that <span style="font-weight: bold;">conserve_volume_flow</span>
3260	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> requires <a href="#dp_external">dp_external</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span> .<br>
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268	</td>
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275	</tr>
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282	<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="conserve_volume_flow_mode"></a>conserve_volume_flow_mode</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 16</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'default'</span></td><td>Modus of volume flow conservation.<br><br>The following values are allowed:<br><p style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'default'</span>
3283	</p>
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297	<ul><p>Per default, PALM uses <span style="font-style: italic;">'initial_profiles'</span> for cyclic lateral boundary conditions (<a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'cyclic'</span> and <a href="#bc_ns">bc_ns</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'cyclic'</span>) and <span style="font-style: italic;">'inflow_profile'</span> for non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions (<a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_lr">bc_lr</a> /= <span style="font-style: italic;">'cyclic'</span> or <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_ns">bc_ns</a> /= <span style="font-style: italic;">'cyclic'</span>).</p></ul>
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311	<p style="font-style: italic;">'initial_profiles' </p>
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325	<ul><p>The
3326	target volume flow is calculated at t=0 from the initial profiles
3327	of u and v. This setting is only allowed for cyclic lateral
3328	boundary conditions (<a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_lr">bc_lr</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'cyclic'</span> and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_ns">bc_ns</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'cyclic'</span>).</p></ul>
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342	<p style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'inflow_profile'</span>
3343	</p>
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357	<ul><p>The
3358	target volume flow is calculated at every timestep from the
3359	inflow profile of u or v, respectively. This setting is only
3360	allowed for non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions (<a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_lr">bc_lr</a> /= <span style="font-style: italic;">'cyclic'</span> or <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_ns">bc_ns</a> /= <span style="font-style: italic;">'cyclic'</span>).</p></ul>
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374	<p style="font-style: italic;">'bulk_velocity' </p>
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388	<ul><p>The target volume flow is calculated from a predefined bulk velocity (see <a href="#u_bulk">u_bulk</a> and <a href="#v_bulk">v_bulk</a>). This setting is only allowed for cyclic lateral boundary conditions (<a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_lr">bc_lr</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'cyclic'</span> and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_ns">bc_ns</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'cyclic'</span>).</p></ul>
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402	<span style="font-style: italic;"></span>Note that <span style="font-weight: bold;">conserve_volume_flow_mode</span>
3403	only comes into effect if <a href="#conserve_volume_flow">conserve_volume_flow</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T. .</span> </td></tr><tr>
3404
3405	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="cthf"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">cthf</span></td>
3406
3407	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3408
3409	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span></td>
3410
3411	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Average heat flux that is prescribed at the top of the plant canopy.<br>
3412
3413
3414	<br>
3415
3416
3417	If <a href="#plant_canopy">plant_canopy</a> is set <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span>, the user can prescribe a heat flux at the top of the plant canopy.<br>
3418
3419
3420	It is assumed that solar radiation penetrates the canopy and warms the
3421	foliage which, in turn, warms the air in contact with it. <br>
3422
3423
3424	Note: Instead of using the value prescribed by <a href="#surface_heatflux">surface_heatflux</a>,
3425	the near surface heat flux is determined from an exponential function
3426	that is dependent on the cumulative leaf_area_index (Shaw and Schumann
3427	(1992, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 61, 47-64)).</td>
3428
3429	</tr>
3430
3431	<tr>
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445	<p><a name="cut_spline_overshoot"></a><b>cut_spline_overshoot</b></p>
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453	</td>
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span></td>
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482	<p>Cuts off of
3483	so-called overshoots, which can occur with the
3484	upstream-spline scheme.  </p>
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498	<p><font color="#000000">The cubic splines tend to overshoot in
3499	case of discontinuous changes of variables between neighbouring grid
3500	points.</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#000000">This
3501	may lead to errors in calculating the advection tendency.</font>
3502	Choice
3503	of <b>cut_spline_overshoot</b> = <i>.TRUE.</i>
3504	(switched on by
3505	default)
3506	allows variable values not to exceed an interval defined by the
3507	respective adjacent grid points. This interval can be adjusted
3508	seperately for every prognostic variable (see initialization parameters
3509	<a href="#overshoot_limit_e">overshoot_limit_e</a>, <a href="#overshoot_limit_pt">overshoot_limit_pt</a>, <a href="#overshoot_limit_u">overshoot_limit_u</a>,
3510	etc.). This might be necessary in case that the
3511	default interval has a non-tolerable effect on the model
3512	results.  </p>
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526	<p>Overshoots may also be removed
3527	using the parameters <a href="#ups_limit_e">ups_limit_e</a>,
3528	<a href="#ups_limit_pt">ups_limit_pt</a>,
3529	etc. as well as by applying a long-filter (see <a href="#long_filter_factor">long_filter_factor</a>).</p>
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537	</td>
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544	</tr>
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551	<tr>
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565	<p><a name="damp_level_1d"></a><b>damp_level_1d</b></p>
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573	</td>
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">zu(nz+1)</span></td>
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603	<p>Height where
3604	the damping layer begins in the 1d-model
3605	(in m).  </p>
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619	<p>This parameter is used to
3620	switch on a damping layer for the
3621	1d-model, which is generally needed for the damping of inertia
3622	oscillations. Damping is done by gradually increasing the value
3623	of the eddy diffusivities about 10% per vertical grid level
3624	(starting with the value at the height given by <b>damp_level_1d</b>,
3625	or possibly from the next grid pint above), i.e. K<sub>m</sub>(k+1)
3626	=
3627	1.1 * K<sub>m</sub>(k).
3628	The values of K<sub>m</sub> are limited to 10 m**2/s at
3629	maximum.  <br>
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637	This parameter only comes into effect if the 1d-model is switched on
3638	for
3639	the initialization of the 3d-model using <a href="#initializing_actions">initializing_actions</a>
3640	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'set_1d-model_profiles'</span>.
3641	<br>
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648	</p>
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655	</td>
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662	</tr>
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669	<tr>
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="dissipation_1d"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">dissipation_1d</span><br>
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684	</td>
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*20<br>
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699	</td>
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'as_in_3d_</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713	<span style="font-style: italic;">model'</span><br>
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720	</td>
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Calculation method for
3729	the energy dissipation term in the TKE equation of the 1d-model.<br>
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737	<br>
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745	By default the dissipation is calculated as in the 3d-model using diss
3746	= (0.19 + 0.74 * l / l_grid) * e**1.5 / l.<br>
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753	<br>
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761	Setting <span style="font-weight: bold;">dissipation_1d</span>
3762	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'detering'</span>
3763	forces the dissipation to be calculated as diss = 0.064 * e**1.5 / l.<br>
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771	</td>
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778	</tr>
3779	<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><p><a name="dp_external"></a><b>dp_external</b></p></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td><td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">.F.</td><td>External pressure gradient switch.<br><br>This
3780	parameter is used to switch on/off an external pressure gradient as
3781	driving force. The external pressure gradient is controlled by the
3782	parameters <a href="#dp_smooth">dp_smooth</a>, <a href="#dp_level_b">dp_level_b</a> and <a href="#dpdxy">dpdxy</a>.<br><br>Note that <span style="font-weight: bold;">dp_external</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> requires <a href="#conserve_volume_flow">conserve_volume_flow</a> =<span style="font-style: italic;"> .F. </span>It is normally recommended to disable the Coriolis force by setting <a href="l#omega">omega</a> = 0.0.</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><p><a name="dp_smooth"></a><b>dp_smooth</b></p></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td><td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">.F.</td><td>Vertically smooth the external pressure gradient using a sinusoidal smoothing function.<br><br>This parameter only applies if <a href="#dp_external">dp_external</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T. </span>. It is useful in combination with <a href="#dp_level_b">dp_level_b</a> >> 0 to generate a non-accelerated boundary layer well below <a href="#dp_level_b">dp_level_b</a>.</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><p><a name="dp_level_b"></a><b>dp_level_b</b></p></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td><td style="vertical-align: top; font-style: italic;">0.0</td><td><font size="3">Lower
3783	limit of the vertical range for which the external pressure gradient is applied (</font>in <font size="3">m).</font><br><br>This parameter only applies if <a href="#dp_external">dp_external</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T. </span><span lang="en-GB">It
3784	must hold the condition zu(0) <= <b>dp_level_b</b>
3785	<= zu(</span><a href="#nz"><span lang="en-GB">nz</span></a><span lang="en-GB">)</span><span lang="en-GB">. </span>It can be used in combination with <a href="#dp_smooth">dp_smooth</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> to generate a non-accelerated boundary layer well below <span style="font-weight: bold;">dp_level_b</span> if <span style="font-weight: bold;">dp_level_b</span> >> 0.<br><br>Note
3786	that there is no upper limit of the vertical range because the external
3787	pressure gradient is always applied up to the top of the model domain.</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><p><a name="dpdxy"></a><b>dpdxy</b></p></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">R(2)</td><td style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: top;">2 * 0.0</td><td>Values of the external pressure gradient applied in x- and y-direction, respectively (in Pa/m).<br><br>This parameter only applies if <a href="#dp_external">dp_external</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T. </span>It sets the pressure gradient values. Negative values mean an acceleration, positive values mean deceleration. For example, <span style="font-weight: bold;">dpdxy</span> = -0.0002, 0.0, drives the flow in positive x-direction, <span lang="en-GB"></span></td></tr>
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794	<tr>
3795
3796	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="drag_coefficient"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">drag_coefficient</span></td>
3797
3798	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3799
3800	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span></td>
3801
3802	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Drag coefficient used in the plant canopy model.<br>
3803
3804	<br>
3805
3806	This parameter has to be non-zero, if the parameter <a href="#plant_canopy">plant_canopy</a> is set <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span>.</td>
3807
3808	</tr>
3809
3810	<tr>
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824	<p><a name="dt"></a><b>dt</b></p>
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831	</td>
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">variable</span></td>
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861	<p>Time step for
3862	the 3d-model (in s).  </p>
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876	<p>By default, (i.e.
3877	if a Runge-Kutta scheme is used, see <a href="#timestep_scheme">timestep_scheme</a>)
3878	the value of the time step is calculating after each time step
3879	(following the time step criteria) and
3880	used for the next step.</p>
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894	<p>If the user assigns <b>dt</b>
3895	a value, then the time step is
3896	fixed to this value throughout the whole run (whether it fulfills the
3897	time step
3898	criteria or not). However, changes are allowed for restart runs,
3899	because <b>dt</b> can also be used as a <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_laufparameter">run
3900	parameter</a>.  </p>
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914	<p>In case that the
3915	calculated time step meets the condition<br>
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922	</p>
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936	<ul>
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950	<p><b>dt</b> < 0.00001 * <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_max">dt_max</a> (with dt_max
3951	= 20.0)</p>
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965	</ul>
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979	<p>the simulation will be
3980	aborted. Such situations usually arise
3981	in case of any numerical problem / instability which causes a
3982	non-realistic increase of the wind speed.  </p>
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996	<p>A
3997	small time step due to a large mean horizontal windspeed
3998	speed may be enlarged by using a coordinate transformation (see <a href="#galilei_transformation">galilei_transformation</a>),
3999	in order to spare CPU time.<br>
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006	</p>
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020	<p>If the
4021	leapfrog timestep scheme is used (see <a href="#timestep_scheme">timestep_scheme</a>)
4022	a temporary time step value dt_new is calculated first, with dt_new = <a href="chapter_4.2.html#fcl_factor">cfl_factor</a>
4023	* dt_crit where dt_crit is the maximum timestep allowed by the CFL and
4024	diffusion condition. Next it is examined whether dt_new exceeds or
4025	falls below the
4026	value of the previous timestep by at
4027	least +5 % / -2%. If it is smaller, <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt</span>
4028	= dt_new is immediately used for the next timestep. If it is larger,
4029	then <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt </span>=
4030	1.02 * dt_prev
4031	(previous timestep) is used as the new timestep, however the time
4032	step is only increased if the last change of the time step is dated
4033	back at
4034	least 30 iterations. If dt_new is located in the interval mentioned
4035	above, then dt
4036	does not change at all. By doing so, permanent time step changes as
4037	well as large
4038	sudden changes (increases) in the time step are avoided.</p>
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045	</td>
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053	</tr>
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060	<tr>
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074	<p><a name="dt_pr_1d"></a><b>dt_pr_1d</b></p>
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082	</td>
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">9999999.9</span></td>
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112	<p>Temporal
4113	interval of vertical profile output of the 1D-model
4114	(in s).  </p>
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128	<p>Data are written in ASCII
4129	format to file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#LIST_PROFIL_1D">LIST_PROFIL_1D</a>.
4130	This parameter is only in effect if the 1d-model has been switched on
4131	for the
4132	initialization of the 3d-model with <a href="#initializing_actions">initializing_actions</a>
4133	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'set_1d-model_profiles'</span>.</p>
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141	</td>
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148	</tr>
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155	<tr>
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169	<p><a name="dt_run_control_1d"></a><b>dt_run_control_1d</b></p>
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177	</td>
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">60.0</span></td>
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206	<p>Temporal interval of
4207	runtime control output of the 1d-model
4208	(in s).  </p>
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222	<p>Data are written in ASCII
4223	format to file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>.
4224	This parameter is only in effect if the 1d-model is switched on for the
4225	initialization of the 3d-model with <a href="#initializing_actions">initializing_actions</a>
4226	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'set_1d-model_profiles'</span>.</p>
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234	</td>
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241	</tr>
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248	<tr>
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262	<p><a name="dx"></a><b>dx</b></p>
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270	</td>
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">1.0</span></td>
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299	<p>Horizontal grid
4300	spacing along the x-direction (in m).  </p>
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314	<p>Along
4315	x-direction only a constant grid spacing is allowed.</p>
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328	<p>For <a href="chapter_3.8.html">coupled runs</a> this parameter must be equal in both parameter files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2"><span style="font-family: mon;"></span>PARIN</font></a>
4329	and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2">PARIN_O</font></a>.</p>
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336	</td>
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344	</tr>
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351	<tr>
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365	<p><a name="dy"></a><b>dy</b></p>
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373	</td>
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">1.0</span></td>
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402	<p>Horizontal grid
4403	spacing along the y-direction (in m).  </p>
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417	<p>Along y-direction only a constant grid spacing is allowed.</p>
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430	<p>For <a href="chapter_3.8.html">coupled runs</a> this parameter must be equal in both parameter files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2"><span style="font-family: mon;"></span>PARIN</font></a>
4431	and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2">PARIN_O</font></a>.</p>
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438	</td>
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446	</tr>
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453	<tr>
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467	<p><a name="dz"></a><b>dz</b></p>
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475	</td>
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497	</td>
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511	<p>Vertical grid
4512	spacing (in m).  </p>
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526	<p>This parameter must be
4527	assigned by the user, because no
4528	default value is given.<br>
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535	</p>
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549	<p>By default, the
4550	model uses constant grid spacing along z-direction, but it can be
4551	stretched using the parameters <a href="#dz_stretch_level">dz_stretch_level</a>
4552	and <a href="#dz_stretch_factor">dz_stretch_factor</a>.
4553	In case of stretching, a maximum allowed grid spacing can be given by <a href="#dz_max">dz_max</a>.<br>
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560	</p>
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574	<p>Assuming
4575	a constant <span style="font-weight: bold;">dz</span>,
4576	the scalar levels (zu) are calculated directly by:  </p>
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590	<ul>
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604	<p>zu(0) = - dz * 0.5  <br>
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612	zu(1) = dz * 0.5</p>
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626	</ul>
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640	<p>The w-levels lie
4641	half between them:  </p>
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655	<ul>
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669	<p>zw(k) =
4670	( zu(k) + zu(k+1) ) * 0.5</p>
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684	</ul>
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691	</td>
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698	</tr>
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706	<tr>
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="dz_max"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">dz_max</span></td>
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">9999999.9</span></td>
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Allowed maximum vertical grid
4735	spacing (in m).<br>
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742	<br>
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749	If the vertical grid is stretched
4750	(see <a href="#dz_stretch_factor">dz_stretch_factor</a>
4751	and <a href="#dz_stretch_level">dz_stretch_level</a>),
4752	<span style="font-weight: bold;">dz_max</span> can
4753	be used to limit the vertical grid spacing.</td>
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760	</tr>
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767	<tr>
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782	<p><a name="dz_stretch_factor"></a><b>dz_stretch_factor</b></p>
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790	</td>
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">1.08</span></td>
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819	<p>Stretch factor for a
4820	vertically stretched grid (see <a href="#dz_stretch_level">dz_stretch_level</a>).
4821	</p>
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835	<p>The stretch factor should not exceed a value of
4836	approx. 1.10 -
4837	1.12, otherwise the discretization errors due to the stretched grid not
4838	negligible any more. (refer Kalnay de Rivas)</p>
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845	</td>
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852	</tr>
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860	<tr>
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874	<p><a name="dz_stretch_level"></a><b>dz_stretch_level</b></p>
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882	</td>
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">100000.0</span><br>
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904	</td>
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919	<p>Height level
4920	above/below which the grid is to be stretched
4921	vertically (in m).  </p>
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935	<p>For <a href="chapter_4.1.html#ocean">ocean</a> = .F., <b>dz_stretch_level </b>is the height level (in m) <span style="font-weight: bold;">above </span>which the grid is to be stretched
4936	vertically. The vertical grid
4937	spacings <a href="#dz">dz</a>
4938	above this level are calculated as  </p>
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952	<ul>
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966	<p><b>dz</b>(k+1)
4967	= <b>dz</b>(k) * <a href="#dz_stretch_factor">dz_stretch_factor</a></p>
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981	</ul>
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995	<p>and used as spacings for the scalar levels (zu).
4996	The
4997	w-levels are then defined as:  </p>
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011	<ul>
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025	<p>zw(k)
5026	= ( zu(k) + zu(k+1) ) * 0.5.
5027
5028
5029
5030	</p>
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039	</ul>
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048	<p>For <a href="#ocean">ocean</a> = .T., <b>dz_stretch_level </b>is the height level (in m, negative) <span style="font-weight: bold;">below</span> which the grid is to be stretched
5049	vertically. The vertical grid
5050	spacings <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dz">dz</a> below this level are calculated correspondingly as
5051
5052
5053
5054	</p>
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063	<ul>
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072	<p><b>dz</b>(k-1)
5073	= <b>dz</b>(k) * <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dz_stretch_factor">dz_stretch_factor</a>.</p>
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082	</ul>
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089	</td>
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096	</tr>
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104	<tr>
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="e_init"></a>e_init</span></td>
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span></td>
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128	<td>Initial subgrid-scale TKE in m<sup>2</sup>s<sup>-2</sup>.<br>
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136	<br>
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143	This
5144	option prescribes an initial subgrid-scale TKE from which the initial diffusion coefficients K<sub>m</sub> and K<sub>h</sub> will be calculated if <span style="font-weight: bold;">e_init</span> is positive. This option only has an effect if <a href="#km_constant">km_constant</a> is not set.</td>
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150	</tr>
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156	<tr>
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="e_min"></a>e_min</span></td>
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span></td>
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185	<td>Minimum
5186	subgrid-scale TKE in m<sup>2</sup>s<sup>-2</sup>.<br>
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194	<br>
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201	This
5202	option adds artificial viscosity to the flow by ensuring that
5203	the
5204	subgrid-scale TKE does not fall below the minimum threshold <span style="font-weight: bold;">e_min</span>.</td>
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211	</tr>
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219	<tr>
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233	<p><a name="end_time_1d"></a><b>end_time_1d</b></p>
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241	</td>
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">864000.0</span><br>
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263	</td>
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278	<p>Time to be
5279	simulated for the 1d-model (in s).  </p>
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293	<p>The
5294	default value corresponds to a simulated time of 10 days.
5295	Usually, after such a period the inertia oscillations have completely
5296	decayed and the solution of the 1d-model can be regarded as stationary
5297	(see <a href="#damp_level_1d">damp_level_1d</a>).
5298	This parameter is only in effect if the 1d-model is switched on for the
5299	initialization of the 3d-model with <a href="#initializing_actions">initializing_actions</a>
5300	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'set_1d-model_profiles'</span>.</p>
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308	</td>
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315	</tr>
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322	<tr>
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336	<p><a name="fft_method"></a><b>fft_method</b></p>
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344	</td>
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'system-</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366	<span style="font-style: italic;">specific'</span></td>
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381	<p>FFT-method to
5382	be used.<br>
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389	</p>
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403	<p><br>
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411	The fast fourier transformation (FFT) is used for solving the
5412	perturbation pressure equation with a direct method (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#psolver">psolver</a>)
5413	and for calculating power spectra (see optional software packages,
5414	section <a href="chapter_4.2.html#spectra_package">4.2</a>).</p>
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428	<p><br>
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436	By default, system-specific, optimized routines from external
5437	vendor libraries are used. However, these are available only on certain
5438	computers and there are more or less severe restrictions concerning the
5439	number of gridpoints to be used with them.<br>
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446	</p>
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460	<p>There
5461	are two other PALM internal methods available on every
5462	machine (their respective source code is part of the PALM source code):</p>
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476	<p>1.: The <span style="font-weight: bold;">Temperton</span>-method
5477	from Clive Temperton (ECWMF) which is computationally very fast and
5478	switched on with <b>fft_method</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'temperton-algorithm'</span>.
5479	The number of horizontal gridpoints (nx+1, ny+1) to be used with this
5480	method must be composed of prime factors 2, 3 and 5.<br>
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487	</p>
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495	2.: The <span style="font-weight: bold;">Singleton</span>-method
5496	which is very slow but has no restrictions concerning the number of
5497	gridpoints to be used with, switched on with <b>fft_method</b>
5498	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'singleton-algorithm'</span>.
5499	</td>
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506	</tr>
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513	<tr>
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527	<p><a name="galilei_transformation"></a><b>galilei_transformation</b></p>
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535	</td>
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.F.</i></td>
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Application of a
5559	Galilei-transformation to the
5560	coordinate
5561	system of the model.<br>
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574	<p>With <b>galilei_transformation</b>
5575	= <i>.T.,</i> a so-called
5576	Galilei-transformation is switched on which ensures that the coordinate
5577	system of the model is moved along with the geostrophical wind.
5578	Alternatively, the model domain can be moved along with the averaged
5579	horizontal wind (see <a href="#use_ug_for_galilei_tr">use_ug_for_galilei_tr</a>,
5580	this can and will naturally change in time). With this method,
5581	numerical inaccuracies of the Piascek - Williams - scheme (concerns in
5582	particular the momentum advection) are minimized. Beyond that, in the
5583	majority of cases the lower relative velocities in the moved system
5584	permit a larger time step (<a href="#dt">dt</a>).
5585	Switching the transformation on is only worthwhile if the geostrophical
5586	wind (ug, vg)
5587	and the averaged horizontal wind clearly deviate from the value 0. In
5588	each case, the distance the coordinate system has been moved is written
5589	to the file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>.
5590	</p>
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604	<p>Non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions (see <a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
5605	and <a href="#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>), the specification
5606	of a gestrophic
5607	wind that is not constant with height
5608	as well as e.g. stationary inhomogeneities at the bottom boundary do
5609	not allow the use of this transformation.</p>
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616	</td>
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623	</tr>
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631	<tr>
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645	<p><a name="grid_matching"></a><b>grid_matching</b></p>
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653	</td>
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 6</td>
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'strict'</span></td>
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Variable to adjust the
5676	subdomain
5677	sizes in parallel runs.<br>
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684	<br>
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692	For <b>grid_matching</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'strict'</span>,
5693	the subdomains are forced to have an identical
5694	size on all processors. In this case the processor numbers in the
5695	respective directions of the virtual processor net must fulfill certain
5696	divisor conditions concerning the grid point numbers in the three
5697	directions (see <a href="#nx">nx</a>, <a href="#ny">ny</a>
5698	and <a href="#nz">nz</a>).
5699	Advantage of this method is that all PEs bear the same computational
5700	load.<br>
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707	<br>
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715	There is no such restriction by default, because then smaller
5716	subdomains are allowed on those processors which
5717	form the right and/or north boundary of the virtual processor grid. On
5718	all other processors the subdomains are of same size. Whether smaller
5719	subdomains are actually used, depends on the number of processors and
5720	the grid point numbers used. Information about the respective settings
5721	are given in file <a href="file:///home/raasch/public_html/PALM_group/home/raasch/public_html/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>.<br>
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729	<br>
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737	When using a multi-grid method for solving the Poisson equation (see <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_4.2.html#psolver">psolver</a>)
5738	only <b>grid_matching</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'strict'</span>
5739	is allowed.<br>
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746	<br>
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753	<b>Note:</b><br>
5754
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761	In some cases for small processor numbers there may be a very bad load
5762	balancing among the
5763	processors which may reduce the performance of the code.</td>
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769
5770	</tr>
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776
5777
5778	<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><p><a name="humidity"></a><b>humidity</b></p></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.F.</i></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><p>Parameter to
5779	switch on the prognostic equation for specific
5780	humidity q.<br>
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787	</p>
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801	<p>The initial vertical
5802	profile of q can be set via parameters <a href="chapter_4.1.html#q_surface">q_surface</a>, <a href="chapter_4.1.html#q_vertical_gradient">q_vertical_gradient</a>
5803	and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#q_vertical_gradient_level">q_vertical_gradient_level</a>.
5804	Boundary conditions can be set via <a href="chapter_4.1.html#q_surface_initial_change">q_surface_initial_change</a>
5805	and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#surface_waterflux">surface_waterflux</a>.<br>
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813	</p>
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821	If the condensation scheme is switched on (<a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_physics">cloud_physics</a>
5822	= .TRUE.), q becomes the total liquid water content (sum of specific
5823	humidity and liquid water content).</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="inflow_damping_height"></a>inflow_damping_height</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">from precursor run</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Height below which the turbulence signal is used for turbulence recycling (in m).<br><br>In case of a turbulent inflow (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#turbulent_inflow">turbulent_inflow</a>),
5824	this parameter defines the vertical thickness of the turbulent layer up
5825	to which the turbulence extracted at the recycling plane (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#recycling_width">recycling_width</a>)
5826	shall be imposed to the inflow. Above this level the turbulence signal
5827	is linearly damped to zero. The transition range within which the
5828	signal falls to zero is given by the parameter <a href="chapter_4.1.html#inflow_damping_width">inflow_damping_width</a>.<br><br>By default, this height is set as the height of the convective boundary layer as calculated from a precursor run. See <a href="chapter_3.9.html">chapter 3.9</a> about proper settings for getting this CBL height from a precursor run. </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="inflow_damping_width"></a>inflow_damping_width</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.1 * <a href="chapter_4.1.html#inflow_damping_height">inflow_damping</a></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#inflow_damping_height"><br style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">_height</span></a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Transition range within which the turbulance signal is damped to zero (in m).<br><br>See <a href="chapter_4.1.html#inflow_damping_height">inflow_damping_height</a> for explanation.</td></tr><tr>
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="inflow_disturbance_begin"></a><b>inflow_disturbance_<br>
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843	begin</b></td>
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">MIN(10,</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865	<span style="font-style: italic;">nx/2 or ny/2)</span></td>
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Lower
5874	limit of the horizontal range for which random perturbations are to be
5875	imposed on the horizontal velocity field (gridpoints).<br>
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882	<br>
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890	If non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions are used (see <a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
5891	or <a href="#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>),
5892	this parameter gives the gridpoint number (counted horizontally from
5893	the inflow)  from which on perturbations are imposed on the
5894	horizontal velocity field. Perturbations must be switched on with
5895	parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#create_disturbances">create_disturbances</a>.</td>
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903	</tr>
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910	<tr>
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="inflow_disturbance_end"></a><b>inflow_disturbance_<br>
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925	end</b></td>
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">MIN(100,</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947	<span style="font-style: italic;">3/4*nx or</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954	<span style="font-style: italic;">3/4*ny)</span></td>
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Upper
5962	limit of the horizontal range for which random perturbations are
5963	to be imposed on the horizontal velocity field (gridpoints).<br>
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970	<br>
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978	If non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions are used (see <a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
5979	or <a href="#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>),
5980	this parameter gives the gridpoint number (counted horizontally from
5981	the inflow)  unto which perturbations are imposed on the
5982	horizontal
5983	velocity field. Perturbations must be switched on with parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#create_disturbances">create_disturbances</a>.</td>
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991	</tr>
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998	<tr>
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012	<p><a name="initializing_actions"></a><b>initializing_actions</b></p>
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020	</td>
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 100</td>
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033
6034
6035	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042	</td>
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056	<p style="font-style: normal;">Initialization actions
6057	to be carried out.  </p>
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071	<p style="font-style: normal;">This parameter does not have a
6072	default value and therefore must be assigned with each model run. For
6073	restart runs <b>initializing_actions</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'read_restart_data'</span>
6074	must be set. For the initial run of a job chain the following values
6075	are allowed:  </p>
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089	<p style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'set_constant_profiles'</span>
6090	</p>
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
6100
6101
6102
6103
6104	<ul>
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118	<p>A horizontal wind profile consisting
6119	of linear sections (see <a href="#ug_surface">ug_surface</a>,
6120	<a href="#ug_vertical_gradient">ug_vertical_gradient</a>,
6121	<a href="#ug_vertical_gradient_level">ug_vertical_gradient_level</a>
6122	and <a href="#vg_surface">vg_surface</a>, <a href="#vg_vertical_gradient">vg_vertical_gradient</a>,
6123	<a href="#vg_vertical_gradient_level">vg_vertical_gradient_level</a>,
6124	respectively) as well as a vertical temperature (humidity) profile
6125	consisting of
6126	linear sections (see <a href="#pt_surface">pt_surface</a>,
6127	<a href="#pt_vertical_gradient">pt_vertical_gradient</a>,
6128	<a href="#q_surface">q_surface</a>
6129	and <a href="#q_vertical_gradient">q_vertical_gradient</a>)
6130	are assumed as initial profiles. The subgrid-scale TKE is set to 0 but K<sub>m</sub>
6131	and K<sub>h</sub> are set to very small values because
6132	otherwise no TKE
6133	would be generated.</p>
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146
6147	</ul>
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161	<p style="font-style: italic;">'set_1d-model_profiles' </p>
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175	<ul>
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189	<p>The arrays of the 3d-model are initialized with
6190	the
6191	(stationary) solution of the 1d-model. These are the variables e, kh,
6192	km, u, v and with Prandtl layer switched on rif, us, usws, vsws. The
6193	temperature (humidity) profile consisting of linear sections is set as
6194	for 'set_constant_profiles' and assumed as constant in time within the
6195	1d-model. For steering of the 1d-model a set of parameters with suffix
6196	"_1d" (e.g. <a href="#end_time_1d">end_time_1d</a>,
6197	<a href="#damp_level_1d">damp_level_1d</a>)
6198	is available.</p>
6199
6200
6201
6202
6203
6204
6205
6206
6207
6208
6209
6210
6211
6212	</ul>
6213
6214
6215
6216
6217
6218
6219
6220
6221
6222
6223
6224
6225
6226	<p><span style="font-style: italic;">'by_user'</span></p>
6227
6228
6229
6230
6231
6232
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237
6238
6239	<p style="margin-left: 40px;">The initialization of the arrays
6240	of the 3d-model is under complete control of the user and has to be
6241	done in routine <a href="chapter_3.5.1.html#user_init_3d_model">user_init_3d_model</a>
6242	of the user-interface.<span style="font-style: italic;"></span></p>
6243
6244
6245
6246
6247
6248
6249
6250
6251
6252
6253
6254
6255	<p><span style="font-style: italic;">'initialize_vortex'</span>
6256	</p>
6257
6258
6259
6260
6261
6262
6263
6264
6265
6266
6267
6268
6269
6270	<div style="margin-left: 40px;">The initial
6271	velocity field of the
6272	3d-model corresponds to a
6273	Rankine-vortex with vertical axis. This setting may be used to test
6274	advection schemes. Free-slip boundary conditions for u and v (see <a href="#bc_uv_b">bc_uv_b</a>, <a href="#bc_uv_t">bc_uv_t</a>)
6275	are necessary. In order not to distort the vortex, an initial
6276	horizontal wind profile constant
6277	with height is necessary (to be set by <b>initializing_actions</b>
6278	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'set_constant_profiles'</span>)
6279	and some other conditions have to be met (neutral stratification,
6280	diffusion must be
6281	switched off, see <a href="#km_constant">km_constant</a>).
6282	The center of the vortex is located at jc = (nx+1)/2. It
6283	extends from k = 0 to k = nz+1. Its radius is 8 * <a href="#dx">dx</a>
6284	and the exponentially decaying part ranges to 32 * <a href="#dx">dx</a>
6285	(see init_rankine.f90). </div>
6286
6287
6288
6289
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296
6297
6298
6299	<p><span style="font-style: italic;">'initialize_ptanom'</span>
6300	</p>
6301
6302
6303
6304
6305
6306
6307
6308
6309
6310
6311
6312
6313
6314	<ul>
6315
6316
6317
6318
6319
6320
6321
6322
6323
6324
6325
6326
6327
6328	<p>A 2d-Gauss-like shape disturbance
6329	(x,y) is added to the
6330	initial temperature field with radius 10.0 * <a href="#dx">dx</a>
6331	and center at jc = (nx+1)/2. This may be used for tests of scalar
6332	advection schemes
6333	(see <a href="#scalar_advec">scalar_advec</a>).
6334	Such tests require a horizontal wind profile constant with hight and
6335	diffusion
6336	switched off (see <span style="font-style: italic;">'initialize_vortex'</span>).
6337	Additionally, the buoyancy term
6338	must be switched of in the equation of motion  for w (this
6339	requires the user to comment out the call of <span style="font-family: monospace;">buoyancy</span> in the
6340	source code of <span style="font-family: monospace;">prognostic_equations.f90</span>).</p></ul>
6341
6342
6343
6344
6345
6346
6347
6348
6349
6350
6351
6352
6353
6354	<p style="font-style: italic;">'cyclic_fill'</p><p style="font-style: normal; margin-left: 40px;">Here,
6355	3d-data from a precursor run are read by the initial (main) run. The
6356	precursor run is allowed to have a smaller domain along x and y
6357	compared with the main run. Also, different numbers of processors can
6358	be used for these two runs. Limitations are that the precursor run must
6359	use cyclic horizontal boundary conditions and that the number of vertical grid points, <a href="#nz">nz</a>, must be same for the precursor run and the main run. If the total domain of the main run is larger than that of the precursor
6360	run, the domain is filled by cyclic repetition of the (cyclic)
6361	precursor data. This initialization method is recommended if a
6362	turbulent inflow is used (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#turbulent_inflow">turbulent_inflow</a>). 3d-data must be made available to the run by activating an appropriate file connection statement for local file BININ. See <a href="chapter_3.9.html">chapter 3.9</a> for more details, where usage of a turbulent inflow is explained. </p><p style="font-style: normal;">Values may be
6363	combined, e.g. <b>initializing_actions</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'set_constant_profiles
6364	initialize_vortex'</span>, but the values of <span style="font-style: italic;">'set_constant_profiles'</span>,
6365	<span style="font-style: italic;">'set_1d-model_profiles'</span>
6366	, and <span style="font-style: italic;">'by_user'</span>
6367	must not be given at the same time.</p>
6368
6369
6370
6371
6372
6373
6374
6375
6376
6377
6378
6379
6380
6381
6382
6383
6384
6385
6386
6387
6388	</td>
6389
6390
6391
6392
6393
6394
6395	</tr>
6396
6397
6398
6399
6400
6401
6402
6403	<tr>
6404
6405
6406
6407
6408
6409
6410	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6411
6412
6413
6414
6415
6416
6417	<p><a name="km_constant"></a><b>km_constant</b></p>
6418
6419
6420
6421
6422
6423
6424
6425	</td>
6426
6427
6428
6429
6430
6431
6432	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438
6439
6440	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>variable<br>
6441
6442
6443
6444
6445
6446
6447
6448	(computed from TKE)</i></td>
6449
6450
6451
6452
6453
6454
6455	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461
6462	<p>Constant eddy
6463	diffusivities are used (laminar
6464	simulations).  </p>
6465
6466
6467
6468
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476
6477
6478	<p>If this parameter is
6479	specified, both in the 1d and in the
6480	3d-model constant values for the eddy diffusivities are used in
6481	space and time with K<sub>m</sub> = <b>km_constant</b>
6482	and K<sub>h</sub> = K<sub>m</sub> / <a href="chapter_4.2.html#prandtl_number">prandtl_number</a>.
6483	The prognostic equation for the subgrid-scale TKE is switched off.
6484	Constant eddy diffusivities are only allowed with the Prandtl layer (<a href="#prandtl_layer">prandtl_layer</a>)
6485	switched off.</p>
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491
6492	</td>
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499	</tr>
6500
6501
6502
6503
6504
6505
6506	<tr>
6507
6508
6509
6510
6511
6512
6513	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6514
6515
6516
6517
6518
6519
6520	<p><a name="km_damp_max"></a><b>km_damp_max</b></p>
6521
6522
6523
6524
6525
6526
6527
6528	</td>
6529
6530
6531
6532
6533
6534
6535	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6536
6537
6538
6539
6540
6541
6542
6543	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.5*(dx
6544	or dy)</span></td>
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549
6550
6551	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Maximum
6552	diffusivity used for filtering the velocity field in the vicinity of
6553	the outflow (in m<sup>2</sup>/s).<br>
6554
6555
6556
6557
6558
6559
6560	<br>
6561
6562
6563
6564
6565
6566
6567
6568	When using non-cyclic lateral boundaries (see <a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
6569	or <a href="#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>),
6570	a smoothing has to be applied to the
6571	velocity field in the vicinity of the outflow in order to suppress any
6572	reflections of outgoing disturbances. Smoothing is done by increasing
6573	the eddy diffusivity along the horizontal direction which is
6574	perpendicular to the outflow boundary. Only velocity components
6575	parallel to the outflow boundary are filtered (e.g. v and w, if the
6576	outflow is along x). Damping is applied from the bottom to the top of
6577	the domain.<br>
6578
6579
6580
6581
6582
6583
6584	<br>
6585
6586
6587
6588
6589
6590
6591
6592	The horizontal range of the smoothing is controlled by <a href="#outflow_damping_width">outflow_damping_width</a>
6593	which defines the number of gridpoints (counted from the outflow
6594	boundary) from where on the smoothing is applied. Starting from that
6595	point, the eddy diffusivity is linearly increased (from zero to its
6596	maximum value given by <span style="font-weight: bold;">km_damp_max</span>)
6597	until half of the damping range width, from where it remains constant
6598	up to the outflow boundary. If at a certain grid point the eddy
6599	diffusivity calculated from the flow field is larger than as described
6600	above, it is used instead.<br>
6601
6602
6603
6604
6605
6606
6607	<br>
6608
6609
6610
6611
6612
6613
6614
6615	The default value of <span style="font-weight: bold;">km_damp_max</span>
6616	has been empirically proven to be sufficient.</td>
6617
6618
6619
6620
6621
6622
6623	</tr>
6624
6625
6626
6627
6628
6629
6630	<tr>
6631
6632	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="lad_surface"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">lad_surface</span></td>
6633
6634	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6635
6636	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span></td>
6637
6638	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Surface value of the leaf area density (in m<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>3</sup>).<br>
6639
6640	<br>
6641
6642	This
6643	parameter assigns the value of the leaf area density <span style="font-weight: bold;">lad</span> at the surface (k=0)<b>.</b> Starting from this value,
6644	the leaf area density profile is constructed with <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient">lad_vertical_gradient</a>
6645	and <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient_level">lad_vertical_gradient_level
6646	</a>.</td>
6647
6648	</tr>
6649
6650	<tr>
6651
6652	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="lad_vertical_gradient"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">lad_vertical_gradient</span></td>
6653
6654	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)</td>
6655
6656	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">10 * 0.0</span></td>
6657
6658	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Gradient(s) of the leaf area density (in m<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>4</sup>).<br>
6659
6660	<br>
6661
6662
6663	<p>This leaf area density gradient
6664	holds starting from the height
6665	level defined by <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient_level">lad_vertical_gradient_level</a>
6666	(precisely: for all uv levels k where zu(k) > lad_vertical_gradient_level, lad(k) is set: lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * <b>lad_vertical_gradient</b>)
6667	up to the level defined by <a href="#pch_index">pch_index</a>. Above that level lad(k) will automatically set to 0.0. A total of 10 different gradients for 11 height intervals (10 intervals
6668	if <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient_level">lad_vertical_gradient_level</a>(1)
6669	= <i>0.0</i>) can be assigned. The leaf area density at the surface is
6670	assigned via <a href="#lad_surface">lad_surface</a>.
6671	</p>
6672
6673	</td>
6674
6675	</tr>
6676
6677	<tr>
6678
6679	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="lad_vertical_gradient_level"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">lad_vertical_gradient_level</span></td>
6680
6681	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)</td>
6682
6683	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">10 * 0.0</span></td>
6684
6685	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Height level from which on the gradient
6686	of the leaf area density defined by <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient_level">lad_vertical_gradient_level</a>
6687	is effective (in m).<br>
6688
6689	<br>
6690
6691	The height levels have to be assigned in ascending order. The
6692	default values result in a leaf area density that is constant with height uup to the top of the plant canopy layer defined by <a href="#pch_index">pch_index</a>. For the piecewise construction of temperature profiles see <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient">lad_vertical_gradient</a>.</td>
6693
6694	</tr>
6695
6696	<tr>
6697
6698	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="leaf_surface_concentration"></a><b>leaf_surface_concentration</b></td>
6699
6700	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6701
6702	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
6703
6704	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Concentration of a passive scalar at the surface of a leaf (in K m/s).<br>
6705
6706
6707	<br>
6708
6709
6710	This parameter is only of importance in cases in that both, <a href="#plant_canopy">plant_canopy</a> and <a href="#passive_scalar">passive_scalar</a>, are set <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span>.
6711	The value of the concentration of a passive scalar at the surface of a
6712	leaf is required for the parametrisation of the sources and sinks of
6713	scalar concentration due to the canopy.</td>
6714
6715	</tr>
6716
6717	<tr>
6718
6719
6720
6721
6722
6723
6724
6725	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6726
6727
6728
6729
6730
6731
6732	<p><a name="long_filter_factor"></a><b>long_filter_factor</b></p>
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738
6739
6740	</td>
6741
6742
6743
6744
6745
6746
6747	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6748
6749
6750
6751
6752
6753
6754
6755	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
6756
6757
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6764
6765
6766
6767
6768
6769
6770	<p>Filter factor
6771	for the so-called Long-filter.<br>
6772
6773
6774
6775
6776
6777
6778	</p>
6779
6780
6781
6782
6783
6784
6785
6786
6787
6788
6789
6790
6791
6792	<p><br>
6793
6794
6795
6796
6797
6798
6799
6800	This filter very efficiently
6801	eliminates 2-delta-waves sometimes cauesed by the upstream-spline
6802	scheme (see Mahrer and
6803	Pielke, 1978: Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 818-830). It works in all three
6804	directions in space. A value of <b>long_filter_factor</b>
6805	= <i>0.01</i>
6806	sufficiently removes the small-scale waves without affecting the
6807	longer waves.<br>
6808
6809
6810
6811
6812
6813
6814	</p>
6815
6816
6817
6818
6819
6820
6821
6822
6823
6824
6825
6826
6827
6828	<p>By default, the filter is
6829	switched off (= <i>0.0</i>).
6830	It is exclusively applied to the tendencies calculated by the
6831	upstream-spline scheme (see <a href="#momentum_advec">momentum_advec</a>
6832	and <a href="#scalar_advec">scalar_advec</a>),
6833	not to the prognostic variables themselves. At the bottom and top
6834	boundary of the model domain the filter effect for vertical
6835	2-delta-waves is reduced. There, the amplitude of these waves is only
6836	reduced by approx. 50%, otherwise by nearly 100%.  <br>
6837
6838
6839
6840
6841
6842
6843
6844	Filter factors with values > <i>0.01</i> also
6845	reduce the amplitudes
6846	of waves with wavelengths longer than 2-delta (see the paper by Mahrer
6847	and
6848	Pielke, quoted above). </p>
6849
6850
6851
6852
6853
6854
6855	</td>
6856
6857
6858
6859
6860
6861
6862	</tr>
6863
6864
6865
6866
6867
6868
6869	<tr>
6870
6871
6872
6873
6874
6875
6876	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="loop_optimization"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">loop_optimization</span></td>
6877
6878
6879
6880
6881
6882
6883	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*16</td>
6884
6885
6886
6887
6888
6889
6890	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">see right</span></td>
6891
6892
6893
6894
6895
6896
6897	<td>Method used to optimize loops for solving the prognostic equations .<br>
6898
6899
6900
6901
6902
6903
6904	<br>
6905
6906
6907
6908
6909
6910
6911	By
6912	default, the optimization method depends on the host on which PALM is
6913	running. On machines with vector-type CPUs, single 3d-loops are used to
6914	calculate each tendency term of each prognostic equation, while on all
6915	other machines, all prognostic equations are solved within one big loop
6916	over the two horizontal indices<span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;"> i </span>and<span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;"> j </span>(giving a good cache uitilization).<br>
6917
6918
6919
6920
6921
6922
6923	<br>
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928
6929
6930	The default behaviour can be changed by setting either <span style="font-weight: bold;">loop_optimization</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'vector'</span> or <span style="font-weight: bold;">loop_optimization</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'cache'</span>.</td>
6931
6932
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937	</tr>
6938
6939
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944	<tr>
6945
6946
6947
6948
6949
6950
6951
6952	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="mixing_length_1d"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">mixing_length_1d</span><br>
6953
6954
6955
6956
6957
6958
6959
6960	</td>
6961
6962
6963
6964
6965
6966
6967	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*20<br>
6968
6969
6970
6971
6972
6973
6974
6975	</td>
6976
6977
6978
6979
6980
6981
6982	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'as_in_3d_</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
6983
6984
6985
6986
6987
6988
6989	<span style="font-style: italic;">model'</span><br>
6990
6991
6992
6993
6994
6995
6996	</td>
6997
6998
6999
7000
7001
7002
7003
7004	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Mixing length used in the
7005	1d-model.<br>
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012	<br>
7013
7014
7015
7016
7017
7018
7019
7020	By default the mixing length is calculated as in the 3d-model (i.e. it
7021	depends on the grid spacing).<br>
7022
7023
7024
7025
7026
7027
7028	<br>
7029
7030
7031
7032
7033
7034
7035
7036	By setting <span style="font-weight: bold;">mixing_length_1d</span>
7037	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'blackadar'</span>,
7038	the so-called Blackadar mixing length is used (l = kappa * z / ( 1 +
7039	kappa * z / lambda ) with the limiting value lambda = 2.7E-4 * u_g / f).<br>
7040
7041
7042
7043
7044
7045
7046
7047	</td>
7048
7049
7050
7051
7052
7053
7054	</tr>
7055
7056
7057
7058
7059
7060
7061
7062
7063
7064
7065
7066
7067
7068
7069	<tr>
7070
7071
7072
7073
7074
7075
7076	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7077
7078
7079
7080
7081
7082
7083	<p><a name="momentum_advec"></a><b>momentum_advec</b></p>
7084
7085
7086
7087
7088
7089
7090
7091	</td>
7092
7093
7094
7095
7096
7097
7098	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 10</td>
7099
7100
7101
7102
7103
7104
7105
7106	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'pw-scheme'</i></td>
7107
7108
7109
7110
7111
7112
7113
7114	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7115
7116
7117
7118
7119
7120
7121	<p>Advection
7122	scheme to be used for the momentum equations.<br>
7123
7124
7125
7126
7127
7128
7129	<br>
7130
7131
7132
7133
7134
7135
7136
7137	The user can choose between the following schemes:<br>
7138
7139
7140
7141
7142
7143
7144
7145	<br>
7146
7147
7148
7149
7150
7151
7152	<br>
7153
7154
7155
7156
7157
7158
7159	<span style="font-style: italic;">'pw-scheme'</span><br>
7160
7161
7162
7163
7164
7165
7166
7167	</p>
7168
7169
7170
7171
7172
7173
7174
7175
7176
7177
7178
7179
7180
7181	<div style="margin-left: 40px;">The scheme of
7182	Piascek and
7183	Williams (1970, J. Comp. Phys., 6,
7184	392-405) with central differences in the form C3 is used.<br>
7185
7186
7187
7188
7189
7190
7191
7192	If intermediate Euler-timesteps are carried out in case of <a href="#timestep_scheme">timestep_scheme</a>
7193	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'leapfrog+euler'</span>
7194	the
7195	advection scheme is - for the Euler-timestep - automatically switched
7196	to an upstream-scheme.<br>
7197
7198
7199
7200
7201
7202
7203	</div>
7204
7205
7206
7207
7208
7209
7210
7211
7212
7213
7214
7215
7216
7217	<p> </p>
7218
7219
7220
7221
7222
7223
7224
7225
7226
7227
7228
7229
7230
7231	<p><span style="font-style: italic;">'ups-scheme'</span><br>
7232
7233
7234
7235
7236
7237
7238
7239	</p>
7240
7241
7242
7243
7244
7245
7246
7247
7248
7249
7250
7251
7252
7253	<div style="margin-left: 40px;">The
7254	upstream-spline scheme is
7255	used
7256	(see Mahrer and Pielke,
7257	1978: Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 818-830). In opposite to the
7258	Piascek-Williams scheme, this is characterized by much better numerical
7259	features (less numerical diffusion, better preservation of flow
7260	structures, e.g. vortices), but computationally it is much more
7261	expensive. In
7262	addition, the use of the Euler-timestep scheme is mandatory (<a href="#timestep_scheme">timestep_scheme</a>
7263	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'</span><i>euler'</i>),
7264	i.e. the
7265	timestep accuracy is only of first order.
7266	For this reason the advection of scalar variables (see <a href="#scalar_advec">scalar_advec</a>)
7267	should then also be carried out with the upstream-spline scheme,
7268	because otherwise the scalar variables would
7269	be subject to large numerical diffusion due to the upstream
7270	scheme.  </div>
7271
7272
7273
7274
7275
7276
7277
7278
7279
7280
7281
7282
7283
7284	<p style="margin-left: 40px;">Since
7285	the cubic splines used tend
7286	to overshoot under
7287	certain circumstances, this effect must be adjusted by suitable
7288	filtering and smoothing (see <a href="#cut_spline_overshoot">cut_spline_overshoot</a>,
7289	<a href="#long_filter_factor">long_filter_factor</a>,
7290	<a href="#ups_limit_pt">ups_limit_pt</a>, <a href="#ups_limit_u">ups_limit_u</a>, <a href="#ups_limit_v">ups_limit_v</a>, <a href="#ups_limit_w">ups_limit_w</a>).
7291	This is always neccessary for runs with stable stratification,
7292	even if this stratification appears only in parts of the model domain.<br>
7293
7294
7295
7296
7297
7298
7299
7300	</p>
7301
7302
7303
7304
7305
7306
7307
7308
7309
7310
7311
7312
7313
7314	<div style="margin-left: 40px;">With stable
7315	stratification the
7316	upstream-spline scheme also
7317	produces gravity waves with large amplitude, which must be
7318	suitably damped (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#rayleigh_damping_factor">rayleigh_damping_factor</a>).<br>
7319
7320
7321
7322
7323
7324
7325
7326	<br>
7327
7328
7329
7330
7331
7332
7333	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Important: </span>The
7334	upstream-spline scheme is not implemented for humidity and passive
7335	scalars (see <a href="#humidity">humidity</a>
7336	and <a href="#passive_scalar">passive_scalar</a>)
7337	and requires the use of a 2d-domain-decomposition. The last conditions
7338	severely restricts code optimization on several machines leading to
7339	very long execution times! The scheme is also not allowed for
7340	non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions (see <a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
7341	and <a href="#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>).</div>
7342
7343
7344
7345
7346
7347
7348	</td>
7349
7350
7351
7352
7353
7354
7355
7356	</tr>
7357
7358
7359
7360
7361
7362
7363	<tr>
7364
7365
7366
7367
7368
7369
7370	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="netcdf_precision"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">netcdf_precision</span><br>
7371
7372
7373
7374
7375
7376
7377
7378	</td>
7379
7380
7381
7382
7383
7384
7385	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*20<br>
7386
7387
7388
7389
7390
7391
7392
7393	(10)<br>
7394
7395
7396
7397
7398
7399
7400	</td>
7401
7402
7403
7404
7405
7406
7407	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">single preci-</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
7408
7409
7410
7411
7412
7413
7414	<span style="font-style: italic;">sion for all</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
7415
7416
7417
7418
7419
7420
7421	<span style="font-style: italic;">output quan-</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
7422
7423
7424
7425
7426
7427
7428	<span style="font-style: italic;">tities</span><br>
7429
7430
7431
7432
7433
7434
7435	</td>
7436
7437
7438
7439
7440
7441
7442
7443	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Defines the accuracy of
7444	the NetCDF output.<br>
7445
7446
7447
7448
7449
7450
7451	<br>
7452
7453
7454
7455
7456
7457
7458
7459	By default, all NetCDF output data (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>)
7460	have single precision  (4 byte) accuracy. Double precision (8
7461	byte) can be choosen alternatively.<br>
7462
7463
7464
7465
7466
7467
7468
7469	Accuracy for the different output data (cross sections, 3d-volume data,
7470	spectra, etc.) can be set independently.<br>
7471
7472
7473
7474
7475
7476
7477	<span style="font-style: italic;">'<out>_NF90_REAL4'</span>
7478	(single precision) or <span style="font-style: italic;">'<out>_NF90_REAL8'</span>
7479	(double precision) are the two principally allowed values for <span style="font-weight: bold;">netcdf_precision</span>,
7480	where the string <span style="font-style: italic;">'<out>'
7481	</span>can be chosen out of the following list:<br>
7482
7483
7484
7485
7486
7487
7488	<br>
7489
7490
7491
7492
7493
7494
7495
7496
7497
7498
7499
7500
7501
7502	<table style="text-align: left; width: 284px; height: 234px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
7503
7504
7505
7506
7507
7508
7509	<tbody>
7510
7511
7512
7513
7514
7515
7516
7517	<tr>
7518
7519
7520
7521
7522
7523
7524	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'xy'</span><br>
7525
7526
7527
7528
7529
7530
7531	</td>
7532
7533
7534
7535
7536
7537
7538
7539	<td style="vertical-align: top;">horizontal cross section<br>
7540
7541
7542
7543
7544
7545
7546
7547	</td>
7548
7549
7550
7551
7552
7553
7554	</tr>
7555
7556
7557
7558
7559
7560
7561	<tr>
7562
7563
7564
7565
7566
7567
7568	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'xz'</span><br>
7569
7570
7571
7572
7573
7574
7575	</td>
7576
7577
7578
7579
7580
7581
7582
7583	<td style="vertical-align: top;">vertical (xz) cross
7584	section<br>
7585
7586
7587
7588
7589
7590
7591	</td>
7592
7593
7594
7595
7596
7597
7598	</tr>
7599
7600
7601
7602
7603
7604
7605	<tr>
7606
7607
7608
7609
7610
7611
7612	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'yz'</span><br>
7613
7614
7615
7616
7617
7618
7619	</td>
7620
7621
7622
7623
7624
7625
7626
7627	<td style="vertical-align: top;">vertical (yz) cross
7628	section<br>
7629
7630
7631
7632
7633
7634
7635	</td>
7636
7637
7638
7639
7640
7641
7642	</tr>
7643
7644
7645
7646
7647
7648
7649	<tr>
7650
7651
7652
7653
7654
7655
7656	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'2d'</span><br>
7657
7658
7659
7660
7661
7662
7663	</td>
7664
7665
7666
7667
7668
7669
7670
7671	<td style="vertical-align: top;">all cross sections<br>
7672
7673
7674
7675
7676
7677
7678
7679	</td>
7680
7681
7682
7683
7684
7685
7686	</tr>
7687
7688
7689
7690
7691
7692
7693	<tr>
7694
7695
7696
7697
7698
7699
7700	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'3d'</span><br>
7701
7702
7703
7704
7705
7706
7707	</td>
7708
7709
7710
7711
7712
7713
7714
7715	<td style="vertical-align: top;">volume data<br>
7716
7717
7718
7719
7720
7721
7722	</td>
7723
7724
7725
7726
7727
7728
7729
7730	</tr>
7731
7732
7733
7734
7735
7736
7737	<tr>
7738
7739
7740
7741
7742
7743
7744	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'pr'</span><br>
7745
7746
7747
7748
7749
7750
7751	</td>
7752
7753
7754
7755
7756
7757
7758
7759	<td style="vertical-align: top;">vertical profiles<br>
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
7767	</td>
7768
7769
7770
7771
7772
7773
7774	</tr>
7775
7776
7777
7778
7779
7780
7781	<tr>
7782
7783
7784
7785
7786
7787
7788	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'ts'</span><br>
7789
7790
7791
7792
7793
7794
7795	</td>
7796
7797
7798
7799
7800
7801
7802
7803	<td style="vertical-align: top;">time series, particle
7804	time series<br>
7805
7806
7807
7808
7809
7810
7811	</td>
7812
7813
7814
7815
7816
7817
7818	</tr>
7819
7820
7821
7822
7823
7824
7825	<tr>
7826
7827
7828
7829
7830
7831
7832	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'sp'</span><br>
7833
7834
7835
7836
7837
7838
7839	</td>
7840
7841
7842
7843
7844
7845
7846
7847	<td style="vertical-align: top;">spectra<br>
7848
7849
7850
7851
7852
7853
7854	</td>
7855
7856
7857
7858
7859
7860
7861
7862	</tr>
7863
7864
7865
7866
7867
7868
7869	<tr>
7870
7871
7872
7873
7874
7875
7876	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'prt'</span><br>
7877
7878
7879
7880
7881
7882
7883	</td>
7884
7885
7886
7887
7888
7889
7890
7891	<td style="vertical-align: top;">particles<br>
7892
7893
7894
7895
7896
7897
7898	</td>
7899
7900
7901
7902
7903
7904
7905
7906	</tr>
7907
7908
7909
7910
7911
7912
7913	<tr>
7914
7915
7916
7917
7918
7919
7920	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'all'</span><br>
7921
7922
7923
7924
7925
7926
7927	</td>
7928
7929
7930
7931
7932
7933
7934
7935	<td style="vertical-align: top;">all output quantities<br>
7936
7937
7938
7939
7940
7941
7942
7943	</td>
7944
7945
7946
7947
7948
7949
7950	</tr>
7951
7952
7953
7954
7955
7956
7957
7958
7959
7960
7961
7962
7963
7964	</tbody>
7965
7966
7967
7968
7969
7970
7971	</table>
7972
7973
7974
7975
7976
7977
7978	<br>
7979
7980
7981
7982
7983
7984
7985	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>
7986
7987
7988
7989
7990
7991
7992
7993	If all cross section data and the particle data shall be output in
7994	double precision and all other quantities in single precision, then <span style="font-weight: bold;">netcdf_precision</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'2d_NF90_REAL8'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'prt_NF90_REAL8'</span>
7995	has to be assigned.<br>
7996
7997
7998
7999
8000
8001
8002	</td>
8003
8004
8005
8006
8007
8008
8009	</tr>
8010
8011
8012
8013
8014
8015
8016
8017
8018
8019
8020
8021
8022
8023
8024
8025
8026
8027
8028
8029
8030
8031
8032	<tr>
8033
8034
8035
8036
8037
8038
8039	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8040
8041
8042
8043
8044
8045
8046	<p><a name="nsor_ini"></a><b>nsor_ini</b></p>
8047
8048
8049
8050
8051
8052
8053
8054	</td>
8055
8056
8057
8058
8059
8060
8061	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
8062
8063
8064
8065
8066
8067
8068
8069	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>100</i></td>
8070
8071
8072
8073
8074
8075
8076
8077	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8078
8079
8080
8081
8082
8083
8084	<p>Initial number
8085	of iterations with the SOR algorithm.  </p>
8086
8087
8088
8089
8090
8091
8092
8093
8094
8095
8096
8097
8098
8099	<p>This
8100	parameter is only effective if the SOR algorithm was
8101	selected as the pressure solver scheme (<a href="chapter_4.2.html#psolver">psolver</a>
8102	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'sor'</span>)
8103	and specifies the
8104	number of initial iterations of the SOR
8105	scheme (at t = 0). The number of subsequent iterations at the following
8106	timesteps is determined
8107	with the parameter <a href="#nsor">nsor</a>.
8108	Usually <b>nsor</b> < <b>nsor_ini</b>,
8109	since in each case
8110	subsequent calls to <a href="chapter_4.2.html#psolver">psolver</a>
8111	use the solution of the previous call as initial value. Suitable
8112	test runs should determine whether sufficient convergence of the
8113	solution is obtained with the default value and if necessary the value
8114	of <b>nsor_ini</b> should be changed.</p>
8115
8116
8117
8118
8119
8120
8121	</td>
8122
8123
8124
8125
8126
8127
8128
8129	</tr>
8130
8131
8132
8133
8134
8135
8136	<tr>
8137
8138
8139
8140
8141
8142
8143	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8144
8145
8146
8147
8148
8149
8150	<p><a name="nx"></a><b>nx</b></p>
8151
8152
8153
8154
8155
8156
8157
8158	</td>
8159
8160
8161
8162
8163
8164
8165	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
8166
8167
8168
8169
8170
8171
8172
8173	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
8174
8175
8176
8177
8178
8179
8180	</td>
8181
8182
8183
8184
8185
8186
8187	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8188
8189
8190
8191
8192
8193
8194	<p>Number of grid
8195	points in x-direction.  </p>
8196
8197
8198
8199
8200
8201
8202
8203
8204
8205
8206
8207
8208
8209	<p>A value for this
8210	parameter must be assigned. Since the lower
8211	array bound in PALM
8212	starts with i = 0, the actual number of grid points is equal to <b>nx+1</b>.
8213	In case of cyclic boundary conditions along x, the domain size is (<b>nx+1</b>)*
8214	<a href="#dx">dx</a>.</p>
8215
8216
8217
8218
8219
8220
8221
8222
8223
8224
8225
8226
8227
8228	<p>For
8229	parallel runs, in case of <a href="#grid_matching">grid_matching</a>
8230	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'strict'</span>,
8231	<b>nx+1</b> must
8232	be an integral multiple
8233	of the processor numbers (see <a href="#npex">npex</a>
8234	and <a href="#npey">npey</a>)
8235	along x- as well as along y-direction (due to data
8236	transposition restrictions).</p>
8237
8238
8239
8240
8241
8242
8243
8244
8245
8246
8247
8248
8249	<p>For <a href="chapter_3.8.html">coupled runs</a> this parameter must be equal in both parameter files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2"><span style="font-family: mon;"></span>PARIN</font></a>
8250	and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2">PARIN_O</font></a>.</p>
8251
8252
8253
8254
8255
8256
8257	</td>
8258
8259
8260
8261
8262
8263
8264	</tr>
8265
8266
8267
8268
8269
8270
8271	<tr>
8272
8273
8274
8275
8276
8277
8278
8279	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8280
8281
8282
8283
8284
8285
8286	<p><a name="ny"></a><b>ny</b></p>
8287
8288
8289
8290
8291
8292
8293
8294	</td>
8295
8296
8297
8298
8299
8300
8301	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
8302
8303
8304
8305
8306
8307
8308
8309	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
8310
8311
8312
8313
8314
8315
8316	</td>
8317
8318
8319
8320
8321
8322
8323	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8324
8325
8326
8327
8328
8329
8330	<p>Number of grid
8331	points in y-direction.  </p>
8332
8333
8334
8335
8336
8337
8338
8339
8340
8341
8342
8343
8344
8345	<p>A value for this
8346	parameter must be assigned. Since the lower
8347	array bound in PALM starts with j = 0, the actual number of grid points
8348	is equal to <b>ny+1</b>. In case of cyclic boundary
8349	conditions along
8350	y, the domain size is (<b>ny+1</b>) * <a href="#dy">dy</a>.</p>
8351
8352
8353
8354
8355
8356
8357
8358
8359
8360
8361
8362
8363
8364	<p>For parallel runs, in case of <a href="#grid_matching">grid_matching</a>
8365	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'strict'</span>,
8366	<b>ny+1</b> must
8367	be an integral multiple
8368	of the processor numbers (see <a href="#npex">npex</a>
8369	and <a href="#npey">npey</a>)
8370	along y- as well as along x-direction (due to data
8371	transposition restrictions).</p>
8372
8373
8374
8375
8376
8377
8378
8379
8380
8381
8382
8383
8384	<p>For <a href="chapter_3.8.html">coupled runs</a> this parameter must be equal in both parameter files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2"><span style="font-family: mon;"></span>PARIN</font></a>
8385	and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2">PARIN_O</font></a>.</p>
8386
8387
8388
8389
8390
8391
8392	</td>
8393
8394
8395
8396
8397
8398
8399	</tr>
8400
8401
8402
8403
8404
8405
8406	<tr>
8407
8408
8409
8410
8411
8412
8413
8414	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8415
8416
8417
8418
8419
8420
8421	<p><a name="nz"></a><b>nz</b></p>
8422
8423
8424
8425
8426
8427
8428
8429	</td>
8430
8431
8432
8433
8434
8435
8436	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
8437
8438
8439
8440
8441
8442
8443
8444	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
8445
8446
8447
8448
8449
8450
8451	</td>
8452
8453
8454
8455
8456
8457
8458	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8459
8460
8461
8462
8463
8464
8465	<p>Number of grid
8466	points in z-direction.  </p>
8467
8468
8469
8470
8471
8472
8473
8474
8475
8476
8477
8478
8479
8480	<p>A value for this
8481	parameter must be assigned. Since the lower
8482	array bound in PALM
8483	starts with k = 0 and since one additional grid point is added at the
8484	top boundary (k = <b>nz+1</b>), the actual number of grid
8485	points is <b>nz+2</b>.
8486	However, the prognostic equations are only solved up to <b>nz</b>
8487	(u,
8488	v)
8489	or up to <b>nz-1</b> (w, scalar quantities). The top
8490	boundary for u
8491	and v is at k = <b>nz+1</b> (u, v) while at k = <b>nz</b>
8492	for all
8493	other quantities.  </p>
8494
8495
8496
8497
8498
8499
8500
8501
8502
8503
8504
8505
8506
8507	<p>For parallel
8508	runs,  in case of <a href="#grid_matching">grid_matching</a>
8509	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'strict'</span>,
8510	<b>nz</b> must
8511	be an integral multiple of
8512	the number of processors in x-direction (due to data transposition
8513	restrictions).</p>
8514
8515
8516
8517
8518
8519
8520	</td>
8521
8522
8523
8524
8525
8526
8527	</tr>
8528
8529
8530
8531
8532
8533
8534	<tr>
8535
8536
8537
8538
8539
8540
8541	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="ocean"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">ocean</span></td>
8542
8543
8544
8545
8546
8547
8548	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
8549
8550
8551
8552
8553
8554
8555	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span></td>
8556
8557
8558
8559
8560
8561
8562	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Parameter to switch on ocean runs.<br>
8563
8564
8565
8566
8567
8568
8569	<br>
8570
8571
8572
8573
8574
8575
8576	By default PALM is configured to simulate atmospheric flows. However, starting from version 3.3, <span style="font-weight: bold;">ocean</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> allows simulation of ocean turbulent flows. Setting this switch has several effects:<br>
8577
8578
8579
8580
8581
8582
8583	<br>
8584
8585
8586
8587
8588
8589
8590
8591
8592
8593
8594
8595
8596	<ul>
8597
8598
8599
8600
8601
8602
8603	<li>An additional prognostic equation for salinity is solved.</li>
8604
8605
8606
8607
8608
8609
8610	<li>Potential temperature in buoyancy and stability-related terms is replaced by potential density.</li>
8611
8612
8613
8614
8615
8616
8617	<li>Potential
8618	density is calculated from the equation of state for seawater after
8619	each timestep, using the algorithm proposed by Jackett et al. (2006, J.
8620	Atmos. Oceanic Technol., <span style="font-weight: bold;">23</span>, 1709-1728).<br>
8621
8622
8623
8624
8625
8626
8627	So far, only the initial hydrostatic pressure is entered into this equation.</li>
8628
8629
8630
8631
8632
8633
8634	<li>z=0 (sea surface) is assumed at the model top (vertical grid index <span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">k=nzt</span> on the w-grid), with negative values of z indicating the depth.</li>
8635
8636
8637
8638
8639
8640
8641	<li>Initial profiles are constructed (e.g. from <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient">pt_vertical_gradient</a> / <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient_level">pt_vertical_gradient_level</a>) starting from the sea surface, using surface values given by <a href="#pt_surface">pt_surface</a>, <a href="#sa_surface">sa_surface</a>, <a href="#ug_surface">ug_surface</a>, and <a href="#vg_surface">vg_surface</a>.</li>
8642
8643
8644
8645
8646
8647
8648	<li>Zero salinity flux is used as default boundary condition at the bottom of the sea.</li>
8649
8650
8651
8652
8653
8654
8655	<li>If switched on, random perturbations are by default imposed to the upper model domain from zu(nzt*2/3) to zu(nzt-3).</li>
8656
8657
8658
8659
8660
8661
8662
8663
8664
8665
8666
8667
8668	</ul>
8669
8670
8671
8672
8673
8674
8675	<br>
8676
8677
8678
8679
8680
8681
8682	Relevant parameters to be exclusively used for steering ocean runs are <a href="#bc_sa_t">bc_sa_t</a>, <a href="#bottom_salinityflux">bottom_salinityflux</a>, <a href="#sa_surface">sa_surface</a>, <a href="#sa_vertical_gradient">sa_vertical_gradient</a>, <a href="#sa_vertical_gradient_level">sa_vertical_gradient_level</a>, and <a href="#top_salinityflux">top_salinityflux</a>.<br>
8683
8684
8685
8686
8687
8688
8689	<br>
8690
8691
8692
8693
8694
8695
8696	Section <a href="chapter_4.2.2.html">4.4.2</a> gives an example for appropriate settings of these and other parameters neccessary for ocean runs.<br>
8697
8698
8699
8700
8701
8702
8703	<br>
8704
8705
8706
8707
8708
8709
8710	<span style="font-weight: bold;">ocean</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> does not allow settings of <a href="#timestep_scheme">timestep_scheme</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'leapfrog'</span> or <span style="font-style: italic;">'leapfrog+euler'</span> as well as <a href="#scalar_advec">scalar_advec</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'ups-scheme'</span>.<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br>
8711
8712
8713
8714	</td>
8715
8716
8717
8718
8719
8720
8721	</tr>
8722
8723
8724
8725
8726
8727
8728	<tr>
8729
8730
8731
8732
8733
8734
8735	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8736
8737
8738
8739
8740
8741
8742	<p><a name="omega"></a><b>omega</b></p>
8743
8744
8745
8746
8747
8748
8749
8750	</td>
8751
8752
8753
8754
8755
8756
8757	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
8758
8759
8760
8761
8762
8763
8764
8765	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>7.29212E-5</i></td>
8766
8767
8768
8769
8770
8771
8772
8773	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8774
8775
8776
8777
8778
8779
8780	<p>Angular
8781	velocity of the rotating system (in rad s<sup>-1</sup>).
8782	</p>
8783
8784
8785
8786
8787
8788
8789
8790
8791
8792
8793
8794
8795
8796	<p>The angular velocity of the earth is set by
8797	default. The
8798	values
8799	of the Coriolis parameters are calculated as:  </p>
8800
8801
8802
8803
8804
8805
8806
8807
8808
8809
8810
8811
8812
8813	<ul>
8814
8815
8816
8817
8818
8819
8820
8821
8822
8823
8824
8825
8826
8827	<p>f = 2.0 * <b>omega</b> * sin(<a href="#phi">phi</a>)
8828	<br>
8829
8830
8831
8832
8833
8834
8835	f* = 2.0 * <b>omega</b> * cos(<a href="#phi">phi</a>)</p>
8836
8837
8838
8839
8840
8841
8842
8843
8844
8845
8846
8847
8848
8849	</ul>
8850
8851
8852
8853
8854
8855
8856	</td>
8857
8858
8859
8860
8861
8862
8863	</tr>
8864
8865
8866
8867
8868
8869
8870	<tr>
8871
8872
8873
8874
8875
8876
8877	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8878
8879
8880
8881
8882
8883
8884	<p><a name="outflow_damping_width"></a><b>outflow_damping_width</b></p>
8885
8886
8887
8888
8889
8890
8891
8892	</td>
8893
8894
8895
8896
8897
8898
8899	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
8900
8901
8902
8903
8904
8905
8906
8907	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">MIN(20,
8908	nx/2</span> or <span style="font-style: italic;">ny/2)</span></td>
8909
8910
8911
8912
8913
8914
8915
8916	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Width of
8917	the damping range in the vicinity of the outflow (gridpoints).<br>
8918
8919
8920
8921
8922
8923
8924
8925	<br>
8926
8927
8928
8929
8930
8931
8932
8933	When using non-cyclic lateral boundaries (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
8934	or <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>),
8935	a smoothing has to be applied to the
8936	velocity field in the vicinity of the outflow in order to suppress any
8937	reflections of outgoing disturbances. This parameter controlls the
8938	horizontal range to which the smoothing is applied. The range is given
8939	in gridpoints counted from the respective outflow boundary. For further
8940	details about the smoothing see parameter <a href="chapter_4.1.html#km_damp_max">km_damp_max</a>,
8941	which defines the magnitude of the damping.</td>
8942
8943
8944
8945
8946
8947
8948	</tr>
8949
8950
8951
8952
8953
8954
8955
8956	<tr>
8957
8958
8959
8960
8961
8962
8963	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8964
8965
8966
8967
8968
8969
8970	<p><a name="overshoot_limit_e"></a><b>overshoot_limit_e</b></p>
8971
8972
8973
8974
8975
8976
8977
8978	</td>
8979
8980
8981
8982
8983
8984
8985	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
8986
8987
8988
8989
8990
8991
8992
8993	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
8994
8995
8996
8997
8998
8999
9000
9001	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9002
9003
9004
9005
9006
9007
9008	<p>Allowed limit
9009	for the overshooting of subgrid-scale TKE in
9010	case that the upstream-spline scheme is switched on (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).
9011	</p>
9012
9013
9014
9015
9016
9017
9018
9019
9020
9021
9022
9023
9024
9025	<p>By deafult, if cut-off of overshoots is switched
9026	on for the
9027	upstream-spline scheme (see <a href="#cut_spline_overshoot">cut_spline_overshoot</a>),
9028	no overshoots are permitted at all. If <b>overshoot_limit_e</b>
9029	is given a non-zero value, overshoots with the respective
9030	amplitude (both upward and downward) are allowed.  </p>
9031
9032
9033
9034
9035
9036
9037
9038
9039
9040
9041
9042
9043
9044	<p>Only positive values are allowed for <b>overshoot_limit_e</b>.</p>
9045
9046
9047
9048
9049
9050
9051
9052	</td>
9053
9054
9055
9056
9057
9058
9059	</tr>
9060
9061
9062
9063
9064
9065
9066	<tr>
9067
9068
9069
9070
9071
9072
9073	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9074
9075
9076
9077
9078
9079
9080	<p><a name="overshoot_limit_pt"></a><b>overshoot_limit_pt</b></p>
9081
9082
9083
9084
9085
9086
9087
9088	</td>
9089
9090
9091
9092
9093
9094
9095	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
9096
9097
9098
9099
9100
9101
9102
9103	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
9104
9105
9106
9107
9108
9109
9110
9111	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9112
9113
9114
9115
9116
9117
9118	<p>Allowed limit
9119	for the overshooting of potential temperature in
9120	case that the upstream-spline scheme is switched on (in K).  </p>
9121
9122
9123
9124
9125
9126
9127
9128
9129
9130
9131
9132
9133
9134	<p>For further information see <a href="#overshoot_limit_e">overshoot_limit_e</a>.
9135	</p>
9136
9137
9138
9139
9140
9141
9142
9143
9144
9145
9146
9147
9148
9149	<p>Only positive values are allowed for <b>overshoot_limit_pt</b>.</p>
9150
9151
9152
9153
9154
9155
9156
9157	</td>
9158
9159
9160
9161
9162
9163
9164	</tr>
9165
9166
9167
9168
9169
9170
9171	<tr>
9172
9173
9174
9175
9176
9177
9178	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9179
9180
9181
9182
9183
9184
9185	<p><a name="overshoot_limit_u"></a><b>overshoot_limit_u</b></p>
9186
9187
9188
9189
9190
9191
9192
9193	</td>
9194
9195
9196
9197
9198
9199
9200	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
9201
9202
9203
9204
9205
9206
9207
9208	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
9209
9210
9211
9212
9213
9214
9215
9216	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Allowed limit for the
9217	overshooting of
9218	the u-component of velocity in case that the upstream-spline scheme is
9219	switched on (in m/s).
9220
9221
9222
9223
9224
9225
9226	<p>For further information see <a href="#overshoot_limit_e">overshoot_limit_e</a>.
9227	</p>
9228
9229
9230
9231
9232
9233
9234
9235
9236
9237
9238
9239
9240
9241	<p>Only positive values are allowed for <b>overshoot_limit_u</b>.</p>
9242
9243
9244
9245
9246
9247
9248
9249	</td>
9250
9251
9252
9253
9254
9255
9256	</tr>
9257
9258
9259
9260
9261
9262
9263	<tr>
9264
9265
9266
9267
9268
9269
9270	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9271
9272
9273
9274
9275
9276
9277	<p><a name="overshoot_limit_v"></a><b>overshoot_limit_v</b></p>
9278
9279
9280
9281
9282
9283
9284
9285	</td>
9286
9287
9288
9289
9290
9291
9292	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
9293
9294
9295
9296
9297
9298
9299
9300	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
9301
9302
9303
9304
9305
9306
9307
9308	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9309
9310
9311
9312
9313
9314
9315	<p>Allowed limit
9316	for the overshooting of the v-component of
9317	velocity in case that the upstream-spline scheme is switched on
9318	(in m/s).  </p>
9319
9320
9321
9322
9323
9324
9325
9326
9327
9328
9329
9330
9331
9332	<p>For further information see <a href="#overshoot_limit_e">overshoot_limit_e</a>.
9333	</p>
9334
9335
9336
9337
9338
9339
9340
9341
9342
9343
9344
9345
9346
9347	<p>Only positive values are allowed for <b>overshoot_limit_v</b>.</p>
9348
9349
9350
9351
9352
9353
9354
9355	</td>
9356
9357
9358
9359
9360
9361
9362	</tr>
9363
9364
9365
9366
9367
9368
9369	<tr>
9370
9371
9372
9373
9374
9375
9376	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9377
9378
9379
9380
9381
9382
9383	<p><a name="overshoot_limit_w"></a><b>overshoot_limit_w</b></p>
9384
9385
9386
9387
9388
9389
9390
9391	</td>
9392
9393
9394
9395
9396
9397
9398	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
9399
9400
9401
9402
9403
9404
9405
9406	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
9407
9408
9409
9410
9411
9412
9413
9414	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9415
9416
9417
9418
9419
9420
9421	<p>Allowed limit
9422	for the overshooting of the w-component of
9423	velocity in case that the upstream-spline scheme is switched on
9424	(in m/s).  </p>
9425
9426
9427
9428
9429
9430
9431
9432
9433
9434
9435
9436
9437
9438	<p>For further information see <a href="#overshoot_limit_e">overshoot_limit_e</a>.
9439	</p>
9440
9441
9442
9443
9444
9445
9446
9447
9448
9449
9450
9451
9452
9453	<p>Only positive values are permitted for <b>overshoot_limit_w</b>.</p>
9454
9455
9456
9457
9458
9459
9460
9461	</td>
9462
9463
9464
9465
9466
9467
9468	</tr>
9469
9470
9471
9472
9473
9474
9475	<tr>
9476
9477
9478
9479
9480
9481
9482	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9483
9484
9485
9486
9487
9488
9489	<p><a name="passive_scalar"></a><b>passive_scalar</b></p>
9490
9491
9492
9493
9494
9495
9496
9497	</td>
9498
9499
9500
9501
9502
9503
9504	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
9505
9506
9507
9508
9509
9510
9511
9512	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.F.</i></td>
9513
9514
9515
9516
9517
9518
9519
9520	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9521
9522
9523
9524
9525
9526
9527	<p>Parameter to
9528	switch on the prognostic equation for a passive
9529	scalar. <br>
9530
9531
9532
9533
9534
9535
9536	</p>
9537
9538
9539
9540
9541
9542
9543
9544
9545
9546
9547
9548
9549
9550	<p>The initial vertical profile
9551	of s can be set via parameters <a href="#s_surface">s_surface</a>,
9552	<a href="#s_vertical_gradient">s_vertical_gradient</a>
9553	and  <a href="#s_vertical_gradient_level">s_vertical_gradient_level</a>.
9554	Boundary conditions can be set via <a href="#s_surface_initial_change">s_surface_initial_change</a>
9555	and <a href="#surface_scalarflux">surface_scalarflux</a>.
9556	</p>
9557
9558
9559
9560
9561
9562
9563
9564
9565
9566
9567
9568
9569
9570	<p><b>Note:</b> <br>
9571
9572
9573
9574
9575
9576
9577
9578	With <span style="font-weight: bold;">passive_scalar</span>
9579	switched
9580	on, the simultaneous use of humidity (see <a href="#humidity">humidity</a>)
9581	is impossible.</p>
9582
9583
9584
9585
9586
9587
9588	</td>
9589
9590
9591
9592
9593
9594
9595	</tr>
9596
9597
9598
9599
9600
9601
9602	<tr>
9603
9604	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="pch_index"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">pch_index</span></td>
9605
9606	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
9607
9608	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0</span></td>
9609
9610	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Grid point index (scalar) of the upper boundary of the plant canopy layer.<br>
9611
9612	<br>
9613
9614	Above <span style="font-weight: bold;">pch_index</span> the arrays of leaf area density and drag_coeffient are automatically set to zero in case of <a href="#plant_canopy">plant_canopy</a> = .T.. Up to <span style="font-weight: bold;">pch_index</span> a leaf area density profile can be prescribed by using the parameters <a href="#lad_surface">lad_surface</a>, <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient">lad_vertical_gradient</a> and <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient_level">lad_vertical_gradient_level</a>.</td>
9615
9616	</tr>
9617
9618	<tr>
9619
9620
9621
9622
9623
9624
9625	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9626
9627
9628
9629
9630
9631
9632	<p><a name="phi"></a><b>phi</b></p>
9633
9634
9635
9636
9637
9638
9639
9640	</td>
9641
9642
9643
9644
9645
9646
9647	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
9648
9649
9650
9651
9652
9653
9654
9655	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>55.0</i></td>
9656
9657
9658
9659
9660
9661
9662
9663	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9664
9665
9666
9667
9668
9669
9670	<p>Geographical
9671	latitude (in degrees).  </p>
9672
9673
9674
9675
9676
9677
9678
9679
9680
9681
9682
9683
9684
9685	<p>The value of
9686	this parameter determines the value of the
9687	Coriolis parameters f and f*, provided that the angular velocity (see <a href="#omega">omega</a>)
9688	is non-zero.</p>
9689
9690
9691
9692
9693
9694
9695	</td>
9696
9697
9698
9699
9700
9701
9702	</tr>
9703
9704
9705
9706
9707
9708
9709	<tr>
9710
9711	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="plant_canopy"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">plant_canopy</span></td>
9712
9713	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
9714
9715	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span></td>
9716
9717	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Switch for the plant_canopy_model.<br>
9718
9719	<br>
9720
9721	If <span style="font-weight: bold;">plant_canopy</span> is set <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span>, the plant canopy model of Watanabe (2004, BLM 112, 307-341) is used. <br>
9722
9723	The
9724	impact of a plant canopy on a turbulent flow is considered by an
9725	additional drag term in the momentum equations and an additional sink
9726	term in the prognostic equation for the subgrid-scale TKE. These
9727	additional terms are dependent on the leaf drag coefficient (see <a href="#drag_coefficient">drag_coefficient</a>) and the leaf area density (see <a href="#lad_surface">lad_surface</a>, <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient">lad_vertical_gradient</a>, <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient_level">lad_vertical_gradient_level</a>). The top boundary of the plant canopy is determined by the parameter <a href="#pch_index">pch_index</a>. For all heights equal to or larger than zw(k=<span style="font-weight: bold;">pch_index</span>) the leaf area density is 0 (i.e. there is no canopy at these heights!). <br>
9728
9729	By default, a horizontally homogeneous plant canopy is prescribed, if  <span style="font-weight: bold;">plant_canopy</span> is set <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span>. However, the user can define other types of plant canopies (see <a href="#canopy_mode">canopy_mode</a>).<br><br>If <span style="font-weight: bold;">plant_canopy</span> and  <span style="font-weight: bold;">passive_scalar</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span>are set <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span>,
9730	the canopy acts as an additional source or sink, respectively, of
9731	scalar concentration. The source/sink strength is dependent on the
9732	scalar concentration at the leaf surface, which is generally constant
9733	with time in PALM and which can be specified by specifying the
9734	parameter <a href="#leaf_surface_concentration">leaf_surface_concentration</a>. <br><br>Additional heating of the air by the plant canopy is taken into account, when the default value of the parameter <a href="#cthf">cthf</a> is altered in the parameter file. In that case the value of <a href="#surface_heatflux">surface_heatflux</a>
9735	specified in the parameter file is not used in the model. Instead the
9736	near-surface heat flux is derived from an expontial function that is
9737	dependent on the cumulative leaf area index. <br>
9738
9739	<br>
9740
9741	<span style="font-weight: bold;">plant_canopy</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T. </span>is only allowed together with a non-zero <a href="#drag_coefficient">drag_coefficient</a>.</td>
9742
9743	</tr>
9744
9745	<tr>
9746
9747
9748
9749
9750
9751
9752	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9753
9754
9755
9756
9757
9758
9759	<p><a name="prandtl_layer"></a><b>prandtl_layer</b></p>
9760
9761
9762
9763
9764
9765
9766
9767	</td>
9768
9769
9770
9771
9772
9773
9774	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
9775
9776
9777
9778
9779
9780
9781
9782	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.T.</i></td>
9783
9784
9785
9786
9787
9788
9789
9790	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9791
9792
9793
9794
9795
9796
9797	<p>Parameter to
9798	switch on a Prandtl layer.  </p>
9799
9800
9801
9802
9803
9804
9805
9806
9807
9808
9809
9810
9811
9812	<p>By default,
9813	a Prandtl layer is switched on at the bottom
9814	boundary between z = 0 and z = 0.5 * <a href="#dz">dz</a>
9815	(the first computational grid point above ground for u, v and the
9816	scalar quantities).
9817	In this case, at the bottom boundary, free-slip conditions for u and v
9818	(see <a href="#bc_uv_b">bc_uv_b</a>)
9819	are not allowed. Likewise, laminar
9820	simulations with constant eddy diffusivities (<a href="#km_constant">km_constant</a>)
9821	are forbidden.  </p>
9822
9823
9824
9825
9826
9827
9828
9829
9830
9831
9832
9833
9834
9835	<p>With Prandtl-layer
9836	switched off, the TKE boundary condition <a href="#bc_e_b">bc_e_b</a>
9837	= '<i>(u)*2+neumann'</i> must not be used and is
9838	automatically
9839	changed to <i>'neumann'</i> if necessary.  Also,
9840	the pressure
9841	boundary condition <a href="#bc_p_b">bc_p_b</a>
9842	= <i>'neumann+inhomo'</i>  is not allowed. </p>
9843
9844
9845
9846
9847
9848
9849
9850
9851
9852
9853
9854
9855
9856	<p>The roughness length is declared via the parameter <a href="#roughness_length">roughness_length</a>.</p>
9857
9858
9859
9860
9861
9862
9863
9864	</td>
9865
9866
9867
9868
9869
9870
9871	</tr>
9872
9873
9874
9875
9876
9877
9878	<tr>
9879
9880
9881
9882
9883
9884
9885	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9886
9887
9888
9889
9890
9891
9892	<p><a name="precipitation"></a><b>precipitation</b></p>
9893
9894
9895
9896
9897
9898
9899
9900	</td>
9901
9902
9903
9904
9905
9906
9907	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
9908
9909
9910
9911
9912
9913
9914
9915	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span></td>
9916
9917
9918
9919
9920
9921
9922	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9923
9924
9925
9926
9927
9928
9929	<p>Parameter to switch
9930	on the precipitation scheme.<br>
9931
9932
9933
9934
9935
9936
9937	</p>
9938
9939
9940
9941
9942
9943
9944
9945
9946
9947
9948
9949
9950
9951	<p>For
9952	precipitation processes PALM uses a simplified Kessler
9953	scheme. This scheme only considers the
9954	so-called autoconversion, that means the generation of rain water by
9955	coagulation of cloud drops among themselves. Precipitation begins and
9956	is immediately removed from the flow as soon as the liquid water
9957	content exceeds the critical value of 0.5 g/kg.</p>
9958
9959
9960
9961
9962
9963
9964
9965
9966
9967
9968
9969
9970	<p>The precipitation rate and amount can be output by assigning the runtime parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output">data_output</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'prr'</span> or <span style="font-style: italic;">'pra'</span>, respectively. The time interval on which the precipitation amount is defined can be controlled via runtime parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#precipitation_amount_interval">precipitation_amount_interval</a>.</p>
9971
9972
9973
9974
9975
9976
9977	</td>
9978
9979
9980
9981
9982
9983
9984	</tr>
9985
9986
9987
9988
9989
9990
9991
9992	<tr>
9993
9994
9995
9996
9997
9998
9999	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="pt_reference"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">pt_reference</span></td>
10000
10001
10002
10003
10004
10005
10006	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
10007
10008
10009
10010
10011
10012
10013	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">use horizontal average as
10014	refrence</span></td>
10015
10016
10017
10018
10019
10020
10021	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Reference
10022	temperature to be used in all buoyancy terms (in K).<br>
10023
10024
10025
10026
10027
10028
10029	<br>
10030
10031
10032
10033
10034
10035
10036	By
10037	default, the instantaneous horizontal average over the total model
10038	domain is used.<br>
10039
10040
10041
10042
10043
10044
10045	<br>
10046
10047
10048
10049
10050
10051
10052	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Attention:</span><br>
10053
10054
10055
10056
10057
10058
10059	In case of ocean runs (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#ocean">ocean</a>), always a reference temperature is used in the buoyancy terms with a default value of <span style="font-weight: bold;">pt_reference</span> = <a href="#pt_surface">pt_surface</a>.</td>
10060
10061
10062
10063
10064
10065
10066	</tr>
10067
10068
10069
10070
10071
10072
10073	<tr>
10074
10075
10076
10077
10078
10079
10080	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10081
10082
10083
10084
10085
10086
10087	<p><a name="pt_surface"></a><b>pt_surface</b></p>
10088
10089
10090
10091
10092
10093
10094
10095	</td>
10096
10097
10098
10099
10100
10101
10102	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
10103
10104
10105
10106
10107
10108
10109
10110	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>300.0</i></td>
10111
10112
10113
10114
10115
10116
10117
10118	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10119
10120
10121
10122
10123
10124
10125	<p>Surface
10126	potential temperature (in K).  </p>
10127
10128
10129
10130
10131
10132
10133
10134
10135
10136
10137
10138
10139
10140	<p>This
10141	parameter assigns the value of the potential temperature
10142	<span style="font-weight: bold;">pt</span> at the surface (k=0)<b>.</b> Starting from this value,
10143	the
10144	initial vertical temperature profile is constructed with <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient">pt_vertical_gradient</a>
10145	and <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient_level">pt_vertical_gradient_level
10146	</a>.
10147	This profile is also used for the 1d-model as a stationary profile.</p>
10148
10149
10150
10151
10152
10153
10154
10155
10156
10157
10158
10159
10160	<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Attention:</span><br>
10161
10162
10163
10164
10165
10166
10167	In case of ocean runs (see <a href="#ocean">ocean</a>),
10168	this parameter gives the temperature value at the sea surface, which is
10169	at k=nzt. The profile is then constructed from the surface down to the
10170	bottom of the model.</p>
10171
10172
10173
10174
10175
10176
10177
10178	</td>
10179
10180
10181
10182
10183
10184
10185	</tr>
10186
10187
10188
10189
10190
10191
10192	<tr>
10193
10194
10195
10196
10197
10198
10199	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10200
10201
10202
10203
10204
10205
10206	<p><a name="pt_surface_initial_change"></a><b>pt_surface_initial</b>
10207	<br>
10208
10209
10210
10211
10212
10213
10214	<b>_change</b></p>
10215
10216
10217
10218
10219
10220
10221	</td>
10222
10223
10224
10225
10226
10227
10228	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
10229
10230
10231
10232
10233
10234
10235	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span><br>
10236
10237
10238
10239
10240
10241
10242	</td>
10243
10244
10245
10246
10247
10248
10249
10250	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10251
10252
10253
10254
10255
10256
10257	<p>Change in
10258	surface temperature to be made at the beginning of
10259	the 3d run
10260	(in K).  </p>
10261
10262
10263
10264
10265
10266
10267
10268
10269
10270
10271
10272
10273
10274	<p>If <b>pt_surface_initial_change</b>
10275	is set to a non-zero
10276	value, the near surface sensible heat flux is not allowed to be given
10277	simultaneously (see <a href="#surface_heatflux">surface_heatflux</a>).</p>
10278
10279
10280
10281
10282
10283
10284
10285	</td>
10286
10287
10288
10289
10290
10291
10292	</tr>
10293
10294
10295
10296
10297
10298
10299	<tr>
10300
10301
10302
10303
10304
10305
10306	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10307
10308
10309
10310
10311
10312
10313	<p><a name="pt_vertical_gradient"></a><b>pt_vertical_gradient</b></p>
10314
10315
10316
10317
10318
10319
10320
10321	</td>
10322
10323
10324
10325
10326
10327
10328	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)</td>
10329
10330
10331
10332
10333
10334
10335
10336	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>10 * 0.0</i></td>
10337
10338
10339
10340
10341
10342
10343
10344	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10345
10346
10347
10348
10349
10350
10351	<p>Temperature
10352	gradient(s) of the initial temperature profile (in
10353	K
10354	/ 100 m).  </p>
10355
10356
10357
10358
10359
10360
10361
10362
10363
10364
10365
10366
10367
10368	<p>This temperature gradient
10369	holds starting from the height
10370	level defined by <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient_level">pt_vertical_gradient_level</a>
10371	(precisely: for all uv levels k where zu(k) >
10372	pt_vertical_gradient_level,
10373	pt_init(k) is set: pt_init(k) = pt_init(k-1) + dzu(k) * <b>pt_vertical_gradient</b>)
10374	up to the top boundary or up to the next height level defined
10375	by <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient_level">pt_vertical_gradient_level</a>.
10376	A total of 10 different gradients for 11 height intervals (10 intervals
10377	if <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient_level">pt_vertical_gradient_level</a>(1)
10378	= <i>0.0</i>) can be assigned. The surface temperature is
10379	assigned via <a href="#pt_surface">pt_surface</a>.
10380	</p>
10381
10382
10383
10384
10385
10386
10387
10388
10389
10390
10391
10392
10393
10394	<p>Example:  </p>
10395
10396
10397
10398
10399
10400
10401
10402
10403
10404
10405
10406
10407
10408	<ul>
10409
10410
10411
10412
10413
10414
10415
10416
10417
10418
10419
10420
10421
10422	<p><b>pt_vertical_gradient</b>
10423	= <i>1.0</i>, <i>0.5</i>,  <br>
10424
10425
10426
10427
10428
10429
10430
10431	<b>pt_vertical_gradient_level</b> = <i>500.0</i>,
10432	<i>1000.0</i>,</p>
10433
10434
10435
10436
10437
10438
10439
10440
10441
10442
10443
10444
10445
10446	</ul>
10447
10448
10449
10450
10451
10452
10453
10454
10455
10456
10457
10458
10459
10460	<p>That
10461	defines the temperature profile to be neutrally
10462	stratified
10463	up to z = 500.0 m with a temperature given by <a href="#pt_surface">pt_surface</a>.
10464	For 500.0 m < z <= 1000.0 m the temperature gradient is
10465	1.0 K /
10466	100 m and for z > 1000.0 m up to the top boundary it is
10467	0.5 K / 100 m (it is assumed that the assigned height levels correspond
10468	with uv levels).</p>
10469
10470
10471
10472
10473
10474
10475
10476
10477
10478
10479
10480
10481	<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Attention:</span><br>
10482
10483
10484
10485
10486
10487
10488	In case of ocean runs (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#ocean">ocean</a>),
10489	the profile is constructed like described above, but starting from the
10490	sea surface (k=nzt) down to the bottom boundary of the model. Height
10491	levels have then to be given as negative values, e.g. <span style="font-weight: bold;">pt_vertical_gradient_level</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">-500.0</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">-1000.0</span>.</p>
10492
10493
10494
10495
10496
10497
10498	</td>
10499
10500
10501
10502
10503
10504
10505	</tr>
10506
10507
10508
10509
10510
10511
10512	<tr>
10513
10514
10515
10516
10517
10518
10519	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10520
10521
10522
10523
10524
10525
10526	<p><a name="pt_vertical_gradient_level"></a><b>pt_vertical_gradient</b>
10527	<br>
10528
10529
10530
10531
10532
10533
10534	<b>_level</b></p>
10535
10536
10537
10538
10539
10540
10541	</td>
10542
10543
10544
10545
10546
10547
10548	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)</td>
10549
10550
10551
10552
10553
10554
10555	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10556
10557
10558
10559
10560
10561
10562	<p><i>10 *</i>
10563	<span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span><br>
10564
10565
10566
10567
10568
10569
10570
10571	</p>
10572
10573
10574
10575
10576
10577
10578	</td>
10579
10580
10581
10582
10583
10584
10585	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10586
10587
10588
10589
10590
10591
10592	<p>Height level from which on the temperature gradient defined by
10593	<a href="#pt_vertical_gradient">pt_vertical_gradient</a>
10594	is effective (in m).  </p>
10595
10596
10597
10598
10599
10600
10601
10602
10603
10604
10605
10606
10607
10608	<p>The height levels have to be assigned in ascending order. The
10609	default values result in a neutral stratification regardless of the
10610	values of <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient">pt_vertical_gradient</a>
10611	(unless the top boundary of the model is higher than 100000.0 m).
10612	For the piecewise construction of temperature profiles see <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient">pt_vertical_gradient</a>.</p>
10613
10614
10615
10616
10617
10618
10619	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Attention:</span><br>
10620
10621
10622
10623
10624
10625
10626	In case of ocean runs (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#ocean">ocean</a>), the (negative) height levels have to be assigned in descending order.
10627	</td>
10628
10629
10630
10631
10632
10633
10634	</tr>
10635
10636
10637
10638
10639
10640
10641	<tr>
10642
10643
10644
10645
10646
10647
10648	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10649
10650
10651
10652
10653
10654
10655	<p><a name="q_surface"></a><b>q_surface</b></p>
10656
10657
10658
10659
10660
10661
10662
10663	</td>
10664
10665
10666
10667
10668
10669
10670	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
10671
10672
10673
10674
10675
10676
10677
10678	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
10679
10680
10681
10682
10683
10684
10685
10686	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10687
10688
10689
10690
10691
10692
10693	<p>Surface
10694	specific humidity / total water content (kg/kg).  </p>
10695
10696
10697
10698
10699
10700
10701
10702
10703
10704
10705
10706
10707
10708	<p>This
10709	parameter assigns the value of the specific humidity q at
10710	the surface (k=0).  Starting from this value, the initial
10711	humidity
10712	profile is constructed with  <a href="#q_vertical_gradient">q_vertical_gradient</a>
10713	and <a href="#q_vertical_gradient_level">q_vertical_gradient_level</a>.
10714	This profile is also used for the 1d-model as a stationary profile.</p>
10715
10716
10717
10718
10719
10720
10721
10722	</td>
10723
10724
10725
10726
10727
10728
10729	</tr>
10730
10731
10732
10733
10734
10735
10736	<tr>
10737
10738
10739
10740
10741
10742
10743	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10744
10745
10746
10747
10748
10749
10750	<p><a name="q_surface_initial_change"></a><b>q_surface_initial</b>
10751	<br>
10752
10753
10754
10755
10756
10757
10758	<b>_change</b></p>
10759
10760
10761
10762
10763
10764
10765	</td>
10766
10767
10768
10769
10770
10771
10772	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
10773
10774
10775
10776
10777
10778
10779	</td>
10780
10781
10782
10783
10784
10785
10786	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
10787
10788
10789
10790
10791
10792
10793
10794	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10795
10796
10797
10798
10799
10800
10801	<p>Change in
1080