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1	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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29	<title>PALM chapter 4.1</title></head>
30	<body>
31
32
33
34
35
36
37	<h3><a name="chapter4.1"></a>4.1
38	Initialization parameters</h3>
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46	<br>
47
48
49
50
51
52
53	<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
54
55
56
57
58
59
60	<tbody>
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68	<tr>
69
70
71
72
73
74
75	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Parameter name</b></font></td>
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Type</b></font></td>
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
92
93
94
95
96
97
98	<p><b><font size="4">Default</font></b> <br>
99
100
101
102
103
104
105	<b><font size="4">value</font></b></p>
106
107
108
109
110
111
112	</td>
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><font size="4"><b>Explanation</b></font></td>
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128	</tr>
129
130
131
132
133
134
135	<tr>
136
137
138
139
140
141
142	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
143
144
145
146
147
148
149	<p><a name="adjust_mixing_length"></a><b>adjust_mixing_length</b></p>
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157	</td>
158
159
160
161
162
163
164	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span></td>
173
174
175
176
177
178
179	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
180
181
182
183
184
185
186	<p style="font-style: normal;">Near-surface adjustment of the
187	mixing length to the Prandtl-layer law.  </p>
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201	<p>Usually
202	the mixing length in LES models l<sub>LES</sub>
203	depends (as in PALM) on the grid size and is possibly restricted
204	further in case of stable stratification and near the lower wall (see
205	parameter <a href="#wall_adjustment">wall_adjustment</a>).
206	With <b>adjust_mixing_length</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span>
207	the Prandtl' mixing length l<sub>PR</sub> = kappa * z/phi
208	is calculated
209	and the mixing length actually used in the model is set l = MIN (l<sub>LES</sub>,
210	l<sub>PR</sub>). This usually gives a decrease of the
211	mixing length at
212	the bottom boundary and considers the fact that eddy sizes
213	decrease in the vicinity of the wall.  </p>
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227	<p style="font-style: normal;"><b>Warning:</b> So
228	far, there is
229	no good experience with <b>adjust_mixing_length</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> !  </p>
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243	<p>With <b>adjust_mixing_length</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> and the
244	Prandtl-layer being
245	switched on (see <a href="#prandtl_layer">prandtl_layer</a>)
246	<span style="font-style: italic;">'(u)* 2+neumann'</span>
247	should always be set as the lower boundary condition for the TKE (see <a href="#bc_e_b">bc_e_b</a>),
248	otherwise the near-surface value of the TKE is not in agreement with
249	the Prandtl-layer law (Prandtl-layer law and Prandtl-Kolmogorov-Ansatz
250	should provide the same value for K<sub>m</sub>). A warning
251	is given,
252	if this is not the case.</p>
253
254
255
256
257
258
259	</td>
260
261
262
263
264
265
266	</tr>
267
268
269
270
271
272
273	<tr>
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
282
283
284
285
286
287
288	<p><a name="alpha_surface"></a><b>alpha_surface</b></p>
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296	</td>
297
298
299
300
301
302
303	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
304
305
306
307
308
309
310	</td>
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span><br>
319
320
321
322
323
324
325	</td>
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
334
335
336
337
338
339
340	<p style="font-style: normal;">Inclination of the model domain
341	with respect to the horizontal (in degrees).  </p>
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355	<p style="font-style: normal;">By means of <b>alpha_surface</b>
356	the model domain can be inclined in x-direction with respect to the
357	horizontal. In this way flows over inclined surfaces (e.g. drainage
358	flows, gravity flows) can be simulated. In case of <b>alpha_surface
359	</b>/= <span style="font-style: italic;">0</span>
360	the buoyancy term
361	appears both in
362	the equation of motion of the u-component and of the w-component.<br>
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370	</p>
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384	<p style="font-style: normal;">An inclination
385	is only possible in
386	case of cyclic horizontal boundary conditions along x AND y (see <a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
387	and <a href="#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>) and <a href="#topography">topography</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'flat'</span>. </p>
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401	<p>Runs with inclined surface still require additional
402	user-defined code as well as modifications to the default code. Please
403	ask the <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/PALM_group.html#0">PALM
404	developer  group</a>.</p>
405
406
407
408
409
410
411	</td>
412
413
414
415
416
417
418	</tr>
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426	<tr>
427
428
429
430
431
432
433	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
434
435
436
437
438
439
440	<p><a name="bc_e_b"></a><b>bc_e_b</b></p>
441
442
443
444
445
446
447	</td>
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
456
457
458
459
460
461
462	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span></td>
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
471
472
473
474
475
476
477	<p style="font-style: normal;">Bottom boundary condition of the
478	TKE.  </p>
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492	<p><b>bc_e_b</b> may be
493	set to <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
494	or <span style="font-style: italic;">'(u) * 2+neumann'</span>.
495	<b>bc_e_b</b>
496	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
497	yields to
498	e(k=0)=e(k=1) (Neumann boundary condition), where e(k=1) is calculated
499	via the prognostic TKE equation. Choice of <span style="font-style: italic;">'(u)*2+neumann'</span>
500	also yields to
501	e(k=0)=e(k=1), but the TKE at the Prandtl-layer top (k=1) is calculated
502	diagnostically by e(k=1)=(us/0.1)**2. However, this is only allowed if
503	a Prandtl-layer is used (<a href="#prandtl_layer">prandtl_layer</a>).
504	If this is not the case, a warning is given and <b>bc_e_b</b>
505	is reset
506	to <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>.
507	</p>
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521	<p style="font-style: normal;">At the top
522	boundary a Neumann
523	boundary condition is generally used: (e(nz+1) = e(nz)).</p>
524
525
526
527
528
529
530	</td>
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538	</tr>
539
540
541
542
543
544
545	<tr>
546
547
548
549
550
551
552	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
553
554
555
556
557
558
559	<p><a name="bc_lr"></a><b>bc_lr</b></p>
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567	</td>
568
569
570
571
572
573
574	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'cyclic'</span></td>
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Boundary
591	condition along x (for all quantities).<br>
592
593
594
595
596
597
598	<br>
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606	By default, a cyclic boundary condition is used along x.<br>
607
608
609
610
611
612
613	<br>
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621	<span style="font-weight: bold;">bc_lr</span> may
622	also be
623	assigned the values <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet/radiation'</span>
624	(inflow from left, outflow to the right) or <span style="font-style: italic;">'radiation/dirichlet'</span>
625	(inflow from
626	right, outflow to the left). This requires the multi-grid method to be
627	used for solving the Poisson equation for perturbation pressure (see <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_4.2.html#psolver">psolver</a>)
628	and it also requires cyclic boundary conditions along y (see <a href="#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>).<br>
629
630
631
632
633
634
635	<br>
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643	In case of these non-cyclic lateral boundaries, a Dirichlet condition
644	is used at the inflow for all quantities (initial vertical profiles -
645	see <a href="#initializing_actions">initializing_actions</a>
646	- are fixed during the run) except u, to which a Neumann (zero
647	gradient) condition is applied. At the outflow, a radiation condition is used for all velocity components, while a Neumann (zero
648	gradient) condition is used for the scalars. For perturbation
649	pressure Neumann (zero gradient) conditions are assumed both at the
650	inflow and at the outflow.<br>
651
652
653
654
655
656
657	<br>
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665	When using non-cyclic lateral boundaries, a filter is applied to the
666	velocity field in the vicinity of the outflow in order to suppress any
667	reflections of outgoing disturbances (see <a href="#km_damp_max">km_damp_max</a>
668	and <a href="#outflow_damping_width">outflow_damping_width</a>).<br>
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676	<br>
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684	In order to maintain a turbulent state of the flow, it may be
685	neccessary to continuously impose perturbations on the horizontal
686	velocity field in the vicinity of the inflow throughout the whole run.
687	This can be switched on using <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_4.2.html#create_disturbances">create_disturbances</a>.
688	The horizontal range to which these perturbations are applied is
689	controlled by the parameters <a href="#inflow_disturbance_begin">inflow_disturbance_begin</a>
690	and <a href="#inflow_disturbance_end">inflow_disturbance_end</a>.
691	The vertical range and the perturbation amplitude are given by <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_4.2.html#psolver">disturbance_level_b</a>,
692	<a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_4.2.html#psolver">disturbance_level_t</a>,
693	and <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_4.2.html#psolver">disturbance_amplitude</a>.
694	The time interval at which perturbations are to be imposed is set by <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_4.2.html#dt_disturb">dt_disturb</a>.<br>
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702	<br>
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710	In case of non-cyclic horizontal boundaries <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_4.2.html#call_psolver_at_all_substeps">call_psolver
711	at_all_substeps</a> = .T. should be used.<br>
712
713
714
715
716
717
718	<br>
719
720
721
722
723
724
725	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Note:</span><br>
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733	Using non-cyclic lateral boundaries requires very sensitive adjustments
734	of the inflow (vertical profiles) and the bottom boundary conditions,
735	e.g. a surface heating should not be applied near the inflow boundary
736	because this may significantly disturb the inflow. Please check the
737	model results very carefully.</td>
738
739
740
741
742
743
744	</tr>
745
746
747
748
749
750
751	<tr>
752
753
754
755
756
757
758	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
759
760
761
762
763
764
765	<p><a name="bc_ns"></a><b>bc_ns</b></p>
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773	</td>
774
775
776
777
778
779
780	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'cyclic'</span></td>
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Boundary
797	condition along y (for all quantities).<br>
798
799
800
801
802
803
804	<br>
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812	By default, a cyclic boundary condition is used along y.<br>
813
814
815
816
817
818
819	<br>
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827	<span style="font-weight: bold;">bc_ns</span> may
828	also be
829	assigned the values <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet/radiation'</span>
830	(inflow from rear ("north"), outflow to the front ("south")) or <span style="font-style: italic;">'radiation/dirichlet'</span>
831	(inflow from front ("south"), outflow to the rear ("north")). This
832	requires the multi-grid
833	method to be used for solving the Poisson equation for perturbation
834	pressure (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#psolver">psolver</a>)
835	and it also requires cyclic boundary conditions along x (see<br>
836
837
838
839
840
841
842	<a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>).<br>
843
844
845
846
847
848
849	<br>
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857	In case of these non-cyclic lateral boundaries, a Dirichlet condition
858	is used at the inflow for all quantities (initial vertical profiles -
859	see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#initializing_actions">initializing_actions</a>
860	- are fixed during the run) except u, to which a Neumann (zero
861	gradient) condition is applied. At the outflow, a radiation condition is used for all velocity components, while a Neumann (zero
862	gradient) condition is used for the scalars. For perturbation
863	pressure Neumann (zero gradient) conditions are assumed both at the
864	inflow and at the outflow.<br>
865
866
867
868
869
870
871	<br>
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879	For further details regarding non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions
880	see <a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>.</td>
881
882
883
884
885
886
887	</tr>
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895	<tr>
896
897
898
899
900
901
902	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
903
904
905
906
907
908
909	<p><a name="bc_p_b"></a><b>bc_p_b</b></p>
910
911
912
913
914
915
916	</td>
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
925
926
927
928
929
930
931	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span></td>
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
940
941
942
943
944
945
946	<p style="font-style: normal;">Bottom boundary condition of the
947	perturbation pressure.  </p>
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961	<p>Allowed values
962	are <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>,
963	<span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
964	and <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann+inhomo'</span>.
965	<span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>
966	sets
967	p(k=0)=0.0,  <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
968	sets p(k=0)=p(k=1). <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann+inhomo'</span>
969	corresponds to an extended Neumann boundary condition where heat flux
970	or temperature inhomogeneities near the
971	surface (pt(k=1))  are additionally regarded (see Shen and
972	LeClerc
973	(1995, Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc.,
974	1209)). This condition is only permitted with the Prandtl-layer
975	switched on (<a href="#prandtl_layer">prandtl_layer</a>),
976	otherwise the run is terminated.  </p>
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990	<p>Since
991	at the bottom boundary of the model the vertical
992	velocity
993	disappears (w(k=0) = 0.0), the consistent Neumann condition (<span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span> or <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann+inhomo'</span>)
994	dp/dz = 0 should
995	be used, which leaves the vertical component w unchanged when the
996	pressure solver is applied. Simultaneous use of the Neumann boundary
997	conditions both at the bottom and at the top boundary (<a href="#bc_p_t">bc_p_t</a>)
998	usually yields no consistent solution for the perturbation pressure and
999	should be avoided.</p>
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006	</td>
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013	</tr>
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020	<tr>
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034	<p><a name="bc_p_t"></a><b>bc_p_t</b></p>
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042	</td>
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span></td>
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072	<p style="font-style: normal;">Top boundary condition of the
1073	perturbation pressure.  </p>
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087	<p style="font-style: normal;">Allowed values are <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>
1088	(p(k=nz+1)= 0.0) or <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1089	(p(k=nz+1)=p(k=nz)).  </p>
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103	<p>Simultaneous use
1104	of Neumann boundary conditions both at the
1105	top and bottom boundary (<a href="#bc_p_b">bc_p_b</a>)
1106	usually yields no consistent solution for the perturbation pressure and
1107	should be avoided. Since at the bottom boundary the Neumann
1108	condition  is a good choice (see <a href="#bc_p_b">bc_p_b</a>),
1109	a Dirichlet condition should be set at the top boundary.</p>
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116	</td>
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124	</tr>
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131	<tr>
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145	<p><a name="bc_pt_b"></a><b>bc_pt_b</b></p>
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153	</td>
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*20</td>
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span></td>
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183	<p style="font-style: normal;">Bottom boundary condition of the
1184	potential temperature.  </p>
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198	<p>Allowed values
1199	are <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>
1200	(pt(k=0) = const. = <a href="#pt_surface">pt_surface</a>
1201	+ <a href="#pt_surface_initial_change">pt_surface_initial_change</a>;
1202	the user may change this value during the run using user-defined code)
1203	and <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1204	(pt(k=0)=pt(k=1)).  <br>
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212	When a constant surface sensible heat flux is used (<a href="#surface_heatflux">surface_heatflux</a>), <b>bc_pt_b</b>
1213	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1214	must be used, because otherwise the resolved scale may contribute to
1215	the surface flux so that a constant value cannot be guaranteed.</p>
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228	<p>In the <a href="chapter_3.8.html">coupled</a> atmosphere executable, <a href="chapter_4.2.html#bc_pt_b">bc_pt_b</a> is internally set and does not need to be prescribed.</p>
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236	</td>
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243	</tr>
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250	<tr>
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264	<p><a name="pc_pt_t"></a><b>bc_pt_t</b></p>
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272	</td>
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'initial_ gradient'</span></td>
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302	<p style="font-style: normal;">Top boundary condition of the
1303	potential temperature.  </p>
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317	<p>Allowed are the
1318	values <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet' </span>(pt(k=nz+1)
1319	does not change during the run), <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1320	(pt(k=nz+1)=pt(k=nz)), and <span style="font-style: italic;">'initial_gradient'</span>.
1321	With the 'initial_gradient'-condition the value of the temperature
1322	gradient at the top is
1323	calculated from the initial
1324	temperature profile (see <a href="#pt_surface">pt_surface</a>,
1325	<a href="#pt_vertical_gradient">pt_vertical_gradient</a>)
1326	by bc_pt_t_val = (pt_init(k=nz+1) -
1327	pt_init(k=nz)) / dzu(nz+1).<br>
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335	Using this value (assumed constant during the
1336	run) the temperature boundary values are calculated as  </p>
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350	<ul>
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364	<p style="font-style: normal;">pt(k=nz+1) =
1365	pt(k=nz) +
1366	bc_pt_t_val * dzu(nz+1)</p>
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380	</ul>
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394	<p style="font-style: normal;">(up to k=nz the prognostic
1395	equation for the temperature is solved).<br>
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403	When a constant sensible heat flux is used at the top boundary (<a href="chapter_4.1.html#top_heatflux">top_heatflux</a>),
1404	<b>bc_pt_t</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1405	must be used, because otherwise the resolved scale may contribute to
1406	the top flux so that a constant value cannot be guaranteed.</p>
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413	</td>
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421	</tr>
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428	<tr>
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442	<p><a name="bc_q_b"></a><b>bc_q_b</b></p>
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450	</td>
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span></td>
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480	<p style="font-style: normal;">Bottom boundary condition of the
1481	specific humidity / total water content.  </p>
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495	<p>Allowed
1496	values are <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>
1497	(q(k=0) = const. = <a href="#q_surface">q_surface</a>
1498	+ <a href="#q_surface_initial_change">q_surface_initial_change</a>;
1499	the user may change this value during the run using user-defined code)
1500	and <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1501	(q(k=0)=q(k=1)).  <br>
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509	When a constant surface latent heat flux is used (<a href="#surface_waterflux">surface_waterflux</a>), <b>bc_q_b</b>
1510	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1511	must be used, because otherwise the resolved scale may contribute to
1512	the surface flux so that a constant value cannot be guaranteed.</p>
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520	</td>
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527	</tr>
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534	<tr>
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548	<p><a name="bc_q_t"></a><b>bc_q_t</b></p>
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556	</td>
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">C
1564	* 20</span></td>
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span></td>
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586	<p style="font-style: normal;">Top boundary condition of the
1587	specific humidity / total water content.  </p>
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601	<p>Allowed
1602	are the values <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>
1603	(q(k=nz) and q(k=nz+1) do
1604	not change during the run) and <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>.
1605	With the Neumann boundary
1606	condition the value of the humidity gradient at the top is calculated
1607	from the
1608	initial humidity profile (see <a href="#q_surface">q_surface</a>,
1609	<a href="#q_vertical_gradient">q_vertical_gradient</a>)
1610	by: bc_q_t_val = ( q_init(k=nz) - q_init(k=nz-1)) / dzu(nz).<br>
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618	Using this value (assumed constant during the run) the humidity
1619	boundary values
1620	are calculated as  </p>
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634	<ul>
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648	<p style="font-style: normal;">q(k=nz+1) =q(k=nz) +
1649	bc_q_t_val * dzu(nz+1)</p>
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663	</ul>
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677	<p style="font-style: normal;">(up tp k=nz the prognostic
1678	equation for q is solved). </p>
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685	</td>
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692	</tr>
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699	<tr>
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714	<p><a name="bc_s_b"></a><b>bc_s_b</b></p>
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721	</td>
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span></td>
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751	<p style="font-style: normal;">Bottom boundary condition of the
1752	scalar concentration.  </p>
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766	<p>Allowed values
1767	are <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>
1768	(s(k=0) = const. = <a href="#s_surface">s_surface</a>
1769	+ <a href="#s_surface_initial_change">s_surface_initial_change</a>;
1770	the user may change this value during the run using user-defined code)
1771	and <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1772	(s(k=0) =
1773	s(k=1)).  <br>
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781	When a constant surface concentration flux is used (<a href="#surface_scalarflux">surface_scalarflux</a>), <b>bc_s_b</b>
1782	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
1783	must be used, because otherwise the resolved scale may contribute to
1784	the surface flux so that a constant value cannot be guaranteed.</p>
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792	</td>
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799	</tr>
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806	<tr>
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820	<p><a name="bc_s_t"></a><b>bc_s_t</b></p>
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828	</td>
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span></td>
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858	<p style="font-style: normal;">Top boundary condition of the
1859	scalar concentration.  </p>
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873	<p>Allowed are the
1874	values <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>
1875	(s(k=nz) and s(k=nz+1) do
1876	not change during the run) and <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>.
1877	With the Neumann boundary
1878	condition the value of the scalar concentration gradient at the top is
1879	calculated
1880	from the initial scalar concentration profile (see <a href="#s_surface">s_surface</a>, <a href="#s_vertical_gradient">s_vertical_gradient</a>)
1881	by: bc_s_t_val = (s_init(k=nz) - s_init(k=nz-1)) / dzu(nz).<br>
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889	Using this value (assumed constant during the run) the concentration
1890	boundary values
1891	are calculated as </p>
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905	<ul>
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919	<p style="font-style: normal;">s(k=nz+1) = s(k=nz) +
1920	bc_s_t_val * dzu(nz+1)</p>
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934	</ul>
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948	<p style="font-style: normal;">(up to k=nz the prognostic
1949	equation for the scalar concentration is
1950	solved).</p>
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957	</td>
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964	</tr>
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971	<tr>
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="bc_sa_t"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">bc_sa_t</span></td>
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span></td>
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006	<p style="font-style: normal;">Top boundary condition of the salinity.  </p>
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020	<p>This parameter only comes into effect for ocean runs (see parameter <a href="#ocean">ocean</a>).</p>
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033	<p style="font-style: normal;">Allowed are the
2034	values <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet' </span>(sa(k=nz+1)
2035	does not change during the run) and <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
2036	(sa(k=nz+1)=sa(k=nz))<span style="font-style: italic;"></span>. <br>
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043	<br>
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051	When a constant salinity flux is used at the top boundary (<a href="chapter_4.1.html#top_salinityflux">top_salinityflux</a>),
2052	<b>bc_sa_t</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>
2053	must be used, because otherwise the resolved scale may contribute to
2054	the top flux so that a constant value cannot be guaranteed.</p>
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061	</td>
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068	</tr>
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075	<tr>
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089	<p><a name="bc_uv_b"></a><b>bc_uv_b</b></p>
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097	</td>
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span></td>
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127	<p style="font-style: normal;">Bottom boundary condition of the
2128	horizontal velocity components u and v.  </p>
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142	<p>Allowed
2143	values are <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet' </span>and
2144	<span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>. <b>bc_uv_b</b>
2145	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>
2146	yields the
2147	no-slip condition with u=v=0 at the bottom. Due to the staggered grid
2148	u(k=0) and v(k=0) are located at z = - 0,5 * <a href="#dz">dz</a>
2149	(below the bottom), while u(k=1) and v(k=1) are located at z = +0,5 *
2150	dz. u=v=0 at the bottom is guaranteed using mirror boundary
2151	condition:  </p>
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165	<ul>
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179	<p style="font-style: normal;">u(k=0) = - u(k=1) and v(k=0) = -
2180	v(k=1)</p>
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194	</ul>
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208	<p style="font-style: normal;">The
2209	Neumann boundary condition
2210	yields the free-slip condition with u(k=0) = u(k=1) and v(k=0) =
2211	v(k=1).
2212	With Prandtl - layer switched on, the free-slip condition is not
2213	allowed (otherwise the run will be terminated)<font color="#000000">.</font></p>
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221	</td>
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228	</tr>
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235	<tr>
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249	<p><a name="bc_uv_t"></a><b>bc_uv_t</b></p>
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257	</td>
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span></td>
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287	<p style="font-style: normal;">Top boundary condition of the
2288	horizontal velocity components u and v.  </p>
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302	<p>Allowed
2303	values are <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet_0'</span>
2304	and <span style="font-style: italic;">'neumann'</span>.
2305	The
2306	Dirichlet condition yields u(k=nz+1) = ug(nz+1) and v(k=nz+1) =
2307	vg(nz+1),
2308	Neumann condition yields the free-slip condition with u(k=nz+1) =
2309	u(k=nz) and v(k=nz+1) = v(k=nz) (up to k=nz the prognostic equations
2310	for the velocities are solved). The special condition <span style="font-style: italic;">'dirichlet_0'</span> can be used for channel flow, it yields the no-slip condition u(k=nz+1) = ug(nz+1) = 0 and v(k=nz+1) =
2311	vg(nz+1) = 0.</p>
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324	<p>In the <a href="chapter_3.8.html">coupled</a> ocean executable, <a href="chapter_4.2.html#bc_uv_t">bc_uv_t</a> is internally set ('neumann') and does not need to be prescribed.</p>
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331	</td>
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338	</tr>
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345	<tr>
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="bottom_salinityflux"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">bottom_salinityflux</span></td>
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span></td>
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380	<p>Kinematic salinity flux near the surface (in psu m/s). </p>
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387	This parameter only comes into effect for ocean runs (see parameter <a href="chapter_4.1.html#ocean">ocean</a>).
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394	<p>The
2395	respective salinity flux value is used
2396	as bottom (horizontally homogeneous) boundary condition for the salinity equation. This additionally requires that a Neumann
2397	condition must be used for the salinity, which is currently the only available condition.<br>
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404	</p>
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411	</td>
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418	</tr>
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425	<tr>
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="building_height"></a>building_height</span></td>
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">50.0</span></td>
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455	<td>Height
2456	of a single building in m.<br>
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463	<br>
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470	<span style="font-weight: bold;">building_height</span> must
2471	be less than the height of the model domain. This parameter requires
2472	the use of <a href="#topography">topography</a>
2473	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'single_building'</span>.</td>
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481	</tr>
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488	<tr>
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="building_length_x"></a>building_length_x</span></td>
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">50.0</span></td>
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517	<td><span style="font-style: italic;"></span>Width of a single
2518	building in m.<br>
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525	<br>
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533	Currently, <span style="font-weight: bold;">building_length_x</span>
2534	must be at least <span style="font-style: italic;">3
2535	* </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="#dx">dx</a> and no more than <span style="font-style: italic;">( </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="#nx">nx</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> - 1 ) </span><span style="font-style: italic;"> * <a href="#dx">dx</a>
2536	</span><span style="font-style: italic;">- <a href="#building_wall_left">building_wall_left</a></span>.
2537	This parameter requires the use of <a href="#topography">topography</a>
2538	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'single_building'</span>.</td>
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546	</tr>
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553	<tr>
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="building_length_y"></a>building_length_y</span></td>
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">50.0</span></td>
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582	<td>Depth
2583	of a single building in m.<br>
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590	<br>
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598	Currently, <span style="font-weight: bold;">building_length_y</span>
2599	must be at least <span style="font-style: italic;">3
2600	* </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="#dy">dy</a> and no more than <span style="font-style: italic;">( </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="#ny">ny</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> - 1 ) </span><span style="font-style: italic;"> * <a href="#dy">dy</a></span><span style="font-style: italic;"> - <a href="#building_wall_south">building_wall_south</a></span>. This parameter requires
2601	the use of <a href="#topography">topography</a>
2602	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'single_building'</span>.</td>
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610	</tr>
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617	<tr>
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="building_wall_left"></a>building_wall_left</span></td>
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">building centered in x-direction</span></td>
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647	<td>x-coordinate of the left building wall (distance between the
2648	left building wall and the left border of the model domain) in m.<br>
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656	<br>
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664	Currently, <span style="font-weight: bold;">building_wall_left</span>
2665	must be at least <span style="font-style: italic;">1
2666	* </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="#dx">dx</a> and less than <span style="font-style: italic;">( <a href="#nx">nx</a>
2667	- 1 ) * <a href="#dx">dx</a> -  <a href="#building_length_x">building_length_x</a></span>.
2668	This parameter requires the use of <a href="#topography">topography</a>
2669	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'single_building'</span>.<br>
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677	<br>
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685	The default value <span style="font-weight: bold;">building_wall_left</span>
2686	= <span style="font-style: italic;">( ( <a href="#nx">nx</a> +
2687	1 ) * <a href="#dx">dx</a> -  <a href="#building_length_x">building_length_x</a> ) / 2</span>
2688	centers the building in x-direction. <font color="#000000">Due to the staggered grid the building will be displaced by -0.5 <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dx">dx</a> in x-direction and -0.5 <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dy">dy</a> in y-direction.</font> </td>
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695	</tr>
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702	<tr>
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="building_wall_south"></a>building_wall_south</span></td>
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;"></span><span style="font-style: italic;">building centered in y-direction</span></td>
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733	<td>y-coordinate of the South building wall (distance between the
2734	South building wall and the South border of the model domain) in m.<br>
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742	<br>
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750	Currently, <span style="font-weight: bold;">building_wall_south</span>
2751	must be at least <span style="font-style: italic;">1
2752	* </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="#dy">dy</a> and less than <span style="font-style: italic;">( <a href="#ny">ny</a>
2753	- 1 ) * <a href="#dy">dy</a> -  <a href="#building_length_y">building_length_y</a></span>.
2754	This parameter requires the use of <a href="#topography">topography</a>
2755	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'single_building'</span>.<br>
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763	<br>
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771	The default value <span style="font-weight: bold;">building_wall_south</span>
2772	= <span style="font-style: italic;">( ( <a href="#ny">ny</a> +
2773	1 ) * <a href="#dy">dy</a> -  <a href="#building_length_y">building_length_y</a> ) / 2</span>
2774	centers the building in y-direction. <font color="#000000">Due to the staggered grid the building will be displaced by -0.5 <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dx">dx</a> in x-direction and -0.5 <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dy">dy</a> in y-direction.</font> </td>
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781	</tr>
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788	<tr>
2789
2790	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="canopy_mode"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">canopy_mode</span></td>
2791
2792	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
2793
2794	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'block'</span></td>
2795
2796	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Canopy mode.<br>
2797
2798	<br>
2799
2800	<font color="#000000">
2801	Besides using the default value, that will create a horizontally
2802	homogeneous plant canopy that extends over the total horizontal
2803	extension of the model domain, the user may add code to the user
2804	interface subroutine <a href="chapter_3.5.1.html#user_init_plant_canopy">user_init_plant_canopy</a>
2805	to allow further canopy modes. <br>
2806
2807	<br>
2808
2809	The setting of <a href="#canopy_mode">canopy_mode</a> becomes only active, if <a href="#plant_canopy">plant_canopy</a> has been set <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> and a non-zero <a href="#drag_coefficient">drag_coefficient</a> has been defined.</font></td>
2810
2811	</tr>
2812
2813	<tr>
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="cloud_droplets"></a>cloud_droplets</span><br>
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829	</td>
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843	</td>
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span><br>
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858	</td>
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Parameter to switch on
2867	usage of cloud droplets.<br>
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874	<br>
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882	<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: monospace;"></span>
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887	Cloud droplets require to use particles (i.e. the NAMELIST group <span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">particles_par</span> has to be included in the parameter file<span style="font-family: monospace;"></span>). Then each particle is a representative for a certain number of droplets. The droplet
2888	features (number of droplets, initial radius, etc.) can be steered with
2889	the  respective particle parameters (see e.g. <a href="#chapter_4.2.html#radius">radius</a>).
2890	The real number of initial droplets in a grid cell is equal to the
2891	initial number of droplets (defined by the particle source parameters <span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif"> </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pst"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pst</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#psl"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psl</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#psr"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psr</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pss"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pss</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#psn"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psn</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#psb"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">psb</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pdx"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdx</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">, </font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pdy"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdy</font></span></a>
2892	<span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">and
2893	</font></span><a href="chapter_4.2.html#pdz"><span lang="en-GB"><font face="Thorndale, serif">pdz</font></span></a><span lang="en-GB"></span><span lang="en-GB"></span>)
2894	times the <a href="#initial_weighting_factor">initial_weighting_factor</a>.<br>
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902	<br>
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910	In case of using cloud droplets, the default condensation scheme in
2911	PALM cannot be used, i.e. <a href="#cloud_physics">cloud_physics</a>
2912	must be set <span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span>.<br>
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920	</td>
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927	</tr>
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934	<tr>
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948	<p><a name="cloud_physics"></a><b>cloud_physics</b></p>
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956	</td>
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L<br>
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970	</td>
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span></td>
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992	<p>Parameter to switch
2993	on the condensation scheme.  </p>
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001	For <b>cloud_physics =</b> <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span>, equations
3002	for the
3003	liquid water
3004	content and the liquid water potential temperature are solved instead
3005	of those for specific humidity and potential temperature. Note
3006	that a grid volume is assumed to be either completely saturated or
3007	completely
3008	unsaturated (0%-or-100%-scheme). A simple precipitation scheme can
3009	additionally be switched on with parameter <a href="#precipitation">precipitation</a>.
3010	Also cloud-top cooling by longwave radiation can be utilized (see <a href="#radiation">radiation</a>)<br>
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017	<b><br>
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025	cloud_physics =</b> <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.
3026	</span>requires <a href="#humidity">humidity</a>
3027	=<span style="font-style: italic;"> .TRUE.</span> .<br>
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035	Detailed information about the condensation scheme is given in the
3036	description of the <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM-1/Dokumentationen/Cloud_physics/wolken.pdf">cloud
3037	physics module</a> (pdf-file, only in German).<br>
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044	<br>
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052	This condensation scheme is not allowed if cloud droplets are simulated
3053	explicitly (see <a href="#cloud_droplets">cloud_droplets</a>).<br>
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061	</td>
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068	</tr>
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075	<tr>
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="conserve_volume_flow"></a>conserve_volume_flow</span></td>
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span></td>
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104	<td>Conservation
3105	of volume flow in x- and y-direction.<br>
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112	<br>
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119	<span style="font-weight: bold;">conserve_volume_flow</span>
3120	= <span style="font-style: italic;">.TRUE.</span>
3121	guarantees that the volume flow through the xz- or yz-cross-section of
3122	the total model domain remains constant (equal to the initial value at
3123	t=0) throughout the run.<br>
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131	</td>
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138	</tr>
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145	<tr>
3146
3147	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="cthf"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">cthf</span></td>
3148
3149	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3150
3151	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span></td>
3152
3153	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Average heat flux that is prescribed at the top of the plant canopy.<br>
3154
3155
3156	<br>
3157
3158
3159	If <a href="#plant_canopy">plant_canopy</a> is set <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span>, the user can prescribe a heat flux at the top of the plant canopy.<br>
3160
3161
3162	It is assumed that solar radiation penetrates the canopy and warms the
3163	foliage which, in turn, warms the air in contact with it. <br>
3164
3165
3166	Note: Instead of using the value prescribed by <a href="#surface_heatflux">surface_heatflux</a>,
3167	the near surface heat flux is determined from an exponential function
3168	that is dependent on the cumulative leaf_area_index (Shaw and Schumann
3169	(1992, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 61, 47-64)).</td>
3170
3171	</tr>
3172
3173	<tr>
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187	<p><a name="cut_spline_overshoot"></a><b>cut_spline_overshoot</b></p>
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195	</td>
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span></td>
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224	<p>Cuts off of
3225	so-called overshoots, which can occur with the
3226	upstream-spline scheme.  </p>
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240	<p><font color="#000000">The cubic splines tend to overshoot in
3241	case of discontinuous changes of variables between neighbouring grid
3242	points.</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#000000">This
3243	may lead to errors in calculating the advection tendency.</font>
3244	Choice
3245	of <b>cut_spline_overshoot</b> = <i>.TRUE.</i>
3246	(switched on by
3247	default)
3248	allows variable values not to exceed an interval defined by the
3249	respective adjacent grid points. This interval can be adjusted
3250	seperately for every prognostic variable (see initialization parameters
3251	<a href="#overshoot_limit_e">overshoot_limit_e</a>, <a href="#overshoot_limit_pt">overshoot_limit_pt</a>, <a href="#overshoot_limit_u">overshoot_limit_u</a>,
3252	etc.). This might be necessary in case that the
3253	default interval has a non-tolerable effect on the model
3254	results.  </p>
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268	<p>Overshoots may also be removed
3269	using the parameters <a href="#ups_limit_e">ups_limit_e</a>,
3270	<a href="#ups_limit_pt">ups_limit_pt</a>,
3271	etc. as well as by applying a long-filter (see <a href="#long_filter_factor">long_filter_factor</a>).</p>
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279	</td>
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286	</tr>
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293	<tr>
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307	<p><a name="damp_level_1d"></a><b>damp_level_1d</b></p>
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315	</td>
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">zu(nz+1)</span></td>
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345	<p>Height where
3346	the damping layer begins in the 1d-model
3347	(in m).  </p>
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361	<p>This parameter is used to
3362	switch on a damping layer for the
3363	1d-model, which is generally needed for the damping of inertia
3364	oscillations. Damping is done by gradually increasing the value
3365	of the eddy diffusivities about 10% per vertical grid level
3366	(starting with the value at the height given by <b>damp_level_1d</b>,
3367	or possibly from the next grid pint above), i.e. K<sub>m</sub>(k+1)
3368	=
3369	1.1 * K<sub>m</sub>(k).
3370	The values of K<sub>m</sub> are limited to 10 m**2/s at
3371	maximum.  <br>
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379	This parameter only comes into effect if the 1d-model is switched on
3380	for
3381	the initialization of the 3d-model using <a href="#initializing_actions">initializing_actions</a>
3382	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'set_1d-model_profiles'</span>.
3383	<br>
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390	</p>
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397	</td>
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404	</tr>
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411	<tr>
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="dissipation_1d"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">dissipation_1d</span><br>
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426	</td>
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*20<br>
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441	</td>
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'as_in_3d_</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455	<span style="font-style: italic;">model'</span><br>
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462	</td>
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Calculation method for
3471	the energy dissipation term in the TKE equation of the 1d-model.<br>
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479	<br>
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487	By default the dissipation is calculated as in the 3d-model using diss
3488	= (0.19 + 0.74 * l / l_grid) * e**1.5 / l.<br>
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495	<br>
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503	Setting <span style="font-weight: bold;">dissipation_1d</span>
3504	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'detering'</span>
3505	forces the dissipation to be calculated as diss = 0.064 * e**1.5 / l.<br>
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513	</td>
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520	</tr>
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528	<tr>
3529
3530	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="drag_coefficient"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">drag_coefficient</span></td>
3531
3532	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3533
3534	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span></td>
3535
3536	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Drag coefficient used in the plant canopy model.<br>
3537
3538	<br>
3539
3540	This parameter has to be non-zero, if the parameter <a href="#plant_canopy">plant_canopy</a> is set <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span>.</td>
3541
3542	</tr>
3543
3544	<tr>
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558	<p><a name="dt"></a><b>dt</b></p>
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565	</td>
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">variable</span></td>
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595	<p>Time step for
3596	the 3d-model (in s).  </p>
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610	<p>By default, (i.e.
3611	if a Runge-Kutta scheme is used, see <a href="#timestep_scheme">timestep_scheme</a>)
3612	the value of the time step is calculating after each time step
3613	(following the time step criteria) and
3614	used for the next step.</p>
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628	<p>If the user assigns <b>dt</b>
3629	a value, then the time step is
3630	fixed to this value throughout the whole run (whether it fulfills the
3631	time step
3632	criteria or not). However, changes are allowed for restart runs,
3633	because <b>dt</b> can also be used as a <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_laufparameter">run
3634	parameter</a>.  </p>
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648	<p>In case that the
3649	calculated time step meets the condition<br>
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656	</p>
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670	<ul>
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684	<p><b>dt</b> < 0.00001 * <a href="chapter_4.2.html#dt_max">dt_max</a> (with dt_max
3685	= 20.0)</p>
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699	</ul>
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713	<p>the simulation will be
3714	aborted. Such situations usually arise
3715	in case of any numerical problem / instability which causes a
3716	non-realistic increase of the wind speed.  </p>
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730	<p>A
3731	small time step due to a large mean horizontal windspeed
3732	speed may be enlarged by using a coordinate transformation (see <a href="#galilei_transformation">galilei_transformation</a>),
3733	in order to spare CPU time.<br>
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740	</p>
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754	<p>If the
3755	leapfrog timestep scheme is used (see <a href="#timestep_scheme">timestep_scheme</a>)
3756	a temporary time step value dt_new is calculated first, with dt_new = <a href="chapter_4.2.html#fcl_factor">cfl_factor</a>
3757	* dt_crit where dt_crit is the maximum timestep allowed by the CFL and
3758	diffusion condition. Next it is examined whether dt_new exceeds or
3759	falls below the
3760	value of the previous timestep by at
3761	least +5 % / -2%. If it is smaller, <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt</span>
3762	= dt_new is immediately used for the next timestep. If it is larger,
3763	then <span style="font-weight: bold;">dt </span>=
3764	1.02 * dt_prev
3765	(previous timestep) is used as the new timestep, however the time
3766	step is only increased if the last change of the time step is dated
3767	back at
3768	least 30 iterations. If dt_new is located in the interval mentioned
3769	above, then dt
3770	does not change at all. By doing so, permanent time step changes as
3771	well as large
3772	sudden changes (increases) in the time step are avoided.</p>
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779	</td>
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787	</tr>
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794	<tr>
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808	<p><a name="dt_pr_1d"></a><b>dt_pr_1d</b></p>
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816	</td>
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">9999999.9</span></td>
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846	<p>Temporal
3847	interval of vertical profile output of the 1D-model
3848	(in s).  </p>
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862	<p>Data are written in ASCII
3863	format to file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#LIST_PROFIL_1D">LIST_PROFIL_1D</a>.
3864	This parameter is only in effect if the 1d-model has been switched on
3865	for the
3866	initialization of the 3d-model with <a href="#initializing_actions">initializing_actions</a>
3867	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'set_1d-model_profiles'</span>.</p>
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875	</td>
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882	</tr>
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889	<tr>
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903	<p><a name="dt_run_control_1d"></a><b>dt_run_control_1d</b></p>
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911	</td>
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">60.0</span></td>
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940	<p>Temporal interval of
3941	runtime control output of the 1d-model
3942	(in s).  </p>
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956	<p>Data are written in ASCII
3957	format to file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>.
3958	This parameter is only in effect if the 1d-model is switched on for the
3959	initialization of the 3d-model with <a href="#initializing_actions">initializing_actions</a>
3960	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'set_1d-model_profiles'</span>.</p>
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968	</td>
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975	</tr>
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982	<tr>
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996	<p><a name="dx"></a><b>dx</b></p>
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004	</td>
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">1.0</span></td>
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033	<p>Horizontal grid
4034	spacing along the x-direction (in m).  </p>
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048	<p>Along
4049	x-direction only a constant grid spacing is allowed.</p>
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062	<p>For <a href="chapter_3.8.html">coupled runs</a> this parameter must be equal in both parameter files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2"><span style="font-family: mon;"></span>PARIN</font></a>
4063	and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2">PARIN_O</font></a>.</p>
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070	</td>
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078	</tr>
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085	<tr>
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099	<p><a name="dy"></a><b>dy</b></p>
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107	</td>
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">1.0</span></td>
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136	<p>Horizontal grid
4137	spacing along the y-direction (in m).  </p>
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151	<p>Along y-direction only a constant grid spacing is allowed.</p>
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164	<p>For <a href="chapter_3.8.html">coupled runs</a> this parameter must be equal in both parameter files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2"><span style="font-family: mon;"></span>PARIN</font></a>
4165	and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2">PARIN_O</font></a>.</p>
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172	</td>
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180	</tr>
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187	<tr>
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201	<p><a name="dz"></a><b>dz</b></p>
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209	</td>
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231	</td>
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245	<p>Vertical grid
4246	spacing (in m).  </p>
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260	<p>This parameter must be
4261	assigned by the user, because no
4262	default value is given.<br>
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269	</p>
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283	<p>By default, the
4284	model uses constant grid spacing along z-direction, but it can be
4285	stretched using the parameters <a href="#dz_stretch_level">dz_stretch_level</a>
4286	and <a href="#dz_stretch_factor">dz_stretch_factor</a>.
4287	In case of stretching, a maximum allowed grid spacing can be given by <a href="#dz_max">dz_max</a>.<br>
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294	</p>
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308	<p>Assuming
4309	a constant <span style="font-weight: bold;">dz</span>,
4310	the scalar levels (zu) are calculated directly by:  </p>
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324	<ul>
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338	<p>zu(0) = - dz * 0.5  <br>
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346	zu(1) = dz * 0.5</p>
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360	</ul>
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374	<p>The w-levels lie
4375	half between them:  </p>
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389	<ul>
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403	<p>zw(k) =
4404	( zu(k) + zu(k+1) ) * 0.5</p>
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418	</ul>
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425	</td>
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432	</tr>
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440	<tr>
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="dz_max"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">dz_max</span></td>
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">9999999.9</span></td>
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Allowed maximum vertical grid
4469	spacing (in m).<br>
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476	<br>
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483	If the vertical grid is stretched
4484	(see <a href="#dz_stretch_factor">dz_stretch_factor</a>
4485	and <a href="#dz_stretch_level">dz_stretch_level</a>),
4486	<span style="font-weight: bold;">dz_max</span> can
4487	be used to limit the vertical grid spacing.</td>
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494	</tr>
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501	<tr>
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516	<p><a name="dz_stretch_factor"></a><b>dz_stretch_factor</b></p>
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524	</td>
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">1.08</span></td>
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553	<p>Stretch factor for a
4554	vertically stretched grid (see <a href="#dz_stretch_level">dz_stretch_level</a>).
4555	</p>
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569	<p>The stretch factor should not exceed a value of
4570	approx. 1.10 -
4571	1.12, otherwise the discretization errors due to the stretched grid not
4572	negligible any more. (refer Kalnay de Rivas)</p>
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579	</td>
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586	</tr>
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594	<tr>
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608	<p><a name="dz_stretch_level"></a><b>dz_stretch_level</b></p>
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616	</td>
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">100000.0</span><br>
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638	</td>
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653	<p>Height level
4654	above/below which the grid is to be stretched
4655	vertically (in m).  </p>
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669	<p>For <a href="chapter_4.1.html#ocean">ocean</a> = .F., <b>dz_stretch_level </b>is the height level (in m) <span style="font-weight: bold;">above </span>which the grid is to be stretched
4670	vertically. The vertical grid
4671	spacings <a href="#dz">dz</a>
4672	above this level are calculated as  </p>
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686	<ul>
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700	<p><b>dz</b>(k+1)
4701	= <b>dz</b>(k) * <a href="#dz_stretch_factor">dz_stretch_factor</a></p>
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715	</ul>
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729	<p>and used as spacings for the scalar levels (zu).
4730	The
4731	w-levels are then defined as:  </p>
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745	<ul>
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759	<p>zw(k)
4760	= ( zu(k) + zu(k+1) ) * 0.5.
4761
4762
4763
4764	</p>
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773	</ul>
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782	<p>For <a href="#ocean">ocean</a> = .T., <b>dz_stretch_level </b>is the height level (in m, negative) <span style="font-weight: bold;">below</span> which the grid is to be stretched
4783	vertically. The vertical grid
4784	spacings <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dz">dz</a> below this level are calculated correspondingly as
4785
4786
4787
4788	</p>
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797	<ul>
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806	<p><b>dz</b>(k-1)
4807	= <b>dz</b>(k) * <a href="chapter_4.1.html#dz_stretch_factor">dz_stretch_factor</a>.</p>
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816	</ul>
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823	</td>
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830	</tr>
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838	<tr>
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="e_init"></a>e_init</span></td>
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span></td>
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862	<td>Initial subgrid-scale TKE in m<sup>2</sup>s<sup>-2</sup>.<br>
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870	<br>
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877	This
4878	option prescribes an initial subgrid-scale TKE from which the initial diffusion coefficients K<sub>m</sub> and K<sub>h</sub> will be calculated if <span style="font-weight: bold;">e_init</span> is positive. This option only has an effect if <a href="#km_constant">km_constant</a> is not set.</td>
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884	</tr>
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890	<tr>
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="e_min"></a>e_min</span></td>
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span></td>
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919	<td>Minimum
4920	subgrid-scale TKE in m<sup>2</sup>s<sup>-2</sup>.<br>
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928	<br>
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935	This
4936	option adds artificial viscosity to the flow by ensuring that
4937	the
4938	subgrid-scale TKE does not fall below the minimum threshold <span style="font-weight: bold;">e_min</span>.</td>
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945	</tr>
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953	<tr>
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967	<p><a name="end_time_1d"></a><b>end_time_1d</b></p>
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975	</td>
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">864000.0</span><br>
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997	</td>
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012	<p>Time to be
5013	simulated for the 1d-model (in s).  </p>
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027	<p>The
5028	default value corresponds to a simulated time of 10 days.
5029	Usually, after such a period the inertia oscillations have completely
5030	decayed and the solution of the 1d-model can be regarded as stationary
5031	(see <a href="#damp_level_1d">damp_level_1d</a>).
5032	This parameter is only in effect if the 1d-model is switched on for the
5033	initialization of the 3d-model with <a href="#initializing_actions">initializing_actions</a>
5034	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'set_1d-model_profiles'</span>.</p>
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042	</td>
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049	</tr>
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056	<tr>
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070	<p><a name="fft_method"></a><b>fft_method</b></p>
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078	</td>
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'system-</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100	<span style="font-style: italic;">specific'</span></td>
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115	<p>FFT-method to
5116	be used.<br>
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123	</p>
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137	<p><br>
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145	The fast fourier transformation (FFT) is used for solving the
5146	perturbation pressure equation with a direct method (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#psolver">psolver</a>)
5147	and for calculating power spectra (see optional software packages,
5148	section <a href="chapter_4.2.html#spectra_package">4.2</a>).</p>
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162	<p><br>
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170	By default, system-specific, optimized routines from external
5171	vendor libraries are used. However, these are available only on certain
5172	computers and there are more or less severe restrictions concerning the
5173	number of gridpoints to be used with them.<br>
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180	</p>
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194	<p>There
5195	are two other PALM internal methods available on every
5196	machine (their respective source code is part of the PALM source code):</p>
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210	<p>1.: The <span style="font-weight: bold;">Temperton</span>-method
5211	from Clive Temperton (ECWMF) which is computationally very fast and
5212	switched on with <b>fft_method</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'temperton-algorithm'</span>.
5213	The number of horizontal gridpoints (nx+1, ny+1) to be used with this
5214	method must be composed of prime factors 2, 3 and 5.<br>
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221	</p>
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229	2.: The <span style="font-weight: bold;">Singleton</span>-method
5230	which is very slow but has no restrictions concerning the number of
5231	gridpoints to be used with, switched on with <b>fft_method</b>
5232	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'singleton-algorithm'</span>.
5233	</td>
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240	</tr>
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247	<tr>
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261	<p><a name="galilei_transformation"></a><b>galilei_transformation</b></p>
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269	</td>
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.F.</i></td>
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Application of a
5293	Galilei-transformation to the
5294	coordinate
5295	system of the model.<br>
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308	<p>With <b>galilei_transformation</b>
5309	= <i>.T.,</i> a so-called
5310	Galilei-transformation is switched on which ensures that the coordinate
5311	system of the model is moved along with the geostrophical wind.
5312	Alternatively, the model domain can be moved along with the averaged
5313	horizontal wind (see <a href="#use_ug_for_galilei_tr">use_ug_for_galilei_tr</a>,
5314	this can and will naturally change in time). With this method,
5315	numerical inaccuracies of the Piascek - Williams - scheme (concerns in
5316	particular the momentum advection) are minimized. Beyond that, in the
5317	majority of cases the lower relative velocities in the moved system
5318	permit a larger time step (<a href="#dt">dt</a>).
5319	Switching the transformation on is only worthwhile if the geostrophical
5320	wind (ug, vg)
5321	and the averaged horizontal wind clearly deviate from the value 0. In
5322	each case, the distance the coordinate system has been moved is written
5323	to the file <a href="chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>.
5324	</p>
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338	<p>Non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions (see <a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
5339	and <a href="#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>), the specification
5340	of a gestrophic
5341	wind that is not constant with height
5342	as well as e.g. stationary inhomogeneities at the bottom boundary do
5343	not allow the use of this transformation.</p>
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350	</td>
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357	</tr>
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365	<tr>
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379	<p><a name="grid_matching"></a><b>grid_matching</b></p>
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387	</td>
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 6</td>
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'match'</span></td>
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Variable to adjust the
5410	subdomain
5411	sizes in parallel runs.<br>
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418	<br>
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426	For <b>grid_matching</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'strict'</span>,
5427	the subdomains are forced to have an identical
5428	size on all processors. In this case the processor numbers in the
5429	respective directions of the virtual processor net must fulfill certain
5430	divisor conditions concerning the grid point numbers in the three
5431	directions (see <a href="#nx">nx</a>, <a href="#ny">ny</a>
5432	and <a href="#nz">nz</a>).
5433	Advantage of this method is that all PEs bear the same computational
5434	load.<br>
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441	<br>
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449	There is no such restriction by default, because then smaller
5450	subdomains are allowed on those processors which
5451	form the right and/or north boundary of the virtual processor grid. On
5452	all other processors the subdomains are of same size. Whether smaller
5453	subdomains are actually used, depends on the number of processors and
5454	the grid point numbers used. Information about the respective settings
5455	are given in file <a href="file:///home/raasch/public_html/PALM_group/home/raasch/public_html/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_3.4.html#RUN_CONTROL">RUN_CONTROL</a>.<br>
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463	<br>
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471	When using a multi-grid method for solving the Poisson equation (see <a href="http://www.muk.uni-hannover.de/%7Eraasch/PALM_group/doc/app/chapter_4.2.html#psolver">psolver</a>)
5472	only <b>grid_matching</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'strict'</span>
5473	is allowed.<br>
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480	<br>
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487	<b>Note:</b><br>
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495	In some cases for small processor numbers there may be a very bad load
5496	balancing among the
5497	processors which may reduce the performance of the code.</td>
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504	</tr>
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512	<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><p><a name="humidity"></a><b>humidity</b></p></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.F.</i></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><p>Parameter to
5513	switch on the prognostic equation for specific
5514	humidity q.<br>
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521	</p>
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535	<p>The initial vertical
5536	profile of q can be set via parameters <a href="chapter_4.1.html#q_surface">q_surface</a>, <a href="chapter_4.1.html#q_vertical_gradient">q_vertical_gradient</a>
5537	and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#q_vertical_gradient_level">q_vertical_gradient_level</a>.
5538	Boundary conditions can be set via <a href="chapter_4.1.html#q_surface_initial_change">q_surface_initial_change</a>
5539	and <a href="chapter_4.1.html#surface_waterflux">surface_waterflux</a>.<br>
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547	</p>
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555	If the condensation scheme is switched on (<a href="chapter_4.1.html#cloud_physics">cloud_physics</a>
5556	= .TRUE.), q becomes the total liquid water content (sum of specific
5557	humidity and liquid water content).</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="inflow_damping_height"></a>inflow_damping_height</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">from precursor run</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Height below which the turbulence signal is used for turbulence recycling (in m).<br><br>In case of a turbulent inflow (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#turbulent_inflow">turbulent_inflow</a>),
5558	this parameter defines the vertical thickness of the turbulent layer up
5559	to which the turbulence extracted at the recycling plane (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#recycling_width">recycling_width</a>)
5560	shall be imposed to the inflow. Above this level the turbulence signal
5561	is linearly damped to zero. The transition range within which the
5562	signal falls to zero is given by the parameter <a href="chapter_4.1.html#inflow_damping_width">inflow_damping_width</a>.<br><br>By default, this height is set as the height of the convective boundary layer as calculated from a precursor run. See <a href="chapter_3.9.html">chapter 3.9</a> about proper settings for getting this CBL height from a precursor run. </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="inflow_damping_width"></a>inflow_damping_width</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.1 * <a href="chapter_4.1.html#inflow_damping_height">inflow_damping</a></span><a href="chapter_4.1.html#inflow_damping_height"><br style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">_height</span></a></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Transition range within which the turbulance signal is damped to zero (in m).<br><br>See <a href="chapter_4.1.html#inflow_damping_height">inflow_damping_height</a> for explanation.</td></tr><tr>
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="inflow_disturbance_begin"></a><b>inflow_disturbance_<br>
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577	begin</b></td>
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">MIN(10,</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599	<span style="font-style: italic;">nx/2 or ny/2)</span></td>
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Lower
5608	limit of the horizontal range for which random perturbations are to be
5609	imposed on the horizontal velocity field (gridpoints).<br>
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616	<br>
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624	If non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions are used (see <a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
5625	or <a href="#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>),
5626	this parameter gives the gridpoint number (counted horizontally from
5627	the inflow)  from which on perturbations are imposed on the
5628	horizontal velocity field. Perturbations must be switched on with
5629	parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#create_disturbances">create_disturbances</a>.</td>
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637	</tr>
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644	<tr>
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="inflow_disturbance_end"></a><b>inflow_disturbance_<br>
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659	end</b></td>
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">MIN(100,</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681	<span style="font-style: italic;">3/4*nx or</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688	<span style="font-style: italic;">3/4*ny)</span></td>
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Upper
5696	limit of the horizontal range for which random perturbations are
5697	to be imposed on the horizontal velocity field (gridpoints).<br>
5698
5699
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704	<br>
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712	If non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions are used (see <a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
5713	or <a href="#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>),
5714	this parameter gives the gridpoint number (counted horizontally from
5715	the inflow)  unto which perturbations are imposed on the
5716	horizontal
5717	velocity field. Perturbations must be switched on with parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#create_disturbances">create_disturbances</a>.</td>
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725	</tr>
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732	<tr>
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746	<p><a name="initializing_actions"></a><b>initializing_actions</b></p>
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753
5754	</td>
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 100</td>
5762
5763
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
5770
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776	</td>
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790	<p style="font-style: normal;">Initialization actions
5791	to be carried out.  </p>
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805	<p style="font-style: normal;">This parameter does not have a
5806	default value and therefore must be assigned with each model run. For
5807	restart runs <b>initializing_actions</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'read_restart_data'</span>
5808	must be set. For the initial run of a job chain the following values
5809	are allowed:  </p>
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823	<p style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'set_constant_profiles'</span>
5824	</p>
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838	<ul>
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852	<p>A horizontal wind profile consisting
5853	of linear sections (see <a href="#ug_surface">ug_surface</a>,
5854	<a href="#ug_vertical_gradient">ug_vertical_gradient</a>,
5855	<a href="#ug_vertical_gradient_level">ug_vertical_gradient_level</a>
5856	and <a href="#vg_surface">vg_surface</a>, <a href="#vg_vertical_gradient">vg_vertical_gradient</a>,
5857	<a href="#vg_vertical_gradient_level">vg_vertical_gradient_level</a>,
5858	respectively) as well as a vertical temperature (humidity) profile
5859	consisting of
5860	linear sections (see <a href="#pt_surface">pt_surface</a>,
5861	<a href="#pt_vertical_gradient">pt_vertical_gradient</a>,
5862	<a href="#q_surface">q_surface</a>
5863	and <a href="#q_vertical_gradient">q_vertical_gradient</a>)
5864	are assumed as initial profiles. The subgrid-scale TKE is set to 0 but K<sub>m</sub>
5865	and K<sub>h</sub> are set to very small values because
5866	otherwise no TKE
5867	would be generated.</p>
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881	</ul>
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895	<p style="font-style: italic;">'set_1d-model_profiles' </p>
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909	<ul>
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923	<p>The arrays of the 3d-model are initialized with
5924	the
5925	(stationary) solution of the 1d-model. These are the variables e, kh,
5926	km, u, v and with Prandtl layer switched on rif, us, usws, vsws. The
5927	temperature (humidity) profile consisting of linear sections is set as
5928	for 'set_constant_profiles' and assumed as constant in time within the
5929	1d-model. For steering of the 1d-model a set of parameters with suffix
5930	"_1d" (e.g. <a href="#end_time_1d">end_time_1d</a>,
5931	<a href="#damp_level_1d">damp_level_1d</a>)
5932	is available.</p>
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946	</ul>
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960	<p><span style="font-style: italic;">'by_user'</span></p>
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973	<p style="margin-left: 40px;">The initialization of the arrays
5974	of the 3d-model is under complete control of the user and has to be
5975	done in routine <a href="chapter_3.5.1.html#user_init_3d_model">user_init_3d_model</a>
5976	of the user-interface.<span style="font-style: italic;"></span></p>
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989	<p><span style="font-style: italic;">'initialize_vortex'</span>
5990	</p>
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004	<div style="margin-left: 40px;">The initial
6005	velocity field of the
6006	3d-model corresponds to a
6007	Rankine-vortex with vertical axis. This setting may be used to test
6008	advection schemes. Free-slip boundary conditions for u and v (see <a href="#bc_uv_b">bc_uv_b</a>, <a href="#bc_uv_t">bc_uv_t</a>)
6009	are necessary. In order not to distort the vortex, an initial
6010	horizontal wind profile constant
6011	with height is necessary (to be set by <b>initializing_actions</b>
6012	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'set_constant_profiles'</span>)
6013	and some other conditions have to be met (neutral stratification,
6014	diffusion must be
6015	switched off, see <a href="#km_constant">km_constant</a>).
6016	The center of the vortex is located at jc = (nx+1)/2. It
6017	extends from k = 0 to k = nz+1. Its radius is 8 * <a href="#dx">dx</a>
6018	and the exponentially decaying part ranges to 32 * <a href="#dx">dx</a>
6019	(see init_rankine.f90). </div>
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033	<p><span style="font-style: italic;">'initialize_ptanom'</span>
6034	</p>
6035
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048	<ul>
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062	<p>A 2d-Gauss-like shape disturbance
6063	(x,y) is added to the
6064	initial temperature field with radius 10.0 * <a href="#dx">dx</a>
6065	and center at jc = (nx+1)/2. This may be used for tests of scalar
6066	advection schemes
6067	(see <a href="#scalar_advec">scalar_advec</a>).
6068	Such tests require a horizontal wind profile constant with hight and
6069	diffusion
6070	switched off (see <span style="font-style: italic;">'initialize_vortex'</span>).
6071	Additionally, the buoyancy term
6072	must be switched of in the equation of motion  for w (this
6073	requires the user to comment out the call of <span style="font-family: monospace;">buoyancy</span> in the
6074	source code of <span style="font-family: monospace;">prognostic_equations.f90</span>).</p></ul>
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088	<p style="font-style: italic;">'read_data_for_recycling'</p><p style="font-style: normal; margin-left: 40px;">Here,
6089	3d-data from a precursor run are read by the initial (main) run. The
6090	precursor run is allowed to have a smaller domain along x and y
6091	compared with the main run. Also, different numbers of processors can
6092	be used for these two runs. Limitations are that the precursor run must
6093	use cyclic horizontal boundary conditions and that the subdomains of
6094	the main run must not be larger than the subdomains of the precursor
6095	run. If the total domain of the main run is larger than that of the precursor
6096	run, the domain is filled by cyclic repetition of the (cyclic)
6097	precursor data. This initialization method is recommended if a
6098	turbulent inflow is used (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#turbulent_inflow">turbulent_inflow</a>). 3d-data must be made available to the run by activating an appropriate file connection statement for local file BININ. See <a href="chapter_3.9.html">chapter 3.9</a> for more details, where usage of a turbulent inflow is explained. </p><p style="font-style: normal;">Values may be
6099	combined, e.g. <b>initializing_actions</b> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'set_constant_profiles
6100	initialize_vortex'</span>, but the values of <span style="font-style: italic;">'set_constant_profiles'</span>,
6101	<span style="font-style: italic;">'set_1d-model_profiles'</span>
6102	, and <span style="font-style: italic;">'by_user'</span>
6103	must not be given at the same time.</p>
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118
6119
6120
6121
6122
6123
6124	</td>
6125
6126
6127
6128
6129
6130
6131	</tr>
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139	<tr>
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6147
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153	<p><a name="km_constant"></a><b>km_constant</b></p>
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161	</td>
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175
6176	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>variable<br>
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184	(computed from TKE)</i></td>
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189
6190
6191	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6192
6193
6194
6195
6196
6197
6198	<p>Constant eddy
6199	diffusivities are used (laminar
6200	simulations).  </p>
6201
6202
6203
6204
6205
6206
6207
6208
6209
6210
6211
6212
6213
6214	<p>If this parameter is
6215	specified, both in the 1d and in the
6216	3d-model constant values for the eddy diffusivities are used in
6217	space and time with K<sub>m</sub> = <b>km_constant</b>
6218	and K<sub>h</sub> = K<sub>m</sub> / <a href="chapter_4.2.html#prandtl_number">prandtl_number</a>.
6219	The prognostic equation for the subgrid-scale TKE is switched off.
6220	Constant eddy diffusivities are only allowed with the Prandtl layer (<a href="#prandtl_layer">prandtl_layer</a>)
6221	switched off.</p>
6222
6223
6224
6225
6226
6227
6228	</td>
6229
6230
6231
6232
6233
6234
6235	</tr>
6236
6237
6238
6239
6240
6241
6242	<tr>
6243
6244
6245
6246
6247
6248
6249	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6250
6251
6252
6253
6254
6255
6256	<p><a name="km_damp_max"></a><b>km_damp_max</b></p>
6257
6258
6259
6260
6261
6262
6263
6264	</td>
6265
6266
6267
6268
6269
6270
6271	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6272
6273
6274
6275
6276
6277
6278
6279	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.5*(dx
6280	or dy)</span></td>
6281
6282
6283
6284
6285
6286
6287	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Maximum
6288	diffusivity used for filtering the velocity field in the vicinity of
6289	the outflow (in m<sup>2</sup>/s).<br>
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296	<br>
6297
6298
6299
6300
6301
6302
6303
6304	When using non-cyclic lateral boundaries (see <a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
6305	or <a href="#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>),
6306	a smoothing has to be applied to the
6307	velocity field in the vicinity of the outflow in order to suppress any
6308	reflections of outgoing disturbances. Smoothing is done by increasing
6309	the eddy diffusivity along the horizontal direction which is
6310	perpendicular to the outflow boundary. Only velocity components
6311	parallel to the outflow boundary are filtered (e.g. v and w, if the
6312	outflow is along x). Damping is applied from the bottom to the top of
6313	the domain.<br>
6314
6315
6316
6317
6318
6319
6320	<br>
6321
6322
6323
6324
6325
6326
6327
6328	The horizontal range of the smoothing is controlled by <a href="#outflow_damping_width">outflow_damping_width</a>
6329	which defines the number of gridpoints (counted from the outflow
6330	boundary) from where on the smoothing is applied. Starting from that
6331	point, the eddy diffusivity is linearly increased (from zero to its
6332	maximum value given by <span style="font-weight: bold;">km_damp_max</span>)
6333	until half of the damping range width, from where it remains constant
6334	up to the outflow boundary. If at a certain grid point the eddy
6335	diffusivity calculated from the flow field is larger than as described
6336	above, it is used instead.<br>
6337
6338
6339
6340
6341
6342
6343	<br>
6344
6345
6346
6347
6348
6349
6350
6351	The default value of <span style="font-weight: bold;">km_damp_max</span>
6352	has been empirically proven to be sufficient.</td>
6353
6354
6355
6356
6357
6358
6359	</tr>
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364
6365
6366	<tr>
6367
6368	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="lad_surface"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">lad_surface</span></td>
6369
6370	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6371
6372	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span></td>
6373
6374	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Surface value of the leaf area density (in m<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>3</sup>).<br>
6375
6376	<br>
6377
6378	This
6379	parameter assigns the value of the leaf area density <span style="font-weight: bold;">lad</span> at the surface (k=0)<b>.</b> Starting from this value,
6380	the leaf area density profile is constructed with <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient">lad_vertical_gradient</a>
6381	and <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient_level">lad_vertical_gradient_level
6382	</a>.</td>
6383
6384	</tr>
6385
6386	<tr>
6387
6388	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="lad_vertical_gradient"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">lad_vertical_gradient</span></td>
6389
6390	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)</td>
6391
6392	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">10 * 0.0</span></td>
6393
6394	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Gradient(s) of the leaf area density (in m<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>4</sup>).<br>
6395
6396	<br>
6397
6398
6399	<p>This leaf area density gradient
6400	holds starting from the height
6401	level defined by <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient_level">lad_vertical_gradient_level</a>
6402	(precisely: for all uv levels k where zu(k) > lad_vertical_gradient_level, lad(k) is set: lad(k) = lad(k-1) + dzu(k) * <b>lad_vertical_gradient</b>)
6403	up to the level defined by <a href="#pch_index">pch_index</a>. Above that level lad(k) will automatically set to 0.0. A total of 10 different gradients for 11 height intervals (10 intervals
6404	if <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient_level">lad_vertical_gradient_level</a>(1)
6405	= <i>0.0</i>) can be assigned. The leaf area density at the surface is
6406	assigned via <a href="#lad_surface">lad_surface</a>.
6407	</p>
6408
6409	</td>
6410
6411	</tr>
6412
6413	<tr>
6414
6415	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="lad_vertical_gradient_level"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">lad_vertical_gradient_level</span></td>
6416
6417	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)</td>
6418
6419	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">10 * 0.0</span></td>
6420
6421	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Height level from which on the gradient
6422	of the leaf area density defined by <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient_level">lad_vertical_gradient_level</a>
6423	is effective (in m).<br>
6424
6425	<br>
6426
6427	The height levels have to be assigned in ascending order. The
6428	default values result in a leaf area density that is constant with height uup to the top of the plant canopy layer defined by <a href="#pch_index">pch_index</a>. For the piecewise construction of temperature profiles see <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient">lad_vertical_gradient</a>.</td>
6429
6430	</tr>
6431
6432	<tr>
6433
6434	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="leaf_surface_concentration"></a><b>leaf_surface_concentration</b></td>
6435
6436	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6437
6438	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
6439
6440	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Concentration of a passive scalar at the surface of a leaf (in K m/s).<br>
6441
6442
6443	<br>
6444
6445
6446	This parameter is only of importance in cases in that both, <a href="#plant_canopy">plant_canopy</a> and <a href="#passive_scalar">passive_scalar</a>, are set <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span>.
6447	The value of the concentration of a passive scalar at the surface of a
6448	leaf is required for the parametrisation of the sources and sinks of
6449	scalar concentration due to the canopy.</td>
6450
6451	</tr>
6452
6453	<tr>
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6462
6463
6464
6465
6466
6467
6468	<p><a name="long_filter_factor"></a><b>long_filter_factor</b></p>
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476	</td>
6477
6478
6479
6480
6481
6482
6483	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
6484
6485
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
6492
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6500
6501
6502
6503
6504
6505
6506	<p>Filter factor
6507	for the so-called Long-filter.<br>
6508
6509
6510
6511
6512
6513
6514	</p>
6515
6516
6517
6518
6519
6520
6521
6522
6523
6524
6525
6526
6527
6528	<p><br>
6529
6530
6531
6532
6533
6534
6535
6536	This filter very efficiently
6537	eliminates 2-delta-waves sometimes cauesed by the upstream-spline
6538	scheme (see Mahrer and
6539	Pielke, 1978: Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 818-830). It works in all three
6540	directions in space. A value of <b>long_filter_factor</b>
6541	= <i>0.01</i>
6542	sufficiently removes the small-scale waves without affecting the
6543	longer waves.<br>
6544
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549
6550	</p>
6551
6552
6553
6554
6555
6556
6557
6558
6559
6560
6561
6562
6563
6564	<p>By default, the filter is
6565	switched off (= <i>0.0</i>).
6566	It is exclusively applied to the tendencies calculated by the
6567	upstream-spline scheme (see <a href="#momentum_advec">momentum_advec</a>
6568	and <a href="#scalar_advec">scalar_advec</a>),
6569	not to the prognostic variables themselves. At the bottom and top
6570	boundary of the model domain the filter effect for vertical
6571	2-delta-waves is reduced. There, the amplitude of these waves is only
6572	reduced by approx. 50%, otherwise by nearly 100%.  <br>
6573
6574
6575
6576
6577
6578
6579
6580	Filter factors with values > <i>0.01</i> also
6581	reduce the amplitudes
6582	of waves with wavelengths longer than 2-delta (see the paper by Mahrer
6583	and
6584	Pielke, quoted above). </p>
6585
6586
6587
6588
6589
6590
6591	</td>
6592
6593
6594
6595
6596
6597
6598	</tr>
6599
6600
6601
6602
6603
6604
6605	<tr>
6606
6607
6608
6609
6610
6611
6612	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="loop_optimization"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">loop_optimization</span></td>
6613
6614
6615
6616
6617
6618
6619	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*16</td>
6620
6621
6622
6623
6624
6625
6626	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">see right</span></td>
6627
6628
6629
6630
6631
6632
6633	<td>Method used to optimize loops for solving the prognostic equations .<br>
6634
6635
6636
6637
6638
6639
6640	<br>
6641
6642
6643
6644
6645
6646
6647	By
6648	default, the optimization method depends on the host on which PALM is
6649	running. On machines with vector-type CPUs, single 3d-loops are used to
6650	calculate each tendency term of each prognostic equation, while on all
6651	other machines, all prognostic equations are solved within one big loop
6652	over the two horizontal indices<span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;"> i </span>and<span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;"> j </span>(giving a good cache uitilization).<br>
6653
6654
6655
6656
6657
6658
6659	<br>
6660
6661
6662
6663
6664
6665
6666	The default behaviour can be changed by setting either <span style="font-weight: bold;">loop_optimization</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'vector'</span> or <span style="font-weight: bold;">loop_optimization</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'cache'</span>.</td>
6667
6668
6669
6670
6671
6672
6673	</tr>
6674
6675
6676
6677
6678
6679
6680	<tr>
6681
6682
6683
6684
6685
6686
6687
6688	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="mixing_length_1d"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">mixing_length_1d</span><br>
6689
6690
6691
6692
6693
6694
6695
6696	</td>
6697
6698
6699
6700
6701
6702
6703	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*20<br>
6704
6705
6706
6707
6708
6709
6710
6711	</td>
6712
6713
6714
6715
6716
6717
6718	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'as_in_3d_</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
6719
6720
6721
6722
6723
6724
6725	<span style="font-style: italic;">model'</span><br>
6726
6727
6728
6729
6730
6731
6732	</td>
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738
6739
6740	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Mixing length used in the
6741	1d-model.<br>
6742
6743
6744
6745
6746
6747
6748	<br>
6749
6750
6751
6752
6753
6754
6755
6756	By default the mixing length is calculated as in the 3d-model (i.e. it
6757	depends on the grid spacing).<br>
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763
6764	<br>
6765
6766
6767
6768
6769
6770
6771
6772	By setting <span style="font-weight: bold;">mixing_length_1d</span>
6773	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'blackadar'</span>,
6774	the so-called Blackadar mixing length is used (l = kappa * z / ( 1 +
6775	kappa * z / lambda ) with the limiting value lambda = 2.7E-4 * u_g / f).<br>
6776
6777
6778
6779
6780
6781
6782
6783	</td>
6784
6785
6786
6787
6788
6789
6790	</tr>
6791
6792
6793
6794
6795
6796
6797
6798
6799
6800
6801
6802
6803
6804
6805	<tr>
6806
6807
6808
6809
6810
6811
6812	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6813
6814
6815
6816
6817
6818
6819	<p><a name="momentum_advec"></a><b>momentum_advec</b></p>
6820
6821
6822
6823
6824
6825
6826
6827	</td>
6828
6829
6830
6831
6832
6833
6834	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 10</td>
6835
6836
6837
6838
6839
6840
6841
6842	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>'pw-scheme'</i></td>
6843
6844
6845
6846
6847
6848
6849
6850	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
6851
6852
6853
6854
6855
6856
6857	<p>Advection
6858	scheme to be used for the momentum equations.<br>
6859
6860
6861
6862
6863
6864
6865	<br>
6866
6867
6868
6869
6870
6871
6872
6873	The user can choose between the following schemes:<br>
6874
6875
6876
6877
6878
6879
6880
6881	<br>
6882
6883
6884
6885
6886
6887
6888	<br>
6889
6890
6891
6892
6893
6894
6895	<span style="font-style: italic;">'pw-scheme'</span><br>
6896
6897
6898
6899
6900
6901
6902
6903	</p>
6904
6905
6906
6907
6908
6909
6910
6911
6912
6913
6914
6915
6916
6917	<div style="margin-left: 40px;">The scheme of
6918	Piascek and
6919	Williams (1970, J. Comp. Phys., 6,
6920	392-405) with central differences in the form C3 is used.<br>
6921
6922
6923
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928	If intermediate Euler-timesteps are carried out in case of <a href="#timestep_scheme">timestep_scheme</a>
6929	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'leapfrog+euler'</span>
6930	the
6931	advection scheme is - for the Euler-timestep - automatically switched
6932	to an upstream-scheme.<br>
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937
6938
6939	</div>
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944
6945
6946
6947
6948
6949
6950
6951
6952
6953	<p> </p>
6954
6955
6956
6957
6958
6959
6960
6961
6962
6963
6964
6965
6966
6967	<p><span style="font-style: italic;">'ups-scheme'</span><br>
6968
6969
6970
6971
6972
6973
6974
6975	</p>
6976
6977
6978
6979
6980
6981
6982
6983
6984
6985
6986
6987
6988
6989	<div style="margin-left: 40px;">The
6990	upstream-spline scheme is
6991	used
6992	(see Mahrer and Pielke,
6993	1978: Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 818-830). In opposite to the
6994	Piascek-Williams scheme, this is characterized by much better numerical
6995	features (less numerical diffusion, better preservation of flow
6996	structures, e.g. vortices), but computationally it is much more
6997	expensive. In
6998	addition, the use of the Euler-timestep scheme is mandatory (<a href="#timestep_scheme">timestep_scheme</a>
6999	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'</span><i>euler'</i>),
7000	i.e. the
7001	timestep accuracy is only of first order.
7002	For this reason the advection of scalar variables (see <a href="#scalar_advec">scalar_advec</a>)
7003	should then also be carried out with the upstream-spline scheme,
7004	because otherwise the scalar variables would
7005	be subject to large numerical diffusion due to the upstream
7006	scheme.  </div>
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
7016
7017
7018
7019
7020	<p style="margin-left: 40px;">Since
7021	the cubic splines used tend
7022	to overshoot under
7023	certain circumstances, this effect must be adjusted by suitable
7024	filtering and smoothing (see <a href="#cut_spline_overshoot">cut_spline_overshoot</a>,
7025	<a href="#long_filter_factor">long_filter_factor</a>,
7026	<a href="#ups_limit_pt">ups_limit_pt</a>, <a href="#ups_limit_u">ups_limit_u</a>, <a href="#ups_limit_v">ups_limit_v</a>, <a href="#ups_limit_w">ups_limit_w</a>).
7027	This is always neccessary for runs with stable stratification,
7028	even if this stratification appears only in parts of the model domain.<br>
7029
7030
7031
7032
7033
7034
7035
7036	</p>
7037
7038
7039
7040
7041
7042
7043
7044
7045
7046
7047
7048
7049
7050	<div style="margin-left: 40px;">With stable
7051	stratification the
7052	upstream-spline scheme also
7053	produces gravity waves with large amplitude, which must be
7054	suitably damped (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#rayleigh_damping_factor">rayleigh_damping_factor</a>).<br>
7055
7056
7057
7058
7059
7060
7061
7062	<br>
7063
7064
7065
7066
7067
7068
7069	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Important: </span>The
7070	upstream-spline scheme is not implemented for humidity and passive
7071	scalars (see <a href="#humidity">humidity</a>
7072	and <a href="#passive_scalar">passive_scalar</a>)
7073	and requires the use of a 2d-domain-decomposition. The last conditions
7074	severely restricts code optimization on several machines leading to
7075	very long execution times! The scheme is also not allowed for
7076	non-cyclic lateral boundary conditions (see <a href="#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
7077	and <a href="#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>).</div>
7078
7079
7080
7081
7082
7083
7084	</td>
7085
7086
7087
7088
7089
7090
7091
7092	</tr>
7093
7094
7095
7096
7097
7098
7099	<tr>
7100
7101
7102
7103
7104
7105
7106	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="netcdf_precision"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">netcdf_precision</span><br>
7107
7108
7109
7110
7111
7112
7113
7114	</td>
7115
7116
7117
7118
7119
7120
7121	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C*20<br>
7122
7123
7124
7125
7126
7127
7128
7129	(10)<br>
7130
7131
7132
7133
7134
7135
7136	</td>
7137
7138
7139
7140
7141
7142
7143	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">single preci-</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
7144
7145
7146
7147
7148
7149
7150	<span style="font-style: italic;">sion for all</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
7151
7152
7153
7154
7155
7156
7157	<span style="font-style: italic;">output quan-</span><br style="font-style: italic;">
7158
7159
7160
7161
7162
7163
7164	<span style="font-style: italic;">tities</span><br>
7165
7166
7167
7168
7169
7170
7171	</td>
7172
7173
7174
7175
7176
7177
7178
7179	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Defines the accuracy of
7180	the NetCDF output.<br>
7181
7182
7183
7184
7185
7186
7187	<br>
7188
7189
7190
7191
7192
7193
7194
7195	By default, all NetCDF output data (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output_format">data_output_format</a>)
7196	have single precision  (4 byte) accuracy. Double precision (8
7197	byte) can be choosen alternatively.<br>
7198
7199
7200
7201
7202
7203
7204
7205	Accuracy for the different output data (cross sections, 3d-volume data,
7206	spectra, etc.) can be set independently.<br>
7207
7208
7209
7210
7211
7212
7213	<span style="font-style: italic;">'<out>_NF90_REAL4'</span>
7214	(single precision) or <span style="font-style: italic;">'<out>_NF90_REAL8'</span>
7215	(double precision) are the two principally allowed values for <span style="font-weight: bold;">netcdf_precision</span>,
7216	where the string <span style="font-style: italic;">'<out>'
7217	</span>can be chosen out of the following list:<br>
7218
7219
7220
7221
7222
7223
7224	<br>
7225
7226
7227
7228
7229
7230
7231
7232
7233
7234
7235
7236
7237
7238	<table style="text-align: left; width: 284px; height: 234px;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
7239
7240
7241
7242
7243
7244
7245	<tbody>
7246
7247
7248
7249
7250
7251
7252
7253	<tr>
7254
7255
7256
7257
7258
7259
7260	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'xy'</span><br>
7261
7262
7263
7264
7265
7266
7267	</td>
7268
7269
7270
7271
7272
7273
7274
7275	<td style="vertical-align: top;">horizontal cross section<br>
7276
7277
7278
7279
7280
7281
7282
7283	</td>
7284
7285
7286
7287
7288
7289
7290	</tr>
7291
7292
7293
7294
7295
7296
7297	<tr>
7298
7299
7300
7301
7302
7303
7304	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'xz'</span><br>
7305
7306
7307
7308
7309
7310
7311	</td>
7312
7313
7314
7315
7316
7317
7318
7319	<td style="vertical-align: top;">vertical (xz) cross
7320	section<br>
7321
7322
7323
7324
7325
7326
7327	</td>
7328
7329
7330
7331
7332
7333
7334	</tr>
7335
7336
7337
7338
7339
7340
7341	<tr>
7342
7343
7344
7345
7346
7347
7348	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'yz'</span><br>
7349
7350
7351
7352
7353
7354
7355	</td>
7356
7357
7358
7359
7360
7361
7362
7363	<td style="vertical-align: top;">vertical (yz) cross
7364	section<br>
7365
7366
7367
7368
7369
7370
7371	</td>
7372
7373
7374
7375
7376
7377
7378	</tr>
7379
7380
7381
7382
7383
7384
7385	<tr>
7386
7387
7388
7389
7390
7391
7392	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'2d'</span><br>
7393
7394
7395
7396
7397
7398
7399	</td>
7400
7401
7402
7403
7404
7405
7406
7407	<td style="vertical-align: top;">all cross sections<br>
7408
7409
7410
7411
7412
7413
7414
7415	</td>
7416
7417
7418
7419
7420
7421
7422	</tr>
7423
7424
7425
7426
7427
7428
7429	<tr>
7430
7431
7432
7433
7434
7435
7436	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'3d'</span><br>
7437
7438
7439
7440
7441
7442
7443	</td>
7444
7445
7446
7447
7448
7449
7450
7451	<td style="vertical-align: top;">volume data<br>
7452
7453
7454
7455
7456
7457
7458	</td>
7459
7460
7461
7462
7463
7464
7465
7466	</tr>
7467
7468
7469
7470
7471
7472
7473	<tr>
7474
7475
7476
7477
7478
7479
7480	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'pr'</span><br>
7481
7482
7483
7484
7485
7486
7487	</td>
7488
7489
7490
7491
7492
7493
7494
7495	<td style="vertical-align: top;">vertical profiles<br>
7496
7497
7498
7499
7500
7501
7502
7503	</td>
7504
7505
7506
7507
7508
7509
7510	</tr>
7511
7512
7513
7514
7515
7516
7517	<tr>
7518
7519
7520
7521
7522
7523
7524	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'ts'</span><br>
7525
7526
7527
7528
7529
7530
7531	</td>
7532
7533
7534
7535
7536
7537
7538
7539	<td style="vertical-align: top;">time series, particle
7540	time series<br>
7541
7542
7543
7544
7545
7546
7547	</td>
7548
7549
7550
7551
7552
7553
7554	</tr>
7555
7556
7557
7558
7559
7560
7561	<tr>
7562
7563
7564
7565
7566
7567
7568	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'sp'</span><br>
7569
7570
7571
7572
7573
7574
7575	</td>
7576
7577
7578
7579
7580
7581
7582
7583	<td style="vertical-align: top;">spectra<br>
7584
7585
7586
7587
7588
7589
7590	</td>
7591
7592
7593
7594
7595
7596
7597
7598	</tr>
7599
7600
7601
7602
7603
7604
7605	<tr>
7606
7607
7608
7609
7610
7611
7612	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'prt'</span><br>
7613
7614
7615
7616
7617
7618
7619	</td>
7620
7621
7622
7623
7624
7625
7626
7627	<td style="vertical-align: top;">particles<br>
7628
7629
7630
7631
7632
7633
7634	</td>
7635
7636
7637
7638
7639
7640
7641
7642	</tr>
7643
7644
7645
7646
7647
7648
7649	<tr>
7650
7651
7652
7653
7654
7655
7656	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'all'</span><br>
7657
7658
7659
7660
7661
7662
7663	</td>
7664
7665
7666
7667
7668
7669
7670
7671	<td style="vertical-align: top;">all output quantities<br>
7672
7673
7674
7675
7676
7677
7678
7679	</td>
7680
7681
7682
7683
7684
7685
7686	</tr>
7687
7688
7689
7690
7691
7692
7693
7694
7695
7696
7697
7698
7699
7700	</tbody>
7701
7702
7703
7704
7705
7706
7707	</table>
7708
7709
7710
7711
7712
7713
7714	<br>
7715
7716
7717
7718
7719
7720
7721	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span><br>
7722
7723
7724
7725
7726
7727
7728
7729	If all cross section data and the particle data shall be output in
7730	double precision and all other quantities in single precision, then <span style="font-weight: bold;">netcdf_precision</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'2d_NF90_REAL8'</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">'prt_NF90_REAL8'</span>
7731	has to be assigned.<br>
7732
7733
7734
7735
7736
7737
7738	</td>
7739
7740
7741
7742
7743
7744
7745	</tr>
7746
7747
7748
7749
7750
7751
7752
7753
7754
7755
7756
7757
7758
7759
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
7767
7768	<tr>
7769
7770
7771
7772
7773
7774
7775	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7776
7777
7778
7779
7780
7781
7782	<p><a name="nsor_ini"></a><b>nsor_ini</b></p>
7783
7784
7785
7786
7787
7788
7789
7790	</td>
7791
7792
7793
7794
7795
7796
7797	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
7798
7799
7800
7801
7802
7803
7804
7805	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>100</i></td>
7806
7807
7808
7809
7810
7811
7812
7813	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7814
7815
7816
7817
7818
7819
7820	<p>Initial number
7821	of iterations with the SOR algorithm.  </p>
7822
7823
7824
7825
7826
7827
7828
7829
7830
7831
7832
7833
7834
7835	<p>This
7836	parameter is only effective if the SOR algorithm was
7837	selected as the pressure solver scheme (<a href="chapter_4.2.html#psolver">psolver</a>
7838	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'sor'</span>)
7839	and specifies the
7840	number of initial iterations of the SOR
7841	scheme (at t = 0). The number of subsequent iterations at the following
7842	timesteps is determined
7843	with the parameter <a href="#nsor">nsor</a>.
7844	Usually <b>nsor</b> < <b>nsor_ini</b>,
7845	since in each case
7846	subsequent calls to <a href="chapter_4.2.html#psolver">psolver</a>
7847	use the solution of the previous call as initial value. Suitable
7848	test runs should determine whether sufficient convergence of the
7849	solution is obtained with the default value and if necessary the value
7850	of <b>nsor_ini</b> should be changed.</p>
7851
7852
7853
7854
7855
7856
7857	</td>
7858
7859
7860
7861
7862
7863
7864
7865	</tr>
7866
7867
7868
7869
7870
7871
7872	<tr>
7873
7874
7875
7876
7877
7878
7879	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7880
7881
7882
7883
7884
7885
7886	<p><a name="nx"></a><b>nx</b></p>
7887
7888
7889
7890
7891
7892
7893
7894	</td>
7895
7896
7897
7898
7899
7900
7901	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
7902
7903
7904
7905
7906
7907
7908
7909	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
7910
7911
7912
7913
7914
7915
7916	</td>
7917
7918
7919
7920
7921
7922
7923	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
7924
7925
7926
7927
7928
7929
7930	<p>Number of grid
7931	points in x-direction.  </p>
7932
7933
7934
7935
7936
7937
7938
7939
7940
7941
7942
7943
7944
7945	<p>A value for this
7946	parameter must be assigned. Since the lower
7947	array bound in PALM
7948	starts with i = 0, the actual number of grid points is equal to <b>nx+1</b>.
7949	In case of cyclic boundary conditions along x, the domain size is (<b>nx+1</b>)*
7950	<a href="#dx">dx</a>.</p>
7951
7952
7953
7954
7955
7956
7957
7958
7959
7960
7961
7962
7963
7964	<p>For
7965	parallel runs, in case of <a href="#grid_matching">grid_matching</a>
7966	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'strict'</span>,
7967	<b>nx+1</b> must
7968	be an integral multiple
7969	of the processor numbers (see <a href="#npex">npex</a>
7970	and <a href="#npey">npey</a>)
7971	along x- as well as along y-direction (due to data
7972	transposition restrictions).</p>
7973
7974
7975
7976
7977
7978
7979
7980
7981
7982
7983
7984
7985	<p>For <a href="chapter_3.8.html">coupled runs</a> this parameter must be equal in both parameter files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2"><span style="font-family: mon;"></span>PARIN</font></a>
7986	and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2">PARIN_O</font></a>.</p>
7987
7988
7989
7990
7991
7992
7993	</td>
7994
7995
7996
7997
7998
7999
8000	</tr>
8001
8002
8003
8004
8005
8006
8007	<tr>
8008
8009
8010
8011
8012
8013
8014
8015	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8016
8017
8018
8019
8020
8021
8022	<p><a name="ny"></a><b>ny</b></p>
8023
8024
8025
8026
8027
8028
8029
8030	</td>
8031
8032
8033
8034
8035
8036
8037	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
8038
8039
8040
8041
8042
8043
8044
8045	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
8046
8047
8048
8049
8050
8051
8052	</td>
8053
8054
8055
8056
8057
8058
8059	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8060
8061
8062
8063
8064
8065
8066	<p>Number of grid
8067	points in y-direction.  </p>
8068
8069
8070
8071
8072
8073
8074
8075
8076
8077
8078
8079
8080
8081	<p>A value for this
8082	parameter must be assigned. Since the lower
8083	array bound in PALM starts with j = 0, the actual number of grid points
8084	is equal to <b>ny+1</b>. In case of cyclic boundary
8085	conditions along
8086	y, the domain size is (<b>ny+1</b>) * <a href="#dy">dy</a>.</p>
8087
8088
8089
8090
8091
8092
8093
8094
8095
8096
8097
8098
8099
8100	<p>For parallel runs, in case of <a href="#grid_matching">grid_matching</a>
8101	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'strict'</span>,
8102	<b>ny+1</b> must
8103	be an integral multiple
8104	of the processor numbers (see <a href="#npex">npex</a>
8105	and <a href="#npey">npey</a>)
8106	along y- as well as along x-direction (due to data
8107	transposition restrictions).</p>
8108
8109
8110
8111
8112
8113
8114
8115
8116
8117
8118
8119
8120	<p>For <a href="chapter_3.8.html">coupled runs</a> this parameter must be equal in both parameter files <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2"><span style="font-family: mon;"></span>PARIN</font></a>
8121	and <a href="chapter_3.4.html#PARIN"><font style="font-size: 10pt;" size="2">PARIN_O</font></a>.</p>
8122
8123
8124
8125
8126
8127
8128	</td>
8129
8130
8131
8132
8133
8134
8135	</tr>
8136
8137
8138
8139
8140
8141
8142	<tr>
8143
8144
8145
8146
8147
8148
8149
8150	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8151
8152
8153
8154
8155
8156
8157	<p><a name="nz"></a><b>nz</b></p>
8158
8159
8160
8161
8162
8163
8164
8165	</td>
8166
8167
8168
8169
8170
8171
8172	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
8173
8174
8175
8176
8177
8178
8179
8180	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
8181
8182
8183
8184
8185
8186
8187	</td>
8188
8189
8190
8191
8192
8193
8194	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8195
8196
8197
8198
8199
8200
8201	<p>Number of grid
8202	points in z-direction.  </p>
8203
8204
8205
8206
8207
8208
8209
8210
8211
8212
8213
8214
8215
8216	<p>A value for this
8217	parameter must be assigned. Since the lower
8218	array bound in PALM
8219	starts with k = 0 and since one additional grid point is added at the
8220	top boundary (k = <b>nz+1</b>), the actual number of grid
8221	points is <b>nz+2</b>.
8222	However, the prognostic equations are only solved up to <b>nz</b>
8223	(u,
8224	v)
8225	or up to <b>nz-1</b> (w, scalar quantities). The top
8226	boundary for u
8227	and v is at k = <b>nz+1</b> (u, v) while at k = <b>nz</b>
8228	for all
8229	other quantities.  </p>
8230
8231
8232
8233
8234
8235
8236
8237
8238
8239
8240
8241
8242
8243	<p>For parallel
8244	runs,  in case of <a href="#grid_matching">grid_matching</a>
8245	= <span style="font-style: italic;">'strict'</span>,
8246	<b>nz</b> must
8247	be an integral multiple of
8248	the number of processors in x-direction (due to data transposition
8249	restrictions).</p>
8250
8251
8252
8253
8254
8255
8256	</td>
8257
8258
8259
8260
8261
8262
8263	</tr>
8264
8265
8266
8267
8268
8269
8270	<tr>
8271
8272
8273
8274
8275
8276
8277	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="ocean"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">ocean</span></td>
8278
8279
8280
8281
8282
8283
8284	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
8285
8286
8287
8288
8289
8290
8291	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span></td>
8292
8293
8294
8295
8296
8297
8298	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Parameter to switch on ocean runs.<br>
8299
8300
8301
8302
8303
8304
8305	<br>
8306
8307
8308
8309
8310
8311
8312	By default PALM is configured to simulate atmospheric flows. However, starting from version 3.3, <span style="font-weight: bold;">ocean</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> allows simulation of ocean turbulent flows. Setting this switch has several effects:<br>
8313
8314
8315
8316
8317
8318
8319	<br>
8320
8321
8322
8323
8324
8325
8326
8327
8328
8329
8330
8331
8332	<ul>
8333
8334
8335
8336
8337
8338
8339	<li>An additional prognostic equation for salinity is solved.</li>
8340
8341
8342
8343
8344
8345
8346	<li>Potential temperature in buoyancy and stability-related terms is replaced by potential density.</li>
8347
8348
8349
8350
8351
8352
8353	<li>Potential
8354	density is calculated from the equation of state for seawater after
8355	each timestep, using the algorithm proposed by Jackett et al. (2006, J.
8356	Atmos. Oceanic Technol., <span style="font-weight: bold;">23</span>, 1709-1728).<br>
8357
8358
8359
8360
8361
8362
8363	So far, only the initial hydrostatic pressure is entered into this equation.</li>
8364
8365
8366
8367
8368
8369
8370	<li>z=0 (sea surface) is assumed at the model top (vertical grid index <span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">k=nzt</span> on the w-grid), with negative values of z indicating the depth.</li>
8371
8372
8373
8374
8375
8376
8377	<li>Initial profiles are constructed (e.g. from <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient">pt_vertical_gradient</a> / <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient_level">pt_vertical_gradient_level</a>) starting from the sea surface, using surface values given by <a href="#pt_surface">pt_surface</a>, <a href="#sa_surface">sa_surface</a>, <a href="#ug_surface">ug_surface</a>, and <a href="#vg_surface">vg_surface</a>.</li>
8378
8379
8380
8381
8382
8383
8384	<li>Zero salinity flux is used as default boundary condition at the bottom of the sea.</li>
8385
8386
8387
8388
8389
8390
8391	<li>If switched on, random perturbations are by default imposed to the upper model domain from zu(nzt*2/3) to zu(nzt-3).</li>
8392
8393
8394
8395
8396
8397
8398
8399
8400
8401
8402
8403
8404	</ul>
8405
8406
8407
8408
8409
8410
8411	<br>
8412
8413
8414
8415
8416
8417
8418	Relevant parameters to be exclusively used for steering ocean runs are <a href="#bc_sa_t">bc_sa_t</a>, <a href="#bottom_salinityflux">bottom_salinityflux</a>, <a href="#sa_surface">sa_surface</a>, <a href="#sa_vertical_gradient">sa_vertical_gradient</a>, <a href="#sa_vertical_gradient_level">sa_vertical_gradient_level</a>, and <a href="#top_salinityflux">top_salinityflux</a>.<br>
8419
8420
8421
8422
8423
8424
8425	<br>
8426
8427
8428
8429
8430
8431
8432	Section <a href="chapter_4.2.2.html">4.4.2</a> gives an example for appropriate settings of these and other parameters neccessary for ocean runs.<br>
8433
8434
8435
8436
8437
8438
8439	<br>
8440
8441
8442
8443
8444
8445
8446	<span style="font-weight: bold;">ocean</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span> does not allow settings of <a href="#timestep_scheme">timestep_scheme</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'leapfrog'</span> or <span style="font-style: italic;">'leapfrog+euler'</span> as well as <a href="#scalar_advec">scalar_advec</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'ups-scheme'</span>.<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br>
8447
8448
8449
8450	</td>
8451
8452
8453
8454
8455
8456
8457	</tr>
8458
8459
8460
8461
8462
8463
8464	<tr>
8465
8466
8467
8468
8469
8470
8471	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8472
8473
8474
8475
8476
8477
8478	<p><a name="omega"></a><b>omega</b></p>
8479
8480
8481
8482
8483
8484
8485
8486	</td>
8487
8488
8489
8490
8491
8492
8493	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
8494
8495
8496
8497
8498
8499
8500
8501	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>7.29212E-5</i></td>
8502
8503
8504
8505
8506
8507
8508
8509	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8510
8511
8512
8513
8514
8515
8516	<p>Angular
8517	velocity of the rotating system (in rad s<sup>-1</sup>).
8518	</p>
8519
8520
8521
8522
8523
8524
8525
8526
8527
8528
8529
8530
8531
8532	<p>The angular velocity of the earth is set by
8533	default. The
8534	values
8535	of the Coriolis parameters are calculated as:  </p>
8536
8537
8538
8539
8540
8541
8542
8543
8544
8545
8546
8547
8548
8549	<ul>
8550
8551
8552
8553
8554
8555
8556
8557
8558
8559
8560
8561
8562
8563	<p>f = 2.0 * <b>omega</b> * sin(<a href="#phi">phi</a>)
8564	<br>
8565
8566
8567
8568
8569
8570
8571	f* = 2.0 * <b>omega</b> * cos(<a href="#phi">phi</a>)</p>
8572
8573
8574
8575
8576
8577
8578
8579
8580
8581
8582
8583
8584
8585	</ul>
8586
8587
8588
8589
8590
8591
8592	</td>
8593
8594
8595
8596
8597
8598
8599	</tr>
8600
8601
8602
8603
8604
8605
8606	<tr>
8607
8608
8609
8610
8611
8612
8613	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8614
8615
8616
8617
8618
8619
8620	<p><a name="outflow_damping_width"></a><b>outflow_damping_width</b></p>
8621
8622
8623
8624
8625
8626
8627
8628	</td>
8629
8630
8631
8632
8633
8634
8635	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
8636
8637
8638
8639
8640
8641
8642
8643	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">MIN(20,
8644	nx/2</span> or <span style="font-style: italic;">ny/2)</span></td>
8645
8646
8647
8648
8649
8650
8651
8652	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Width of
8653	the damping range in the vicinity of the outflow (gridpoints).<br>
8654
8655
8656
8657
8658
8659
8660
8661	<br>
8662
8663
8664
8665
8666
8667
8668
8669	When using non-cyclic lateral boundaries (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_lr">bc_lr</a>
8670	or <a href="chapter_4.1.html#bc_ns">bc_ns</a>),
8671	a smoothing has to be applied to the
8672	velocity field in the vicinity of the outflow in order to suppress any
8673	reflections of outgoing disturbances. This parameter controlls the
8674	horizontal range to which the smoothing is applied. The range is given
8675	in gridpoints counted from the respective outflow boundary. For further
8676	details about the smoothing see parameter <a href="chapter_4.1.html#km_damp_max">km_damp_max</a>,
8677	which defines the magnitude of the damping.</td>
8678
8679
8680
8681
8682
8683
8684	</tr>
8685
8686
8687
8688
8689
8690
8691
8692	<tr>
8693
8694
8695
8696
8697
8698
8699	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8700
8701
8702
8703
8704
8705
8706	<p><a name="overshoot_limit_e"></a><b>overshoot_limit_e</b></p>
8707
8708
8709
8710
8711
8712
8713
8714	</td>
8715
8716
8717
8718
8719
8720
8721	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
8722
8723
8724
8725
8726
8727
8728
8729	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
8730
8731
8732
8733
8734
8735
8736
8737	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8738
8739
8740
8741
8742
8743
8744	<p>Allowed limit
8745	for the overshooting of subgrid-scale TKE in
8746	case that the upstream-spline scheme is switched on (in m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>).
8747	</p>
8748
8749
8750
8751
8752
8753
8754
8755
8756
8757
8758
8759
8760
8761	<p>By deafult, if cut-off of overshoots is switched
8762	on for the
8763	upstream-spline scheme (see <a href="#cut_spline_overshoot">cut_spline_overshoot</a>),
8764	no overshoots are permitted at all. If <b>overshoot_limit_e</b>
8765	is given a non-zero value, overshoots with the respective
8766	amplitude (both upward and downward) are allowed.  </p>
8767
8768
8769
8770
8771
8772
8773
8774
8775
8776
8777
8778
8779
8780	<p>Only positive values are allowed for <b>overshoot_limit_e</b>.</p>
8781
8782
8783
8784
8785
8786
8787
8788	</td>
8789
8790
8791
8792
8793
8794
8795	</tr>
8796
8797
8798
8799
8800
8801
8802	<tr>
8803
8804
8805
8806
8807
8808
8809	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8810
8811
8812
8813
8814
8815
8816	<p><a name="overshoot_limit_pt"></a><b>overshoot_limit_pt</b></p>
8817
8818
8819
8820
8821
8822
8823
8824	</td>
8825
8826
8827
8828
8829
8830
8831	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
8832
8833
8834
8835
8836
8837
8838
8839	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
8840
8841
8842
8843
8844
8845
8846
8847	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8848
8849
8850
8851
8852
8853
8854	<p>Allowed limit
8855	for the overshooting of potential temperature in
8856	case that the upstream-spline scheme is switched on (in K).  </p>
8857
8858
8859
8860
8861
8862
8863
8864
8865
8866
8867
8868
8869
8870	<p>For further information see <a href="#overshoot_limit_e">overshoot_limit_e</a>.
8871	</p>
8872
8873
8874
8875
8876
8877
8878
8879
8880
8881
8882
8883
8884
8885	<p>Only positive values are allowed for <b>overshoot_limit_pt</b>.</p>
8886
8887
8888
8889
8890
8891
8892
8893	</td>
8894
8895
8896
8897
8898
8899
8900	</tr>
8901
8902
8903
8904
8905
8906
8907	<tr>
8908
8909
8910
8911
8912
8913
8914	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
8915
8916
8917
8918
8919
8920
8921	<p><a name="overshoot_limit_u"></a><b>overshoot_limit_u</b></p>
8922
8923
8924
8925
8926
8927
8928
8929	</td>
8930
8931
8932
8933
8934
8935
8936	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
8937
8938
8939
8940
8941
8942
8943
8944	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
8945
8946
8947
8948
8949
8950
8951
8952	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Allowed limit for the
8953	overshooting of
8954	the u-component of velocity in case that the upstream-spline scheme is
8955	switched on (in m/s).
8956
8957
8958
8959
8960
8961
8962	<p>For further information see <a href="#overshoot_limit_e">overshoot_limit_e</a>.
8963	</p>
8964
8965
8966
8967
8968
8969
8970
8971
8972
8973
8974
8975
8976
8977	<p>Only positive values are allowed for <b>overshoot_limit_u</b>.</p>
8978
8979
8980
8981
8982
8983
8984
8985	</td>
8986
8987
8988
8989
8990
8991
8992	</tr>
8993
8994
8995
8996
8997
8998
8999	<tr>
9000
9001
9002
9003
9004
9005
9006	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9007
9008
9009
9010
9011
9012
9013	<p><a name="overshoot_limit_v"></a><b>overshoot_limit_v</b></p>
9014
9015
9016
9017
9018
9019
9020
9021	</td>
9022
9023
9024
9025
9026
9027
9028	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
9029
9030
9031
9032
9033
9034
9035
9036	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
9037
9038
9039
9040
9041
9042
9043
9044	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9045
9046
9047
9048
9049
9050
9051	<p>Allowed limit
9052	for the overshooting of the v-component of
9053	velocity in case that the upstream-spline scheme is switched on
9054	(in m/s).  </p>
9055
9056
9057
9058
9059
9060
9061
9062
9063
9064
9065
9066
9067
9068	<p>For further information see <a href="#overshoot_limit_e">overshoot_limit_e</a>.
9069	</p>
9070
9071
9072
9073
9074
9075
9076
9077
9078
9079
9080
9081
9082
9083	<p>Only positive values are allowed for <b>overshoot_limit_v</b>.</p>
9084
9085
9086
9087
9088
9089
9090
9091	</td>
9092
9093
9094
9095
9096
9097
9098	</tr>
9099
9100
9101
9102
9103
9104
9105	<tr>
9106
9107
9108
9109
9110
9111
9112	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9113
9114
9115
9116
9117
9118
9119	<p><a name="overshoot_limit_w"></a><b>overshoot_limit_w</b></p>
9120
9121
9122
9123
9124
9125
9126
9127	</td>
9128
9129
9130
9131
9132
9133
9134	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
9135
9136
9137
9138
9139
9140
9141
9142	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
9143
9144
9145
9146
9147
9148
9149
9150	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9151
9152
9153
9154
9155
9156
9157	<p>Allowed limit
9158	for the overshooting of the w-component of
9159	velocity in case that the upstream-spline scheme is switched on
9160	(in m/s).  </p>
9161
9162
9163
9164
9165
9166
9167
9168
9169
9170
9171
9172
9173
9174	<p>For further information see <a href="#overshoot_limit_e">overshoot_limit_e</a>.
9175	</p>
9176
9177
9178
9179
9180
9181
9182
9183
9184
9185
9186
9187
9188
9189	<p>Only positive values are permitted for <b>overshoot_limit_w</b>.</p>
9190
9191
9192
9193
9194
9195
9196
9197	</td>
9198
9199
9200
9201
9202
9203
9204	</tr>
9205
9206
9207
9208
9209
9210
9211	<tr>
9212
9213
9214
9215
9216
9217
9218	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9219
9220
9221
9222
9223
9224
9225	<p><a name="passive_scalar"></a><b>passive_scalar</b></p>
9226
9227
9228
9229
9230
9231
9232
9233	</td>
9234
9235
9236
9237
9238
9239
9240	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
9241
9242
9243
9244
9245
9246
9247
9248	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.F.</i></td>
9249
9250
9251
9252
9253
9254
9255
9256	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9257
9258
9259
9260
9261
9262
9263	<p>Parameter to
9264	switch on the prognostic equation for a passive
9265	scalar. <br>
9266
9267
9268
9269
9270
9271
9272	</p>
9273
9274
9275
9276
9277
9278
9279
9280
9281
9282
9283
9284
9285
9286	<p>The initial vertical profile
9287	of s can be set via parameters <a href="#s_surface">s_surface</a>,
9288	<a href="#s_vertical_gradient">s_vertical_gradient</a>
9289	and  <a href="#s_vertical_gradient_level">s_vertical_gradient_level</a>.
9290	Boundary conditions can be set via <a href="#s_surface_initial_change">s_surface_initial_change</a>
9291	and <a href="#surface_scalarflux">surface_scalarflux</a>.
9292	</p>
9293
9294
9295
9296
9297
9298
9299
9300
9301
9302
9303
9304
9305
9306	<p><b>Note:</b> <br>
9307
9308
9309
9310
9311
9312
9313
9314	With <span style="font-weight: bold;">passive_scalar</span>
9315	switched
9316	on, the simultaneous use of humidity (see <a href="#humidity">humidity</a>)
9317	is impossible.</p>
9318
9319
9320
9321
9322
9323
9324	</td>
9325
9326
9327
9328
9329
9330
9331	</tr>
9332
9333
9334
9335
9336
9337
9338	<tr>
9339
9340	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="pch_index"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">pch_index</span></td>
9341
9342	<td style="vertical-align: top;">I</td>
9343
9344	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0</span></td>
9345
9346	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Grid point index (scalar) of the upper boundary of the plant canopy layer.<br>
9347
9348	<br>
9349
9350	Above <span style="font-weight: bold;">pch_index</span> the arrays of leaf area density and drag_coeffient are automatically set to zero in case of <a href="#plant_canopy">plant_canopy</a> = .T.. Up to <span style="font-weight: bold;">pch_index</span> a leaf area density profile can be prescribed by using the parameters <a href="#lad_surface">lad_surface</a>, <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient">lad_vertical_gradient</a> and <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient_level">lad_vertical_gradient_level</a>.</td>
9351
9352	</tr>
9353
9354	<tr>
9355
9356
9357
9358
9359
9360
9361	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9362
9363
9364
9365
9366
9367
9368	<p><a name="phi"></a><b>phi</b></p>
9369
9370
9371
9372
9373
9374
9375
9376	</td>
9377
9378
9379
9380
9381
9382
9383	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
9384
9385
9386
9387
9388
9389
9390
9391	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>55.0</i></td>
9392
9393
9394
9395
9396
9397
9398
9399	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9400
9401
9402
9403
9404
9405
9406	<p>Geographical
9407	latitude (in degrees).  </p>
9408
9409
9410
9411
9412
9413
9414
9415
9416
9417
9418
9419
9420
9421	<p>The value of
9422	this parameter determines the value of the
9423	Coriolis parameters f and f*, provided that the angular velocity (see <a href="#omega">omega</a>)
9424	is non-zero.</p>
9425
9426
9427
9428
9429
9430
9431	</td>
9432
9433
9434
9435
9436
9437
9438	</tr>
9439
9440
9441
9442
9443
9444
9445	<tr>
9446
9447	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="plant_canopy"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">plant_canopy</span></td>
9448
9449	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
9450
9451	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span></td>
9452
9453	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Switch for the plant_canopy_model.<br>
9454
9455	<br>
9456
9457	If <span style="font-weight: bold;">plant_canopy</span> is set <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span>, the plant canopy model of Watanabe (2004, BLM 112, 307-341) is used. <br>
9458
9459	The
9460	impact of a plant canopy on a turbulent flow is considered by an
9461	additional drag term in the momentum equations and an additional sink
9462	term in the prognostic equation for the subgrid-scale TKE. These
9463	additional terms are dependent on the leaf drag coefficient (see <a href="#drag_coefficient">drag_coefficient</a>) and the leaf area density (see <a href="#lad_surface">lad_surface</a>, <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient">lad_vertical_gradient</a>, <a href="#lad_vertical_gradient_level">lad_vertical_gradient_level</a>). The top boundary of the plant canopy is determined by the parameter <a href="#pch_index">pch_index</a>. For all heights equal to or larger than zw(k=<span style="font-weight: bold;">pch_index</span>) the leaf area density is 0 (i.e. there is no canopy at these heights!). <br>
9464
9465	By default, a horizontally homogeneous plant canopy is prescribed, if  <span style="font-weight: bold;">plant_canopy</span> is set <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span>. However, the user can define other types of plant canopies (see <a href="#canopy_mode">canopy_mode</a>).<br><br>If <span style="font-weight: bold;">plant_canopy</span> and  <span style="font-weight: bold;">passive_scalar</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span>are set <span style="font-style: italic;">.T.</span>,
9466	the canopy acts as an additional source or sink, respectively, of
9467	scalar concentration. The source/sink strength is dependent on the
9468	scalar concentration at the leaf surface, which is generally constant
9469	with time in PALM and which can be specified by specifying the
9470	parameter <a href="#leaf_surface_concentration">leaf_surface_concentration</a>. <br><br>Additional heating of the air by the plant canopy is taken into account, when the default value of the parameter <a href="#cthf">cthf</a> is altered in the parameter file. In that case the value of <a href="#surface_heatflux">surface_heatflux</a>
9471	specified in the parameter file is not used in the model. Instead the
9472	near-surface heat flux is derived from an expontial function that is
9473	dependent on the cumulative leaf area index. <br>
9474
9475	<br>
9476
9477	<span style="font-weight: bold;">plant_canopy</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">.T. </span>is only allowed together with a non-zero <a href="#drag_coefficient">drag_coefficient</a>.</td>
9478
9479	</tr>
9480
9481	<tr>
9482
9483
9484
9485
9486
9487
9488	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9489
9490
9491
9492
9493
9494
9495	<p><a name="prandtl_layer"></a><b>prandtl_layer</b></p>
9496
9497
9498
9499
9500
9501
9502
9503	</td>
9504
9505
9506
9507
9508
9509
9510	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
9511
9512
9513
9514
9515
9516
9517
9518	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.T.</i></td>
9519
9520
9521
9522
9523
9524
9525
9526	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9527
9528
9529
9530
9531
9532
9533	<p>Parameter to
9534	switch on a Prandtl layer.  </p>
9535
9536
9537
9538
9539
9540
9541
9542
9543
9544
9545
9546
9547
9548	<p>By default,
9549	a Prandtl layer is switched on at the bottom
9550	boundary between z = 0 and z = 0.5 * <a href="#dz">dz</a>
9551	(the first computational grid point above ground for u, v and the
9552	scalar quantities).
9553	In this case, at the bottom boundary, free-slip conditions for u and v
9554	(see <a href="#bc_uv_b">bc_uv_b</a>)
9555	are not allowed. Likewise, laminar
9556	simulations with constant eddy diffusivities (<a href="#km_constant">km_constant</a>)
9557	are forbidden.  </p>
9558
9559
9560
9561
9562
9563
9564
9565
9566
9567
9568
9569
9570
9571	<p>With Prandtl-layer
9572	switched off, the TKE boundary condition <a href="#bc_e_b">bc_e_b</a>
9573	= '<i>(u)*2+neumann'</i> must not be used and is
9574	automatically
9575	changed to <i>'neumann'</i> if necessary.  Also,
9576	the pressure
9577	boundary condition <a href="#bc_p_b">bc_p_b</a>
9578	= <i>'neumann+inhomo'</i>  is not allowed. </p>
9579
9580
9581
9582
9583
9584
9585
9586
9587
9588
9589
9590
9591
9592	<p>The roughness length is declared via the parameter <a href="#roughness_length">roughness_length</a>.</p>
9593
9594
9595
9596
9597
9598
9599
9600	</td>
9601
9602
9603
9604
9605
9606
9607	</tr>
9608
9609
9610
9611
9612
9613
9614	<tr>
9615
9616
9617
9618
9619
9620
9621	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9622
9623
9624
9625
9626
9627
9628	<p><a name="precipitation"></a><b>precipitation</b></p>
9629
9630
9631
9632
9633
9634
9635
9636	</td>
9637
9638
9639
9640
9641
9642
9643	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
9644
9645
9646
9647
9648
9649
9650
9651	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">.F.</span></td>
9652
9653
9654
9655
9656
9657
9658	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9659
9660
9661
9662
9663
9664
9665	<p>Parameter to switch
9666	on the precipitation scheme.<br>
9667
9668
9669
9670
9671
9672
9673	</p>
9674
9675
9676
9677
9678
9679
9680
9681
9682
9683
9684
9685
9686
9687	<p>For
9688	precipitation processes PALM uses a simplified Kessler
9689	scheme. This scheme only considers the
9690	so-called autoconversion, that means the generation of rain water by
9691	coagulation of cloud drops among themselves. Precipitation begins and
9692	is immediately removed from the flow as soon as the liquid water
9693	content exceeds the critical value of 0.5 g/kg.</p>
9694
9695
9696
9697
9698
9699
9700
9701
9702
9703
9704
9705
9706	<p>The precipitation rate and amount can be output by assigning the runtime parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#data_output">data_output</a> = <span style="font-style: italic;">'prr'</span> or <span style="font-style: italic;">'pra'</span>, respectively. The time interval on which the precipitation amount is defined can be controlled via runtime parameter <a href="chapter_4.2.html#precipitation_amount_interval">precipitation_amount_interval</a>.</p>
9707
9708
9709
9710
9711
9712
9713	</td>
9714
9715
9716
9717
9718
9719
9720	</tr>
9721
9722
9723
9724
9725
9726
9727
9728	<tr>
9729
9730
9731
9732
9733
9734
9735	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a name="pt_reference"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">pt_reference</span></td>
9736
9737
9738
9739
9740
9741
9742	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
9743
9744
9745
9746
9747
9748
9749	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">use horizontal average as
9750	refrence</span></td>
9751
9752
9753
9754
9755
9756
9757	<td style="vertical-align: top;">Reference
9758	temperature to be used in all buoyancy terms (in K).<br>
9759
9760
9761
9762
9763
9764
9765	<br>
9766
9767
9768
9769
9770
9771
9772	By
9773	default, the instantaneous horizontal average over the total model
9774	domain is used.<br>
9775
9776
9777
9778
9779
9780
9781	<br>
9782
9783
9784
9785
9786
9787
9788	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Attention:</span><br>
9789
9790
9791
9792
9793
9794
9795	In case of ocean runs (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#ocean">ocean</a>), always a reference temperature is used in the buoyancy terms with a default value of <span style="font-weight: bold;">pt_reference</span> = <a href="#pt_surface">pt_surface</a>.</td>
9796
9797
9798
9799
9800
9801
9802	</tr>
9803
9804
9805
9806
9807
9808
9809	<tr>
9810
9811
9812
9813
9814
9815
9816	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9817
9818
9819
9820
9821
9822
9823	<p><a name="pt_surface"></a><b>pt_surface</b></p>
9824
9825
9826
9827
9828
9829
9830
9831	</td>
9832
9833
9834
9835
9836
9837
9838	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
9839
9840
9841
9842
9843
9844
9845
9846	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>300.0</i></td>
9847
9848
9849
9850
9851
9852
9853
9854	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9855
9856
9857
9858
9859
9860
9861	<p>Surface
9862	potential temperature (in K).  </p>
9863
9864
9865
9866
9867
9868
9869
9870
9871
9872
9873
9874
9875
9876	<p>This
9877	parameter assigns the value of the potential temperature
9878	<span style="font-weight: bold;">pt</span> at the surface (k=0)<b>.</b> Starting from this value,
9879	the
9880	initial vertical temperature profile is constructed with <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient">pt_vertical_gradient</a>
9881	and <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient_level">pt_vertical_gradient_level
9882	</a>.
9883	This profile is also used for the 1d-model as a stationary profile.</p>
9884
9885
9886
9887
9888
9889
9890
9891
9892
9893
9894
9895
9896	<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Attention:</span><br>
9897
9898
9899
9900
9901
9902
9903	In case of ocean runs (see <a href="#ocean">ocean</a>),
9904	this parameter gives the temperature value at the sea surface, which is
9905	at k=nzt. The profile is then constructed from the surface down to the
9906	bottom of the model.</p>
9907
9908
9909
9910
9911
9912
9913
9914	</td>
9915
9916
9917
9918
9919
9920
9921	</tr>
9922
9923
9924
9925
9926
9927
9928	<tr>
9929
9930
9931
9932
9933
9934
9935	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9936
9937
9938
9939
9940
9941
9942	<p><a name="pt_surface_initial_change"></a><b>pt_surface_initial</b>
9943	<br>
9944
9945
9946
9947
9948
9949
9950	<b>_change</b></p>
9951
9952
9953
9954
9955
9956
9957	</td>
9958
9959
9960
9961
9962
9963
9964	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
9965
9966
9967
9968
9969
9970
9971	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span><br>
9972
9973
9974
9975
9976
9977
9978	</td>
9979
9980
9981
9982
9983
9984
9985
9986	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
9987
9988
9989
9990
9991
9992
9993	<p>Change in
9994	surface temperature to be made at the beginning of
9995	the 3d run
9996	(in K).  </p>
9997
9998
9999
10000
10001
10002
10003
10004
10005
10006
10007
10008
10009
10010	<p>If <b>pt_surface_initial_change</b>
10011	is set to a non-zero
10012	value, the near surface sensible heat flux is not allowed to be given
10013	simultaneously (see <a href="#surface_heatflux">surface_heatflux</a>).</p>
10014
10015
10016
10017
10018
10019
10020
10021	</td>
10022
10023
10024
10025
10026
10027
10028	</tr>
10029
10030
10031
10032
10033
10034
10035	<tr>
10036
10037
10038
10039
10040
10041
10042	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10043
10044
10045
10046
10047
10048
10049	<p><a name="pt_vertical_gradient"></a><b>pt_vertical_gradient</b></p>
10050
10051
10052
10053
10054
10055
10056
10057	</td>
10058
10059
10060
10061
10062
10063
10064	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)</td>
10065
10066
10067
10068
10069
10070
10071
10072	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>10 * 0.0</i></td>
10073
10074
10075
10076
10077
10078
10079
10080	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10081
10082
10083
10084
10085
10086
10087	<p>Temperature
10088	gradient(s) of the initial temperature profile (in
10089	K
10090	/ 100 m).  </p>
10091
10092
10093
10094
10095
10096
10097
10098
10099
10100
10101
10102
10103
10104	<p>This temperature gradient
10105	holds starting from the height
10106	level defined by <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient_level">pt_vertical_gradient_level</a>
10107	(precisely: for all uv levels k where zu(k) >
10108	pt_vertical_gradient_level,
10109	pt_init(k) is set: pt_init(k) = pt_init(k-1) + dzu(k) * <b>pt_vertical_gradient</b>)
10110	up to the top boundary or up to the next height level defined
10111	by <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient_level">pt_vertical_gradient_level</a>.
10112	A total of 10 different gradients for 11 height intervals (10 intervals
10113	if <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient_level">pt_vertical_gradient_level</a>(1)
10114	= <i>0.0</i>) can be assigned. The surface temperature is
10115	assigned via <a href="#pt_surface">pt_surface</a>.
10116	</p>
10117
10118
10119
10120
10121
10122
10123
10124
10125
10126
10127
10128
10129
10130	<p>Example:  </p>
10131
10132
10133
10134
10135
10136
10137
10138
10139
10140
10141
10142
10143
10144	<ul>
10145
10146
10147
10148
10149
10150
10151
10152
10153
10154
10155
10156
10157
10158	<p><b>pt_vertical_gradient</b>
10159	= <i>1.0</i>, <i>0.5</i>,  <br>
10160
10161
10162
10163
10164
10165
10166
10167	<b>pt_vertical_gradient_level</b> = <i>500.0</i>,
10168	<i>1000.0</i>,</p>
10169
10170
10171
10172
10173
10174
10175
10176
10177
10178
10179
10180
10181
10182	</ul>
10183
10184
10185
10186
10187
10188
10189
10190
10191
10192
10193
10194
10195
10196	<p>That
10197	defines the temperature profile to be neutrally
10198	stratified
10199	up to z = 500.0 m with a temperature given by <a href="#pt_surface">pt_surface</a>.
10200	For 500.0 m < z <= 1000.0 m the temperature gradient is
10201	1.0 K /
10202	100 m and for z > 1000.0 m up to the top boundary it is
10203	0.5 K / 100 m (it is assumed that the assigned height levels correspond
10204	with uv levels).</p>
10205
10206
10207
10208
10209
10210
10211
10212
10213
10214
10215
10216
10217	<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Attention:</span><br>
10218
10219
10220
10221
10222
10223
10224	In case of ocean runs (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#ocean">ocean</a>),
10225	the profile is constructed like described above, but starting from the
10226	sea surface (k=nzt) down to the bottom boundary of the model. Height
10227	levels have then to be given as negative values, e.g. <span style="font-weight: bold;">pt_vertical_gradient_level</span> = <span style="font-style: italic;">-500.0</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">-1000.0</span>.</p>
10228
10229
10230
10231
10232
10233
10234	</td>
10235
10236
10237
10238
10239
10240
10241	</tr>
10242
10243
10244
10245
10246
10247
10248	<tr>
10249
10250
10251
10252
10253
10254
10255	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10256
10257
10258
10259
10260
10261
10262	<p><a name="pt_vertical_gradient_level"></a><b>pt_vertical_gradient</b>
10263	<br>
10264
10265
10266
10267
10268
10269
10270	<b>_level</b></p>
10271
10272
10273
10274
10275
10276
10277	</td>
10278
10279
10280
10281
10282
10283
10284	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)</td>
10285
10286
10287
10288
10289
10290
10291	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10292
10293
10294
10295
10296
10297
10298	<p><i>10 *</i>
10299	<span style="font-style: italic;">0.0</span><br>
10300
10301
10302
10303
10304
10305
10306
10307	</p>
10308
10309
10310
10311
10312
10313
10314	</td>
10315
10316
10317
10318
10319
10320
10321	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10322
10323
10324
10325
10326
10327
10328	<p>Height level from which on the temperature gradient defined by
10329	<a href="#pt_vertical_gradient">pt_vertical_gradient</a>
10330	is effective (in m).  </p>
10331
10332
10333
10334
10335
10336
10337
10338
10339
10340
10341
10342
10343
10344	<p>The height levels have to be assigned in ascending order. The
10345	default values result in a neutral stratification regardless of the
10346	values of <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient">pt_vertical_gradient</a>
10347	(unless the top boundary of the model is higher than 100000.0 m).
10348	For the piecewise construction of temperature profiles see <a href="#pt_vertical_gradient">pt_vertical_gradient</a>.</p>
10349
10350
10351
10352
10353
10354
10355	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Attention:</span><br>
10356
10357
10358
10359
10360
10361
10362	In case of ocean runs (see <a href="chapter_4.1.html#ocean">ocean</a>), the (negative) height levels have to be assigned in descending order.
10363	</td>
10364
10365
10366
10367
10368
10369
10370	</tr>
10371
10372
10373
10374
10375
10376
10377	<tr>
10378
10379
10380
10381
10382
10383
10384	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10385
10386
10387
10388
10389
10390
10391	<p><a name="q_surface"></a><b>q_surface</b></p>
10392
10393
10394
10395
10396
10397
10398
10399	</td>
10400
10401
10402
10403
10404
10405
10406	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R</td>
10407
10408
10409
10410
10411
10412
10413
10414	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
10415
10416
10417
10418
10419
10420
10421
10422	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10423
10424
10425
10426
10427
10428
10429	<p>Surface
10430	specific humidity / total water content (kg/kg).  </p>
10431
10432
10433
10434
10435
10436
10437
10438
10439
10440
10441
10442
10443
10444	<p>This
10445	parameter assigns the value of the specific humidity q at
10446	the surface (k=0).  Starting from this value, the initial
10447	humidity
10448	profile is constructed with  <a href="#q_vertical_gradient">q_vertical_gradient</a>
10449	and <a href="#q_vertical_gradient_level">q_vertical_gradient_level</a>.
10450	This profile is also used for the 1d-model as a stationary profile.</p>
10451
10452
10453
10454
10455
10456
10457
10458	</td>
10459
10460
10461
10462
10463
10464
10465	</tr>
10466
10467
10468
10469
10470
10471
10472	<tr>
10473
10474
10475
10476
10477
10478
10479	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10480
10481
10482
10483
10484
10485
10486	<p><a name="q_surface_initial_change"></a><b>q_surface_initial</b>
10487	<br>
10488
10489
10490
10491
10492
10493
10494	<b>_change</b></p>
10495
10496
10497
10498
10499
10500
10501	</td>
10502
10503
10504
10505
10506
10507
10508	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R<br>
10509
10510
10511
10512
10513
10514
10515	</td>
10516
10517
10518
10519
10520
10521
10522	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>0.0</i></td>
10523
10524
10525
10526
10527
10528
10529
10530	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10531
10532
10533
10534
10535
10536
10537	<p>Change in
10538	surface specific humidity / total water content to
10539	be made at the beginning
10540	of the 3d run (kg/kg).  </p>
10541
10542
10543
10544
10545
10546
10547
10548
10549
10550
10551
10552
10553
10554	<p>If <b>q_surface_initial_change</b><i>
10555	</i>is set to a
10556	non-zero value the
10557	near surface latent heat flux (water flux) is not allowed to be given
10558	simultaneously (see <a href="#surface_waterflux">surface_waterflux</a>).</p>
10559
10560
10561
10562
10563
10564
10565
10566	</td>
10567
10568
10569
10570
10571
10572
10573	</tr>
10574
10575
10576
10577
10578
10579
10580	<tr>
10581
10582
10583
10584
10585
10586
10587	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10588
10589
10590
10591
10592
10593
10594	<p><a name="q_vertical_gradient"></a><b>q_vertical_gradient</b></p>
10595
10596
10597
10598
10599
10600
10601
10602	</td>
10603
10604
10605
10606
10607
10608
10609	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)</td>
10610
10611
10612
10613
10614
10615
10616
10617	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>10 * 0.0</i></td>
10618
10619
10620
10621
10622
10623
10624
10625	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10626
10627
10628
10629
10630
10631
10632	<p>Humidity
10633	gradient(s) of the initial humidity profile
10634	(in 1/100 m).  </p>
10635
10636
10637
10638
10639
10640
10641
10642
10643
10644
10645
10646
10647
10648	<p>This humidity gradient
10649	holds starting from the height
10650	level  defined by <a href="#q_vertical_gradient_level">q_vertical_gradient_level</a>
10651	(precisely: for all uv levels k, where zu(k) >
10652	q_vertical_gradient_level,
10653	q_init(k) is set: q_init(k) = q_init(k-1) + dzu(k) * <b>q_vertical_gradient</b>)
10654	up to the top boundary or up to the next height level defined
10655	by <a href="#q_vertical_gradient_level">q_vertical_gradient_level</a>.
10656	A total of 10 different gradients for 11 height intervals (10 intervals
10657	if <a href="#q_vertical_gradient_level">q_vertical_gradient_level</a>(1)
10658	= <i>0.0</i>) can be asigned. The surface humidity is
10659	assigned
10660	via <a href="#q_surface">q_surface</a>. </p>
10661
10662
10663
10664
10665
10666
10667
10668
10669
10670
10671
10672
10673
10674	<p>Example:  </p>
10675
10676
10677
10678
10679
10680
10681
10682
10683
10684
10685
10686
10687
10688	<ul>
10689
10690
10691
10692
10693
10694
10695
10696
10697
10698
10699
10700
10701
10702	<p><b>q_vertical_gradient</b>
10703	= <i>0.001</i>, <i>0.0005</i>,  <br>
10704
10705
10706
10707
10708
10709
10710
10711	<b>q_vertical_gradient_level</b> = <i>500.0</i>,
10712	<i>1000.0</i>,</p>
10713
10714
10715
10716
10717
10718
10719
10720
10721
10722
10723
10724
10725
10726	</ul>
10727
10728
10729
10730
10731
10732
10733
10734	That defines the humidity to be constant with height up to z =
10735	500.0
10736	m with a
10737	value given by <a href="#q_surface">q_surface</a>.
10738	For 500.0 m < z <= 1000.0 m the humidity gradient is
10739	0.001 / 100
10740	m and for z > 1000.0 m up to the top boundary it is
10741	0.0005 / 100 m (it is assumed that the assigned height levels
10742	correspond with uv
10743	levels). </td>
10744
10745
10746
10747
10748
10749
10750	</tr>
10751
10752
10753
10754
10755
10756
10757	<tr>
10758
10759
10760
10761
10762
10763
10764	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10765
10766
10767
10768
10769
10770
10771	<p><a name="q_vertical_gradient_level"></a><b>q_vertical_gradient</b>
10772	<br>
10773
10774
10775
10776
10777
10778
10779	<b>_level</b></p>
10780
10781
10782
10783
10784
10785
10786	</td>
10787
10788
10789
10790
10791
10792
10793	<td style="vertical-align: top;">R (10)</td>
10794
10795
10796
10797
10798
10799
10800	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10801
10802
10803
10804
10805
10806
10807	<p><i>10 *</i>
10808	<i>0.0</i></p>
10809
10810
10811
10812
10813
10814
10815	</td>
10816
10817
10818
10819
10820
10821
10822	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10823
10824
10825
10826
10827
10828
10829	<p>Height level from
10830	which on the humidity gradient defined by <a href="#q_vertical_gradient">q_vertical_gradient</a>
10831	is effective (in m).  </p>
10832
10833
10834
10835
10836
10837
10838
10839
10840
10841
10842
10843
10844
10845	<p>The height levels
10846	are to be assigned in ascending order. The
10847	default values result in a humidity constant with height regardless of
10848	the values of <a href="#q_vertical_gradient">q_vertical_gradient</a>
10849	(unless the top boundary of the model is higher than 100000.0 m). For
10850	the piecewise construction of humidity profiles see <a href="#q_vertical_gradient">q_vertical_gradient</a>.</p>
10851
10852
10853
10854
10855
10856
10857
10858	</td>
10859
10860
10861
10862
10863
10864
10865	</tr>
10866
10867
10868
10869
10870
10871
10872	<tr>
10873
10874
10875
10876
10877
10878
10879	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10880
10881
10882
10883
10884
10885
10886	<p><a name="radiation"></a><b>radiation</b></p>
10887
10888
10889
10890
10891
10892
10893
10894	</td>
10895
10896
10897
10898
10899
10900
10901	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
10902
10903
10904
10905
10906
10907
10908
10909	<td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>.F.</i></td>
10910
10911
10912
10913
10914
10915
10916
10917	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10918
10919
10920
10921
10922
10923
10924	<p>Parameter to
10925	switch on longwave radiation cooling at
10926	cloud-tops.  </p>
10927
10928
10929
10930
10931
10932
10933
10934
10935
10936
10937
10938
10939
10940	<p>Long-wave radiation
10941	processes are parameterized by the
10942	effective emissivity, which considers only the absorption and emission
10943	of long-wave radiation at cloud droplets. The radiation scheme can be
10944	used only with <a href="#cloud_physics">cloud_physics</a>
10945	= .TRUE. .</p>
10946
10947
10948
10949
10950
10951
10952	</td>
10953
10954
10955
10956
10957
10958
10959	</tr>
10960
10961
10962
10963
10964
10965
10966	<tr>
10967
10968
10969
10970
10971
10972
10973	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
10974
10975
10976
10977
10978
10979
10980	<p><a name="random_generator"></a><b>random_generator</b></p>
10981
10982
10983
10984
10985
10986
10987
10988	</td>
10989
10990
10991
10992
10993
10994
10995	<td style="vertical-align: top;">C * 20</td>
10996
10997
10998
10999
11000
11001
11002
11003	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
11004
11005
11006
11007
11008
11009
11010	<p><i>'numerical</i><br>
11011
11012
11013
11014
11015
11016
11017
11018	<i>recipes'</i></p>
11019
11020
11021
11022
11023
11024
11025	</td>
11026
11027
11028
11029
11030
11031
11032	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
11033
11034
11035
11036
11037
11038
11039	<p>Random number
11040	generator to be used for creating uniformly
11041	distributed random numbers. <br>
11042
11043
11044
11045
11046
11047
11048	</p>
11049
11050
11051
11052
11053
11054
11055
11056
11057
11058
11059
11060
11061
11062	<p>It is
11063	used if random perturbations are to be imposed on the
11064	velocity field or on the surface heat flux field (see <a href="chapter_4.2.html#create_disturbances">create_disturbances</a>
11065	and <a href="chapter_4.2.html#random_heatflux">random_heatflux</a>).
11066	By default, the "Numerical Recipes" random number generator is used.
11067	This one provides exactly the same order of random numbers on all
11068	different machines and should be used in particular for comparison runs.<br>
11069
11070
11071
11072
11073
11074
11075
11076	<br>
11077
11078
11079
11080
11081
11082
11083
11084	Besides, a system-specific generator is available ( <b>random_generator</b>
11085	= <i>'system-specific')</i> which should particularly be
11086	used for runs
11087	on vector parallel computers (NEC), because the default generator
11088	cannot be vectorized and therefore significantly drops down the code
11089	performance on these machines.<br>
11090
11091
11092
11093
11094
11095
11096	</p>
11097
11098
11099
11100
11101
11102
11103	<span style="font-weight: bold;">Note:</span><br>
11104
11105
11106
11107
11108
11109
11110
11111	Results from two otherwise identical model runs will not be comparable
11112	one-to-one if they used different random number generators.</td>
11113
11114
11115
11116
11117
11118
11119	</tr>
11120
11121
11122
11123
11124
11125
11126
11127	<tr>
11128
11129
11130
11131
11132
11133
11134	<td style="vertical-align: top;">
11135
11136
11137
11138
11139
11140
11141	<p><a name="random_heatflux"></a><b>random_heatflux</b></p>
11142
11143
11144
11145
11146
11147
11148
11149	</td>
11150
11151
11152
11153
11154
11155
11156	<td style="vertical-align: top;">L</td>
11157
11158
11159
11160