= Higher order advection scheme =

Based on a flux formulation of the advection term 
{{{
#!Latex
\[ \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial t} & = & -\frac{\partial ( u \psi )}{\partial x}, \] 
}}}
the one dimensional advection equation can be written in the following semidiscrete form: 
{{{
#!Latex
\[ \frac{\partial  \psi_{i} }{\partial t} = - \frac{F_{i+\frac{1}{2}}(u\psi) - F_{i-\frac{1}{2}}(u\psi)}{\Delta x}, \]
}}}
where 
{{{
#!Latex
\[F_{i\pm\frac{1}{2}} \]
}}}
denotes the fluxes staggered half a grid length related to the advected quantity. \\
Wicker and Skamarock (2002) dicretized the 6^th^ and 5^th^ order fluxes as follows:
{{{
#!Latex
\[ F_{i-\frac{1}{2}}^{6} &=& \frac{u_{i-\frac{1}{2}}}{60} \left[ 37(\psi_{i}+\psi_{i-1}) - 8(\psi_{i+1} + \psi_{i-2}) +(\psi_{i+2} + \psi_{i-3}) \right] \] 
}}}
{{{
#!Latex
\[ F_{i-\frac{1}{2}}^{5} &=& F_{i-\frac{1}{2}}^{6} - \frac{|u_{i-\frac{1}{2}}|}{60} \left[10(\psi_{i}-\psi_{i-1}) -5(\psi_{i+1} - \psi_{i-2})-(\psi_{i+2} - \psi_{i-3}) \right] . \]
}}}
The 5^th^ order upwind discretization (WS5) consists of a centered non dissipative 6^th^ (WS6) order flux and an artificially added numerical dissipation term. This term is necessary to stabilize the numerical solution, because higher order centered fluxes exhibits worse stability properties. The absolute value of the advective velocity component in the dissipation term removes a sign-dependent effect of the velocity and assures a dissipative effect also for u < 0. 

=== Numerical properties ===

A semidiscrete fourier transformation for the spatial derivatives maps the one dimensional advection equation in fourier space as follows (Baldauf, 2008): 
{{{
#!Latex
\[ \frac{\partial \hat{\psi}_{\kappa}}{\partial t}  =  - \frac{i}{\Delta t} C_{r} \kappa_{eff}\,\hat{\psi}_{\kappa}, \]
}}}
where
{{{
#!Latex
\[
\hat{\psi}  
}}}
denotes the fourier transformed of ψ. The Courant number
{{{
#!Latex
\[ 
C_{r} = \frac{u \Delta t}{\Delta x} 
\]
}}}  
characterizes stability properties and i is the imaginary unit. 
κ,,eff,, is the effective wavenumber of a mode in fourier space and characterizes the modified wavenumber through the discretization. The real part of the effective wavenumber describes the dispersion error, the imaginary part the dissipation error. \\\\
[[Image(prop.png, 700px, border=1)]] \\
Fig. 1 shows the dispersion and dissipation error as a function of the dimensionless wavenumber κ Δx for WS3 (3^rd^ order scheme), WS4 (4^th^ order scheme), WS5, WS6 and the 2^nd^ order scheme of Piascek and Williams (1970) (PW).
The dispersion error of the upwind schemes and the dispersion error of the next higher, even ordered scheme are identical. Generally the dispersion error decreases with increasing order of the dicretization. However, no of the depicted schemes is able to adequately resolve structures with wavelengths near 2-Δx (generally no scheme based on finite differences is capable to do this). 
The centered, even ordered schemes hold no dissipation errors. With increasing order the numerical dissipation is more local. So the maximum wavelength affected by the dissipation term is round about 8-Δx with WS5, whereas wavelength of 16-Δx are still affected with WS3. Accordingly to the maximum of the amplification factor at κ Δx = 1.69 (these waves become unstable at first) in conjunction with the used [../rk3 Runge-Kutta method] (Baldauf, 2008), the 5^th^ order dissipation is sufficient to avoid instabilities.
The maximum stable Courant-number is C,,r,, = 1.4 (Baldauf, 2008).

'''Note: A stable numerical solution can only be guaranteed with the 3 rd order [../rk3 Runge-Kutta method].'''

=== Boundaries ===

Due to the large stencil of WS5, additional ghost layers are necessary on each lateral boundary of each processor subdomain to avoid local data dependencies. Therefor the exchange of ghost layers is adapted to a dynamic number of ghost layers. 
For the bottom and top boundaries a successive degradation from WS5 to WS3 to a 2^nd^ order scheme is required to avoid unphysical fluxes which would arise from the bottom and top ghost layers. The used 2^nd^ order scheme is based on a flux discretization to ensure consistency with the WS-schemes. The PW-scheme cannot be used, because its a skew symmetric dicretization. Furthermore an additional numerical dissipation term of 2^nd^ order, based on (Shchepetkin and McWilliams, 1998) is required for the 2^nd^ order scheme to perform a numerically stable switching of advection schemes of different order.
These successive degradation is also done for the lateral radiation boundary condition at the outflow and near topography (Note: Topography is not implemented at the moment). 


=== [#statistical_evaluation Statistical evaluation of turbulent fluxes] ===

The statistical evaluation of turbulent fluxes should be consistent with the discretization in the prognostic equations because otherwise some unphysical effects occur. For example the computation of the turbulent fluxes as variances and covariances induces some conspicuous kinks in the vertical heat and momentum fluxes near the surface, while the temperature and velocity profiles show no conspicuity. In order to compute the turbulent fluxes as they appear in the prognostic equations, the fluxes are computed in the advection routines, buffered and then reused for the statistics. To receive the turbulent and not the mean signal and to remove the influence of Galilei transformation, the centered fraction of the flux F,,i+1/2,, has to be multiplied with a factor 
{{{
#!Latex
\[ \frac{u_{i+\frac{1}{2}} - \overline u}{u_{i+\frac{1}{2}} - u_{i, Galilei}} \] 
}}}
and the dissipative fraction with a factor
{{{
#!Latex
\[ \frac{|u_{i+\frac{1}{2}} - \overline u|}{|u_{i+\frac{1}{2}} - u_{i, Galilei}|}, \] 
}}}
where u denotes the corresponding velocity component. Furthermore, the turbulent fluxes are evaluated on each Runge-Kutta substep and weighted with the respective Runge-Kutta coefficients to remove dependencies of the Runge-Kutta substeps. The interpretation of the turbulent fluxes as variances and covariances is no longer valid when using WS5. For other advection schemes, like the PW-scheme, the interpretation of turbulent fluxes as co/variances is still valid, because the discretization is alike the computation of the co/variances.  

=== References ===  

* '''Baldauf, M., 2008:''' Stability analysis for linear discretisations of the advection equation with Runge-Kutta time integration. ''J. Comput. Phys.'', '''227''', 6638-6659.

* '''Piacsek, S. A. und G. P. Williams, 1970:''' Conservation properties of convection difference schemes.
  ''J. Comput. Phys.'', '''198''', 580-616.

* '''Shchepetkin, A. F. und J. C. McWilliams, 1998:''' Quasi-monotone advection schemes based on explicit locally adaptive   dissipation. ''Mon. Wea. Rev.'', '''126''', 1541-1580.

* '''Wicker, L. J. und W. C. Skamarock, 2002:''' Time-splitting methods for elastic models using forward time schemes.
  ''Mon. Wea. Rev.'', '''130''', 2088-2097.